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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxicology testing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Bissell, Michael G. "Toxicology Testing." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 3 (September 2012): xi—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2012.07.011.

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2

Krenzelok, Edward P. "Clinical Utility of Toxicology Testing." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 10, no. 4 (August 1997): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009701000407.

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Toxicology testing is an extremely valuable asset to the pharmacist in the evaluation and management of the poisoned patient. There is extensive use of toxicology screens and expensive and time-consuming quantitative analysis for toxins that could be more appropriately directed by the pharmacist who has an extensive background in toxicokinetics and pharmacology. The managed care environment mandates even more prudent use of toxicology testing. Application of the results of toxicology testing by the pharmacist can contribute to decisions regarding the patient's therapy and prognosis.
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3

Krenzelok, Edward P. "Clinical Utility of Toxicology Testing." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 6, no. 2 (April 1993): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009300600207.

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Toxicology testing is an extremely valuable asset to the pharmacist in the evaluation and management of the poisoned patient. There is extensive use of toxicology screens and expensive and time-consuming quantitative analysis for toxins that could be more appropriately directed by the pharmacist who has an extensive background in toxicokinetics and pharmacology. Application of the results of toxicology testing by the pharmacist can contribute to decisions regarding the patient's therapy and prognosis.
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4

Millard, Dietra D. "Toxicology Testing in Neonates." Clinics in Perinatology 23, no. 3 (September 1996): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30223-9.

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5

Bluth, Martin H. "Toxicology and Drug Testing." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 36, no. 4 (December 2016): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-2712(16)30096-8.

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6

Graham, P. "Quality testing in toxicology." Pathology 52 (February 2020): S15—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2020.01.086.

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7

Tenore, Peter L. "Advanced Urine Toxicology Testing." Journal of Addictive Diseases 29, no. 4 (September 24, 2010): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2010.509277.

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8

Walson, P., S. Cox, and J. Edge. "Patient Protective Toxicology Testing." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 15, no. 2 (April 1993): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199304000-00125.

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9

Perlman, Nicola C., and Nicole A. Smith. "Toxicology Testing in Pregnancy." Obstetrics & Gynecology 135 (May 2020): 38S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000663428.26601.65.

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10

Perlman, Nicola C., and Nicole A. Smith. "Toxicology Testing of Neonates." Obstetrics & Gynecology 135 (May 2020): 38S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000663660.42760.7b.

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11

Perlman, Nicola C., Gianna L. Wilkie, and Nicole A. Smith. "Toxicology Testing in Obstetrics." Obstetrics & Gynecology 135 (May 2020): 38S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000663664.98133.6c.

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12

Kling, Jim. "Toxicology testing steps towards computers." Lab Animal 48, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41684-018-0227-0.

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13

Iregren, Anders, and Richard Letz. "Computerized Testing in Neurobehavioural Toxicology." Applied Psychology 41, no. 3 (July 1992): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00703.x.

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14

Scialli, Anthony R. "Acute toxicology testing perspectives and horizons." Reproductive Toxicology 4, no. 2 (January 1990): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6238(90)90012-k.

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15

Berry, Colin. "Cut animal wastage in toxicology testing." Nature 523, no. 7561 (July 2015): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/523410a.

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16

French, Deborah. "Adding Value to Clinical Toxicology Testing." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 6 (October 20, 2020): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfaa161.

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17

Valerio, Luis G., Kirk B. Arvidson, Emily Busta, Barbara L. Minnier, Naomi L. Kruhlak, and R. Daniel Benz. "Testing computational toxicology models with phytochemicals." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54, no. 2 (February 2010): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900259.

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18

Anger, W. Kent. "Human Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing: Current Perspectives." Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, no. 2 (April 1989): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500203.

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Standardized tests or test batteries for neurotoxic effects are needed for premarket testing of chemicals (and related regulatory needs) and for the development of a neurotoxicity data base. Three widely known human test batteries based on past research findings and developed to screen for a broad range of neurotoxic effects are currently in use. One was developed by Finland's Institute of Occupational Health, one was recently recommended by the World Health Organization, and one was recently developed as a computer-implemented battery by US researchers. Each of these batteries assesses many frequently occurring neurotoxic effects, but each is limited by the lack of tests for some motor and sensory functions and affective responses that often occur following chemical exposures. Problems with field or worksite assessments using these test batteries involve age, education, socioeconomic, and job differences between exposed and comparison groups, and the lack of normative data on these batteries. To address some of these problems, the human neurobehavioral test batteries are currently undergoing reliability or validity assessments on a national and international scale. This will provide an assessment of their utility and accelerate development of a data base of neurotoxic effects of chemicals.
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19

Hunger, Klaus. "Toxicology and toxicological testing of colorants." Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 35, no. 1 (October 23, 2008): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2005.tb00161.x.

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20

Frederick, Donald L. "Toxicology Testing in Alternative Specimen Matrices." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 3 (September 2012): 467–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2012.06.009.

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21

Underwood, A. J. "Toxicological testing in laboratories is not ecological testing of toxicology." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 1, no. 3 (September 1995): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039509380006.

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22

Roberfroid, Marcel. "Alternatives in Safety Testing: Progress or Uselessness?" Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 22, no. 6 (November 1994): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299402200611.

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Safety testing is a major responsibility of toxicologists. Toxicology is not only a science but also an art. The science of toxicology characterises the toxic potential of a given chemical entity, i.e. the intrinsic property which allows it to react with, and/or to be transformed by, a particular biological system. Based on such scientific data, the art of toxicology has to predict the risk, i.e. the probability that a particular adverse event will occur during a stated period of time or result from a particular challenge. Until now, the science of toxicology has relied almost exclusively on animal tests, the protocols of which are described in directives and regulations. As stated in an Editorial in ATLA (1) the question that toxicologists now have to tackle is, “can non-animal toxicity studies become genuine replacement alternatives …” for assessing risk adequately? Indeed, the science of toxicology has developed, and continues to develop, new approaches (alternatives) to characterise, in well-defined in vitro models (including, for the first time, human models), the toxic potential of chemicals, namely, cytotoxicity, organ-specific effects, modulation of metabolic functions, interference with cell-mediated processes, metabolic activation, etc. But the question remains, what about the art of toxicology? Is it realistic to predict that such new scientific data will, in time, be accepted by regulators for risk evaluation? If these data are to be accepted, we believe that, instead of the present trend towards a regulation-required “protocol toxicology”, toxicologists will have to impose a stepwise decision-tier approach based on the systematic and sequential progression of scientifically justified and rigorously performed investigations, the results of which will be thoroughly and realistically evaluated by experts. It has to be recognised that scientific knowledge has advanced far enough to permit a focus on mechanisms, so that alternatives are fully accepted, no longer as a supplement to a check-list approach, but as a full part of the scientific expertise.
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23

van der Venne, Marie-Thérèse, and Alexander Berlin. "Toxicological Testing in the European Community." Human & Experimental Toxicology 12, no. 6 (November 1993): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719301200612.

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24

Bailer, A. John, and James T. Oris. "Incorporating hormesis in the routine testing of hazards." Human & Experimental Toxicology 17, no. 5 (May 1998): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719801700505.

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The phenomenon of subtoxic stimulation of organism response is not uncommon in aquatic toxicology experiments. We describe the presence of hormesis in both growth and reproduction experiments in aquatic toxicology where these responses are observed in both animals and plants and at different trophic levels of an ecosystem. The implications of ignoring hormetic responses in the analysis of toxicity data are discussed. In particular, we note that specification of models that explicitly cannot accommodate or remove potential effects of hormesis may lead to biased potency estimates. Further, the presence of hormesis has implications for the design of toxicology experiments, with the spacing of concentration test conditions being critical.
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25

Henck, Judith W., Ikram Elayan, Charles Vorhees, J. Edward Fisher, and LaRonda L. Morford. "Current Topics in Postnatal Behavioral Testing." International Journal of Toxicology 35, no. 5 (July 9, 2016): 499–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581816657082.

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The study of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) continues to be an important component of safety evaluation of candidate therapeutic agents and of industrial and environmental chemicals. Developmental neurotoxicity is considered to be an adverse change in the central and/or peripheral nervous system during development of an organism and has been primarily evaluated by studying functional outcomes, such as changes in behavior, neuropathology, neurochemistry, and/or neurophysiology. Neurobehavioral evaluations are a component of a wide range of toxicology studies in laboratory animal models, whereas neurochemistry and neurophysiology are less commonly employed. Although the primary focus of this article is on neurobehavioral evaluation in pre- and postnatal development and juvenile toxicology studies used in pharmaceutical development, concepts may also apply to adult nonclinical safety studies and Environmental Protection Agency/chemical assessments. This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium held during the 2015 American College of Toxicology annual meeting and includes a discussion of the current status of DNT testing as well as potential issues and recommendations. Topics include the regulatory context for DNT testing; study design and interpretation; behavioral test selection, including a comparison of core learning and memory systems; age of testing; repeated testing of the same animals; use of alternative animal models; impact of findings; and extrapolation of animal results to humans. Integration of the regulatory experience and scientific concepts presented during this symposium, as well as from subsequent discussion and input, provides a synopsis of the current state of DNT testing in safety assessment, as well as a potential roadmap for future advancement.
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26

Cone, Edward J., and Yale H. Caplan. "Urine Toxicology Testing in Chronic Pain Management." Postgraduate Medicine 121, no. 4 (July 2009): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2009.07.2035.

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27

Hoffman, Robert J., and Lewis Nelson. "Rational use of toxicology testing in children." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 13, no. 2 (April 2001): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-200104000-00017.

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28

Clewell, Harvey J., and Melvin E. Andersen. "Improving toxicology testing protocols using computer simulations." Toxicology Letters 49, no. 2-3 (December 1989): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(89)90029-5.

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29

Frederick, Donald L., and Michael G. Bissell. "Overview of Progress in Clinical Toxicology Testing." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 3 (September 2012): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2012.06.001.

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30

Agrawal, Yash Pal, and Hanna Rennert. "Pharmacogenomics and the Future of Toxicology Testing." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 3 (September 2012): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2012.07.009.

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31

Dean, B. J., T. M. Brooks, G. Hodson-Walker, and D. H. Hutson. "Genetic toxicology testing of 41 industrial chemicals." Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology 153, no. 1-2 (January 1985): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1110(85)90005-3.

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32

Holt, David W. "Proficiency testing schemes for therapeutics and toxicology." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 5, no. 9 (September 5, 2000): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690000194.

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33

Staub, Christian. "Hair Testing: A New Area in Forensic Toxicology." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 63, no. 4 (April 29, 2009): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2009.229.

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34

Xu, Beibei. "Introduction to Clinical Toxicology Laboratories Testing Control Pharmaceuticals." BAOJ Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24947/2380-5552/2/1/117.

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35

Roberts, R. A., and T. Monticello. "Preclinical (safety) toxicology testing predicts the clinical outcome." Toxicology Letters 258 (September 2016): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.018.

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36

Schrattenholz, André, Vukić Šoškić, Rainer Schöpf, Slobodan Poznanović, Martina Klemm-Manns, and Karlfried Groebe. "Protein biomarkers for in vitro testing of toxicology." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 746, no. 2 (August 2012): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.02.008.

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37

Bennett, Gary F. "Toxicology testing handbook: principles, applications, and data interpretation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 83, no. 3 (May 2001): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00191-1.

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38

Piersma, Aldert H. "Innovative testing in reproductive toxicology—The ChemScreen experience." Reproductive Toxicology 55 (August 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.10.025.

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39

Barber, Eugene D. "Genetic toxicology testing of Di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate." Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 23, no. 3 (1994): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/em.2850230311.

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40

Zbinden, G. "The Concept of Multispecies Testing in Industrial Toxicology." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 17, no. 1 (February 1993): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1993.1009.

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41

Perlman, Nicola, David E. Cantonwine, and Nicole Smith. "1029 Indications for toxicology testing: does race matter?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 224, no. 2 (February 2021): S637—S638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.12.1054.

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42

Lamb, J. C. "Reproductive Toxicity Testing: Evaluating and Developing New Testing Systems." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 4, no. 2 (March 1985): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818509014511.

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Reproductive toxicity testing systems are used by national and international regulatory agencies. Protocols have not been standardized between agencies or even within certain agencies. Although there have been efforts at standardization, a certain amount of the differences between testing protocols is a reflection of the needs of the particular agency. New developments in in vitro techniques might lead to new test systems, but reproductive function is dependent upon the interaction of various cells and organs that cannot presently be copied in the test tube; this makes whole-animal testing systems a necessity. The present whole-animal models used by the Food and Drug Administration include the 3 segment reproduction studies used for testing drug safety and the multigeneration studies used for food additives. The Environmental Protection Agency has adopted 2 similar versions of a 2-generation study for the Office of Pesticide Programs and the Office of Toxic Substances. The National Toxicology Program, although not a regulatory agency, has taken a prominent role in reproductive toxicity testing, test system development, and test system evaluation. A new testing system, Fertility Assessment by Continuous Breeding (FACB), is currently being studied as a cost-effective and reliable alternative test system. The FACB protocol houses male and female mice as breeding pairs and removes offspring as soon as they are born during the first 14 weeks to allow continuous mating. Each breeding pair normally has up to 5 litters, and the last litter is saved to evaluate the second generation. The efficiency, reliability, and expense of the protocol are being compared to the existing testing systems.
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43

Seibert, Hasso, Michael Gulden, and Jens-Uwe Voss. "Comparative Cell Toxicology: The Basis for In Vitro Toxicity Testing." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 22, no. 3 (May 1994): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299402200306.

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If “cell toxicology” is defined as the discipline aimed at studying the general principles of chemical interference with cellular structures and/or functions, then “comparative cell toxicology” may be defined as the study of the variety of responses to xenobiotics using: (a) different endpoints within one cell type; (b) cell types from different tissues from one species; and (c) homologous cell types from different species. If the full potential of in vitro models for toxicity testing is to be realised and the scientific basis for hazard assessment improved, then comparative cell toxicological approaches have to be developed further. In the present paper, an approach using different in vitro systems is described. The approach is aimed at the assessment of the basic toxicological characteristics of chemicals.
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44

Wolff, R. K., and M. A. Dorato. "Toxicologic Testing of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 23, no. 4 (January 1993): 343–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408449309104076.

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45

Kolman, Ada. "New Achievements in Human Cell Toxicology: The 20th Annual Workshop on In Vitro Toxicology." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 31, no. 3 (May 2003): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290303100305.

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The 20th Annual Workshop on In Vitro Toxicology (Oxford, UK, September 22–24, 2002) was convened as part of a European meeting entitled Human Cell Culture 2002. The meeting was arranged by the Scandinavian Society for Cell Toxicology (SSCT), the European Tissue Culture Society and the British Prostate Group. Two sessions, which are summarised in this report, were devoted to in vitro toxicology: Human Cell Toxicology and The SSCT Free Paper Session. Outstanding experts in the field of toxicology outlined contemporary approaches in toxicity testing in their lectures. Short oral presentations demonstrated a variety of in vitro model systems and methodologies, which can be useful for investigating human toxicity, as well as for studies on mechanisms of toxicity.
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46

Del Favero, Giorgia, and Annette Kraegeloh. "Integrating Biophysics in Toxicology." Cells 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051282.

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Integration of biophysical stimulation in test systems is established in diverse branches of biomedical sciences including toxicology. This is largely motivated by the need to create novel experimental setups capable of reproducing more closely in vivo physiological conditions. Indeed, we face the need to increase predictive power and experimental output, albeit reducing the use of animals in toxicity testing. In vivo, mechanical stimulation is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vitro, diverse strategies can be used to model this crucial component. The compliance of the extracellular matrix can be tuned by modifying the stiffness or through the deformation of substrates hosting the cells via static or dynamic strain. Moreover, cells can be cultivated under shear stress deriving from the movement of the extracellular fluids. In turn, introduction of physical cues in the cell culture environment modulates differentiation, functional properties, and metabolic competence, thus influencing cellular capability to cope with toxic insults. This review summarizes the state of the art of integration of biophysical stimuli in model systems for toxicity testing, discusses future challenges, and provides perspectives for the further advancement of in vitro cytotoxicity studies.
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47

Ishidate, M., K. F. Miura, and T. Sofuni. "Chromosome aberration assays in genetic toxicology testing in vitro." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 404, no. 1-2 (August 1998): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00110-9.

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48

Swindle, M. M., A. Makin, A. J. Herron, F. J. Clubb, and K. S. Frazier. "Swine as Models in Biomedical Research and Toxicology Testing." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811402846.

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Swine are considered to be one of the major animal species used in translational research, surgical models, and procedural training and are increasingly being used as an alternative to the dog or monkey as the choice of nonrodent species in preclinical toxicologic testing of pharmaceuticals. There are unique advantages to the use of swine in this setting given that they share with humans similar anatomic and physiologic characteristics involving the cardiovascular, urinary, integumentary, and digestive systems. However, the investigator needs to be familiar with important anatomic, histopathologic, and clinicopathologic features of the laboratory pig and minipig in order to put background lesions or xenobiotically induced toxicologic changes in their proper perspective and also needs to consider specific anatomic differences when using the pig as a surgical model. Ethical considerations, as well as the existence of significant amounts of background data, from a regulatory perspective, provide further support for the use of this species in experimental or pharmaceutical research studies. It is likely that pigs and minipigs will become an increasingly important animal model for research and pharmaceutical development applications.
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49

Robinson, Keith. "Evaluations of organ system development in juvenile toxicology testing." Reproductive Toxicology 26, no. 1 (September 2008): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.05.056.

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50

Nishimura, Yuhei, Atsuto Inoue, Shota Sasagawa, Junko Koiwa, Koki Kawaguchi, Reiko Kawase, Toru Maruyama, Soonih Kim, and Toshio Tanaka. "Using zebrafish in systems toxicology for developmental toxicity testing." Congenital Anomalies 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cga.12142.

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