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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxis torts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Afshari, F., and M. Maghasedi. "Rhomboidal C4C8 toris which are Cayley graphs." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 11, no. 03 (June 2019): 1950033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830919500332.

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A [Formula: see text] net is a trivalent decoration made by alternating squares [Formula: see text] and octagons [Formula: see text]. It can cover either a cylinder or a torus. In this paper, we determine rhomboidal [Formula: see text] toris which are Cayley graphs.

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2

LEVIN, A. S. ""Toxic Torts"." Science 235, no. 4786 (January 16, 1987): 268a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4786.268a.

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3

HILEMAN, BETTE. "WEIGHING TOXIC TORTS." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 42 (October 15, 2007): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n042.p044.

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4

Harrison, R. J. "Science/ Law Interactions and the Problem of Causation." Energy & Environment 11, no. 2 (March 2000): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305001500022.

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Traditionally tort (personal injury) cases have been regarded as isolated disputes concerned with individual harm, where the law's role was simply to allocate losses between tortfeasor and victim according to principles of corrective justice. With the advent of the toxic tort – a cause of action which arises when a plaintiff has developed a disease following exposure to a toxic agent (chemical or in the form of energy) has come a fundamental challenge to the traditional basis of causation where under negligence or strict liability the toxic tort plaintiff (like all tort plaintiffs) must establish a causal connection between the tortious conduct and the loss for which recovery is sought. When applying the ‘balance of probability’ test to a toxic tort, two potential problems arise. First the test does not work where there are multiple or even alternative possible causes of a plaintiff's injury. Here the burden of proof demands a degree of certainty in excess of fifty per cent in an area where estimates, probabilities and scientific uncertainty are the norm. Second, difficulties occur in trying to establish the origins of the plaintiff's disease, in particular, the biological mechanism responsible for initiating or mobilising the illness. Underlying the basis of all toxic torts, distinct areas of scientific knowledge, grounded in an epistemological and procedural framework provide the evidence upon which the expert offers his opinion. This article examines the problems that such evidence poses for the legal system and reflects on some of the jurisprudential issues that arose in Reay and Hope v British Nuclear Fuels.

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5

Steele, Jenny. "Private law and the environment: nuisance in context." Legal Studies 15, no. 2 (July 1995): 236–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1995.tb00061.x.

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Private nuisance is, on the face of it, an old-fashioned tort, whose agrarian, antidevelopmental roots may make its contemporary relevance seem limited. On the other hand, both nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher hold obvious attractions for litigants whose interests have suffered as a result of environmental change. The potential apotheosis of nuisance into a ‘Toxic Tort’ presents tort lawyers and environmental lawyers with a number of pressing questions concerning the nature and scope of private law in this context.This article will seek to assess in outline the positive potential of tort law in this respect, but it will also be argued that there may nevertheless be real conflicts between the law of tort and central elements of environmental law. The nature of those potential conflicts can only be understood if we clarify the form (or forms) of liability effected by relevant torts, and here the tort of nuisance poses particular problems. Once clarified, however, I would suggest that these conflicts can contribute to debates, not just about tort law, but also about the basic aspirations of environmental law and policy.

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6

Viscusi, W. Kip. "Compensating Workplace Toxic Torts." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 37, no. 1 (1988): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1174059.

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7

Marchant, Gary E. "Toxicogenomics and toxic torts." Trends in Biotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 2002): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01992-3.

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8

Shanker, Howard M. "Hormesis and toxic torts." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107086566.

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9

Marchant, Gary E. "Hormesis and toxic torts." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107086567.

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Policy implementation of hormesis has to date focused on regulatory applications. Toxic-tort litigation may provide an alternative policy venue for real-world applications of hormesis. Businesses and government entities, who are sued by individuals claiming to have been injured by exposure to very low levels of toxic substances may defend those cases by deploying hormesis to argue that such exposures were unlikely to be harmful. The threshold issue in using hormesis in toxic-tort defense is whether such evidence will be admissible under applicable standards for scientific evidence, which will likely turn on whether hormesis is deemed to be `generally accepted' in the relevant scientific community. Given the relatively novel status of hormesis, its admissibility will likely be a close call, but is likely to be held admissible in favorable circumstances. If admissible, hormesis is likely to receive a fairer and more even-handed consideration than in regulatory decisions, where regulatory agencies are bound by policy-based default assumptions that limit their receptivity to new concepts such as hormesis. The perception of hormesis by juries will likely be the critical factor for determining the utility of hormesis in toxic-tort litigation, and this perception is likely to be affected by the presentation and circumstances in the individual case.

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10

Toris, Russell, David Kent, and Sonia Chernova. "The Robot Management System: A Framework for Conducting Human-Robot Interaction Studies Through Crowdsourcing." Journal of Human-Robot Interaction 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5898/jhri/3.2.toris.

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11

Parascandola, Mark. "Chances, Individuals and Toxic Torts." Journal of Applied Philosophy 14, no. 2 (August 1997): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5930.00051.

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12

Juni, Robin L. "Hormesis and toxic torts: traditional torts and claims for subclinical harm." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107086564.

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This article explores the implications of hormesis on toxic tort litigation, in particular litigation regarding claims for medical monitoring or subclinical harm. In considering medical monitoring issues, courts have described medical monitoring both as a remedy and as an independent claim. If medical monitoring is upheld as an indepedent claim — as opposed to a remedy awarded after negligence or another claim is pled and proven — the article explains that the evidentiary showing necessary to succeed on the medical monitoring claim may be less rigorous than would be the case if the issues were considered separately. Because hormesis by definition involves low dose exposures that are more likely to involve subclinical harm, exposure evidence that includes a hormetic effect may well become an issue in medical monitoring cases, and may complicate an already confusing doctrine.

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13

Beck, Barbara D., and Maria R. Seeley. "Commentary on `Hormesis and toxic torts'." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107086569.

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14

Lathrop, Mitchell L. "Comments on `Hormesis and toxic Torts'." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108090749.

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15

TEITELBAUM, D. "Toxic torts in the transportation industry." Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3, no. 1 (February 2003): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0046(02)00050-x.

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16

Harter, Philip J. "The dilemma of causation in toxic torts." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 6, no. 2 (June 1986): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(86)90027-9.

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17

Rosenberg, David. "Joint and several liability for toxic torts." Journal of Hazardous Materials 15, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(87)87037-1.

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18

Swan, Shanna H. "On Toxic Tort Cases." Risk Analysis 13, no. 2 (April 1993): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01063.x.

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19

Yeonkab Lee. "Proving Causation by Epidemiologic Data in Toxic Torts." Korean Lawyers Association Journal 61, no. 7 (July 2012): 110–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17007/klaj.2012.61.7.003.

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20

Enterline, Philip E. "Toxic torts: Are they poisoning the scientific literature?" American Journal of Industrial Medicine 30, no. 1 (July 1996): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199607)30:1<121::aid-ajim22>3.0.co;2-z.

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21

Foster, K., D. Bernstein, and P. Huber. "Science and the toxic tort." Science 261, no. 5128 (September 17, 1993): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8372345.

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22

BROWNE, M. NEIL, TERRI J. KEELEY, and WESLEY J. HIERS. "THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL ROLE OF EXPERT WITNESSES AND TOXIC TORTS." American Business Law Journal 36, no. 1 (September 1998): 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.1998.tb01016.x.

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23

Silverstein, Beth, and Marcia F. Silcox. "Medical surveillance claims: A troubling trend in toxic torts." Environmental Claims Journal 2, no. 4 (June 1990): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406029009383788.

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24

Bennett, GaryF. "Hazardous waste management, vol. 1. The law of toxic torts and toxic substances." Journal of Hazardous Materials 17, no. 3 (January 1988): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(88)85015-5.

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25

Chrostowski, Paul C., Judi L. Durda, and Herbert Estreicher. "Endocrine-Modulating Chemicals as a Case Study of Science in the Courtroom." International Journal of Toxicology 18, no. 3 (April 1999): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158199225503.

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In contemporary society, many scientific issues involving toxi-cologists, epidemiologists, and other risk assessment professionals have become the topics of hotly contested legal actions. Nowhere is this more apparent than in toxic tort cases where judgements involving millions of dollars can hinge on the expert testimony provided by a toxicologist. Many of these cases involve scientific opinions that have not yet entered the mainstream of scientific thought, thus it becomes necessary for courts to place a great deal of emphasis on the reliability of science. In this paper, we analyze the scientific and legal bases of disease causation in the toxic tort context and illustrate how the emerging issue of endocrine modulation may evolve in this context. We conclude that there is an inadequate scientific basis to show personal injuries associated with exposure to a class of putative endocrine modulators. This paper is not intended to illustrate a specific case; it is intended to be a heuristic for toxicologists, risk assessors, and attorneys, who may be forced to confront these and similar issues in the course of their professional careers.

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26

Tietenberg, Tom H. "Indivisible Toxic Torts: The Economics of Joint and Several Liability." Land Economics 65, no. 4 (November 1989): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146799.

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27

KOENIG, THOMAS H., and MICHAEL L. RUSTAD. "Toxic Torts, Politics, and Environmental Justice: The Case for Crimtorts*." Law Policy 26, no. 2 (April 2004): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0265-8240.2004.00009.x.

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28

Percival, Robert V. "Green Briefs and Toxic Torts Educating Lawyers with Environmental Savvy." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 35, no. 3 (April 1993): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929084.

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29

Kimble, James L. "Conflicting trends in toxic tort liability." Environmental Claims Journal 2, no. 2 (December 1989): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406028909383765.

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30

TOFFOLON-WEISS, MELISSA, and J. TIMMONS ROBERTS. "Toxic Torts, Public Interest Law, and Environmental Justice: Evidence from Louisiana*." Law Policy 26, no. 2 (April 2004): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0265-8240.2004.00012.x.

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31

Benjamin, David M. "Elements of causation in toxic tort litigation." Journal of Legal Medicine 14, no. 1 (March 1993): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01947649309510908.

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32

Atkins, Peter J., M. Manzurul Hassan, and Christine E. Dunn. "Toxic torts: arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh and the legal geographies of responsibility." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 31, no. 3 (September 2006): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2006.00209.x.

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33

Bernstein, Anita. "Formed by Thalidomide: Mass Torts as a False Cure for Toxic Exposure." Columbia Law Review 97, no. 7 (November 1997): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123344.

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34

Kornreich, Mary Rose. "Science and law in the toxic tort case." Environmental Claims Journal 1, no. 2 (December 1988): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406028809379098.

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35

Colen, Marc Steven. "Causation and the defense of toxic tort litigation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 15, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(87)87029-2.

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36

Gold, Steve. "Causation in Toxic Torts: Burdens of Proof, Standards of Persuasion, and Statistical Evidence." Yale Law Journal 96, no. 2 (December 1986): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796423.

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37

Bradshaw, Carrie. "Corporate Liability for Toxic Torts Abroad: Vedanta v Lungowe in the Supreme Court." Journal of Environmental Law 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqaa005.

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Abstract Multinational corporate groups pose a challenge to traditional methods of legal control, particularly when corporations domiciled in wealthy western countries exploit, through foreign-domiciled subsidiaries, the resources and ‘weak governance’ of the developing world. In holding England as the proper place in which to bring a claim against both a UK-domiciled company and its Zambian subsidiary, for environmental damage abroad, the Supreme Court has allegedly ‘opened the door’ to similar future actions. However, in the absence of robust and mandatory due diligence requirements, parent companies may simply retreat from comprehensively reporting on group-wide systems of management and control. A desire to avoid future ‘voluntary assumptions of responsibility’ may be the undoing of post-Vedanta optimism.

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38

Berge, Margaret A. "Eliminating General Causation: Notes towards a New Theory of Justice and Toxic Torts." Columbia Law Review 97, no. 7 (November 1997): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1123343.

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39

Kanner, Allan. "Experts in Natural Resource Damages and Toxic Tort Litigation." Journal of Environmental Protection 07, no. 03 (2016): 410–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.73036.

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40

KROLL-SMITH, STEVE, and SAUNDRA D. WESTERVELT. "People, Bodies and Biospheres: Nexus and the Toxic Tort*." Law Policy 26, no. 2 (April 2004): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0265-8240.2004.00008.x.

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41

Parascandola, Mark. "Evidence and Association: Epistemic Confusion in Toxic Tort Law." Philosophy of Science 63 (September 1996): S168—S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289949.

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42

Muscat, Joshua E. "Causation and Disease: Biomedical Science in Toxic Tort Litigation." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 31, no. 12 (December 1989): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-198912000-00013.

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43

HENDERSON, THOMAS W. "TOXIC TORT LITIGATION: MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES IN CAUSATION." American Journal of Epidemiology 132, supp1 (July 1, 1990): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115792.

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Abstract A definition and an explanation of the legal standard for imposition of legal liability in a toxic tort case are set forth. The focus is on how expert witnesses utilize the applicable medical and scientific data in order to provide opinion evidence of the causal relation between exposure to a toxic substance and disease in an individual case. The author concludes that policy considerations are present in both the legal standard and the basis for establishing a cause and effect relation.

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44

Ortego, Joseph J. "Toxic tort liability in the United States: Recent trends∗." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 25, no. 4 (February 1990): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249009357525.

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45

Brannigan, Vincent. "Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: A consumer toxic tort." Journal of Consumer Policy 13, no. 2 (June 1990): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00411408.

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46

HAMILTON, JAMES T. "TAXES, TORTS, AND THE TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY: CONGRESSIONAL VOTING ON INSTRUMENTS TO CONTROL POLLUTION." Economic Inquiry 35, no. 4 (October 1997): 745–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01961.x.

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47

Cohen, Jacqueline G. "Merck and the Vioxx Decision: Playing by the Changing Rules of the Chemical Exposure Game." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 4 (2005): 866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00553.x.

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For years, legal scholars and environmental activists have maintained that traditional tort proof requirements create insurmountable obstacles to recovery for most plaintiffs in chemical exposure cases, be they pharmaceutical suits or environmental toxic tort cases. Generally, tort law requires a plaintiff to show that the defendant owed a duty, that the defendant breached that duty, and that the breach of that duty caused the injury that is the subject of the suit. In some cases those requirements can be relaxed, as for example, when an injury is of a type that does not occur except as a result of negligence (under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor).

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48

Green, Michael D. "All You Ever Wanted to Know About Adequate Proof of Causation in Tort Law." Journal of European Tort Law 9, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 308–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2018-0116.

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Abstract Proof of Causation addresses many contemporary and classical issues about causation and its proof in tort cases. This review explains the admirable depth, breadth, and scope of the book, along with the author’s assessment that would limit instances when the burden and standard of proof of causation are relaxed. In the final section, the review addresses the relative paucity of consideration by Proof of Causation of scientific evidence despite its increased importance in the contemporary toxic tort area.

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49

Forray, Vincent. "Peut-être. Incertitude du risque et dialectique de la responsabilité." McGill Law Journal 59, no. 4 (August 5, 2014): 847–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1026131ar.

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Le contentieux des risques technologiques, des risques fantômes ou des toxic torts provoque des décisions de justice qui doivent se prononcer sur des incertitudes. Incertitude de la relation de cause à effet : il arrive qu’on ne puisse pas démontrer que telle activité cause invariablement le dommage; on ne peut que montrer un certain rapport entre l’un et l’autre. Incertitude du risque lui-même : il arrive qu’on ne puisse pas établir que telle activité crée effectivement un risque pour les individus. Aujourd’hui plus encore qu’hier, le droit de la responsabilité se construit en devant tenir compte du possible, du probable et du « peut-être ». Cette nouvelle construction perturbe fortement les discours théoriques du droit de la responsabilité qui ne sont pas conçus pour supporter de telles incertitudes. Ces discours menacent de perdre leur capacité à décrire le droit positif, leur aptitude à produire de la connaissance juridique et leur vocation à théoriser le droit. Je soutiens dans ce texte que le contentieux des risques technologiques, des risques fantômes ou des toxic torts provoque une rupture de l’unité conceptuelle du droit de la responsabilité garantie depuis longtemps par les discours juridiques théoriques. Cette rupture atteint d’abord l’exigence de causalité parce que c’est en son sein que s’est logée la forme moderne de rationalité déstabilisée par l’évolution scientifique et technologique contemporaine. Cet article suggère alors un mode de construction des discours théoriques de façon à ce que ceux-ci puissent soutenir l’incertitude du droit de la responsabilité, et ce au moyen d’une forme de dialectique.

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50

Rabin, Robert L., and Peter Schuck. "Tort System on Trial: The Burden of Mass Toxics Litigation." Yale Law Journal 98, no. 4 (February 1989): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796734.

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