Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tracé de rayon'
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Sittler, Gilles. "Conception of an augmented reality system for applications in surgery." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13154.
Full textAugmented reality systems are taking more and more importance in varied contexts. Aeronautic conception, military applications or conception of surgical tools are examples of possible applications of such systems. In this last field of application, augmented reality systems are mostly used for teaching purposes, using the capability of these systems to superimpose virtual elements onto the vision of the surgeon. This PhD work is articulated around the conception of the optical part of such a system. Starting with a detailed bibliographic work, we detail different type of systems and fields of application. Starting from this study, we concentrate our work on the medical applications, detailing different systems developed and present on the market. In the second part of this manuscript, we present the specifications of the system we developed, said specifications being extracted from relevant publications found in the literature. Additionally, the specifications obtained enable us to define a framework of the optical simulations that have been undergone and a geometrical framework in which the system should fit to be in accordance with the field of application aimed at. In the third and last part of this study, we detail the different simulations done using the ray tracing software CodeV. Following the specifications, we present a first approach using singlets ensuring a correct first order optics conjugation of entrance and exit pupils using a single on-axis point. Then, we detail the different steps followed for a complete grid of source points, describing the different consecutive subsystems simulated. For the introduction of the bending of the optical axis to fit the system in the geometrical framework, we introduce a transmission Holographic Optical Element and the simulations that have been undergone. These simulations include custom-made macros using CodeV programming language that had to be developed in order to split the surface of the transmission HOE in smaller areas. This mosaic of small HOEs enabled us to find an ideal solution for each of the sub-zone to simulate the behavior of the whole transmission HOE. The same procedure has been applied to the reflection HOE acting as a holographic combiner. By extracting the values of the diffraction efficiency from these simulations, we have been able to characterize the behavior of both HOEs
Le, Pape Sébastien. "Etude expérimentale du front d'onde des lasers X : application à la focalisation : modalisation de la propagation des lasers X dans leur milieu amplificateur." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066534.
Full textDehghan, Kaveh. "Prise en compte d'une anisotropie réaliste dans l'imagerie sismique des zones complexes." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0015.
Full textFerrand, Adrien. "Développement de modèles asymptotiques en Contrôle Non Destructif (CND) par ultrasons : Interaction des ondes élastiques avec des irrégularités géométriques et prise en compte des ondes de tête." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01072253.
Full textDevillers, Olivier. "Méthodes d'optimisation du tracé de rayons." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772857.
Full textDauphin, Myriam. "Amélioration des simulations thermiques dans les systèmes d'éclairage automobiles." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMAC0005/document.
Full textAutomotive lighting systems are designed to illuminate the road optimally. Degradation of optical properties or plastics materials may altering the quality of lighting. In the design stage, thermal simulations are intended to minimize the costs of experimental tests performed on prototypes. With the apparition of new headlights optics, the Discrete Ordinates method (DO) is not suitable in certain cases due to a lack of accuracy when dealing with specular reflections and refractions. A raise of the spatial discretization could lead to significant time computation. To overcome this problem, we chose the Monte Carlo method in order to estimate flux densities to the walls in the case of opaque surfaces, or to estimate a radiative source term in the case of semi-Transparent media. Our algorithm is implemented in EDStar coding environment. This environment includes the PBRT synthesis images library allowing the use of raytracing techniques with our algorithm, thus reproducing optical paths of rays in a complex 3D geometry. The development of a reliable numerical model requires relevant parameters in input. This need led us to split the work into three main parts. The first axis includes a characterization phase of thermal properties of an incandescent lamp (25W) in order to model its radiative emission. Different measurements methods have been investigated to determine the temperature of the filament, which is the origine of heat transfers, and the temperature of the glass envelope. The second axis consists in obtaining a precise distribution of flux density distributions in order to locate hot spots and assess their extent. Finally, the third part of study is to couple the radiative calculation to CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. CFD is here necessary to solve problems with convective phenomena coupled with other heat transfers in an industrial product
Maillot, Jean-Luc. "Pseudo-réalisme et progressivité pour le tracé de rayons." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825860.
Full textDrouet, Florence. "Mesures 3D et d'épaisseur par imagerie sur des objets en verre creux." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS062.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis focuses on the study and development of a method for measuringthe thickness and reconstructing the 3D shape of glass containers, within the frame of an industrialon-line quality monitoring. Measuring thickness techniques of transparent objects are currently limited by their lack of toleranceregarding the surface orientation at a given reflection point. A rotation of the article in front ofthe sensor is thus required, which adds complexity to the mechanical handling of the item beingmeasured. Moreover, conventional scanning techniques do not work well on specular surfaces.We developed two methods based on the observation of the reflections by both surfaces of the wallof a given item of a diffuse, point light source. Imaging these reflections with a plain camera leavesan ambiguity between the orientation and position of each surface. Our first approach uses light polarization to remove this ambiguity. Experimental results, obtainedwith one or several point sources have demonstrated the feasibility of the measure. The second approach uses a second camera, associated with a specific optical design, whichenables a mere triangulation of the incident points on the two surfaces. Moreover, the light sourcecan be vertically extended to increase the size of the inspected area. The results obtained with thissecond technique show that industrial implementation is feasible
Leung, Yee Yiu. "Study of factors affecting the measurements of concentrations of radon gas, thoron gas and radon progeny using solid state nuclear track detectors /." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?mphil-ap-b21471484a.pdf.
Full text"Submitted to Department of Physics and Materials Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-116)
Roelens, Marc. "Un environnement pour le tracé de rayons utilisant une modélisation par arbre de construction." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828017.
Full textFertey, Gilles. "Deux problèmes en synthèse d'images : les sources directionnelles de lumière et une interface évoluée." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00817447.
Full textAlbin, Stéphane. "Simulation de sources lumineuses complexes en tracé de rayons : application à la simulation de dispositifs optiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785196.
Full textBarros, Nirmalla. "Predictability of radon airborne measurements based on surrogate measures." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4570.
Full textGainville, Olaf. "Modélisation de la propagation atmosphérique des ondes infrasonores par une méthode de tracé de rayons non linéaire." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ECDL0007.
Full textIn the framework of the comprehensive test bang treaty, we wish to link measured signals with infrasonic source characteristics (kind, power, motion\dots), in order to analyze and to understand International Monitoring System infrasonic network barometric measurements. Because of the complexity and the time variability of the atmosphere, modeling is necessary for atmospheric propagation. The goal of the work conducted during this thesis is to model the long range proagation of infrasonic wavesemitted by various source kinds. A better understanding of atmospheric propagation and the identification of phenomena which influence wave propagation are first steps in this direction. We need to quantify convection, diffraction, scattering, non linearity, atmospheric asorption effects onboth acoustic pressure levels and pressure signatures. In this thesis report, we develop an infrasonic wave propagation model based on a ray tracing method. A mathematical asymptotic analysis of motion equations for a relaxing thermoviscous fluid is performed under the hypothesis of a high frequency approximation and of a locally plane wave. The waveform evolution follows a generalized Burgers equation which takes into account non linearity for weak shocks, and atmospheric absorption. Caustic phase shift is also included. The physical model is solved using adapted numerical methods. These methods include an efficient eigenray research method for 3D problems. The generalized Burgers' equation is integrated using an adaptative mesh and step Fourier Galerkin spectral method. Finally we study two infrasound propagation problems. The Misty Picture experiment consists in a 4684 ton of ANFO exposure realized in 1987 in New Mexico (United States). This particularly well instrumente experiment is a long range infrasound propagation reference study at very low frequencies (0. 1\,Hz). This study shows that acoustic energy in the shadow zone is associated to scattering by atmospheric inhomogeneities. Daily Concorde infrasonic records performed since 1998 until 2003 at Flers station (France) offer numerous studies. In spite of the acoustical pressure level spreading complexity, infrasonic recorded arrivals are identified. The year 2002 is systematically studying to evaluate seasonal atmospheric variations effects on atmospheric infrasonic wave propagation. Ray tracing simulations, in agreement with measures, show the importance of non linear effects and of scattering ont he pressure signature. These studies are also used to characterize and quantify ray tracing method limits. In spite of a strong sensitivity of results to the atmospheric conditions, we show that the ray tracing method is adapted to model the propagation of infrasonic waves of central frequency higher than 1 Hertz
Pillet, Grimaud. "Attracteurs d'ondes internes à trois dimensions : analyse par tracés de rayons et étude expérimentale." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN018/document.
Full textInternal waves play a critical rôle in the ocean dynamics. The anisotropic dispersion relation of these waves leads to reflexion law which are different from what we are used to with acoustic waves or light rays. In the PhD thesis, we are interested in structures generated by these waves, in two dimensions then in three dimensions. In most of the 2D geometries, wave path will converge onto an attractor. We firstly study experimentally, in a trapezoidal geometry, the energy aspect of one of these attractors. Then, we survey experimentally the future of these attractors in tridimensional geometries. In some of them, reflexion leads to a trapping event in a 2D plan. This phenomenon was firstly studied by means of ray tracing, and was reproduced in both a trapezoidal and a canal geometry. The experimental obtainment of trapping could explain some in-situ measurements done in the Saint Laurent estuary, where internal wave propagation is still under scrutiny. This thesis is enhanced by two experimental studies on propagation and reflexion of an internal wave beam. Firstly, the instability generating a mean flow from a beam propagating in a three-dimensional geometry. Secondly, the generation of back-reflected waves from beam reflexion on a curved surface
Mialle, Pierrick. "Contribution d'un modèle 3D de tracé de rayons dans un milieu complexe pour la localisation de sources infrasonores." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653258.
Full textYang, Ruiping. "Simulation numérique de diffusion de la lumiére par une goutte pendante par tracé de rayons vectoriels complexes statistiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR143.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the numerical simulation of the scattering of plane wave by a pendent droplet in three dimensions using the Statistic Vectorial Complex Ray Model (SVCRM), which is based on the Vectorial Complex Ray Model (VCRM) developed in the laboratory CORIA. Optical metrology is widely used in many domains of scientific research due to its advantages of being fast and non-intrusive. Numerous measurement techniques have been developed to characterize the size, the temperature, ... of the particles. But most of them are limited to the particles of simple shape because of the lack of theoretical model to predict the relation of the scattered light with the properties of the scatterers, especially for the large non-spherical particle. To overcome this obstacle, the Vectorial Complex Ray Model (VCRM) has been developed. In this model, the wave front curvature is introduced as a new property of light rays. The divergence and the convergence of a wave on the curved surface of the particle can be described easily by the wave front equation. So it can be applied to the scattering of light by large particles of any shape with smooth surface. The VCRM has been validated experimentally and numerically in the cases of scattering in a symmetric plane of scatterer. In order to get over the problem of 2D interpolation with irregular data, Statistic Vectorial Complex Ray Model (SVCRM) is proposed. But the interference phenomena is not considered in its initial version. In this thesis, the method to count the phase due to the optical path, the Fresnel coefficients and the focal liens are carefully studied for a non-spherical particle in the framework of SVCRM. It is then applied to the simulation of the three dimension scattering of a pendent droplet. The scattering patterns around the first and the second order rainbows, in the forward direction are exampled for four typical shapes of pendent droplets obtained experimentally. The results are found in good agreement with experimental scattering patterns. The scattering mechanism and the contribution of different orders of rays are also investigated
Ma, Zelong. "Extension du modèle de tracé de rayons vectoriels complexes et application à la caractérisation d'une particule non-sphérique." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR053/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the extension of Vectorial Complex Ray Model (VCRM)developed in the laboratory and its application in the characterization of large nonspherical particles. In various research domains, such as the uid mechanics and the combustion field, we need to measure the characteristics of the particles. Among di_erent kinds of measurement techniques, the optical metrology is largely employed due to its advantage of being accurate, reliable and non-intrusive. However, in many optical techniques, the shape of the particles is assumed to be spherical. The main reason of this limit is due to the lack of theoretical model to describe with precision the interaction of light with large non-spherical particles. The Vectorial Complex Ray Model has been developed to reply this demand. It is based on the ray model but a radical improvement has been done by introducing a new property the wave front curvatures in the ray model. In this thesis, the model is firstly applied to reexamine the Airy theory. It is shown that even in the case of spherical particle VCRM predicts better the intensity and positions of supernumerary bows of rainbow than the Airy theory. Then VCRM is applied to investigate the properties of the rainbows formed by a spheroidal (prolate or oblate) particle. It is shown that VCRM can predict analytically the positions and the intensity of supernumerary bows and the peaks due to the focal effect when it is illuminated by a plane wave in the symmetrical plane.The theoretical research results have been also applied to the experimental characterization of a pendant drop. The intensity ratio of the two first orders of rainbow is shown sensible to the aspect ratio of the equivalent spheroid and it opens a potential to develop a measurement technique to characterize the deformation of pendant drop
Dessarce, Rémi. "Calculs par lancer des rayons." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10161.
Full textL’emploi des méthodes asymptotiques nous permet d'obtenir une formulation moderne de l'optique géométrique qui constitue le fondement théorique de toutes les méthodes de rayons
La mise en œuvre d'une méthode de lancer de rayons en électromagnétisme passe par la maitrise d'une modélisation géométrique sophistiquée. Il nous faudra, en effet, satisfaire à des contraintes de précision importantes dues à l'instabilité des trajectoires mais aussi parvenir à effectuer un suivi d'informations d'ordre 2 (courbures) le long du trajet de chaque rayon. C’est pourquoi nous travaillerons sur une modélisation de l'objet 3D à base de surfaces polynomiales ou rationnelles
Nous présentons deux méthodes d'intersection rayon/surface de Bézier. La première, introduite par l. Biard est basée sur l'implicitisation de la surface. Nous présentons ses limitations en termes de coûts et de stabilité et nous proposons une alternative à l'aide d'une méthode de subdivision d'un système algébrique étendue au cas des surfaces de Bézier rationnelles
Pour les surfaces de révolution, nous avons traite le problème grâce a une formulation semi-implicite permettant de ramener le problème de l'intersection rayon/surface de révolution a la recherche des racines positives d'un polynôme univarié
Au total, nous présentons un code autonome complet permettant le calcul de la S. E. R. D'une géométrie 3D. D’autre part, les nouvelles méthodes d'intersection rayon/objet ont été intégrées au sein d'un logiciel de calcul d'images de synthèse
Ross, Andrew N. "Etching behaviour and application of TASTRAK CR-39 to the study of radon decay product deposition in the presence of electric fields." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337225.
Full textArgence, Jacqueline. "Algorithmes pour le trace de rayons dans le cadre d'une modélisation par arbre de construction." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812738.
Full textArgence, Jacqueline. "Algorithmes pour le trace de rayons dans le cadre d'une modelisation par arbre de construction." Saint-Etienne, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/81/27/38/PDF/1988_Argence_Jacqueline.pdf.
Full textThisse, Pascal. "Tracé de rayons et migration 3D pour des interfaces triangulées : conception orientée objets et application à la sismique réflexion profonde." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR13232.
Full textFABRE, Bruno. "Nouvelles variations sur des théorèmes d'Abel et Lie." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008886.
Full textDuan, Qingwei. "Diffusion de la lumière en trois dimensions par des grosses particules non-sphériques par le modèle de Tracé de Rayons Vectoriels Complexes." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR018.
Full textIn the framework of vectorial complex ray model (VCRM), this thesis aims to solve the three-dimensional (3D) scattered intensity of plane wave or shaped beam by a large particle of any smooth surface. The main work and achievements are summarized as follows: As the first step, the calculation method based on VCRM for the 2D scattered intensity of plane wave by a cylinder of any smooth cross section is proposed. And the proposed method is applied to solving the scattered intensity of plane wave by a composite elliptical cylinder (CEC), whose cross section can take various shapes ranging from circular, elliptical to highly-deformed. The effects of shape deformation, refractive index and incident direction on the scattering fields, especially on the rainbows, are quantitatively analyzed. Based on VCRM, the ray tracing, the phase shifts due to focal lines and optical path, the divergence and convergence of wavefront, and the cross polarization in 3D scattering are addressed. An interpolation algorithm based on triangulation has been developed which permits to take into account the interference of 3D scattered rays, thus breaking through the bottle-neck problem for VCRM in the extension to 3D scattering. The proposed method, which is based on VCRM while allows to calculate 3D scattering field, is applied to simulating the 3D scattered intensity of plane wave by a real liquid jet. Furthermore, taking advantage of the ability of VCRM for interpreting the scattering mechanism, a systematic analysis is made for the scattered light of different orders, in regard to their separation or interference in 3D space. An experiment is carried out to verify the proposed method for 3D scattering and to examine the simulated results. In the framework of VCRM, a ray description method for incident elliptical Gaussian beam is proposed, thus providing one feasible way to calculate the 3D scattered intensity of elliptical or circular Gaussian beam by a large particle of any smooth surface. The calculation for the 3D far-field scattered intensity of elliptical Gaussian beam by a real liquid jet is successfully achieved. The scattering fields near the first- and second-order rainbows for incident beams of different divergence angles are investigated in 3D space. These results as well as the proposed method open a promising way to characterize finely the structure of a real liquid jet and particles of other complex surfaces
Vivian, Robin. "Définition d'une approche adaptative : une application à la visualisation en CAO." Metz, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1993/Vivian.Robin.SMZ932.pdf.
Full textRay tracing is an image synthesis technique which allows the simulation of complex optic effects like refraction and reflection. Unfortunately this algorithm remains very expensive in computation. In order to minimize the processing times we propose an optimisation based on an adaptative décomposition of the working space and the rationalization of the optimization techniques. An analysis of the content and the localization of the information allow a selective application of the ray tracing. The method consists in an analysis of the position and of the repartition of the objects in order to determine the intersection possibilities. An recursive and adaptative decomposition, directed by a study of the content, reduces localy the complexity of the scene which helps for a reduction of the processing times. A propagation of the results which have been obtained with the primary rays and shade rays, to secondary rays (reflected and bend rays) allows under particular conditions to give an efficient solution to the processing of reflected and transparent objects
Maria, Maxime. "Partition spatiale contrainte et convexe pour la simulation basée rayons." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2292/document.
Full textRay-based methods are known to simulate accurately acoustic, thermic, radios or optic wave propagation phenomena. The efficiency of such a method lies in its capacity to quickly determine the closest intersection between a ray and the geometric primitives making up the simulation environment. Generally, an acceleration structure is used to reduce the algorithmic complexity of the search. These last thirty years, a lot of efficient structures have been proposed. However, all have drawbacks according to the application kind and the scene configuration. We propose to explore a way slightly studied up to then, using a constrained convex space partition (CCSP) as an acceleration structure. This kind of partition differs from conventional structures by several concepts bringing unique and interesting properties. In a first phase, we propose a new acceleration structure, based on a CCSP, specifically dedicated to simulation in architectural environments. Then, we used these results to generalize the approach to any kind of scene. In particular, we focus on the use of a constrained Delaunay tetrahedralization as an acceleration structure and propose a new traversal algorithm
Lam, Hoi-ching. "Dose modelling of the recoil effect of radon progeny attached aerosol in human respiratory tract by Monte Carlo method /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38030913.
Full textLam, Hoi-ching, and 林海清. "Dose modelling of the recoil effect of radon progeny attached aerosol in human respiratory tract by Monte Carlo method." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45015570.
Full textPannier, Nayely. "Modélisation de couches de grains luminophores : évolution de la morphologie durant le recuit de synthèse et efficacité optique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00682611.
Full textExcoffier, Thierry. "Construction géométrique de solides et accélération des algorithmes de lancer de rayons." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10164.
Full textAmgarou, Khalil. "Long-Term Measurements of Indoor Radon and its Progeny in the Presence of Thoron Using Nuclear Track Detectors. A Novel Approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3339.
Full textLas sensibilidades de cada detector de Makrofol con respecto al 222Rn, 220Rn y progenie se han calculado teóricamente utilizando la técnica de Monte Carlo, teniendo en cuenta: (1) la ecuación de Bethe-Bloch para determinar el poder de frenado de partículas cargadas pesadas en un medio material, (2) las propiedades y el comportamiento del 222Rn, 220Rn y descendientes en el aire libre y dentro de una cámara de difusión, y (3) el rango de energías de partículas a que registra cada detector. El código desarrollado para estos cálculos se ha validado reproduciendo la respuesta de un detector ideal, tanto en el aire libre como dentro de una cámara de difusión.
Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio experimental detallado en el que se han determinado los filtros óptimos para la separación 222Rn/220Rn y las condiciones de revelado electroquímico apropiadas para cada detector. Asimismo, hemos calibrado los detectores A y B en atmósferas puras de 222Rn y hemos confirmado experimentalmente que los valores del factor de equilibrio determinados con nuestro dosímetro están en buen acuerdo con los obtenidos mediante sistemas activos.
Finalmente, como experiencia piloto, varios dosímetros han sido expuestos en una casa unifamiliar habitada de Suecia. Los resultados de esta exposición indican la utilidad de nuestro método para llevar a cabo campañas de medida de los niveles de 222Rn, en lugares de trabajo y en casas privadas, a fin de estimar la dosis efectiva anual recibida por los trabajadores y por el público en general.
In this work, we establish a novel approach for long-term determination of indoor 222Rn progeny equilibrium factor, even in the presence of 220Rn, using a passive, integrating and multi-component system of nuclear track detectors. The method is based on the fact that the half-lives of 222Rn and 220Rn are different, that both isotopes have the same diffusion coefficient in a given medium and that the response of the nuclear track detectors depends on the electrochemical etching conditions used. The new dosimeter set up for this purpose consists of: i) two Makrofol detectors, namely detectors A and B, which are enclosed within two diffusion chambers - each one with different filter membrane - to measure indoor 222Rn+220Rn and 222Rn, together with ii) two Makrofol detectors (C and D) that are kept in direct contact with air and that are electrochemically etched at different conditions to obtain the airborne 218Po and 214Po concentrations.
The sensitivities of each Makrofol detector in front of 222Rn, 220Rn and their decay products have been theoretically obtained using Monte-Carlo technique, taking into account: (1) the Bethe-Bloch expression for the stopping power of heavily charged particles in a medium, (2) the behaviour of 222Rn, 220Rn and their progeny in the open air and within the diffusion chamber, and (3) the a-energy window response of each detector. The computer code used for the calculation has been validated by reproducing the response of an ideal detector, both in the free air and enclosed within a diffusion chamber.
A detailed experimental study has been carried out in which we have determined the optimum filters for 222Rn/220Rn separation and the appropriate electrochemical etching conditions for each of the Makrofol detector used. Otherwise, we have calibrated the detectors A and B in pure 222Rn atmospheres and we have confirmed experimentally that the equilibrium factor values determined with our system agree with those obtained by active methods.
Finally, as a pilot test, several dosimeters were exposed in an inhabited Swedish single-family house. The results of this exposure suggest the usefulness of this method to perform routine surveys for 222Rn level measurements in private homes and in workplaces in order to estimate the annual effective dose received by the general public and the workers.
Nguyen, Phuoc Tai. "Trace au bord de solutions d'équations de Hamilton-Jacobi elliptiques et trace initiale de solutions d'équations de la chaleur avec absorption sur-linéaire." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00710410.
Full textTraore, Issiaka. "Etude et caractérisation des fonctions de réponse des détecteurs solides de traces nucléaires : applications à la dosimétrie radon et neutron." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067060.
Full textCACCURI, LILIAN S. "Avaliação da exposição ocupacional ao sup(222)Rn no galpão da salvaguardas do IPEN." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11598.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
ALBERIGI, SIMONE. "Sobre a influencia de fatores ambientais nos niveis de radonio em cavernas dos Parques Estaduais do Vale do Ribeira, SP e avaliacao do equilibrio radioativo e fator de equilibrio entre radonio e seus descendentes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9956.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Coutaud, Aude Margot. "Contribution des biofilms phototrophes d'écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux aux flux et fractionnements isotopiques des éléments en trace métallique (cuivre, zinc)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30391.
Full textUnderstanding mechanisms that control the metal trace elements (MTE) transfer in aquatic systems is fundamental because MTE are potential toxic contaminants to the environment and human populations. In this work, the contribution of benthic microbial aggregates (phototrophic biofilms), main actors of the ecological functioning and biogeochemistry of freshwater, was evaluated by the transfer and isotopic fractionation of selected two toxic and potentially essential metals, Cu and Zn. The aim is to better understand, via the coupling between different approaches (geochemical, isotopic, structural, microbiological, ecotoxicological), the relation between MTE concentration and isotope signature in solution and within the biofilm, depending on environmental conditions and the microbial community response. Sorption by a mature phototrophic biofilm of MTE during 96 h exposure in batch and open systems reactors exhibits opposite isotopic fractionation between physico-chemical and biological processes. The adsorption induces an enrichment in heavy isotopes of the biofilm relative to the solution during metal complexation with the surface functional groups with an enrichment factor of +1.1±0.3‰ for Cu and +1.2±0.4‰ for Zn. Conversely, the isotopic fractionation during Cu and Zn incorporation inside the biofilm is variable with an enrichment factor between the biofilm and the solution ranging from -0.6 to +0.8 ‰ for Cu and +0.1 to +0.5‰ for Zn. In situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy analysis of Cu chemical and structural status in the biofilm show that the enrichment in light isotopes during Cu incorporation is controlled by the reduction of Cu(II) in Cu(I). The variability of isotopic fractionation during incorporation are explained by different processes involved in the biofilm matrix (diffusion, adsorption by the functional groups of the exopolymeric matrix and at the surface of the cells, intracellular incorporation). During ETM excretion from the biofilm into the solution, contrasting fractionation of Cu and Zn is observed. The metal fraction desorbed by the biofilm at the beginning of excretion is enriched in lighter isotopes of Zn and in heavy isotope of Cu compared to the biofilm with an enrichment ranging from 0 to -1.4‰ and from +0.8 to +0.5‰ for Zn and Cu, respectively. Active efflux and diffusion processes decrease the isotopic enrichment magnitude inducing an enrichment of the excreted fraction compared to the biofilm ranging from -0.7 and -0.3‰ for Zn and from -0.36 and +0.35‰ for Cu. The isotopic results found for a dynamic study of Cu and Zn isotopic fractionation on two consecutive circadian cycles in open system are in general agreement with our 96 h sorption and excretion experiments. The isotopic fractionation experiments during the biofilm growth in relation to the evolution of communities (ecological succession) over 59 days exhibit a relationship between metallic isotopic fractionation and the community diversity and its temporal evolution. However, a general trend is observed for Cu with an enrichment in heavy isotopes of +0.5±0.1‰ after 24th day of growth that decreases with the decrease of the biofilm's surface/volume ratio to reach a value of +0.0±0.3 ‰ at the 59th day of growth. For Zn, in relation to algal diversity, the growth of the biofilm produces whether a negative isotopic fractionation equal to -0.16±0.04‰, or does not produce any isotopic fractionation between the 24th and 59th days of growth (-0.1<-66Zn(biofilm-solution)<+0.1 ‰).This study reflects the complexity of biological processes associated with phototrophic biofilms. The use of stable isotopes to trace the processes controlled biologically during transport of Cu and Zn in surface waters requests i) knowledge of metal residence time in the biofilm, ii) the degree of assimilation of the metal in biomass compared to its surface adsorption, and iii) the various elementary reactions involved in the biofilm
MLYNARCZYK, JANUSZ. "Contribution au developpement d'un logiciel universel et performant de trace de rayons en 3d, destine a la simulation des trajectoires des ondes electromagnetiques dans l'environnement terrestre." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112047.
Full textSillion, François X. "Simulation de l'éclairage pour la synthèse d'images : réalisme et interactivité." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112208.
Full textThis work is dealing with lighting models for image synthesis. We first review the physical laws governing the interaction of light with the objects, from which the lighting calculation algorithms are derived, using various approximations. The classical models allowing a global treatment of the illumination, namely by considering the interreflection of light between objects, are then presented. We propose a new calculation algorithm for the radiosity method, which proves especially useful when a high precision is seeked. We then present a new lighting model which combines the strengths of the two main previous methods, and allows a greater realism for the pictures produced, as it models simultaneously specular and diffuse reflection. The algorithms presented in the past few years to simulate light reflection are discussed and compared to our method, so as to allow a motivated choice of the algorithm best suited to one's goals and possibilities. Finally, a set of interaction techniques are proposed, which make the light simulation process easier to use. The organisation of an interactive lighting simulation system is presented, and possible applications are discussed
CAZULA, CAMILA D. "Dosimetria de sup(222)Rn no ar em ambientes localizados acima e abaixo do nível do solo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23739.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:13/01841-9
Matschek, Romain. "Amélioration des méthodes optiques pour la prise en compte des matériaux diélectriques à pertes : optimisation par algorithme génétique d’un tracé de rayons basé sur l’optique géométrique et la théorie uniforme de la diffraction." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MARN0231.
Full textAfter having pointed out the theoretical bases and the validity domain of Geometrical Optics and Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD), the taking into account of the multiple interactions inside lossy dielectric slabs and wedges is clarified, evaluated, justified then validated with FDTD. Slope diffraction, in particular that associated to the transmitted field, is detailed and also illustrated on some examples. A full-3D ray tracing was implemented, integrating a genetic algorithm to optimise intrinsic characteristics of materials starting from measurements. Combination of reflected, transmitted and diffracted rays is exposed. Results of our ray-tracing and field calculations are compared with measurements for an indoor environment. Vegetation is finally taken into account, simulations being compared with outdoor measurements
Benna, Mehdi. "Génération et inversion de données de propagation d'ondes radio à travers un noyau cométaire (simulation de l'expérience CONSERT)." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30116.
Full textAhumada, Bustamante Guido. "Analyse harmonique sur l'espace des chemins d'un arbre." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611090m.
Full textMasson, Emilie. "Etude de la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans les tunnels courbes de section non droite pour des applications métro et ferroviaire." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00615291.
Full textCosta, Lucas José Pereira da. "Estudo da exalação de radônio em placas e tijolos de fosfogesso de diferentes procedências." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-03042012-135433/.
Full textPhosphogypsum is a waste of the fertilizer industry that concentrates radionuclides. In this work, the 222Rn exhalation rate from phosphogypsum paltes and blocks from different origins used at dwellings construction was studied. The 222Rn exhalation rate was determined through the accumulation chamber technique with solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD). The effective dose for an individual living in a residence built with phosphogypsum based materials was evaluated. It also was calculated the 222Rn exhalation rate through the UNSCEAR model, from the 226Ra concentration in the materials, in order to compare the experimental results. It was evaluated the contribution of building component (paint) to the reduction of 222Rn exhalation rate. The plates and blocks were manufactured with phosphogypsum from Bunge Fertilizantes, Ultrafertil and Fosfertil. Blocks manufactured with ordinary gypsum was also evaluated. The average results obtained were 0.19 ± 0.06 Bq m-2 h-1, 1.3 ± 0.3 Bq m-2 h-1 and 0.41 ± 0.07 Bq m-2 h-1for plates manufactured with phosphogypsum from Bunge Fertilizer, Ultrafertil and Fosfertil, respectively. For the phosphogypsum blocks the values were 0.11 ± 0.01 Bq m-2 h-1, 1.2 ± 0.6 Bq m-2 h-1, 0.47 ± 0.15 Bq m-2 h-1, for Bunge, Ultrafertil and Fosfertil. The blocks manufactured with ordinary gypsum presented average value of 0.18 ± 0.08 Bq m-2 h-1. All phosphogypsum plates and blocks evaluated in this study presented effective dose for radon inhalation lower than the recommended value of 1mSv y1, the annual effective dose limit for public exposure by International Commission on Radiological Protection.
Apostolo, Giorgio. "Ultra-trace analysis of contaminants on silicon wafer surfaces : the development of a Synchrotron Radiation - Total reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (SR-TXRF) facility at the ESRF." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10018.
Full textCazula, Camila Dias. "Dosimetria de Rn-222 no ar em ambientes localizados acima e abaixo do nível do solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-20052015-143351/.
Full textExposure of the general population to ionizing radiation comes mainly from natural sources. The main contribution is due to inhalation of radon (Rn-222), a gas that occurs naturally (UNSCEAR, 2000). The Rn-222 concentration in the environment is controlled by factors such as soil permeability and water content, the weather variability, materials used in the foundation and the usual positive pressure differential between the soil and the internal environment. Studies indicate that the concentration of radon shows a wide variation in the basement, ground floor and upper floors of buildings. The objective of this study is to determine radon levels in basements, ground floor and floors above ground level, at a university in the city of São Paulo and in one residential building in the city of Peruíbe. Rn-222 measurements were performed using the method with nuclear track of solid state detectors (CR-39). The studied environments present Rn-222 concentration well below the values recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, published in the 2009 document, of 300 Bq/m3 for homes and 1000 Bq/m3 for the workplace. In the residential building, the concentration of Ra-266, Th-232 and K-40 in the materials used in the building construction was also analyzed, by gamma spectrometry. The effective total dose for the resident due to external exposure was 0.8 mSv y-1, lower than the annual dose limit for the general public of 1 mSv y-1.
Foucault, Etienne. "IONO-HF : propagation des ondes hautes fréquences dans l'ionosphère." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30039.
Full textRadio wave propagation in high and very high frequency bands is a major subject of interest; mainly because of the rise of telecommunication and GPS technologies. Although, the effective transmission of these signals highly depends on the medium. There is a part of the neutral atmosphere, named ionosphere and located approximately between 60 and 2,000 km, which impact the wave propagation as it is composed of a partially ionised plasma. It is formed through the photo-ionization of neutral species by the solar UV and EUV spectrum. During my Ph.D., my first achievement was to develop a ray tracing tool to solve the HF and VHF radio wave trajectories in a realistic ionosphere. It is based on numerical development of the Fermat's Principle which allows trajectory modelling. To give more insight information on wave propagation, this tool also integrates some wave parameters such as propagation time, total electron content TEC and absorption. A simple tilted dipole magnetic field is implemented, which allow the ordinary and extraordinary propagation mode modelling. As a first application, I used this ray tracing tool to model a SuperDARN coherent HF radar. These radars are dedicated to the observation and study of the high latitude plasma convection. First, I studied the radio wave propagation in synthetic ionosphere profiles, featuring different types of electron density gradients. I have shown that ionosphere profile with a developed E region implies low altitude refraction for waves with low elevation angles and moderate to high absorption. For ionosphere profile with lower density E region, wave may propagate to higher altitude and form echoes region spanning across the F region, while being less absorbed. While adding horizontal electron density gradient in these ionosphere profiles, I have shown that the echoes region keep the same pattern but are shifted in distance respect to the radar. Then, I used these results to study the wave propagation in a realistic ionosphere featuring complex electron density gradients. As a second application, I studied the magnetic field effect on radio wave propagation by modelling the ordinary and extraordinary propagation modes in the case of a ionosonde. It is an instrument dedicated to the sounding of the local vertical electron density profile below the F region peak. In the case of a parallel propagation with respect to the magnetic field, the ray tracing tool modelled the expected behaviour for both propagation modes, in terms of different altitude of reflection and different propagation speed. While modelling ordinary and extraordinary modes in the case of a SuperDARN radar, I have shown that the magnetic field effect was negligible as the propagation is almost perpendicular respect to the magnetic field. [...]
Erdei, Gabor. "Développements et applications de nouvelles techniques de modélisation pour la conception optique contemporaine." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2002. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00716146.
Full textCaratori, Julien. "Contribution à l'étude des prévisions à très court terme des transmissions par voie ionosphérique : détermination rapide des conditions moyennes de propagation à partir de sondages par rétrodiffusion." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112351.
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