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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxicological exploration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Zhu, Yanyan, Yao Meng, Yinan Zhao, et al. "Toxicological exploration of peptide-based cationic liposomes in siRNA delivery." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 179 (July 2019): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.052.

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2

Drzewicz, Przemysław, Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki, Agata Drobniewska, et al. "Toxicological Evaluation of Thermal Treatment of Drilling Waste from Shale Gas Exploration in Poland." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 1 (2019): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0004.

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Abstract The oil containing drilling waste is a worldwide environmental problem associated with oil and gas exploration. In Poland, the problem of the drilling waste has become important since starting of shale gas exploration. The results of thermal treatment of drilling waste from shale gas exploration are presented. It has been shown that organic content vaporized completely at temperature up to 500 °C. The main problem is high content of chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium in the waste and its water leachate. Toxicity tests confirmed that high salinity of the samples pose impor
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Decesari, Stefano, Simona Kovarich, Manuela Pavan, Arianna Bassan, Andrea Ciacci, and David Topping. "Evaluating the mutagenic potential of aerosol organic compounds using informatics-based screening." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 3 (2018): 2329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2329-2018.

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Abstract. Whilst general policy objectives to reduce airborne particulate matter (PM) health effects are to reduce exposure to PM as a whole, emerging evidence suggests that more detailed metrics associating impacts with different aerosol components might be needed. Since it is impossible to conduct toxicological screening on all possible molecular species expected to occur in aerosol, in this study we perform a proof-of-concept evaluation on the information retrieved from in silico toxicological predictions, in which a subset (N = 104) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) compounds were screene
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C. O., Ujowundu, Ajoku C.O, Nwaogu L. A, Belonwu D. C., and Igwe K.O. "Toxicological Impacts of Gas flaring and Other Petroleum Production Activities in Niger-Delta Environment." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 10, no. 2 (2014): 2297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v10i2.5496.

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In this study, the concentrations of inducers of environmental toxicity such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and biomarkers of environmental toxicants such as oxidative stress enzymes/compounds and liver function enzymes were determined. These parameters were used to assess the pollution status of some Niger-Delta areas; Ebocha/Omoku, Abacheke/Egbema, and Okwuzi/Ohaji, with the aid of two indicator species: cat fish (Ictalurus punctatus) and snakehead fish (Channa argus) from three different water sources; Ebocha/Omoku river, Abacheke river and Okwuzi creek all of which are
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Borges, Rosivaldo S., Ivanete C. Palheta, Sirlene S. B. Ota, et al. "Toward of Safer Phenylbutazone Derivatives by Exploration of Toxicity Mechanism." Molecules 24, no. 1 (2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010143.

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A drug design for safer phenylbutazone was been explored by reactivity and docking studies involving single electron transfer mechanism, as well as toxicological predictions. Several approaches about its structural properties were performed through quantum chemistry calculations at the B3LYP level of theory, together with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis sets. Molecular orbital and ionization potential were associated to electron donation capacity. The spin densities contribution showed a preferential hydroxylation at the para-positions of phenyl ring when compared to other positions. In addition, on ele
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Quiliano, Miguel, Adela Mendoza, Kim Y. Fong, et al. "Exploring the scope of new arylamino alcohol derivatives: Synthesis, antimalarial evaluation, toxicological studies, and target exploration." International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 6, no. 3 (2016): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.09.004.

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7

Zhang, Boyang, Kunlun Huang, Liye Zhu, Yunbo Luo, and Wentao Xu. "Precision toxicology based on single cell sequencing: an evolving trend in toxicological evaluations and mechanism exploration." Archives of Toxicology 91, no. 7 (2017): 2539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-017-1971-4.

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Islam, Johirul, Kamaruz Zaman, Srijita Chakrabarti, and Pronobesh Chattopadhyay. "Exploration of toxicological impacts following acute and sub-chronic exposure to ethyl anthranilate-loaded mosquito repellent patch." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 97 (August 2018): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.020.

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9

K, Shweta, Sudhakar, and Shobha Bhat K. "Toxicological evaluation of banana and milk combination as incompatible diet - An experimental exploration of Samyoga viruddha concept." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 12, no. 3 (2021): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2021.02.005.

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10

Ennulat, Daniela, Michael Ringenberg, and Kendall S. Frazier. "Toxicologic Pathology Forum Opinion Paper*: Recommendations for a Tiered Approach to Nonclinical Mechanistic Nephrotoxicity Evaluation." Toxicologic Pathology 46, no. 6 (2018): 636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318788302.

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Nephrotoxicity is one of the more common causes of attrition in nonclinical drug development. Like most tissues, the kidney has a limited number of ways of responding to toxicological insults from diverse mechanistic pathways, which can limit the ability to determine mechanisms of renal injury using the assays routinely performed in preclinical toxicologic studies. In situations where the renal injury is unusual in morphology or if a therapeutic margin is low, additional investigative techniques may be needed to identify a potential mechanism of toxicity in order to inform clinical risk assess
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11

Bennett, James F., Walter R. Johnson, and Charles F. Marshall. "Integrated Spill Modeling for Impact Analysis." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): 943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-943.

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ABSTRACT This paper examines the potential use of computer models to estimate environmental impacts from oil spills. Computer simulation models for oil spills have long been used for risk analysis and have continually improved over the past few decades. Beyond risk analysis, however, these modeling tools could contribute to the estimation of the environmental impacts such as species mortality and shoreline contact. Proposed activities such as offshore oil and gas exploration and development can be analyzed using models that integrate spill-simulation capability with environmental resource and
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12

Boobis, A. "Exploration of the use of the threshold of toxicological concern and consideration of synergy for combined exposures (SY28-4)." Toxicology Letters 196 (July 2010): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.157.

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13

Wejnerowski, Łukasz, Halina Falfushynska, Oksana Horyn, et al. "In Vitro Toxicological Screening of Stable and Senescing Cultures of Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, and Raphidiopsis." Toxins 12, no. 6 (2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060400.

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Toxicity of cyanobacteria is the subject of ongoing research, and a number of toxic metabolites have been described, their biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated, and the mechanism of their action has been established. However, several knowledge gaps still exist, e.g., some strains produce hitherto unknown toxic compounds, while the exact dynamics of exerted toxicity during cyanobacterial growth still requires further exploration. Therefore, the present study investigated the toxicity of extracts of nine freshwater strains of Aphanizomenon gracile, an Aphanizomenon sp. strain isolated from
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14

Ruberg, Elizabeth J., Tony D. Williams, and John E. Elliott. "Review of petroleum toxicity in marine reptiles." Ecotoxicology 30, no. 4 (2021): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02359-9.

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AbstractWorldwide petroleum exploration and transportation continue to impact the health of the marine environment through both catastrophic and chronic spillage. Of the impacted fauna, marine reptiles are often overlooked. While marine reptiles are sensitive to xenobiotics, there is a paucity of petroleum toxicity data for these specialized fauna in peer reviewed literature. Here we review the known impacts of petroleum spillage to marine reptiles, specifically to marine turtles and iguanas with an emphasis on physiology and fitness related toxicological effects. Secondly, we recommend standa
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Hanganu, Bianca, Andreea Alexandra Velnic, Valentin Petre-Ciudin, Irina Manoilescu, and Beatrice Gabriela Ioan. "Traumatic spinal cord injuries – epidemiologic and medico-legal issues." Romanian Neurosurgery 31, no. 4 (2017): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/romneu-2017-0075.

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Abstract Spinal cord injuries represent a special category of injuries in traumatic pathology, with high morbidity and mortality, which justify their analysis with the aim to identify useful aspects in order to prevent and treat them. We therefore performed a retrospective study on 426 cases in order to analyze epidemiology and medico-legal issues related to spinal cord injuries. The studied items regarded socio-demographic aspects (gender, age, home region), type of lesions (vertebral, spinal cord, association with other trauma), circumstances leading to trauma (cause of the injury, season),
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16

Posternak, N. V., Yu A. Ferapontov, S. N. Erokhin, et al. "Development of a regenerated carbon dioxide absorber for human life support systems during long space flights." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 16-18 (July 29, 2019): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2019.16-18.37-50.

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In the development of life support systems for long-term space missions, the most important tasks are the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, the production of carbon dioxide with a concentration above 98 %, and the production of oxygen from carbon dioxide by the Bosch – Sabatier process. To solve these problems, a regenerative carbon dioxide absorber adapted to space flight conditions is required. The article proposes a new method for the production of chemosorbents based on hydrated zirconium oxide using polyacrylates as a binder and polymer matrix. The regenerated absorber of carbon
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17

Caro, Daneiva C., David E. Rivera, Yanet Ocampo, Luis A. Franco, and Rubén D. Salas. "Pharmacological Evaluation of Mentha spicata L. and Plantago major L., Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Anxiety and Insomnia in Colombian Caribbean Coast." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (August 7, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5921514.

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Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, chronic, and disabling conditions that impose enormous health and economic costs both on individuals and on society. Medicinal plants are an invaluable source of bioactive metabolites that can be useful as new pharmacological treatment. Teas from Mentha spicata and Plantago major are employed by Colombian populations to treat stress and insomnia. This work was conducted to evaluate their anxiolytic and hypnotic properties. For this, we employed the Elevated Plus-Maze test and the sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis method using Wistar rats. Oral admini
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18

Félix-Silva, Juliana, Raquel Brandt Giordani, Arnóbio Antonio da Silva-Jr, Silvana Maria Zucolotto, and Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa. "Jatropha gossypiifoliaL. (Euphorbiaceae): A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of This Medicinal Plant." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369204.

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Jatropha gossypiifoliaL. (Euphorbiaceae), widely known as “bellyache bush,” is a medicinal plant largely used throughout Africa and America. Several human and veterinary uses in traditional medicine are described for different parts and preparations based on this plant. However, critical reviews discussing emphatically its medicinal value are missing. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the traditional uses, as well as the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity data ofJ. gossypiifoliaspecies, in view of discussing its medicinal value and potential application in complemen
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19

Chen, Bo, Yanlei Sun, Feifei Luo, and Chengshu Wang. "Bioactive Metabolites and Potential Mycotoxins Produced by Cordyceps Fungi: A Review of Safety." Toxins 12, no. 6 (2020): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060410.

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Ascomycete Cordyceps fungi such as C. militaris, C. cicadae, and C. guangdongensis have been mass produced on artificial media either as food supplements or health additives while the byproducts of culture substrates are largely used as animal feed. The safety concerns associated with the daily consumption of Cordyceps fungi or related products are still being debated. On the one hand, the known compounds from these fungi such as adenosine analogs cordycepin and pentostatin have demonstrated different beneficial or pharmaceutical activities but also dose-dependent cytotoxicities, neurological
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20

Saramago, Luiz, Helga Gomes, Elena Aguilera, et al. "Novel and Selective Rhipicephalus microplus Triosephosphate Isomerase Inhibitors with Acaricidal Activity." Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 3 (2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5030074.

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The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most important ectoparasites causing significant economic losses for the cattle industry. The major tool of control is reducing the number of ticks, applying acaricides in cattle. However, overuse has led to selection of resistant populations of R. microplus to most of these products, some even to more than one active principle. Thus, exploration for new molecules with acaricidal activity in R. microplus has become necessary. Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) is an essential enzyme in R. microplus metabolism and could be an interesting target
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21

WEBSTER, THOMAS J., DAVID A. STOUT, SUSHMA KALMODIA, and BIKRAMJIT BASU. "EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND IN VITRO CYTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS." Nano LIFE 03, no. 01 (2013): 1340008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984413400084.

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Exposure to nanosized materials (specifically, materials with one dimension less than 100 nm) is nothing new. Humans have long been exposed to nanomaterials from various earth related processes, like forest fires and volcanoes, as well as naturally occurring events, such as sea spray. Due to the advent of modern nanotechnology research, however, the arrival of the industrial nanotechnology age is upon us where large quantities of various synthetic nanomaterials are formulated and exposed to humans on a daily basis. As such, there is an on-going need for more researchers to determine human and
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22

Becker, Klaus M., Lorenna Rosa, Manoella S. B. Fernandes, et al. "Transplacental Transfer of Primaquine and Neurobehavioral Development of Prenatally Exposed Rats." Journal of Toxicology 2021 (June 24, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7392606.

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Primaquine (PQ) not only eliminates P. falciparum gametocytes but also kills liver dormant forms of P. vivax and P. ovale. Owing to these unique therapeutic properties, it is an essential drug. Although PQ has been used for over 70 years, its toxicological database has gaps such as the absence of studies on its reproductive and developmental toxicity and kinetics in pregnancy. This study investigated the transplacental transfer of PQ and the effects of intrauterine exposure on the postnatal growth, survival, and neurobehavioral development of the offspring. PQ kinetics and transplacental trans
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23

Owumi, Solomon E., Bidemi N. Oladimeji, Tobiloba C. Elebiyo, and Uche O. Arunsi. "Combine effect of exposure to petrol, kerosene and diesel fumes: On hepatic oxidative stress and haematological function in rats." Toxicology and Industrial Health 37, no. 6 (2021): 336–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07482337211012498.

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Petroleum product fumes (PPFs) containing toxic organic components are pervasive in the environment, emanating from anthropogenic activities, including petroleum exploration and utilization by end-user activities from petrol–gasoline stations. Petrol station attendants are exposed to PPF through inhalation and dermal contact with consequent toxicological implications. We investigated the effects of chronic exposure (60 and 90 days) to petrol (P), kerosene (K) and diesel (D) alone and combined exposure to petrol, kerosene and diesel (PKD) fumes on hepatotoxicity, haematological function and oxi
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24

van Tongeren, Susan, Jane A. Fagerland, Michael W. Conner, et al. "The Role of the Toxicologic Pathologist in the Biopharmaceutical Industry." International Journal of Toxicology 30, no. 5 (2011): 568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581811413304.

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Toxicologic pathologists contribute significantly to the development of new biopharmaceuticals, yet there is often a lack of awareness of this specialized role. As the members of multidisciplinary teams, toxicologic pathologists participate in all aspects of the drug development process. This review is part of an initiative by the Society of Toxicologic Pathology to educate scientists about toxicologic pathology and to attract junior scientists, veterinary students, and veterinarians into the field. We describe the role of toxicologic pathologists in identifying candidate agents, elucidating b
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Wittenburg, Christine, and Jean Ellen Duckworth. "Comparison of aluminum toxicology and homeopathic Alumina: a mixed methods study." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (2021): 08–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.897.

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Toxicology forms part of homeopathy. The founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, incorporated many toxicological symptoms in his Materia Medica. These symptoms are part of the information homeopathic practitioners relay on to choose the appropriate medication for their patients. This medication is administered in form of ultra-high dilutions. Hahnemann also developed Materia Medica on the base of provings done with high diluted substances only – simply because these substances did not have a known toxicology at his time. Alumina is one of these substances. Today we possess a reliable toxico
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Krug, Samuel A., and Karen S. Scott. "A toxicological exploration of the opioid crisis." WIREs Forensic Science 2, no. 6 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1386.

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27

Johnson, Graham, and Patrick Davies. "Toxicological analysis of George’s marvellous medicine: literature review." BMJ, December 10, 2020, m4467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4467.

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Abstract Objective To analyse the therapeutic effects and toxicity of the eponymous concoction described in Roald Dahl’s book George’s Marvellous Medicine . Design Literature review. Setting Two literature loving households in England. Participants George Kranky and grandma Kranky. Main outcome measures Clinical and toxic effects of the individual ingredients checked against those listed in ToxBase, the National Poisons Information Service’s poisons database. Results The medicine contained 34 ingredients. The most common toxic effect identified on ToxBase was nausea and vomiting (16 ingredient
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28

Shah, Pranav, Manisha Lalan, and Deepti Jani. "Toxicological Aspects of Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerenes and Graphenes." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26 (September 16, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200916143741.

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: Nanomedicines exhibit unbelievable capability in overcoming the hurdles faced in biological applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene-family nanomaterials and fullerenes are a class of engineered nanoparticles that have emerged as a new option for possible use in drug/gene delivery for life-threatening diseases. Their adaptability to pharmaceutical applications have opened new vistas for biomedical applications. Successful applications of this family of engineered nanoparticles in various fields may not support its use in medicine due to inconsistent data on toxicity as well as the lac
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29

Orsini, Luisa, Donald Gilbert, Ram Podicheti, et al. "Daphnia magna transcriptome by RNA-Seq across 12 environmental stressors." Scientific Data 3, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.30.

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Abstract The full exploration of gene-environment interactions requires model organisms with well-characterized ecological interactions in their natural environment, manipulability in the laboratory and genomic tools. The waterflea Daphnia magna is an established ecological and toxicological model species, central to the food webs of freshwater lentic habitats and sentinel for water quality. Its tractability and cyclic parthenogenetic life-cycle are ideal to investigate links between genes and the environment. Capitalizing on this unique model system, the STRESSFLEA consortium generated a comp
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Ferraz da Silva, Igor, Eduardo Merlo, Charles S. Costa, Jones B. Graceli та Lívia C. M. Rodrigues. "Tributyltin Exposure Is Associated With Recognition Memory Impairments, Alterations in Estrogen Receptor α Protein Levels, and Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Female Mice". Frontiers in Toxicology 3 (9 квітня 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2021.654077.

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Tributyltin (TBT) is a persistent organometallic pollutant widely used in several agricultural and industrial processes. TBT exposure is associated with various metabolic, reproductive, immune, and cardiovascular abnormalities. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of TBT on behavior. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether TBT exposure results in oxidative, neuroendocrine, and behavioral alterations. TBT was administered to adult female mice (250, 500, or 750 ng/kg/day or veh for 14 days), and their recognition memory was assessed. We have also evaluated estrogen recep
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Zane, Doris, Paul L. Feldman, Tomi Sawyer, Zhanna Sobol, and Jessica Hawes. "Development and Regulatory Challenges for Peptide Therapeutics." International Journal of Toxicology, December 17, 2020, 109158182097784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581820977846.

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There has been an increased interest in and activity for the use of peptide therapeutics to treat a variety of human diseases. The number of peptide drugs entering clinical development and the market has increased significantly over the past decade despite inherent challenges of peptide therapeutic discovery, development, and patient-friendly delivery. Disparities in interpretation and application of existing regulatory guidances to innovative synthetic and conjugated peptide assets have resulted in challenges for both regulators and sponsors. The Symposium on Development and Regulatory Challe
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32

Al–Salmi, Akram A., Mai A. Alim A. Sattar Ahmad, and Lateef M. Khan. "An Experimental Exploratory Study for the Mechanism of Anti-Inflammatory Action of Mecca Myrrh (Commiphora opobalsamum)." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, May 20, 2021, 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i29a31574.

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Background: Our recent past studies accomplished the target to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect as well as toxicological profile of Commiphora opobalsamum (CO), with almost identical potency in comparison to the contemporary anti-inflammatory drugs. This inspired us to explore its mechanism of action to further strengthen its efficacy.
 Aim: To investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of CO by exploration of its correlation to its antioxidant activity as well as inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators by interaction with MDA, NO, PGE2 and TNF-α.
 Methods: 10
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Ahmad, Mai A. Alim A. Sattar, Akram A. Al-Salmi, Fatemah O. Kamel, and Lateef M. Khan. "Evaluation of the Toxicological Profile of Commiphora opobalsamum in Wister Rats for Its Safety and Rational Use." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, March 30, 2021, 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i19a31324.

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Aim: To study acute and chronic toxicity profile of Commiphora opobalsamum (CO) in rats.
 Methods: Acute oral lethal effect and single oral dose toxicity of CO was determined in rats by comparison with standard control. In contrast repeated dose oral toxicity in rats were performed in four groups of rats, CO was orally administered to three groups of rats in graded doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) once daily for 14 daysVs standard control. The sub-acute toxicity of CO was observed on hematological, coagulation and biochemical parameters.
 Results: Acute oral lethal dose of CO in r
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Grottesi, Alfonso, Leonello Bianchi, Francesco Maria Ranieri, Ernesto Puce, and Marco Catarci. "Unusual segmental ischemia of the small bowel from cocaine abuse." Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2021, no. 4 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjab074.

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Abstract Cocaine abuse is rising in the young population, triggering uncommon and potentially life-threatening causes of acute abdomen in this age group. The authors present the case of a 30-year-old man with emergency admission due to abdominal pain, with no history of drug abuse. Several signs and symptoms elicited toxicologic blood screening, which disclosed high serum levels of cocaine and its metabolites. Twelve hours after admission, the onset of acute abdomen with signs of diffuse peritonitis prompted surgical exploration through a minimally invasive approach. Two segmental small bowel
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Bakota, Eric V., Deborah Bujnowski, Larissa Singletary, Sherry Onyiego, NAdia Hakim, and Dana Beckham. "Exploring Drug Overdose Mortality Data in Harris County, Texas." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 11, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9790.

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ObjectiveIn this session, we will explore the results of a descriptive analysis of all drug overdose mortality data collected by the Harris County Medical Examiner's Office and how that data can be used to inform public health action.IntroductionDrug overdose mortality is a growing problem in the United States. In 2017 alone over 72,000 deaths were attributed to drug overdose, most of which were caused by fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (synthetic opioids)1. While nearly every community has seen an increase in drug overdose, there is considerable variation in the degree of increase in specific c
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