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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxicología forense'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Hidalgo Pozo, María José. "Entomotoxicología Forense En Cadáveres En Estado De Descomposición." Ecuador Journal of Medicine 1, Esp (November 1, 2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46721/tejom-vol1issesp-2021-17-32.

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Resumen Introducción: la entomotoxicología se enfoca en la aplicación del análisis toxicológico a los insectos que se encuentran en los cadáveres, para identificar la presencia de drogas y toxinas en los tejidos o restos cadavéricos. Objetivo: realizar una revisión sobre la utilidad de la entomotoxicología como herramienta para las Ciencias Forenses, en cadáveres que se encuentran en estado de descomposición avanzada, cuando no es factible la recolección de muestras biológicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo y Google Académico con las palabras clave: Forensic entomology / entomología forense, Forensic entomotoxicology / entomotoxicología forense, Criminology / criminología, Forensic toxicology / toxicología forense, Poisoning / envenenamiento y Postmortem interval determination / determinación del intervalo postmortem. Se incluyeron publicaciones de acceso libre, en español e inglés; publicados desde 1992 hasta marzo 2021. Resultados: la búsqueda inicial arrojó 3476 referencias (Pubmed: 50; Scopus: 402; Scielo: 114; Google académico: 2910). Quinientas sesenta y seis publicaciones fueron excluidas por duplicación; 49 fueron incluidas en esta revisión. Conclusiones: los insectos permiten un análisis fiable de toxinas y drogas cuando no es posible realizarlo directamente desde los restos cadavéricos. En Ecuador, se requieren estudios que indaguen la aplicación y desarrollo de esta rama para determinar su precisión y utilidad a nivel local, provincial y regional. A nivel global, se debe expandir la investigación entomotoxicológica en escenarios acuáticos o de incendios; así como el impacto del cambio climático sobre la entomofauna y sus repercusiones en el análisis toxicológico de las distintas especies.

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2

Martínez González, María Antonia. "Criterios cualitativos en toxicología forense." Revista Española de Medicina Legal 38, no. 2 (April 2012): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reml.2012.03.004.

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Martínez González, María Antonia. "Criterios cuantitativos en toxicología forense." Revista Española de Medicina Legal 40, no. 1 (January 2014): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reml.2013.03.002.

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4

Atuesta-Hernández, Francy Julieth, Edna Viviana Camargo-Tocora, Alexis Mateus-Fontecha, and Luz Helena Sánchez-Rodríguez. "Validación del método empleado para la identificación de ácido cianhídrico y fosfina en muestras biológicas por cromatografía de gases acoplado a espectrofotometría de masas (GC-MS)." Revista Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud UDES 4, no. 2.S1 (June 30, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20320/rfcsudes.v4i2.s1.r17.

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Introducción: Esta validación busca implementar una metodología para la identificación de analitos volátiles de interés forense, por medio del uso de instrumentos altamente sensibles, empleando una metodología estandarizada. Objetivo: Establecer el método para la confirmación de cianuro de hidrógeno y fosfina en muestras de sangre y contenido gástrico, para ser utilizado por el laboratorio de Toxicología del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses. Materiales y métodos: El método empleó un cromatógrafo de gases 7890A, acoplado a un detector selectivo de masas 5975C con automuestreador 7697A Agilent Technologies, utilizando acetonitrilo como estándar interno (ISTD). Las muestras de sangre y de contenido gástrico se procesaron en un vial con 1 mL de la muestra, a la que se agregó ácido sulfúrico concentrado como sustancia liberadora de gas cianhídrico. Resultados: En los parámetros de validación tales como sensibilidad, especificidad, selectividad, valores predictivos y fiabilidad diagnóstica se obtuvo un valor del 100%. Los límites de detección encontrados para el ácido cianhídrico en sangre y contenido gástrico fueron de 5 mg/L y 7,8 mg/L, respectivamente. En fosfina los límites de detección fueron 31,2 mg/L. Conclusiones: El método cromatográfico para la identificación de ácido cianhídrico, fosfina y solventes de bajo peso molecular en muestras biológicas mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) cumple las características para la implementación en el Laboratorio de Toxicología del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Regional Nororiente.

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Pineda Santos, Josúe Andrés. "Ley de embriaguez habitual en Honduras y su relación con el análisis pericial toxicológico." Revista de Ciencias Forenses de Honduras 7, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rcfh.v7i1.11818.

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A pesar que el número de accidentes de tránsito que involucran a conductores ebrios se ha disparado y que los legisladores tienen una gran presión para encontrar una solución razonable a la cuestión de la conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol especialmente en lo que respecta a los límites máximos permitidos, esa relación entre lo jurídico y lo científico, no siempre se concreta. El examen para la determinación de alcohol en muestras biológicas que se realiza en los laboratorios de Toxicología Forense de la Dirección de Medicina Forense fue validado y acreditado. Este proceso de validación permitió observar que el valor referido en la Ley de Penalización de la Embriaguez Habitual señala valores que podrían indicar un error en la aplicación de las unidades y de no ser así, dicho valor no sería significativo en cuanto a la determinación y cuantificación del etanol por la metodología actualmente utilizada en los laboratorios. La importancia del asesoramiento técnico científico para el uso adecuado de unidades y valores de referencia es indispensable para una interpretación objetiva de nuestra legislación y facilita el punto de unión entre la ciencia forense y la ciencia jurídica.

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Mariño Gaviria, Diana Jazmín, and Nancy Patiño Reyes. "Intoxicación letal con Aldicarb: Análisis de sangre postmortem mediante LC-ESI-MS/MS." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 63, no. 3 (August 25, 2015): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v63n3.49744.

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<p>El Aldicarb es un plaguicida carbamato de alta toxicidad asociado a intoxicaciones agudas fatales en Colombia. El presente estudio describe un método analítico para la determinación cuantitativa de aldicarb en sangre postmortem. Básicamente el método consiste en una precipitación de proteínas de la sangre para luego ser analizada por LC-ESI-MS/MS utilizando el aldicarb-d<sub>3</sub> como estándar interno. El método desarrollado en este trabajo fue aplicado a siete casos de intoxicación letal presuntamente con este plaguicida. El aldicarb se encontró en sangre en niveles desde 0,10 y 2,5 µg/mL. De los resultados obtenidos no sólo se expone la utilidad de emplear LC-ESI-MS/MS en el análisis de aldicarb en sangre para su aplicación en toxicología forense con el propósito de contribuir a la búsqueda de la causa de muerte, sino que además evidencia el empleo de este plaguicida en actos suicidas. <strong></strong></p>

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Erosa-Barbachano, Arturo. "La medicina legal o forense en Yucatán, México." REVISTA BIOMÉDICA 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v11i2.227.

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En Mérida, Yucatán, México, desde su fundación en 1542 hasta 1580, el Dr. Juan del Rey fue médico del ejército y director del Hospital, por lo que intervino en algunos dictámenes médicolegales. Esta práctica continuó en los siglos siguientes. En el siglo XVIII se creó en la ciudad de México, y por decreto real, una institución llamada Protomedicato, que tenía a su cargo algunas resoluciones del orden legal. No hubo en Yucatán este tipo de cuerpo colegiado; sin embargo, a principios del siglo XIX, el Dr. Cipriano Blanco fue nombrado Subdelegado del Protomedicato en Campeche. En Mérida, a partir de 1804, las actuaciones oficiales quedaron a cargo del Dr. Alejo Dancourt hasta 1834 en que pasaron a responsabilidad del Dr. Ignacio Vado Lugo, en razón de su cargo de director de la Escuela de Medicina de Yucatán, hasta el año 1853 en que falleció. El 4 de octubre de 1869 se aprobó un nuevo plan de estudios para la Escuela de Medicina de Yucatán, estatuyendo la cátedra de Medicina Legal y Toxicología, que quedó a cargo del Dr. Juan Antonio Pérez Gálvez. El 31 de marzo de 1882, el gobernador Octavio Rosado expidiera un decreto creando las plazas de dos médicos legistas y se nombró para ello a los doctores Juan Nicoli y Fernando Casares Martínez de Arredondo; el 16 de noviembre de 1883 fueron designados los Drs. Andrés Saénz de Santa María y García Rejón y José Jesús Castro López. Poco después, en 1889 en la Escuela de Medicina, el Dr. Sáenz ganó por oposición y en forma ad-vitam, la cátedra de Medicina Legal. En 1907, el Dr. Castro López renunció, por lo que fue nombrado en su lugar el Dr. Juan Wenceslao Miró y Pérez, quien estuvo en el servicio hasta 1913 en que lo sustituyó el Dr. José González Palma. En 1918 fue creado el Departamento Médico-Legal, designándose director general al Dr. Sáenz, quien desempeñó este cargo hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1924. Al jubilarse el Dr. Sáenz, ingresó al servicio el Dr. José Castro Fortuny. En 1942 fue nombrado el Dr. Avelino Ruiz Sansores. En 1945, se separó el Dr. Castro y fue suplido por el Dr. Oswaldo Riera Car deña. En 1950 se designó al Dr. Gonzalo Marcín Cervera. El Dr. Riera renunció en 1951 y lo suplió el Dr. Víctor Manuel Nuñez Grintal, quien a su vez renunció en 1953, ocupando la plaza el Dr. Delio Angel Aguilar Vázquez. En enero de 1979 se designó para la jefatura al Dr. José Francisco Cambranis Puga en 1984 al Dr. Jorge Hadad Herrera, en 1986 al Dr. Juan M. Alvarez, y en 1990 el Dr. Fernando Olivares Alcocer. En 1995 asumió nuevamente la jefatura del Servicio Médico Forense el Dr. Hadad Herrera. En 1987 se fundó la Sociedad Yucateca de Medicina Forense, que agrupa a los profesionales de esta disciplina.

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Quintana Yánez, Jorge Marcelo, María de los Ángeles Galarza Pazmiño, Andrea Paola Hinojosa León, and Verónica Paulina Cáceres Manzano. "Sumición química en presuntas víctimas de violencia sexual." Ciencia Digital 3, no. 1.1 (April 9, 2019): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33262/cienciadigital.v3i1.1.405.

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En Ecuador, varios delitos especialmente los de índole sexual, están asociados al uso de drogas, debido a sus efectos en el organismo, que facilitan al perpetrador consumar la conducta antijurídica. Se estableció la relación de las horas transcurridas desde el presunto hecho delictivo hasta la toma de muestras y los resultados el examen de toxicología forense; siendo un estudio de carácter observacional, analítico y transversal de los casos que acudieron a la unidad de Flagrancia – Quito. Se encontró que la sustancia más usada fue el alcohol (83.3%), la manera de administración fue voluntaria en el 60.2% y el estado de conciencia durante el hecho fue el estupor en el 35,6%. Existió una asociación moderada estadísticamente significativa entre los resultados positivos de exámenes toxicológicos y las horas transcurridas desde los hechos (Chi2 de Pearson= 10.3; p= 0,001 Phi= -0.450 V de Cramer =0.450). Conclusión: Las horas transcurridas desde el hecho hasta la toma de la muestra están íntimamente relacionadas, teniendo un mayor porcentaje de positividad en los resultados de muestras que se obtuvieron más tempranamente, máximo hasta ocho horas posteriores al hecho delictivo, por lo que es importante en los casos que se sospeche de una agresión con uso de sustancias químicas no se demore el examen médico legal más la toma de muestras.

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De Alencar, Kalleu, Caroline de Goes Sampaio, and Francisco de Assis Francelino Alves. "Toxicologia forense: estudo bibliográfico sobre as técnicas relacionadas à química analítica nas investigações criminais." Revista Brasileira de Criminalística 11, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15260/rbc.v11i1.449.

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A aplicação dos conhecimentos científicos, com o passar dos anos, na área pericial, vem se modernizando cada vez mais e evidenciando os conceitos e práticas das ciências forenses como artifício judicial. Novas técnicas são descobertas e outras, já existentes, são aprimoradas. Este artigo trata de uma das diversas áreas das ciências forenses, a Toxicologia Forense, a qual é o estudo da aplicação dos conhecimentos toxicológicos com os propósitos da lei, ou seja, é conhecimento científico auxiliando nas investigações criminais. Nesta revisão, técnicas usadas pela química analítica, como as análises cromatográficas e espectrometrias, e aplicadas pela perícia forense foram abordadas e discutidas através de uma análise de artigos do periódico Química Nova, no âmbito da toxicologia forense, com o objetivo de apresentar a importância da química analítica nas investigações judiciais, especificamente, na contribuição de soluções criminais no campo da toxicologia forense.

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Sánchez-Alemán, E., S. Ramírez-González, and A. Rosas-Cabral. "Evolución del metabolismo de la glucosa sanguínea post-mortem." Lux Médica 4, no. 12 (May 31, 2009): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33064/12lm20091684.

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La evolución del metabolismo de la glucosa como parte de la bioquímica cadavérica, ha sido desde hace mucho tiempo fuente de estudio en otros países. En México y en Aguascalientes, el estudio de la glucosa es muy poco utilizado como factor en el diagnóstico post-mortem pero no es parte del protocolo de investigación como son alcoholimetría, toxicología, grupo sanguíneo, estudios genéticos y otros; el objetivo de este estudio, es determinar las concentraciones de glucosa a diversos intervalos post-mortem y verificar su relación e importancia con la investigación forense, para poder aplicarlo en la corroboración del diagnóstico y tiempo de muerte. Material y metódos: Analizamos la sangre extraída de arteria femoral de un total de 30 cadáveres, 12 mujeres y 18 hombres con edades comprendidas entre los 22 y 77 años, sin importar la causa de muerte. La determinación de la glucosa se hizo con el apoyo del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, utilizando los aparatos automatizados de química clínica VITROS, mediante la tecnología de química seca. Resultados: El valor de la concentración de glucosa evaluada, representó una constante en evolución, es decir independiente de la edad, causa y horas transcurridas desde el momento de la muerte, se detectaron intervalos regulares de descenso de la glucosa con valores comprendidos entre 6 y 25 mgr/dl por cada hora, lo que nos permite proponer como una nueva línea de investigación que podría ser herramienta útil para corroborar tiempo de muerte, así como para el diagnóstico del estado hiperglicémico.

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Mori, Lucas Barboza de, and Francisco Ignácio Giocondo Cesar. "ANÁLISE TOXICOLÓGICA NA ÁREA FORENSE: A UTILIZAÇÃO DA QUÍMICA NA DETECÇÃO DAS DROGAS DE ABUSO." REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ACERTTE - ISSN 2763-8928 1, no. 5 (November 7, 2021): e1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/acertte.v1i5.33.

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As drogas de abuso estão significativamente presentes na sociedade e veem acarretando grandes problemas de saúde pública, sociais e econômicos. Esse artigo tem como objetivo compreender a toxicologia[1] concernente às substâncias conhecidas como drogas de abuso, além de apresentar técnicas normalmente utilizadas por peritos criminais (peritos forenses) na elucidação de crimes, identificando a substância utilizada que levou o indivíduo ao ato violento. O artigo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória, em bases de dados de referência científica, com o objetivo de buscar maior conhecimento sobre o assunto pesquisado, tais como: tipos de drogas de abuso, seus efeitos no corpo humano, dados estáticos relacionando-as com a criminalidade (quando encontrados) e as principais técnicas de identificação dessas drogas utilizadas na área forense. Como resultado sugere-se maior conhecimento sobre a toxicologia forense, assim como dos procedimentos para identificação das drogas de abuso pelos peritos forenses. Pode-se concluir que essas substâncias são extremamente prejudiciais aos indivíduos que as consomem com frequência, para as pessoas ao seu redor, e para a sociedade em geral. Por isso, o trabalho dos químicos forenses, de identificar e combater os crimes relacionados a substâncias psicoativas torna-se tão importante.

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Dos Santos, Anderson Eduardo. "As principais linhas da biologia forense e como auxiliam na resolução de crimes." Revista Brasileira de Criminalística 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15260/rbc.v7i3.190.

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Nos últimos anos a biologia tornou-se um elemento poderoso na investigação criminal. Há várias áreas que são utilizadas na investigação forense como a Genética, Entomologia, Botânica, Toxicologia, entre outras. O objetivo básico do presente trabalho foi descrever as principais áreas e técnicas da biologia utilizadas para fins forenses, bem como um breve histórico de cada área. Para isso, recorreu-se a uma revisão de literatura dos vários trabalhos em que essas áreas e técnicas são descritas detalhadamente. Observou-se que as técnicas estão sendo aprimoradas continuamente e que no meio da investigação forense está em grande ascendência tanto para fins de investigação como pela justiça. Isso demonstra a importância e justifica os trabalhos que contribuem para aprimorar o desenvolvimento e difusão do conhecimento acerca das ciências forenses.

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Santos, Caio Delano Couto, Carlos Henrique Barbosa Sabino, Caroline Ramos Pereira, Thauany Oliveira Queiroz, and Francisco José Mininel. "Química Forense: A Ciência e sua importância para a sociedade." Revista de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia 16, no. 16 (December 14, 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1890-1793.2021v16n16p16-23.

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Esse trabalho é resultado de uma revisão bibliográfica através da literatura técnica, com intuito de exemplificar e pormenorizar os principais campos aplicáveis na Química Forense cujo compromisso é a resolução de qualquer tipo de ambiente criminal; evidenciando também a origem e descoberta das Ciências Forenses, assim como a relevância da aplicabilidade dessas técnicas analíticas na solução em ambientes de crimes. A metodologia adotada no este artigo consiste na seleção de quatro periódicos originais que descrevem os principais métodos investigativos em Química Forense, tais como, Análise de Drogas de abuso, Balística Forense, Datiloscopia Forense, Documentoscopia Forense e a Quimiluminescência. O trabalho de revisão evidenciou que 75% dos periódicos selecionados abordaram técnicas e estudos envolvendo as Análises de drogas de abusos (Toxicologia) e a Balística Forense, enquanto 50% dos artigos discorreram sobre a Datiloscopia Forense, Quimiluminescência e Documentocopia. Dessa forma, revisitamos o tema e, através das informações alcançadas via livros, internet e revistas, pode-se inferir a significância que a Química Forense possui nas elucidações criminais. Os estudos nessa área são de extrema importância em tempos onde o índice criminal tem aumentado de maneira gigantesca e significativa, atingindo as cidades de todos os países e continentes.

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Inácio, D. A. S., and B. A. Brandão. "Toxicologia Forense: Intoxicação por Monóxido de Carbono em Carbonizados." Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics 5, no. 3 (2016): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17063/bjfs5(3)y2016314.

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Hayes, A. Wallace, and Darlene Dixon. "Cornerstones of Toxicology." Toxicologic Pathology 45, no. 1 (January 2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623316675768.

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The 35th Annual Society of Toxicologic Pathology Symposium, held in June 2016 in San Diego, California, focused on “The Basis and Relevance of Variation in Toxicologic Responses.” In order to review the basic tenants of toxicology, a “broad brush” interactive talk that gave an overview of the Cornerstones of Toxicology was presented. The presentation focused on the historical milestones and perspectives of toxicology and through many scientific graphs, data, and real-life examples covered the three basic principles of toxicology that can be summarized, as dose matters (as does timing), people differ, and things change (related to metabolism and biotransformation).

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Jesus, Samantha Stanco de, and Daniel Sachs Silva. "TOXICOLOGIA FORENSE E SUA IMPORTÂNCIA NA SAÚDE PÚBLICA." Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2021): 767–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51891/rease.v7i7.1716.

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O presente trabalho tem como fito, discorrer sobre o tema da toxicologia forense como instrumento essencial à identificação de substâncias danosas aos organismos, visto que, muitas vezes, o uso inadequado de determinados reagentes químicos, podem causar danos irreparáveis; apresentando-se, portanto, como tema de alta relevância à saúde pública e a sociedade em geral. Nesse sentido, o papel do perito se apresenta como “sine qua non” para elucidação de crimes e infrações nos casos de envenenamento; superdosagem de drogas; alterações de substâncias, onde através de análise e coleta de material biológico, tal profissional angariará subsídios concretos a fim de obter provas conclusivas, corroboradas em seu laudo técnico. Nesta área de conhecimento, atuam profissionais de diversas formações e por isso é compreendida como multidisciplinar, por exemplo: toxicologia ocupacional, toxicologia ambiental, toxicologia de alimentos, toxicologia de medicamentos, toxicologia social, etc. Neste sentido, a toxicologia através de suas técnicas científicas vem somar esforços junto a perícia criminal e a própria saúde pública em seu sentido macro.

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Cohen, Samuel M., Wanda M. Haschek-Hock, and Carl Alden. "Obituary: Dr Gordon Charles Hard (1931-2021)." Toxicologic Pathology 50, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01926233211068853.

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Dr Gordon Hard, of Tairua, New Zealand, a preeminent international toxicology thought leader and international consultant in toxicologic pathology of the kidney, passed on November 22, 2021. He was a key player in shaping and developing the global field of toxicologic pathology and the role of toxicologic pathology in risk assessment of environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

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Marinho, Pablo Alves, and Marcos F. Passagli. "Toxicologia Forense - Teoria e Prática." Revista Brasileira de Criminalística 2, no. 1 (October 14, 2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15260/rbc.v2i1.35.

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Bolon (Chair), Brad, Erio Barale-Thomas, Alys Bradley, Robert A. Ettlin, Carla A. S. Franchi, Catherine George, Anna Maria Giusti, et al. "International Recommendations for Training Future Toxicologic Pathologists Participating in Regulatory-type, Nonclinical Toxicity Studies." Toxicologic Pathology 38, no. 6 (August 17, 2010): 984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623310378137.

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The International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists (IFSTP) proposes a common global framework for training future toxicologic pathologists who will support regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicology studies. Optimally, trainees should undertake a scientific curriculum of at least five years at an accredited institution leading to a clinical degree (veterinary medicine or medicine). Trainees should then obtain four or more years of intensive pathology practice during a residency and/or on-the-job “apprenticeship,” at least two years of which must be focused on regulatory-type toxicologic pathology topics. Possession of a recognized pathology qualification (i.e., certification) is highly recommended. A nonclinical pathway (e.g., a graduate degree in medical biology or pathology) may be possible if medically trained pathologists are scarce, but this option is not optimal. Regular, lifelong continuing education (peer review of nonclinical studies, professional meetings, reading, short courses) will be necessary to maintain and enhance one’s understanding of current toxicologic pathology knowledge, skills, and tools. This framework should provide a rigorous yet flexible way to reliably train future toxicologic pathologists to generate, interpret, integrate, and communicate data in regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicology studies.

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Hukkanen, Renee R., Noel Dybdal, Niraj Tripathi, Patricia V. Turner, and Sean P. Troth. "Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider*: The Toxicologic Pathologist’s Role in the 3Rs." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 7 (October 2019): 789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319859261.

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Pathologists are trained medical professionals with special expertise in diagnostics, research, and pathophysiology. In these roles, pathologists are well qualified and positioned to engage in conversations about animal use replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs), thereby championing the guiding principles of the 3Rs. In particular, toxicology or nonclinical safety assessment is an important area where the discipline of toxicologic pathology can have a critical role in adopting 3Rs principles. As such, a working group of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee was formed to investigate and summarize some of the areas where veterinary pathologists working in the field of toxicology can increase involvement and impact on 3Rs. This “Points to Consider” publication provides an overview of areas within toxicology where the veterinary pathologist’s perspective may maximize animal value, including refinement of study design, optimizing sample collection, the development of 3Rs focused regulatory policy, and humane end point determination.[Box: see text]

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Goel, Rajeev, Deepak Kumar, and Vijay Arora. "Forens(om)ic medicine: omics in forensic medicine." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20220309.

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The branch of science informally known as ‘omics’ are various branches in biology whose names end in the suffix omics such as proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics. The studies regarding the role of omics in various branches of medical field have become an upcoming area and its rising trend has been observed in the last decade. Omics has very recently emerged as an uprising field in forensic medicine also which is already known for its great participation with other branches like forensic toxicology, biochemistry, psychiatry, genetics. The use of state- of-the-art omics technologies has been explored in forensic medicine and sciences in establishing post mortem interval, drugs of abuse, intoxication and cause of death. The various forensic studies presently are aiming omics for future prospective. An elementary attempt has been made in this review article to briefly present the role and advantages of omics in forensic medicine. We, hereby, propose to call it forensomic medicine, to draw attention of the forensic professionals to this novel branch of science in order to encourage new studies to be used in medico legal applications.

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Perpétuo, Natacha Catarina, Maria da Graça Campos, Paulo Renato Trincão, and António Pereira Coutinho. "Breve história da toxicologia vegetal: alguns usos das plantas tóxicas ao longo do tempo." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (December 29, 2019): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp248-264.

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ResumoEste trabalho pretende fazer uma breve análise da história da toxicologia e dos usos que as plantas tóxicas e os seus venenos foram tendo ao longo da história da humanidade, nomeadamente na Antiguidade. As possibilidades de utilização das plantas são praticamente ilimitadas. Assim, pode afirmar-se que a sua importância para o ser humano é inquestionável. O Homem recorre a elas desde a Pré-História, não só pelo seu valor nutricional e terapêutico, mas atribuindo-lhes, também, significados religiosos, estéticos, poéticos e morais. As práticas médicas ancestrais usavam as plantas com fins curativos, podendo considerar-se a fitoterapia como a forma de tratamento mais antiga. Esta prática manteve-se até ao final do séc. XIX/início do séc. XX, quando se isolaram as primeiras substâncias químicas bioactivas das plantas medicinais de origem (ex.: aspirina, digitalina, morfina).À semelhança das suas propriedades medicinais, também o conhecimento e uso dos venenos das plantas remonta à Antiguidade, tendo sido utilizados com diversos propósitos (ex.: caça, pesca, guerra, suicídio, homicídio).O conhecimento da história da toxicologia tem interesse no âmbito de várias disciplinas das áreas das ciências naturais e da saúde, como a medicina, a farmácia, a biologia, a bioquímica, as ciências forenses, entre outras.Palavras-chave: Envenenamentos; Plantas tóxicas; Venenos.AbstractThis work intends to make a brief analysis of the history of toxicology and the uses that toxic plants and their poisons have had throughout the history of mankind, namely in the Antiquity.The possibilities for plant use are practically unlimited. Thus, we can affirm that its importance to the human being is unquestionable. Man uses them since the Prehistory, not only for their nutritional and therapeutic value, but also attributing them religious, aesthetic, poetic and moral meanings. Ancient medical practices used plants for healing purposes, and phytotherapy may be considered as the oldest form of treatment. This practice continued until the end of the 19th century/early 20th century, when the first bioactive chemicals were isolated from the medicinal plants of origin (e.g. aspirin, digitalin, morphine). Like its medicinal properties, the knowledge and use of plant poisons can be traced back to Antiquity, and have been used for various purposes (e.g. hunting, fishing, war, suicide, homicide). Knowledge of the history of toxicology is of interest in various disciplines in the fields of natural sciences and health, such as medicine, pharmacy, biology, biochemistry, forensic sciences, among others.Keywords: Poisoning; Toxic plants; Poisons.

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Dagli, Maria L. Z., Arun Pandiri, Jeff Wolf, Sibylle Groeters, and Wanda M. Haschek-Hock. "Global Perspective on Careers in Environmental Toxicologic Pathology: The 2019 Society of Toxicologic Pathology Annual Symposium Lunchtime Career Development Session." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 8 (September 25, 2019): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319877859.

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A wide range of career options is available globally in the environmental toxicologic pathology (ETP) arena including academia, government, contract research organizations, and the agrichemical/chemical industry. This small and specialized subset of toxicologic pathologists addresses the effects of contaminants and pollutants on human, animal, and ecological health (One Health). Veterinary students and pathology trainees are primarily exposed to diagnostic pathology and often have limited exposure to toxicologic pathology and even less so to the issues and opportunities in environmental toxicology. The speakers provided a brief overview of global opportunities in their work sector and personal perspectives of their careers in ETP. The following panel discussion provided an opportunity to discuss issues related to careers in this specialty.

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Davis, Gregory G. "Forensic Toxicology." American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science 25, no. 2 (April 2012): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29074/ascls.25.2.120.

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Watanabe, Kazuhito, and Satoshi Chinaka. "Forensic toxicology." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, no. 12 (February 13, 2013): 3919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-6773-9.

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Levine, Barry. "FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY." Analytical Chemistry 65, no. 5 (March 1993): 272A—276A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00053a741.

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Smith, Michael P., and Martin H. Bluth. "Forensic Toxicology." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 36, no. 4 (December 2016): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2016.07.002.

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Peters, Frank T., Hans H. Maurer, and Frank Musshoff. "Forensic toxicology." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400, no. 1 (February 18, 2011): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4711-2.

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Harrill, Alison H., Jonathan G. Moggs, Karissa K. Adkins, Hellmut G. Augustin, Robert C. Johnson, and Michael W. Leach. "A Synopsis of the “Influence of Epigenetics, Genetics, and Immunology” Session Part A at the 35th Annual Society of Toxicologic Pathology Symposium." Toxicologic Pathology 45, no. 1 (October 5, 2016): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623316670781.

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The overarching theme of the 2016 Society of Toxicology Pathology’s Annual Symposium was “The Basis and Relevance of Variation in Toxicologic Responses.” Session 4 focused on genetic variation as a potential source for variability in toxicologic responses within nonclinical toxicity studies and further explored how knowledge of genetic traits might enable targeted prospective and retrospective studies in drug development and human health risk assessment. In this session, the influence of both genetic sequence variation and epigenetic modifications on toxicologic responses and their implications for understanding risk were explored. In this overview, the presentations in this session will be summarized, with a goal of exploring the ramifications of genetic and epigenetic variability within and across species for toxicity studies and disseminating information regarding novel tools to harness this variability to advance understanding of toxicologic responses across populations.

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Maronpot, Robert R., Abraham Nyska, Sean P. Troth, Kathleen Gabrielson, Polina Sysa-Shah, Vyacheslav Kalchenko, Yuri Kuznetsov, et al. "Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece*: Imaging Applications in Toxicologic Pathology—Recommendations for Use in Regulated Nonclinical Toxicity Studies." Toxicologic Pathology 45, no. 4 (June 2017): 444–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623317710014.

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Available imaging systems for use in preclinical toxicology studies increasingly show utility as important tools in the toxicologic pathologist’s armamentarium, permit longitudinal evaluation of functional and morphological changes in tissues, and provide important information such as organ and lesion volume not obtained by conventional toxicology study parameters. Representative examples of practical imaging applications in toxicology research and preclinical studies are presented for ultrasound, positron emission tomography/single-photon emission computed tomography, optical, magnetic resonance imaging, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization—imaging mass spectrometry imaging. Some of the challenges for making imaging systems good laboratory practice–compliant for regulatory submission are presented. Use of imaging data on a case-by-case basis as part of safety evaluation in regulatory submissions is encouraged.

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Troth, Sean P., Nancy E. Everds, William Siska, Brian Knight, Martin Lamb, and Julie Hutt. "Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Data Visualization for Clinical and Anatomic Pathologists." Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 5 (May 29, 2018): 476–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318778733.

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Assessment and communication of toxicology data are fundamental components of the work performed by veterinary anatomic and clinical pathologists involved in toxicology research. In recent years, there has been an evolution in the number and variety of software tools designed to facilitate the evaluation and presentation of toxicity study data. A working group of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee reviewed existing and emerging visualization technologies. This Points to Consider article reviews some of the currently available data visualization options, describes the utility of different types of graphical displays, and explores potential areas of controversy and ambiguity encountered with the use of these tools.

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Leonardo, António José, Décio Ruivo Martins, and Carlos Fiolhais. "António da Costa Simões e a génese da química forense em Portugal." Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência 2, no. 2 (December 3, 2009): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.53727/rbhc.v2i2.376.

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Nas páginas de O Instituto encontramse numerosos artigos relevantes para a história da ciência em Portugal. Esse periódico publicado pelo Instituto de Coimbra relata vários episódios que marcaram a evolução científica e tecnológica portuguesa. Divulgamos aqui um desses casos relativo à análise química forense ou toxicologia. O trabalho pioneiro de António da Costa Simões estabeleceu a ciência forense em Coimbra, ao efectuar a detecção de substâncias tóxicas em suspeitos envenenamentos. Num conjunto de artigos que publicou em O Instituto em 1855, esse médico e professor da Faculdade de Medicina descreveu em pormenor os métodos utilizados em análises de amostras de casos reais, revelando um rigor científico pouco habitual na época. Em 1860, Simões publicou um manual de toxicologia que foi seguido no curso de Medicina nas décadas seguintes. Os docentes que realizaram esses trabalhos de análise química sempre mostraram preocupação em se manterem actualizados, aplicando os métodos mais recentes, nomeadamente na detecção de venenos alcalóides.

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Pounder, Derrick J. "Forensic entomo-toxicology." Journal of the Forensic Science Society 31, no. 4 (July 1991): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(91)73189-7.

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Gwaltney-Brant, S. M. "Veterinary Forensic Toxicology." Veterinary Pathology 53, no. 5 (April 18, 2016): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985816641994.

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Gauthier, Béatrice E., Frédéric Gervais, Gregory Hamm, Donal O’Shea, Alain Piton, and Vanessa L. Schumacher. "Toxicologic Pathology Forum*: Opinion on Integrating Innovative Digital Pathology Tools in the Regulatory Framework." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 4 (February 5, 2019): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319827485.

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Digital pathology is defined as the ability to examine digitized microscopic slides and to generate qualitative and quantitative data. The field of digital pathology is rapidly evolving and has the potential to revolutionize toxicologic pathology. Techniques such as automated 2-D image analysis, whole slide imaging, and telepathology are already considered “mature” technologies and have been used for decades in exploratory studies; however, many organizations are reluctant to use digital pathology in regulatory toxicology studies. Innovative technologies using digitized slides including high-content imaging modalities and artificial intelligence are still under development but are increasingly used in toxicologic pathology. While software validation requirements are already described, clear guidance for application of these rules to the digital pathology field are few and the acceptance of these technologies by regulatory authorities remains necessary for successful adoption of digital pathology into the mainstream of toxicologic pathology. This topic was discussed during a roundtable at the 2018 Annual Congress of the French Society of Toxicologic Pathology. This opinion article summarizes the discussion regarding the current questions and challenges on the integration of innovative digital pathology tools within a good laboratory practice framework and is meant to stimulate further discussion among the toxicologic pathology community. [Box: see text]

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Schwetz, Bernard A. "Toxicologic Pathology: Looking Ahead." Toxicologic Pathology 31, no. 1_suppl (January 2003): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390174869.

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The field of toxicologic pathology is being impacted, as are other fields of science and medicine, by rapid transitions to take advantage of new science and technology. The new technology represents great opportunities to advance our understanding of toxicology and pathology to exciting new levels, but it also poses new challenges. We must be seriously engaged in that transition to assure that the outcome reflects the knowledge and discipline that are hallmarks of today's decision-making process in areas of product development and approval. New expertise will be required to deal with new issues. How well and how rapidly we adapt as the field moves from “... icities” to “ ... omics” will, at least in part, determine the role of toxicologic pathologists in the product development and approval processes of the future.

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Gruszecki, Amy C., Gerald McGwin, Jr, C. Andrew Robinson, Jr, and Gregory G. Davis. "The Relationship of Drug Abuse to Unexplained Sudden Death." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 132, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/132.12.1903.

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Abstract Context.—Forensic pathologists regularly investigate the deaths of individuals with a history of drug abuse. Autopsy, including toxicology testing, reveals no cause for death in a subset of this cohort. Objective.—To determine whether deaths with an undetermined cause and manner of death are associated with a history of drug abuse. Design.—Retrospective matched case-control study of 52 decedents whose cause of death remained undetermined following autopsy, matched 1:2 to a control group of living patients admitted for cholecystectomy according to age and date of death or procedure. Results.—Individuals whose cause of death was undetermined were 5.3 times (95% confidence interval, 1.9– 14.5) more likely to have a history of drug abuse than were patients with cholecystitis. Conclusions.—Decedents with a history of chronic drug abuse appear to be at an increased risk of dying by their chronic drug abuse, even in the absence of any anatomical or toxicologic finding at autopsy to account for death.

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Somanathan, Anjali, and Komal Mathur. "Evolution of Forensic Toxicology." Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology) 24, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22506/ti/2017/v24/i2/162410.

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Meyer, Markus R., and Hans H. Maurer. "Forensic and clinical toxicology." Bioanalysis 6, no. 17 (August 2014): 2187. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.14.193.

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Malaca, Sara, Jeremy Carlier, and Francesco P. Busardò. "Advances in Forensic Toxicology." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 31 (September 17, 2020): 3779–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161282631200810123637.

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GOROG, S. "Fundamentals of forensic toxicology." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 28, no. 1 (January 2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.11.003.

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Pathak, PR. "Forensic Medicine and Toxicology." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 53, no. 4 (October 1997): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30782-7.

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Peat, Michael A. "Advances in Forensic Toxicology." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 1998): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30171-9.

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Goldberger, Bruce A., and Aldo Polettini. "Forensic toxicology: web resources." Toxicology 173, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00025-2.

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Jickells, Sue, and Adam Negrusz. "Clarke's analytical forensic toxicology." Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 20, no. 4 (2008): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ata/2009023.

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Galey, Francis D. "Diagnostic and Forensic Toxicology." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 11, no. 3 (December 1995): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30310-3.

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Chung, Heesun, and Sanggil Choe. "Challenges in forensic toxicology." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 51, no. 6 (February 22, 2019): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2019.1567812.

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DeCaprio, Anthony P. "Review of: Forensic Toxicology." Journal of Forensic Sciences 64, no. 2 (March 2019): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13979.

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Richardson, T. "Pitfalls in forensic toxicology." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 20–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0004563001901498.

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Robertson, James. "Clarke's analytical forensic toxicology." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 40, no. 2 (December 2008): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450610802452244.

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