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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxigenic strains'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Chen, F., G. M. Evins, W. L. Cook, R. Almeida, N. Hargrett-Bean, and K. Wachsmuth. "Genetic diversity among toxigenic and nontoxigenicVibrio choleraeO1 isolated from the Western Hemisphere." Epidemiology and Infection 107, no. 1 (1991): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048846.

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SUMMARYMultilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to examine genetic relationships among and between toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates ofVibrio choleraeO1 obtained from patients and the environment in the US Gulf Coast and surrounding areas. A total of 23 toxigenic and 23 non-toxigenic strains were examined. All the toxigenic and 7 of the non-toxigenic strains had the same alleles at 16 enzyme loci, whereas the balance of the nontoxigenic strains had 9 distinct combinations of alleles. This study suggests that all of the toxigenic strains belong to a single clone, and that while some of the

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2

Pang, Bo, Meiying Yan, Zhigang Cui, et al. "Genetic Diversity of Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae Serogroups O1 and O139 Revealed by Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 13 (2007): 4837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01959-06.

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ABSTRACT Toxigenic serogroups O1 and O139 of Vibrio cholerae may cause cholera epidemics or pandemics. Nontoxigenic strains within these serogroups also exist in the environment, and also some may cause sporadic cases of disease. Herein, we investigate the genomic diversity among toxigenic and nontoxigenic O1 and O139 strains by comparative genomic microarray hybridization with the genome of El Tor strain N16961 as a base. Conservation of the toxigenic O1 El Tor and O139 strains is found as previously reported, whereas accumulation of genome changes was documented in toxigenic El Tor strains i

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3

Zadnova, Svetlana P., Nikita A. Plekhanov, Alina Yu Spirina, and Andrey A. Kritskiy. "Comparative analysis of the structure and expression of the <i>vasH</i> regulatory gene of type VI secretion system in toxigenic and non-toxigenic <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> strains." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 99, no. 6 (2023): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-255.

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Objective. The comparative analysis of the structure of the regulatory gene vasH of the type VI secretion system and its expression in toxigenic and non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1, biovar El Tor strains. Materials and methods. We used 35 strains isolated from patients and from the environmental samples in the territory of Russia and Ukraine between 1970 and 2017. Analysis of the structure of the vasH gene and the amino acid sequence of the protein was carried out using Ugene 1.32, Mega X, and Bioedit v. 7.0.9.0. The relative level of vasH expression was studied by 2Ct. Results. The T

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Safa, Ashrafus, Nurul A. Bhuiyan, Denise Murphy, et al. "Multilocus genetic analysis reveals that the Australian strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 are similar to the pre-seventh pandemic strains of the El Tor biotype." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 1 (2009): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.004333-0.

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Episodes of cholera stemming from indigenous Vibrio cholerae strains in Australia are mainly associated with environmental sources. In the present study, 10 V. cholerae O1 strains of Australian origin were characterized. All of the strains were serogroup O1 and their conventional phenotypic traits categorized them as belonging to the El Tor biotype. Genetic screening of 12 genomic regions that are associated with virulence in V. cholerae showed variable results. Analysis of the ctxAB gene showed that the Australian environmental reservoir contains both toxigenic and non-toxigenic V. cholerae s

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5

Josselin, Laurie, Caroline De Clerck, Marthe De Boevre, et al. "Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Aspergillus flavus Strains Producing or Not Aflatoxin B1." Toxins 13, no. 10 (2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100705.

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Aspergillus flavus is a phytopathogenic fungus able to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a carcinogenic mycotoxin that can contaminate several crops and food commodities. In A. flavus, two different kinds of strains can co-exist: toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. Microbial-derived volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) emitted by toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of A. flavus were analyzed by solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a time-lapse experiment after inoculation. Among the 84 mVOCs emitted, 44 were previously listed in the scientif

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Miller, Christopher J., Bohumil S. Drasar, Richard G. Feachem, and Richard J. Hayes. "The impact of physico-chemical stress on the toxigenicity ofVibrio cholerae." Journal of Hygiene 96, no. 1 (1986): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062525.

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SUMMARYThe expression of toxigenicity byVibrio cholerae, before and after exposure to various conditions of salinity, pH and cation composition and concentration, has been measured. Exposure to these conditions did not select for hyper- or hypo-toxigenic strains. This suggests that toxigenicV. choleraeO 1 are unlikely to lose their toxigenicity when exposed to environmental stress and thatV. choleraetoxin production is not a response to the stresses included in this study. These results are consistent with an aquatic reservoir for toxigenicV. choleraeO 1.

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7

Samir, Ahmed, Khaled A. Abdel-Moein, and Hala M. Zaher. "Molecular Detection of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile among Diarrheic Dogs and Cats: A Mounting Public Health Concern." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 6 (2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8060088.

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Nowadays, pet animals are known to be asymptomatic carriers of Clostridioidesdifficile. This study was conducted to investigate the burden of toxigenic C. difficile among diarrheic dogs and cats using direct PCR on fecal samples to reveal better insights about the epidemiology of such toxigenic strains referring to its public health significance. For this purpose, fecal samples were obtained from 58 dogs and 42 cats experiencing diarrhea. Following DNA extraction, the extracted DNA was examined for the occurrence of C. difficile as well as toxigenic strains through the detection of C. difficil

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8

Meng, X. Q., K. Yamakawa, H. Ogura, and S. Nakamura. "Haemagglutination activity of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains ofClostridium difficile." FEMS Microbiology Letters 118, no. 1-2 (1994): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06816.x.

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9

Huang, Jianwei, Yumei Zhu, Huixin Wen, et al. "Quadruplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Identification of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 Strains and Determination of Their Toxigenic Potential." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 22 (2009): 6981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00517-09.

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ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic environment. However, its toxigenic strains can cause potentially life-threatening diarrhea. A quadruplex real-time PCR assay targeting four genes, the cholera toxin gene (ctxA), the hemolysin gene (hlyA), O1-specific rfb, and O139-specific rfb, was developed for detection and differentiation of O1, O139, and non-O1, non-O139 strains and for prediction of their toxigenic potential. The specificity of the assay was 100% when tested against 70 strains of V. cholerae and 31 strains of non-V. cholerae organisms. The analytical sensiti

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Kruglikov, V. D., N. E. Gaevskaya, E. V. Monakhova, et al. "Analysis of Peculiarities of Epidemiological Situation on Cholera in the World and in the Russian Federation in 2024 and Forecast of its Development in 2025." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 4, 2025): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2025-1-35-47.

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The aim of the work was to analyze the peculiarities of the cholera epidemiological situation in the world and in Russia in 2024; forecast for 2025. The results of proactive epidemiological surveillance showed a continued upward trend in cholera morbidity in the world despite of the decrease in this indicator in 2024 (762 830 cases in 42 countries) as compared to 2023 (816 235 in 47 countries). A special feature was the import of a polyantibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strain from Tanzania to Island Mayotte. Active labor migration to the Russian Federation (RF) from countries with

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Ghoddusi, Hamid B., Richard E. Sherburn, and Olusimbo O. Aboaba. "Growth Limiting pH, Water Activity, and Temperature for Neurotoxigenic Strains of Clostridium butyricum." ISRN Microbiology 2013 (September 30, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/731430.

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Some rare strains of Clostridium butyricum carry the gene encoding the botulinal type E neurotoxin and must be considered as possible hazards in certain types of food. The limiting growth conditions for C. butyricum were determined in peptone yeast glucose starch (PYGS) broth incubated anaerobically at 30°C for up to 42 days. The minimum pH values permitting growth depended on the acidulant and strain. Organic acids were more effective at inhibiting growth than HCl as expected. The lowest pH values at which growth of toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. butyricum was observed in broth acid

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Levchenkо, D. A., V. D. Kruglikov, N. E. Gaevskaya, A. S. Vodop’yanov, and N. V. Nepomnyashchaya. "Pheno- and Genotypical Features of Non-Toxigenic Strains of Cholera Vibrios of Different Origins, Isolated in the Territory of Russia." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-89-96.

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Aim. Analysis of the phenotypic characteristics and identification of peculiarities of the genotypic organization in non-toxigenic strains of cholera vibrios having different origin, isolated in Russia. Materials and methods. A sample of 548 non-toxigenic strains obtained using the author’s updated GIS “Cholera 1989–2014” was used. PCR genotyping was carried out in accordance with the patented “Method for the identification of non-toxigenic strains of cholera vibrio O1 serogroup using PCR to isolate genetic determinants.” Cluster analysis was performed applying the UPGMA method. The dendrogram

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13

Tatarenko, O. A., L. P. Alekseeva, N. R. Telesmanich, et al. "THE INFLUENCE OF SOME FACTORS ON THE FORMATION OF BIOFILM BY TOXIGENIC AND NON-TOXIGENIC VIBRIO CHOLERAE EL TOR STRAINS." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 17, no. 5 (2012): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40714.

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The early stages of biofilm formation on polystyrene surface were studied in 14 Vibrio cholerae El Tor strains, all of which carried genes of vps cluster, mshA, and hapR genes. 13 Vibrio cholerae El Tor strains were shown to be capable of adsorption on the walls of microtiter plate wells and of ring formation at the "polystyrene-medium" interface. One of the Vibrio cholerae El Tor strains tested was defective in this ability. The use of different media - modified M1 medium and 1 per cent peptone - failed to reveal sufficient influence of culture medium composition on the ability of Vibrio chol

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14

Aristil, Junior, Giovanni Venturini, and Alberto Spada. "Occurrence of Toxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxin Potential of Aspergillus spp. Strains Associated with Subsistence Farmed Crops in Haiti." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 4 (2017): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-278.

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ABSTRACT Subsistence farming and poor storage facilities favor toxigenic fungal contamination and mycotoxin accumulation in staple foods from tropical countries such as Haiti. The present preliminary study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of toxigenic fungi in Haitian foodstuffs to define the mycotoxin risk associated with Haitian crops. The objectives of this research were to determine the distribution of toxigenic fungi in the Haitian crops maize, moringa, and peanut seeds and to screen Aspergillus section Flavi (ASF) isolates for production of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in vitro. Maize, mo

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15

Kritsky, A. A., N. I. Smirnova, T. B. Kalyaeva, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Molecular-Genetic Properties in Non-Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains Biovar El Tor, Isolated in Russia and on Cholera Endemic Territories." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-3-72-82.

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Objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of molecular-genetic properties in non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 strains biovar El Tor, isolated in the Republic of Kalmykia and on cholera endemic territories and to reveal their phylogenetic relations to toxigenic isolates.Materials and methods. We have carried out bio-information analysis of whole genome sequences of 60 cholera vibrio strains from endemic as regards cholera regions and from Kalmykia. The presence of pathogenicity and endemicity islands in their genomes has been determined. Specifed have been the sequence-types

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16

Silva, Rodrigo Otávio Silveira, Felipe Masiero Salvarani, Eduardo Coulaud da Costa Cruz Júnior, et al. "Detection of enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B, and isolation of Clostridium difficile in piglets in Minas Gerais, Brazil." Ciência Rural 41, no. 8 (2011): 1430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011005000100.

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Clostridium difficile has emerged as a major cause of neonatal colitis in piglets, displacing classic bacterial pathogens. However, there is no information regarding the distribution of this microorganism in pig farms in Brazil. In the present study, the presence of toxins A/B and of C. difficile strains in stool samples from 60 diarrheic or non-diarrheic newborn piglets (one to seven days old), from 15 different farms, was studied. The presence of toxins A/B was detected by ELISA and PCR was used to identify toxin A, toxin B and binary toxin gene in each isolated strain. C. difficile A/B toxi

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17

Bowersock, Terry L., Tom Hooper, and Ronald Pottenger. "Use of ELISA to Detect Toxigenic Pasteurella Multocida in Atrophic Rhinitis in Swine." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4, no. 4 (1992): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879200400409.

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The use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a means of detecting dermone-crotoxin-producing strains of Pasteurella multocida was investigated. The assay was evaluated as a means to identify toxigenic P. multocida isolates recovered from nasal secretions of swine with atrophic rhinitis. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA for detecting dermonecrotoxin-producing P. multocida strains were compared to those of mouse-inoculation and cytotoxicity assays. The ELISA was highly sensitive and more specific than animal inoculation or tissue culture assay and is thus a more effecti

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CLARK, C. G., A. N. KRAVETZ, C. DENDY, G. WANG, K. D. TYLER, and W. M. JOHNSON. "Investigation of the 1994–5 Ukrainian Vibrio cholerae epidemic using molecular methods." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 1 (1998): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898008814.

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Thirty-seven Vibrio cholerae and four non-cholera Vibrio isolates from Ukraine, including strains from the epidemic of 1994–5, were analysed by molecular methods. Results from PFGE and ribotyping indicated that all Ukrainian toxigenic V. cholerae were closely related to each other and to an isolate from a patient from Pakistan. A non-toxigenic river water strain obtained during the height of the epidemic was more distantly related to these V. cholerae strains, while the Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates and Vibrio alginolyticus isolate were not closely related to V. cholerae or each other. ERIC

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Chen, Chien-Hsien, Toshio Shimada, Nasreldin Elhadi, Son Radu, and Mitsuaki Nishibuchi. "Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance of ctx+ Strains of Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Seafood in Malaysia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 4 (2004): 1964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.4.1964-1972.2004.

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ABSTRACT Of 97 strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from various seafoods in Malaysia in 1998 and 1999, 20 strains carried the ctx gene and produced cholera toxin. Fourteen, one, and five of these toxigenic strains belonged to the O139, O1 Ogawa, and rough serotypes, respectively. The rough strains had the rfb gene of the O1 serotype. The toxigenic strains varied in their biochemical characteristics, the amount of cholera toxin produced, their antibiograms, and the presence or absence of the pTLC plasmid sequence. DNA fingerprinting analysis by arbitrarily primed PCR, ribotyping, and a pulsed-f

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Niu, Chen, Xiying Song, Jin Hao, et al. "Identification of Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans in Black Fungus and Efficient Recognition of Bongkrekic Acid and Toxoflavin Producing Phenotype by Back Propagation Neural Network." Foods 13, no. 2 (2024): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13020351.

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Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans is a serious safety issue in black fungus due to the deadly toxin, bongkrekic acid. This has triggered the demand for an efficient toxigenic phenotype recognition method. The objective of this study is to develop an efficient method for the recognition of toxin-producing B. gladioli strains. The potential of multilocus sequence typing and a back propagation neural network for the recognition of toxigenic B. cocovenenans was explored for the first time. The virulent strains were isolated from a black fungus cultivation environment in Qinba Mountain area, S

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Degola, Francesca, Giorgio Spadola, Marco Forgia, et al. "Aspergillus Goes Viral: Ecological Insights from the Geographical Distribution of the Mycovirome within an Aspergillus flavus Population and Its Possible Correlation with Aflatoxin Biosynthesis." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 10 (2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7100833.

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Microbial multi-level interactions are essential to control the success of spreading and survival of most microbes in natural environments. Phytopathogenic mycotoxigenic fungal species, such as Aspergillus flavus, represent an important issue in food safety. Usually, non-toxigenic strains are exploited for biocontrol strategies to mitigate infections by toxigenic strains. To comprehend all the biological variables involved in the aflatoxin biosynthesis, and to possibly evaluate the interplay between A. flavus toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains during intraspecific biocompetition, the “virolog

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Moore, Geromy G., and Steven W. Lloyd. "Variation with In Vitro Analysis of Volatile Profiles among Aspergillus flavus Strains from Louisiana." Separations 10, no. 3 (2023): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10030157.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by A. flavus strains were first captured and identified to discern between non-aflatoxigenic and toxigenic phenotypes, and more recently to help with detecting fungal infection, but not with the goal of using VOCs produced by non-aflatoxigenic strains to inhibit growth and/or production of one or more mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid) by toxigenic aspergilli. In this study, four Aspergillus strains from Louisiana (one non-aflatoxigenic and three toxigenic) were grown on various substrates and had their headspaces captured and analyze

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Tilkorn, Friederike K. M. T., Hagen Frickmann, Isabel S. Simon, et al. "Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Clostridioides difficile Strains Isolated from Neonates in Germany." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (2020): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080481.

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Young children are frequently colonized with Clostridioides (C.) difficile. Depending on their resistance patterns, antibiotic treatment can facilitate gastrointestinal spreading in colonized individuals, potentially leading to transmission to others. C. difficile was isolated from stool samples from infants born in two hospitals in Göttingen and Darmstadt, Germany. All isolates were subjected to phenotypic antimicrobial resistance testing, PCR-based screening for toxin genes and mass spectrometry-based exclusion of ribotypes 027 and 176. Within an initial cohort of 324 neonates with a longitu

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Zadnova, S. P., N. A. Plekhanov, A. Yu Spirina, I. G. Shvidenko, and V. N. Savel’ev. "Detection of Phage-Induced Mobile Genetic Elements in Strains of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 Biovar El Tor." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 13, 2023): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2023-2-112-119.

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The acquisition of new mobile genetic elements contributes to the genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae strains. An important role in this process belongs to the genetic material obtained from phages. The aim of this work was to identify phage-induced PLE islands in strains of V. cholerae O1 serogroup and to determine the resistance of isolates with and without those mobile genetic elements to the lytic activity of the diagnostic cholera El Tor bacteriophage. Materials and methods. Whole genomes nucleotide sequences of toxigenic and non-toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains presented in the NCBI Gen

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Damann Jr., K. E. "Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus biological control of aflatoxin contamination: what is the mechanism?" World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 2 (2015): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1719.

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The term ‘competitive exclusion’ involving physical blockage of growth or access of the toxigenic strain to the seed target has been used to describe the mechanism of biological control of aflatoxin contamination. However, recent evidence suggests that a form of intraspecific aflatoxin inhibition requiring growth of the competing strains together during the infection process in such a way that hyphae physically interact or touch is the trigger for preventing induction of aflatoxin synthesis. This direct touch-based inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis is posited to be the mechanistic basis of bio

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Berni, Elettra, Irene Montagna, Francesco Maria Restivo, and Francesca Degola. "Ochratoxin A Control in Meat Derivatives: Intraspecific Biocompetition betweenPenicillium nordicumStrains." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8370106.

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APenicillium nordicumstrain previously assessed for its atoxigenicity was tested against a toxigenic strain of the same species on salami, in order to assess its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent for OTA containment. Sixtysalamiwere inoculated with different combinations ofP. nordicumOTA−/OTA+ suspensions and ripened under controlled thermohygrometric conditions. After 7, 18, 29, and 40 days, both fungal counts and chemical analyses were carried out on casings. OTA was never found insalamiused as a control, while it was occasionally detected in traces (0.08–0.76 μg/kg) insalamiinoculated wit

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Albuquerque, Carolina, Davide Pagnossin, Kirsten Landsgaard, et al. "The duration of antibiotic treatment is associated with carriage of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridioides difficile in dogs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0245949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245949.

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Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of human antibiotic-associated diarrhoeal disease globally. Zoonotic reservoirs of infection are increasingly suspected to play a role in the emergence of this disease in the community and dogs are considered as one potential source. Here we use a canine case-control study at a referral veterinary hospital in Scotland to assess: i) the risk factors associated with carriage of C. difficile by dogs, ii) whether carriage of C. difficile is associated with clinical disease in dogs and iii) the similarity of strains isolated from dogs with local human cli

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Herholz, Cornelia, Raymond Miserez, Jacques Nicolet та ін. "Prevalence of β2-Toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in Horses with Intestinal Disorders". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, № 2 (1999): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.2.358-361.1999.

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The incidence of a new, yet unassigned toxin type ofClostridium perfringens containing the genes for the α-toxin and the recently described β2-toxin in horses with intestinal disorders is reported. The study included 18 horses suffering from typical typhlocolitis, 7 horses with atypical typhlocolitis, 16 horses with other intestinal disorders, and 58 horses without intestinal disease. In total, 20 samples of ingesta of the small and large intestines, five biopsy specimens of the intestinal wall, and 74 fecal samples were analyzed bacteriologically. C. perfringens isolates were typed for the pr

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Faruque, Shah M., Asadulghani, M. Mostafizur Rahman, Matthew K. Waldor, and David A. Sack. "Sunlight-Induced Propagation of the Lysogenic Phage Encoding Cholera Toxin." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 8 (2000): 4795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.8.4795-4801.2000.

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ABSTRACT In toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, the cholera enterotoxin (CT) is encoded by CTXΦ, a lysogenic bacteriophage. The propagation of this filamentous phage can result in the origination of new toxigenic strains. To understand the nature of possible environmental factors associated with the propagation of CTXΦ, we examined the effects of temperature, pH, salinity, and exposure to direct sunlight on the induction of the CTX prophage and studied the transmission of the phage to potential recipient strains. Exposure of cultures of CTXΦ lysogens to direct sunlight resulted in ∼10,000-fold increase

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Saxena, M., K. G. Mukerji, and H. G. Raj. "Positive correlation exists between glutathione S-transferase activity and aflatoxin formation in Aspergillus flavus." Biochemical Journal 254, no. 2 (1988): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2540567.

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The presence of glutathione (GSH) S-transferase activity, using 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as a substrate, has been established in the cytosolic fraction of the toxigenic (aflatoxin producing) and nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Significant differences in the GSH S-transferase activity were observed between the toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains. A positive correlation has been demonstrated for the first time between aflatoxin formation and a biochemical parameter, namely GSH S-transferase activity. The evidence in support of A. flavus GSH S-transferase induction by endog

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Wołkowicz, Tomasz, Katarzyna Zacharczuk, and Aleksandra Anna Zasada. "Genomic Analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Strains Isolated in the Years 2007–2022 with a Report on the Identification of the First Non-Toxigenic tox Gene-Bearing Strain in Poland." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (2023): 4612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054612.

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Infections caused by non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been reported every year in Poland since 2004, with the ST8 biovar gravis strains being most commonly isolated. This study analyzed thirty strains isolated between 2017 and 2022 and six previously isolated strains. All the strains were characterized using classic methods in terms of species, biovar level, and diphtheria toxin production, as well as by means of whole genome sequencing. The phylogenetic relationship based on SNP analysis was determined. The number of C. diphtheriae infections has been rising in Poland every year

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OH, SU KYUNG, NARI LEE, YOUNG SUN CHO, DONG-BIN SHIN, SOON YOUNG CHOI, and MINSEON KOO. "Occurrence of Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Ready-to-Eat Food in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 5 (2007): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.5.1153.

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Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus contamination in ready-to-eat (RTE) food is a leading cause of foodborne illness in Korea. To monitor food contamination by S. aureus, a total of 3,332 RTE food samples were selected from nationwide wholesale marts between 2003 and 2004 and examined. A total of 285 (8.6%) of the overall samples were contaminated by S. aureus. According to the analysis, 31.6% of the tested cream-cakes, 19.8% of the raw fish, and 19.3% of the rice cakes with filling were contaminated with S. aureus. Forty-seven percent of the strains isolated from the contaminated food were entero

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Sergutin, D. A., N. A. Plekhanov, N. B. Cheldyshova, et al. "Assessment of Resistance to Lytic Effect of Diagnostic Cholera Bacteriophage El Tor in Non-Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Biovar El Tor Strains with Different Structure of Anti-Phage Systems." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 4, 2025): 167–75. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2025-2-167-175.

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The aim of the work was to study the presence of anti-phage systems in the genome of non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor strains and to determine the resistance of strains with different structures of these systems to the cholera diagnostic bacteriophage El Tor. Materials and methods. The work used 126 non-toxigenic (ctxA– tcpA+ and ctxA– tcpA– ) strains of V. cholerae O1 El Tor, isolated from the external environment and from patients with acute intestinal infections in the territory of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries between 1972 and 2018. Sequencing was performed

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Yuan, Jian, Hyun-Joong Kim, Christopher T. Filstrup, et al. "Utility of a PCR-based method for rapid and specific detection of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in farm ponds." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 3 (2020): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720916156.

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Microcystis is a widespread freshwater cyanobacterium that can produce microcystin, a potent hepatotoxin harmful to animals and humans. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor for the presence of toxigenic Microcystis spp. to provide early warning of potential microcystin contamination. Microscopy, which has been used traditionally to identify Microcystis spp., cannot differentiate toxigenic from non-toxigenic Microcystis. We developed a PCR-based method to detect toxigenic Microcystis spp. based on detection of the microcystin synthetase C ( mcyC) gene and 16S rRNA gene. Specificity was validated

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Kostyukova, N. N., and V. A. Bechalo. "Diphtheria Carriage." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, no. 5 (2018): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-60-70.

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The diphtheria carriage is a asympthomatic colonization of oro- and nasopharynx by toxigenic and nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The carriage of toxigenic strains prevents a complete eradication of diphtheria infection in spite of mass toxoid immunization. The contamination by toxigenic diphtheria bacteria leads to the carriage if the person has a protective level of diphtheria antitoxin. Contamination with the toxigenic and nontoxigenic leads to the carriage if the person has no protection to the bacterial colonization factors. Some of them are surface protein structures and may ser

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Pereira, Maria das Graças C., Barbara A. Byrne, Trân B. H. Nguyen, David J. Lewis, and E. Robert Atwill. "The occurrence of subtilase-cytotoxin-encoding genes in environmental Escherichia coli isolated from a Northern California estuary." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 6 (2013): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2012-0606.

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The presence of subtilase-cytotoxin-encoding genes was determined in 397 environmental Escherichia coli strains isolated from water, suspended solids, and sediments sampled from different hydrological and environmental conditions in a California estuary. A total of 7 strains (1.76%) were found to harbor subtilase-cytotoxin-encoding genes. Using primers targeting subA only, we generated PCR amplicons from 2 strains; while using primers targeting the 3′ end of SubA downstream to the 5′ end of SubB, amplicons of 232 bp were generated from 5 additional strains. The 556 bp subA sequences were almos

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Platt-Samoraj, Aleksandra. "Toxigenic Properties of Yersinia enterocolitica Biotype 1A." Toxins 14, no. 2 (2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020118.

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Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, an etiological agent of yersiniosis, is a bacterium whose pathogenicity is determined, among other things, by its ability to produce toxins. The aim of this article was to present the most important toxins that are produced by biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica, and to discuss their role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A strains are able to synthesize variants of thermostable YST enterotoxin and play a key role in the pathogenesis of yersiniosis. Biotype 1A strains of Y. enterocolitica also produce Y. enterocolitica pore-forming

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Šťástková, Z., R. Karpíšková, K. Koukalová, and K. Bogdanovičová. "Differentiation of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from retail meat products." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, Special Issue (2012): S17—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/270/2011-cjfs.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a saprophyte and commensal of the skin and mucous membranes in both animals and humans. As a pathogen, it can cause a number of diseases ranging from minor skin infections to fatal sepsis. Toxigenic strains of S. aureus are currently among the leading causes of food-borne intoxication (staphylococcal enterotoxicosis). Food contamination sources can be humans, raw materials, environment, technological equipment, etc. The identification of the origin of S. aureus would be helpful in the detection of the sources and routes of contamination. The aim of our study was to det

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Petrović, Tanja, and Sanja Jakovac. "Genotyping of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile." Medicina Fluminensis 54, no. 3 (2018): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2018_203560.

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WILSON, A. P. R. "Treatment of infection caused by toxigenic and Bon-toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 35, no. 6 (1995): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/35.6.717.

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Lenhart, Adrienne, Chetan Mittal, Asia Zierle Ghosh, and George Alangaden. "Mo1845 Is Colonization With Non-Toxigenic Clostridium difficile Organism Protective Against Toxigenic Strains?" Gastroenterology 148, no. 4 (2015): S—725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(15)32474-4.

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Monakhova, E. V., R. V. Pisanov, S. V. Titova, M. I. Ezhova, and S. A. Ivanov. "Variability of cef Genes in Toxigenic and Non-Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2017-4-50-55.

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FUTAGAWA-SAITO, Keiko, William BA-THEIN, and Tsuguaki FUKUYASU. "Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Exfoliative Toxigenic and Non-Toxigenic Staphylococcus hyicus Strains in Japan." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 71, no. 5 (2009): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.71.681.

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Abbas, H., R. Zablotowicz, and H. Bruns. "Modelling the colonisation of maize by toxigenic and non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains: implications for biological control." World Mycotoxin Journal 1, no. 3 (2008): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.x036.

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To successfully exploit biological control it is desirable to understand how the introduced agent colonises the host and interferes with establishment of the pest. This study assessed field colonisation of maize by Aspergillus flavus strains as biological control agents to reduce aflatoxin contamination. Maize (corn, Zea mays L.) ears were inoculated with A. flavus using a pin-bar technique in 2004 and 2005. Non-aflatoxigenic strains K49 (NRRL 30797) & CT3 (NRRL 30798) and toxigenic F3W4 (NRRL 30798) were compared against a carrier control (0.2% aqueous Tween 20). Ten ears were sampled ove

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Faruque, Shah M., Asadulghani, Manujendra N. Saha та ін. "Analysis of Clinical and Environmental Strains of Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae for Susceptibility to CTXΦ: Molecular Basis for Origination of New Strains with Epidemic Potential". Infection and Immunity 66, № 12 (1998): 5819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.12.5819-5825.1998.

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ABSTRACT Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains are lysogens of CTXΦ, a filamentous phage which encodes cholera toxin. The receptor for CTXΦ for invading V. cholerae cells is the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), the genes for which reside in a larger genetic element, the TCP pathogenicity island. We analyzed 146 CTX-negative strains of V. cholerae O1 or non-O1 isolated from patients or surface waters in five different countries for the presence of the TCP pathogenicity island, the regulatory genetoxR, and the CTXΦ attachment sequence attRS, as well as for susceptibility of the strains to CTXΦ, to inv

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Uzunov, Blagoy, Maya Stoyneva-Gärtner, Georg Gärtner, Mariana Radkova, and Katerina Stefanova. "Cyanoprokaryotes biodiversity in nine shallow Bulgarian wetlands." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 2 (September 18, 2019): e46680. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.2.e46680.

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The results from the investigation of the phytoplankton in nine shallow wetlands, situated in Central and Eastern Bulgaria, conducted in the frame of recent projects related to identifying harmful algal blooms and algal toxins in the country are demonstrated. Therefore, the focus is on the cyanoprokaryotes and their toxigenic species in particular. The species were identified using conventional light microscopy, while for distinguishing the toxigenic species and strains PCR-based molecular methods were applied. Cyanoprokaryotes comprised about 30% of the total phytoplankton biodiversity of the

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Islam, M. S. "Effect of various biophysicochemical conditions on toxigenicity of Vibrio cholerae 01 during survival with a green alga, Rhizoclonium fontanum, in an artificial aquatic environment." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 7 (1990): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-081.

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Toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae 01 occur in the natural aquatic environment. It is not clear whether V. cholerae 01 lose toxigenicity and become nontoxigenic during survival in the aquatic environment as a result of the effect of various biophysicochemical conditions (e.g., sunlight, pH, temperature, competition with other bacteria for nutrients, etc.). Five toxigenic strains were exposed to artificial aquatic environments in the presence of a filamentous green alga, Rhizoclonium fontanum, and recovered after different time intervals (0 and 0.5 h, 3, 6, 9, and 15 days). T

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Alkuwari, Asma, Zahoor Ul Hassan, Randa Zeidan, Roda Al-Thani, and Samir Jaoua. "Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi in Cereals and Application of Yeast Volatiles for Their Biological Control." Toxins 14, no. 6 (2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060404.

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Fungal infections in cereals lead to huge economic losses in the food and agriculture industries. This study was designed to investigate the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in marketed cereals and explore the effect of the antagonistic yeast Cyberlindnera jadinii volatiles against key toxigenic fungal strains. Aspergillus spp. were the most frequent contaminating fungi in the cereals, with an isolation frequency (Fr) of 100% in maize, followed by wheat (88.23%), rice (78.57%) and oats (14.28%). Morphological and molecular identification confirmed the presence of key toxigeni

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Mazankova, L. N., S. G. Perlovskaya, and O. V. Rubalchenko. "<i>C. difficile</i>-infection and microbyota in newborns: resolved and outstanding issues." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 20, no. 3 (2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2021-20-3-39-47.

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The article presents an analytical review of the works of domestic and foreign authors on the problem of studying the peculiarities of the formation of the intestinal microbiota and risk factors for the development of microdysbiosis in newborns with the activation of opportunistic bacteria, including C. difficile. Special attention is paid to the effect of antibiotics on the state of the intestinal microbiota and the activation of toxigenic strains of C. difficile. Divergent views on the role of toxigenic strains of C. difficile in the development of infectious pathology of newborns are presen

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BROWN, ROBERT L., PETER J. COTTY, and THOMAS E. CLEVELAND. "Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Maize by Atoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 8 (1991): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.8.623.

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In field plot experiments, an atoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus interfered with preharvest aflatoxin contamination of corn when applied either simultaneously with or one day prior to a toxigenic strain. The atoxigenic strain reduced preharvest aflatoxin contamination 80 to 95%. The atoxigenic strain was also effective in reducing postharvest aflatoxin contamination caused by both an introduced toxigenic strain and by strains resident on the kernels. The results suggest that atoxigenic strains of A. flavus may have potential use as biological control agents directed at reducing both preha

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