Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toxis torts

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Toxis torts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Toxis torts"

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Afshari, F., and M. Maghasedi. "Rhomboidal C4C8 toris which are Cayley graphs." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 11, no. 03 (June 2019): 1950033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830919500332.

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A [Formula: see text] net is a trivalent decoration made by alternating squares [Formula: see text] and octagons [Formula: see text]. It can cover either a cylinder or a torus. In this paper, we determine rhomboidal [Formula: see text] toris which are Cayley graphs.
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LEVIN, A. S. ""Toxic Torts"." Science 235, no. 4786 (January 16, 1987): 268a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4786.268a.

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HILEMAN, BETTE. "WEIGHING TOXIC TORTS." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 42 (October 15, 2007): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n042.p044.

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Harrison, R. J. "Science/ Law Interactions and the Problem of Causation." Energy & Environment 11, no. 2 (March 2000): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305001500022.

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Traditionally tort (personal injury) cases have been regarded as isolated disputes concerned with individual harm, where the law's role was simply to allocate losses between tortfeasor and victim according to principles of corrective justice. With the advent of the toxic tort – a cause of action which arises when a plaintiff has developed a disease following exposure to a toxic agent (chemical or in the form of energy) has come a fundamental challenge to the traditional basis of causation where under negligence or strict liability the toxic tort plaintiff (like all tort plaintiffs) must establish a causal connection between the tortious conduct and the loss for which recovery is sought. When applying the ‘balance of probability’ test to a toxic tort, two potential problems arise. First the test does not work where there are multiple or even alternative possible causes of a plaintiff's injury. Here the burden of proof demands a degree of certainty in excess of fifty per cent in an area where estimates, probabilities and scientific uncertainty are the norm. Second, difficulties occur in trying to establish the origins of the plaintiff's disease, in particular, the biological mechanism responsible for initiating or mobilising the illness. Underlying the basis of all toxic torts, distinct areas of scientific knowledge, grounded in an epistemological and procedural framework provide the evidence upon which the expert offers his opinion. This article examines the problems that such evidence poses for the legal system and reflects on some of the jurisprudential issues that arose in Reay and Hope v British Nuclear Fuels.
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Steele, Jenny. "Private law and the environment: nuisance in context." Legal Studies 15, no. 2 (July 1995): 236–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1995.tb00061.x.

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Private nuisance is, on the face of it, an old-fashioned tort, whose agrarian, antidevelopmental roots may make its contemporary relevance seem limited. On the other hand, both nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher hold obvious attractions for litigants whose interests have suffered as a result of environmental change. The potential apotheosis of nuisance into a ‘Toxic Tort’ presents tort lawyers and environmental lawyers with a number of pressing questions concerning the nature and scope of private law in this context.This article will seek to assess in outline the positive potential of tort law in this respect, but it will also be argued that there may nevertheless be real conflicts between the law of tort and central elements of environmental law. The nature of those potential conflicts can only be understood if we clarify the form (or forms) of liability effected by relevant torts, and here the tort of nuisance poses particular problems. Once clarified, however, I would suggest that these conflicts can contribute to debates, not just about tort law, but also about the basic aspirations of environmental law and policy.
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Viscusi, W. Kip. "Compensating Workplace Toxic Torts." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 37, no. 1 (1988): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1174059.

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Marchant, Gary E. "Toxicogenomics and toxic torts." Trends in Biotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 2002): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01992-3.

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Shanker, Howard M. "Hormesis and toxic torts." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107086566.

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Marchant, Gary E. "Hormesis and toxic torts." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107086567.

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Policy implementation of hormesis has to date focused on regulatory applications. Toxic-tort litigation may provide an alternative policy venue for real-world applications of hormesis. Businesses and government entities, who are sued by individuals claiming to have been injured by exposure to very low levels of toxic substances may defend those cases by deploying hormesis to argue that such exposures were unlikely to be harmful. The threshold issue in using hormesis in toxic-tort defense is whether such evidence will be admissible under applicable standards for scientific evidence, which will likely turn on whether hormesis is deemed to be `generally accepted' in the relevant scientific community. Given the relatively novel status of hormesis, its admissibility will likely be a close call, but is likely to be held admissible in favorable circumstances. If admissible, hormesis is likely to receive a fairer and more even-handed consideration than in regulatory decisions, where regulatory agencies are bound by policy-based default assumptions that limit their receptivity to new concepts such as hormesis. The perception of hormesis by juries will likely be the critical factor for determining the utility of hormesis in toxic-tort litigation, and this perception is likely to be affected by the presentation and circumstances in the individual case.
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Toris, Russell, David Kent, and Sonia Chernova. "The Robot Management System: A Framework for Conducting Human-Robot Interaction Studies Through Crowdsourcing." Journal of Human-Robot Interaction 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5898/jhri/3.2.toris.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toxis torts"

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Araghi, Susan. "Mass toxic torts : zur Entwicklung des Umwelthaftungsrechts in den USA /." Berlin : Logos, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013065474&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Toris, Dimitrios [Verfasser]. "Zur Brandbeanspruchung vertikaler Tragglieder in Personenverkehrsanlagen / Dimitrios Toris." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156626080/34.

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Catchings, Billy Wayne. "Plaintiff entities, awards, and decision justifications in a toxic tort case." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185966.

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The ecological composition of plaintiff entities may vary in size and sociographics in toxic tort litigation. The amount of awards and the justifications for those awards in the various plaintiff situations are unknown. Consolidation which is procedurally distinct from class consolidation procedurally distinct from class action is an alternative litigation strategy for mass torts. While it is well-grounded in English common law, jury decision making in consolidated actions has not been extensively examined by social scientific, legal, or communication researchers. In light of the limited research in this area, awards and decision justifications were gathered from two populations of surrogate jurors. Subjects were asked to decide on the amount of money to award a single plaintiff or a small aggregate, small group, large aggregate or large group of plaintiffs in a written summary of a hypothetical toxic substance case. In addition, respondents were asked to explain the reason(s) for their award decisions. The average award in each situation was in the mid-point area of a range from zero to one million dollars. The amount implies that on average respondents were inclined to give all plaintiff entities approximately $500,000. The justifications for the awards were organized into the following nine categories determined by the application of Toulmin's model of argument: (1)~Company Attribution - CA; (2)~Employee Attribution - EA; (3)~Attribution to Both Employee and Company - BA; (4)~Evaluation Pro-Plaintiff - EPP; (5)~Evaluation Pro-Defendant - EPD; (6)~Sufficient Compensation - SC; (7)~Company Attribution/Sufficient Compensation - CASC; (8)~Employee Attribution/Sufficient Compensation - EASC; and (9)~Both Attribution/Sufficient Compensation - BASC. The underlying warrants(s) in the responses served as the label for each category. The classifications revealed a categorical advantage for the plaintiff(s). Respondents provided justifications beyond strict attributions of responsibility to the parties involved. Need for compensation and a positive regard for plaintiffs, for example, were issues which emerged in the justifications Attribution of responsibility to the employee was a consistent basis for monetary decisions for subjects who decided not to award any compensation. Respondents who were maximum award givers, however, deviated from attributions in the small aggregate, small group, and large aggregate situations.
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Seyfert, Christian [Verfasser]. "Mass Toxic Torts: Zum Problem der kausalen Unaufklärbarkeit toxischer Massenschäden. : Eine rechtsvergleichende und interdisziplinäre Studie. / Christian Seyfert." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1238344135/34.

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au, J. goodie@murdoch edu, and Jo Goodie. "The Invention of the Environment as a Legal Subject." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070815.131651.

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The legal regulation of the environment is exemplary of the formation, practice and challenge of modern legal discourse and governance. The latter part of the twentieth century has seen the emergence of environmentalism and the problematisation of the environment in terms of the management of hazard and risk. The social authority of law has meant that it has been inevitably implicated in the contestation and negotiation of environmental governance. In turn, environmental governance and discourse have required a certain refiguring of legal rationality as legal discourse has been confronted by the immanent critique of environmentalism. This thesis will focus on how the environment emerged as problematic and how it came to be governed and of legal interest. Several examples of legal thinking concerning specific environmental problems are analysed, and the manner in which the environment is constructed within the legal discursive domain is examined. Much modern knowledge and understanding regarding the environment developed in part from the specialisation of scientific discourse and experiment, which formed certain areas of expertise, including biology, ecology and toxicology. This scientific knowledge significantly contributed to governmental identification and elucidation of the environment. Modern ecology and associated technologies have facilitated the detailed mapping and auditing of physical environments, and have profoundly effected our modern appreciation of ‘the environment’ as an interdependent, dynamic and potentially fragile web of interdependent physical zones, spaces and activities. Modern environmentalism has emerged through the application of this type of technical scientific knowledge, in combination with certain forms of ‘environmental sensibility’ which treat the environment, not as a thing, or somehow ‘out there’, but as a dynamic process of which humans are a part, which has a history, an economy, and a power to transform and be transformed. The shape of modern environmental governance has been especially influenced by the scientific and ethical critique of environmentalism that connects the origin of ecological risks to technological application and commodity production. Throughout this thesis, specific aspects of the ‘analytics of government’ or governmentality approach derived from Foucault’s writing on governmentality are taken up. Governmentality theory is largely concerned with the contingent relationship between knowledge and power; thus, with analysing specific discourses and associated spaces within which differing knowledge and forms of thinking interrelate and resist each other. The contestation and negotiation associated with environmental governance has confronted legal discourse and led to a refiguring of legal rationality. Legal governance of the environment has stretched and unsettled legal orthodoxy, as the environment does not readily fit into any of the usual categories pertaining to legal rights and interests. The environment, as a legal subject, is not simply a physical space; it is a contingent and instrumental concept, determined by human activity, social values and legal and non-legal calculation.
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Harrison, Rebecca Jane. "Scientific evidence and the toxic tort : a socio-legal study of the issues, expert evidence and judgment in Reay and Hope v. British Nuclear Fuels plc." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2002/.

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Providing a socio-legal analysis of the issues, expert evidence and judgment in Reay and Hope v BNFL plc., the thesis offers an insight into the complexity of the toxic tort. Starting with an overview of the history of Sellafield, the thesis reflects on the scientific and epidemiological concerns surrounding the link between childhood cancer and nuclear installations. Drawing on scientific knowledge and epistemological considerations, the thesis moves on to the difficulties of verifying causation in science and the problems of establishing causation in law. Outlining the role of the expert witness and scientific expert evidence, the thesis proceeds with a case analysis, before broaching the thorny issue of judicial decision making and in particular, the difference between the 'discovery' and 'justification' process. Moving on to the Judgment in Reay and Hope, attention is given to the potential application of probability theory to the judicial decision making process. Lasting just short of one hundred days and including the testimony of numerous scientific experts, Reay and Hope marked new ground in a number of ways; it was the first personal injury claim to test the concept of genetic damage from radiation; the only time that a Queen's Bench Division Judge had been allocated a full-time judicial assistant; and one of the first trials to endorse a satellite video link for examination of international expert witnesses. As far as judicial management is concerned, the case was a forerunner in having Counsels' Opening Statements in writing in advance of the trial, as well as having written daily submissions of key issues from plaintiffs and defendants upon conclusion of oral evidence. The circumstances that led to the trial relate to events in excess of thirty to forty years ago when the fathers of Dorothy Reay and Viven Hope were employed by the Defendants and their predecessors (the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority) as fitters for the Sellafield Plant. Intrinsic to the litigation was whether paternal preconception irradiation caused or materially contributed to a predisposition to cancer leading to Dorothy's death from leukaemia and Vivien Hope's non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. As a consequence of the various statutory provisions, the Plaintiffs did not need to prove negligence on the part of the Defendants. In order to succeed the Plaintiffs had to prove on the balance of probabilities that radiation from Sellafield was a material contributory cause of the Plaintiffs' disease. The fundamental issue therefore was causation. In addition to the case analysis, two pieces of empirical research were conducted for the purposes of this thesis. The first, a Social Survey (consisting of thirty four questions) was circulated to 160 members of the Academy of Experts (quantitative research); the second, a letter, involved written communication with sixty five judges from the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court (qualitative research). Underlying this socio-legal case analysis are fundamental questions with regard to existing legal principles, liability and judicial decision making.
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Kün-Darbois, Daniel. "Remodelage osseux et pathologies oro-faciales." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0051/document.

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Un 1er travail a étudié les effets osseux mandibulaires de l’injection unilatérale dans les muscles masticateurs de toxine botulique (BTX) chez le rat adulte. Ceci entraine une perte osseuse mandibulaire condylienne et alvéolaire homolatérale importante. Une hypertrophie osseuse de l’enthèse d’insertion mandibulaire du muscle digastrique a été observée et pourrait correspondre à une étiologie pour les tori. Les effets de la BTX sur le cartilage articulaire condylien mandibulaire dans le même modèle animal ont été recherchés par analyse microtomographique du cartilage articulaire après augmentation de contraste à l’acétate d’uranyle. Aucune différence d’épaisseur cartilagineuse n’a été mise en évidence entre les groupes contrôles et BTX.Le 3ème travail a consisté en l’étude histologique et microtomographique des tori mandibulaires chez l’homme.Les tori sont différents des exostoses des os longs par plusieurs caractéristiques (dont l’absence de Fe et Al dans la matrice osseuse) et une asymétrie du remodelage osseux a été mise en évidence.La 4ème partie a consisté en l’étude de la qualité osseuse et de la microvascularisation alvéolaire dans un modèle animal d’ostéonécrose mandibulaire (ONM) aux bisphosphonates (BP). Des signes cliniques et microtomographiques d’ONM ont été observés dans la majorité des cas. La minéralisation osseuse était plus élevée après imprégnation en BP. La microvascularisation osseuse alvéolaire apparaissait augmentée après avulsion dentaire chez les animaux contrôles mais pas chez les animaux ayant reçu des BP témoignant ainsi d’un effet anti angiogénique in vivo des BP qui pourrait jouer un rôle dans la physiopathologie de l’ONM
First, bone changes at the mandible were studied after a unilateral botulinum toxin (BTX) injection in masticatory muscles in adult rats. A major alveolar and condylar bone loss was evidenced. The occurrence of a hypertrophic bone metaplasia at the digastric muscle enthesis was evidenced as well. This could constitute an etiological factor for tori. Then, condylar articular cartilage changes at the mandible were studied in the same BTX animal model, using microtomography after contrast enhancement of cartilage with uranyl acetate. Cartilage thickness measurement showed no difference when comparing control and BTX groups.A third work studied mandibular tori in human using histologic and microtomographic techniques. Tori appeared different from long bone exostoses by several characteristics (absence of Fe and Al in the bone matrix) and a specific asymmetric bone remodeling was evidenced.The fourth part consisted in the study of alveolar mandibular vascularization and quality of the bonematrix in an animal model of osteonecrosis of the jaws(ONJ) after bisphosphonates (BP) injections. Clinical and microtomographic signs of ONJ were found in mostof the cases. An increased mineralization of the alveolar bone was observed after BP impregnation. Microvascularization was increased after tooth extraction in the alveolar bone of control animals but it was impaired in ZA treated rats. Such an in vivo antiangiogenic effect of BPs could play a role in the pathophysiology of ONJ
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CHENG, JUEI-YU, and 鄭瑞瑜. "Personal Injury in Toxic Torts- Focus on Latent Damage." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hcb9ek.

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碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
107
The term “toxic tort” has been used by scholars and courts to describe an alleged personal injury and related damages resulted from toxic substances. The particularity of toxic torts lies in the inequality and non-interchangeability of the status of subjects, the large and complex number of victims, the unclear causality, the seriousness of the damage and scientific uncertainty. Because of these characteristics, toxic torts are different from traditional torts. It also stems from the above differences, leading to many unforeseen problems in practice. First, the damage caused by exposure to chronic toxic substances often has a long incubation period. Therefore, if victims have not been clinically harmed with toxic substances but have enhanced risk of serious diseases, whether this kind of “damage” could be recognized and how to compensate them are problems. Secondly, if the victims do not have clinical symptoms, how the causation between the latent damage and exposure to toxicants is determined. In addition, for latent personal injury, when will the statute of limitations start to run? Finally, it is worth clarifying whether these victims can claim again if they are indeed ill in the future. This paper attempts to respond to the above questions through literature analysis, case study, and comparative research. First, in Radioactively Contaminated Rebar case, the Taiwan High Court’s No. 1 judgment (2002) ruled “enhanced risk of diseases” as one of the actual damages, allowing victims to request non-property damages. In the case of dioxin pollution from Anshun plant of China Petrochemical Development Corporation (CPDC), the Supreme Court’s No. 3 Civil Judgment, as well as that of the Taiwan High Court in the RCA case held the same opinion. However, the scope of actual compensation is limited to infringement of the right to physical health due to enhanced risk of diseases and the impaired mental health derived from that. This article considers that in addition to the above-mentioned non-property damage, in order to confirm whether there is clinical diseases after excessive exposure to internationally recognized toxicants, the court should agree to the victims requesting the diagnostic test fee. It is because without exposure to toxicants, the victims are not required to receive the test. For medical monitoring costs, the court must consider the severity of the disease, the appropriate medical tracking tools, the frequency of tracking, and the clear tracking period. The standards established by US states and federal courts are available for reference. Besides, if the pollution was severe and made areas uninhabitable, the feasor(s) should also compensate for the resettlement costs. Secondly, in the determination of causation, if there is empirical evidence that the toxicants had a causal relationship with known serious diseases, the causal relationship should be related to the latent damage caused by the exposure of the same one. In addition, the long-term statute of limitations is adjusted from the time when the victims “reasonably know the damage”. Finally, when the latent damage is apparent, the apparent disease should be regarded as another new damage that is not affected by the previous judgment.
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MIN-YENLEE and 李明燕. "A Research on Environmental Toxic Torts and Risk Distribution Mechanism." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2p752k.

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碩士
國立成功大學
法律學系
105
When environmental toxin jeopardizes the health of citizens through ambient medium, although the state institute them the right of legal proceedings, the whole process takes a long time. Moreover, in civil law system the right to claim has statutes of limitations and the plaintiffs bear more burden of proof of causation, as a result, whether such right is sufficient to protect citizens is doubtful. In this thesis, we want to explore how we can improve it. In this thesis, we will look into the law suits of Sinopec An-shun factory and RCA pollution incident and observe interactions between courts, the plaintiffs and defendant in the civil first instance verdict. We will analyze the court’s attitudes in causality、statutes of limitations、compensation and streamline the involved issues and the discrepancies in the science of construction of law. Through these two cases, we explore the various difficulties that victims encountered and how the state should manifest its obligation of protecting citizen’s rights. We conclude the state should impose Compulsory liability insurance and establish Compensation Fund Legalization to effectively protect citizen’s right.
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Mao, Jing-chau, and 毛景超. "A Study on Toxic Tort Causation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/358vrx.

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碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
96
【Abstract】 Due to careless attitude towards wastes treatment by the authorities for a long period of time, Taiwan had been subject to insufficient treatment facilities for various wastes. As a result, the wastes seriously contaminated our environment. In 2000, the Control Yuan issued the 20th impeachment statement which revealed a shocking fact to public. That is, prior to 2000, every year nearly 670 thousands tons of industrial hazardous wastes were out of control and not aware by any authorities. It is believed that the wastes has been widely illegally dumped all over this island. Consequently the toxicants contained in hazardous wastes have resulted in damage and increased risk in future to the people. Toxic torts litigations gradually come up more frequently. We can expect toxic cases will be increased significantly in future as well. Recently the first personal injury of toxic torts litigation is in the court for trial. That is soil and underground water contamination episode in RCA site. It is likely to have more cases later. The hardest part for toxic tort case is the proof of causation. The reasons which make causation problem as extreme difficulty in toxic tort case are summarized as follows: （1）There are multiple factors and each of them has the capability to make persons to contract a same kind of disease. （2）The formation of cancers and other rare diseases are still not all clearly as to date. （3）The latency for disease caused by toxicant is one of the prominent characteristics for plaintiffs in toxic tort case. （4） The causes how toxicants produce damage to victims highly depend on scientific evidence and experts testimony. Sometimes advance technologies are required to introduce for investigation. It is almost not possible to establish causal link between claimed facts and damages, until completely clarify the previously mentioned points. Taiwan judicial system has not experience as many cases as well-developed countries pertaining to toxic tort. Therefore, it is a feasible way that learn relevant experience from these countries. US used to suffer extensive environmental pollution issues, and gained lots of experience on conducting toxic torts litigation. These experiences are worth of being learned. So the purpose of this study is to learn from existing experience of US including basic theory of causation and damage, and use it as a reference to see if the toxic torts litigation can be managed properly in Taiwan. The study starts with the causation in the toxic tort litigation, namely factual cause and legal cause. Subsequently this study discusses the vital elements, which can be applied to make judgment for the establishment of causation. Then discussion turns on the question for distinguishing causation in the environmental regulations from that of toxic tort litigation, and generally introduces environmental regulations in both Taiwan and US. Next, the introduction of liability theories and scope of damages are in sequence. Further, the study delineates the establishment of causation between liabilities and damage for both theoretical and practical aspects. To get better understanding on causation, the study also collected and analyzed recent toxic tort cases. Finally the study makes both conclusions for the finding during the research and suggestions for resolving difficulties encountered in toxic tort cases.
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Books on the topic "Toxis torts"

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Unbekannte Klägerfälle im amerikanischen Umwelthaftungsrecht: Das anonyme Opfer : Aufgabe und Chance für ein neues Haftungsmodell. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.

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Madden, M. Stuart. Toxic torts deskbook. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1992.

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O'Reilly, James T. Toxic torts practice guide. 2nd ed. St. Paul, MN: West Group, 1992.

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O'Reilly, James T. Toxic torts practice guide. 2nd ed. [St. Paul, MN]: Thomson/West, 2005.

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Cetrulo, Lawrence G. Toxic torts litigation guide. [St. Paul, Minn.]: Thomson/West, 2002.

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Toxic torts in a nutshell. 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2005.

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Toxic torts in a nutshell. 4th ed. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2010.

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Eggen, Jean Macchiaroli. Toxic torts in a nutshell. 2nd ed. St. Paul, Minn: West Group, 2000.

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Eggen, Jean Macchiaroli. Toxic torts in a nutshell. St. Paul, Minn: West Pub. Co., 1995.

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Eggen, Jean Macchiaroli. Toxic torts in a nutshell. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toxis torts"

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Gavin, William P., Mark A. Love, and Wendie A. Howland. "Evaluating Toxic Tort Cases." In Legal Nurse Consulting Principles and Practices, 321–44. 4th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283642-14.

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Morewitz, Stephen J. "Sociological Theory and Methods in Toxic Tort Lawsuits." In Handbook of Forensic Sociology and Psychology, 281–304. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7178-3_21.

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Jablon, Seymour. "The Probability of Causation: An Approach to the Problem of Toxic Torts, Especially with Respect to Exposures to Ionizing Radiation." In Epidemiology and Quantitation of Environmental Risk in Humans from Radiation and Other Agents, 47–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9445-1_4.

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Snyder, Jack W. "Toxic Torts." In Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 213–28. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369400-0/00961-3.

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Gold, S. C., and M. D. Green. "Toxic Torts." In Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 770–90. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00993-3.

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"Toxic Torts." In Forensic Toxicology, 218–39. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11541-25.

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"Toxic Torts." In Taking Back the Academy!, 117–26. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203339589-14.

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"Toxic Tort." In MATERIAL WITNESS. The MIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9953.003.0008.

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Benson, Bruce L. "Toxic Torts by Government." In Cutting Green Tape, 83–98. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351289443-4.

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10

"Toxic Torts in Retrospect." In Expert Witnessing and Scientific Testimony, 63–66. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18731-13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toxis torts"

1

Johari, Ridhima, and Mudit Dubey. "A Savior before the Spill: Toxic Tort under Environmental Laws." In 2nd Annual International Conference on Law, Regulations and Public Policy (LRPP 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3809_lrpp13.17.

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Gansel, Lars C., Siri Rackebrandt, Frode Oppedal, and Thomas A. McClimans. "Flow Fields Inside Stocked Fish Cages and the Near Environment." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50205.

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Abstract:
This study explores the average flow field inside and around stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fish cages. Laboratory tests and field measurements were conducted to study the effects of biofouling and especially fish behaviour on the flow patterns around and through fish cages. Currents were measured around an empty and a stocked fish cage in a fjord to verify the results obtained from laboratory tests without fish and to study the effects of fish swimming in the cage. Fluorescein, a non-toxic, fluorescent dye, was released inside a stocked fish cage for visualization of 3-dimensional flow patterns inside the cage. Atlantic salmon tend to form a torus shaped school and swim in a circular path, following the net during the daytime. Current measurements around an empty and a stocked fish cage show a strong influence of fish swimming in this circular pattern: while most of the oncoming water mass passes through the empty cage, significantly more water is pushed around the stocked fish cage. Dye experiments show that surface water inside stocked fish cages converges towards the center, where it sinks and spreads out of the cage at the depth of maximum biomass. Furthermore, the converging surface water swirled in the direction of the swimming fish. In order to achieve a circular motion, fish must accelerate towards the center of the cage. This inward-directed force must be balanced by an outward force that pushes the water out of the cage, resulting in a low pressure area in the center of the rotational motion of the fish. Thus, water is pulled from above and below the fish swimming depth. The laboratory tests with empty cages agree well with field measurements around empty fish cages, and give a good starting point for further laboratory tests including the effect of fish-induced currents inside the cage to document the details of the flow patterns inside and adjacent to stocked fish cages. The results of such experiments can be used as benchmarks for numerical models to simulate the water flow in and around net pens, and model the oxygen supply and the spreading of wastes in the near wake of stocked fish farms.
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Reports on the topic "Toxis torts"

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Guinn, H., and D. Remson. TORIS Data Preparation Guidelines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/4167.

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Enhancement of the TORIS data base of Appalachian basin oil fields. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/251348.

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