To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Trace fossils.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trace fossils'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Trace fossils.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Buckman, James O. "Lower Carboniferous trace fossils from northwest Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262648.
Full text
2
Thomson, A. J. "Lower Cambrian trace fossils of the Amadeus Basin, central Australia /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbt482.pdf.
Full text
3
Young, Melinda. "The foraminiferal and sedimentological dynamics of a Portuguese submarine canyon system." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295866.
Full text
4
Willis, Addison O. "Trace and body fossils from the Cuyahoga Formation (Mississippian), Reynoldsburg, Ohio /." Connect to resource, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/31684.
Full text
5
Townsend, Marisia Jean. "The palaeogeography of the Lower Cretaceous Aysen Basin of southern Chile." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246282.
Full text
6
Lees, George R. "Trace fossils as facies indicators in Yoredale cyclotherms (carboniferous) of northern England and southern Scotland." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633245.
Full textAbstract:
The sedimentology and ichnology of numerous Yoredale cyclothems (L. Carboniferous) from Northern England and Southern Scotland are described and the relationships between the recurring lithofacies, which make up the Yoredale cyclothems, and the trace fossil assemblages which are preserved within them, examined.
7
Ahn, Soo Yeun. "Ediacaran-Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Western Nevada and Eastern California." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275489532.
Full text
8
Gangidine, Andrew. "Trace Element Concentrations in Microbial Fossils as a Novel Biosignature for Life on Ancient Earth and Beyond." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1584015501312535.
Full text
9
Campbell, Leslie Ann. "Palaeoecology of the middle to late Cambrian Rogersville Shale, Conasauga Group, eastern Tennessee." Thesis, Boston College, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/351.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis advisor: Paul StrotherThe Rogersville Shale of the Middle to Late Cambrian Conasauga Group was deposited on the margins of Laurentia, in what is now eastern Tennessee. Based on 21 thin section samples from the ORNL-Joy2, core five distinct microlithofacies are described, trace fossils characterized, and palynological data interpreted. This investigation concluded that the Rogersville Shale was deposited in a shallow, restricted marine or possibly estuarine environment that would have been exposed to terrestrial runoff. Previous work on the Conasauga Group placed deposition of the Rogersville Shale within an intercratonic basin in approximately 250m of water, perhaps significantly deeper. This investigation found that the Rogersville Shale was likely deposited in a lagoonal setting or restricted estuarine environment that had freshwater input
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2008
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Geology and Geophysics
10
Baghiyan-Yazd, Mohammad Hassan. "Palaeoichnology of the terminal Proterozoic-Early Cambrian transition in central Australia : interregional correlation and palaeoecology." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb1445.pdf.
Full text
11
Schlirf, Michael. "Revision and description of Keuper (Middle Ladinian to Rhaetian) invertebrate trace fossils from the southern part of the Germanic Basin and studies of related material." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974391433.
Full text
12
Lin, Jih-Pai. "From a fossil assemblage to a paleoecological community – Time, organisms and environment based on the Kaili Lagerstätte (Cambrian), South China and coeval deposits of exceptional preservation." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1190519249.
Full text
13
Sampaio, Ravi Martins de Almeida. "Neoicnologia como ferramenta para interpretação de traços fósseis da Icnofauna de aracnídeos da formação Botucatu (cretáceo inferior, bacia do Paraná)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7989.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T19:08:31Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
DissRMAS.pdf: 2567370 bytes, checksum: 878fab5581b7d1cab72a62b808602d5a (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:17:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRMAS.pdf: 2567370 bytes, checksum: 878fab5581b7d1cab72a62b808602d5a (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:17:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRMAS.pdf: 2567370 bytes, checksum: 878fab5581b7d1cab72a62b808602d5a (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T18:18:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRMAS.pdf: 2567370 bytes, checksum: 878fab5581b7d1cab72a62b808602d5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-12
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Ichnofossils are abundant in the sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, Paraná Basin, of Neocomian age. This formation covers much of the Midwest, Southeast and South of Brazil, and other countries in South America. Several sandstone samples containing trace fossils were collected and deposited in the paleontological collection of the Departmento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva (DEBE) of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). In this work, trace fossils attributed to arachnids, i.e. ichnogenera Paleohelcura Gilmore, 1926 and Octopodichnus Gilmore, 1927, were studied and their presence is recorded for the first time in Brazil. The aim of this study was to infer how different environmental conditions such as moisture, texture, substrate inclination and even behavioral aspects of the organisms can affect the structure of the traces left by different arthropods. To do this, several neoichnological experiments were made, with six arachnids (two Tityus serrulatus, one Lycosa sp., one Loxosceles sp., and two individuals of the family Gonyleptidae) and five individuals of other invertebrate classes (three insects, one isopod and one diplopod). The experiments consisted on making the animals walk on a tray with sand of different grain sizes, different inclinations and different moisture levels. The results of these experiments, which showed different trace morphologies, according to each imposed condition, proved the influence of these conditions on the morphology of the footprints and on the behavior of the studied animals. In addition, these results showed how, in some situations, for example, in an uphill movement in a slope of 30° of inclination, it’s possible that animals with highly different track’s shapes leave very similar tracks, thus making much more difficult the identification of the track’s producer animal through the analysis of the ichnofossils. It was also possible to prove how the moisture level and the substrate inclination are important for the tracks’ preservation.
Icnofósseis são abundantes nos arenitos da Formação Botucatu, Bacia do Paraná, de idade Neocomiana. Esta formação abrange grande parte do Centro-oeste, Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, além de outros países da América do Sul. Várias amostras de arenito contendo icnofósseis foram coletadas e depositadas na coleção paleontológica do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva (DEBE) da UFSCar. Neste trabalho foram estudados os icnofósseis atribuídos a aracnídeos, ou seja, os icnogêneros Paleohelcura Gilmore, 1926 e Octopodichnus Gilmore, 1927, registrados pela primeira vez no Brasil. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi identificar como diferentes condições do ambiente, como umidade, textura, inclinação do substrato e até mesmo aspectos comportamentais podem afetar a estrutura dos rastros deixados por diferentes artrópodes. Para isso foram realizados diversos experimentos neoicnológicos com seis aracnídeos (dois Tityus serrulatus, uma Lycosa sp., uma Loxosceles sp., e dois indivíduos da família Gonyleptidae) e cinco indivíduos de outras classes de invertebrados (três insetos, um isópode e um diplópode). Os experimentos consistiram em fazer os animais caminharem sobre uma bandeja com diferentes granulometrias de areia em diferentes inclinações e com diferentes níveis de umidade. Os resultados desses experimentos, que mostraram diferentes formatos dos rastros de acordo com cada condição imposta, comprovaram a influência dessas condições na morfologia das pegadas e no comportamento dos animais estudados. Além disso, esses resultados mostraram como em algumas situações, por exemplo, em um movimento de subida em relevos de 30° de inclinação, é possível que animais com morfologias acentuadamente diferentes deixem rastros muito semelhantes, o que dificulta a identificação do animal produtor por meio da análise de icnofósseis. Também foi possível comprovar como a umidade e a inclinação do substrato são importantes na conservação dos rastros.
14
Smilek, Krista R. "Using Ichnology and Sedimentology to Determine Paleoenvironmental and Paleoecological Conditions of a Shallow-Water, Marine Depositional Environment: Case Studies from the Pennsylvanian Ames Limestone and Modern Holothurians." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1250003072.
Full text
15
Qvarnström, Martin. "Palaeoenvironments of the Earliest (Middle Devonian) Tetrapod Trackways from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; Locomotion in a Terrestrial Setting?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-319968.
Full textAbstract:
The palaeoenvironment from which early tetrapods emerged is crucial to comprehend in order to understand the mechanisms that drove and allowed the terrestrialization of vertebrates; one of the most important evolutionary ‘events’ in the history of animals. Nevertheless, much of the terrestrialization is shrouded in obscurity, inter alia, due to scarcity of early tetrapods in the fossil record. Each new discovery of anything linked to vertebrate terrestrialization is therefore of great importance. Here, I present new detailed analyses of the palaeoenvironmental conditions at the time of formation of the earliest (early Middle Devonian) tetrapod trackways found in the Zachełmie Quarry in the Holy Cross Mountains of southern Poland. The trackways are found in three horizons in a clay-rich dolomitic succession represented by the Lower Complex of the Wojciechowice Formation. This Lower Complex is composed of short shallowing upward sequences that often terminate with desiccation cracks and/or paleosols. Vertically fluctuating δ18O values in the complex suggest multiple episodes of closed hydrological systems. A model of ephemeral to perennial lakes in a terrestrial setting is therefore proposed. Such environment is in concordance with evidence of scarce bioturbation and a flourish of microbial communities that, in contrast to a normal marine setting, most likely represent an ecologically stressed ecosystem. Furthermore: non-marine rare earth element (REE) signals, desiccation events, fossils of green algae (charophytes), paleosol development, low energy cyclic deposits and general lack of marine taxa in the body and trace fossil records in this complex firmly establishes the interpretation of palustrine carbonates formed in a lacustrine-like setting. However, in the lower part of the complex, some highly fractioned marine fossils occur. These are suggested to have been transported during wash-up events which temporally places the setting in marine proximity. Seasons of monsoonal rainfall resulted in erosion and influx of detrital grains which is evidenced by fine planar lamination (of seasonal cyclicity) in most of the sediments and occasional occurrence of blackened clasts (and rain-drop imprints).Thus, none of the pre-existing palaeoenvironmental hypotheses of tetrapod emergence are in full concordance with the data from the Zachełmie Quarry. Instead, a new palaeoenvironment is proposed for the earliest tetrapods: schizohaline ephermal to perennial lakes with periodic desiccation. This infers that already in the early Middle Devonian, tetrapods had conquered the terrestrial realm and were perhaps already capable of terrestrial locomotion over quite substantial distances.Däggdjur, reptiler, fåglar och amfibier utgör tillsammans en besläktad djurgrupp som kallas för tetrapoder (fyrfotingar). Deras gemensamma förfader härstammade från de lobfenade fiskarna men skiljde sig från dem genom att inneha utvecklade ben med tår istället för de ”köttiga” fenor som de lobfeniga fiskarna karaktäriseras av. Denna evolutionära nyhet tillät, tillsammans med en rad andra egenskaper (lungor, skydd för uttorkning av dermis etc.), att vertebrater helt och hållet kunde koloni-sera land. I och med att vår egen existens är en direkt följd av denna evolutionära händelse är detta ett hett forskningsämne inom evolutionsbiologin. Ändå är mycket fortfarande höljt i dunkel beträffande hur koloniseringen av land gick till och vad det var som drev denna utveckling eftersom övergången skedde under en, i geologisk mått, snabb tidsrymd. Dock har de sista årtiondena resulterat i flertalet nya fossilfynd av primitiva tetrapoder. Ett fynd som är speciellt spektakulärt eftersom det är den hittills äldsta efterlämningen av tetrapoder, är fotspår som uppenbart är gjorda av ett djur som hade ben och tår istället för fenor. Detta förvånade hela det vetenskapliga samfundet eftersom det innebar att vi (tetrapoderna) utvecklades tidigare än vad som var dittills trott och att vertebrat-koloniseringen av land förmodligen skedde flertalet miljoner år tidigare. Vad som också skiljer ett spårfossil från andra fossil är att de är spår av djuren från när och där de levde till skillnad från bara deras skelettdelar som oftast transporterats från där de dog och bara preserveras i speciella miljöer. Detta har jag utnyttjat i detta arbete för att försöka avgöra i vilken miljö de är avsatta i. Jag har analyserat de sedimentära bergarterna i stenbrottet i södra Polen med skärningen som innehåller de lagren i vilka fotspåren finns. Analyser av sällsynta jordartsmetaller från de tre lager där fotspår är tydliga, antyder en speciell avsättningsmiljö som inte liknar en typisk havsmiljö. I den undre delen av lagerföljden där de spårbärande lagren påträffats finns återkristalliserade saltkristaller, torkningssprickor och fossila jordar som indikerar korta respektive långvariga perioder av uttorkning. Andra fossil som i en normal marin miljö borde bevaras i en dolomitisk kalksten lyser med sin frånvaro och istället påfinns massiv koloni-sering av cyanobakterier. Detta brukar ske i speciella miljöer som avviker från vanlig marin komposi-tion, så som äldre sötvattensmiljöer eller laguner med hög salthalt, som därmed är ”svårbebodd” för djur som annars livnär sig på de fotosyntiserande bakterierna. Implikationen av mitt arbete är att tetrapoderna redan i tidig mellan Devon (ca 390 miljoner år sedan) inte bara hade utvecklat ben utan också att de kunde använda dem över landsträckor för att ta sig till, och mellan, kontinentala vatten. Detta är ännu en viktig pusselbit i pusslet som ämnar rekonstruera tetrapodernas (och vår egen) uppkomst.
16
Abouessa, Ashour. "Sedimentological and ichnological characteristics of Dur At Tallah siliciclastic rock sequence, and their significance in the depositional environment interpretation of tidal-fluvial system (Upper Eocene, Sirt Basin, Libya)." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985603.
Full textAbstract:
Dur At Talah sedimentary sequence, located at the southern side of the Sirt Basin in central Libya, is composed of 150 m thick of mainly siliciclastic rocks. The importance of this sequence is linked to the importance of the Sirt Basin as one of large hydrocarbon reservoirs in Libya. The sequence is also an excellent site for vertebrate fossils of Late Eocene, the age of the sequence. Previous studies, though very limited compared to the importance of this area, are focused on its paleontological content. Sedimentology received only scant attention before this project. This thesis is an outcrop based study in which the focus is given to the sedimentary and biogenic (trace fossils) structures, aiming at defining and interpreting depositional facies which building up the sequence. The study is mainly based on field data which are analyzed on the light of related published literature and on the comparison with modern sedimentary environments. Results of facies analysis have led to splitting the entire sequence into three genetically related intervals. The oldest, we called the New Idam Unit (around 80m), is composed of very fine sandstones to mudstones. New Idam Unit is unconformably overlain by the Sarir Unit (around 50m), composed of medium grained cross bedded sandstones (the lower 25-30 m) changes up to very coarse and microconglomeratic sandstone (the upper 20-30 m). Thus, the Sarir Unit is split into the lower Sarir Subunit and upper Sarir subunit. The New Idam Unit presents both classical and unusual sedimentary and biogenic indicators that attribute this unit to estuarine depositional environment. It starts with outer estuarine (the lower 35 m) and ends up with inner estuarine (the upper 45 m). Maximum flooding surface is located in between. Above this surface the fluvial indicators increase and tidal indicators decrease, thus providing clue for basinward (North) migration of the shoreline. The lower Sarir subunit which was previously interpreted as fluvial deposits, preserves multi-scale sedimentary structures that undoubtedly belong to tidal processes. This is especially evidenced at the lower part of the lower Sarir Subunit (LLS). Fluvial indications over dominates the tidal ones in the upper part of the lower Sarir (ULS). Due to this configuration the whole lower Sarir subunit is interpreted as shallow marine, deltaic, depositional system, occurred during sea level ¨normal¨ regression. This time, maximum flooding surface is located between the LLS and ULS. The lower Sarir subunit is terminated by subaerial unconformity, with evidences of subaerial exposure preserved at the top of the ULS. These are intruded by the upper Sarir subunit which presents clear evidences of strictly fluvial environment of deposition. The deposits of the upper Sarir subunit record the low stand system tract part of the Dur At Talah sequence. In addition to the outlined results, the sequential pattern of the depositional events is suggested for the entire sequence of Dur At Talah. This study provides a valuable information regarding the depositional and sequential aspects of the Sirt Basin during the late Eocene, it also provide an unique case study for the better understanding of the shallow marine tidal deposits.
17
Farias, Ricardo Monteiro. "Caracterização litoestratigráfica e paleontológica do Membro Boacica da Formação Batinga, Neocarbonífero da bacia de Sergipe-Alagoas." Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Análise de Bacias, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5413.
Full textAbstract:
The Boacica Member of the Batinga Formation, in the Sergipe-Alagoas basin, occurs on
the high structural Japoatã (SE), Penedo and Palmeira Alta (AL), characterized by
rhythmic intercalation of laminated siltstones, shales and very fine sandstones, assigned to
a system depositional deltaics fronts and prodeltas. Despite very poor fossiliferous content,
some analyzes recovered palynomorphs characteristic from the Eo Mesopennsylvanian
(Neocarboniferous), and some levels are locally abundant ichnofossils. Ichnological
associations are poorly diversified, represented by traces of rest or locomotion. The
discovery of trace fossils associated with the emergence of new outcrops, allowed the new
studies lithostratigraphic and paleontological detailed in this unit. This study had to
perform the characterization lithostratigraphic and paleontological in two outcrops of this
unit, Batinga 5 and Pescocinho 3. The sections are characterized by rhythmic intercalations
of shales, siltstones laminated and massives of whitish gray color, with very fine
sandstones cream colored, sometimes showing cyclical patterns of coarsening upward
prays fining upward reflecting changes in the depositional process. The sandstones
generally show structures climbing-ripples. According to the stratigraphic succession
raised in these outcrops, eight sedimentary facies were observed, confirming that the
deposits of facies suggest prodelta, delta front, turbidite lobes, lake bottom, fluvial,
crevasses and the debris englaciais. The ichnofossils were observed along some facies and
analyzed in different lithologies (shales, siltstones and sandstones) but are not as abundant
in Batinga 5. The ichnofossils presented themselves as bioturbation structures, featuring
brands resting, locomotion and pasture. Traces are reduced sizes and present as bilobates
thrails, straight or curved, oval, in a "coffee beans" form and other tracks irregular with
random crossing. The traces were classified as belonging to the ichnospecie Isopodichnus
problematica Schindewolf, 1921 and ichnogenus Rusophycus Hall, 1852,
Helminthoidichnites Fitch, 1850, Aulichnites Fenton & Fenton, 1937, are more common in
siltstones and shales. The ichnospecie Paganzichnus carboniferus Pazos, 2000 together
with ichnogenus Gordia Emmons, 1844 and Scoyenia White, 1929, are more common in
sandy prodeltaic facies, although also found in siltstones-shale facies. Probably these traces
were generated by activities of the arthropods, branchiopods crustaceans and organisms
nematomorph. It was also verified that one morphotype was named as Morphotype A .
This morphotype displays small short lines with elongated shapes, with a straight path to
curve slightly, with differents directions and is preserved in convex hyporelief or concave
epirelief both being frequent in muddy facies prodeltaics as in sandy facies of deltaic front.
The association of the traces studied here features a subaqueous environment, muddy,
shallow and relatively calm may represent the ichnofacies Mermia (lake) and Scoyenia
(transitional).O Membro Boacica da Formação Batinga, da bacia de Sergipe-Alagoas, ocorre entre os altos estruturais de Japoatã (SE), Penedo e Palmeira Alta (AL), sendo caracterizado pela intercalação rítmica de siltitos laminados, folhelhos e arenitos muito finos, atribuídos a um sistema deposicional de frentes deltaicas e prodeltas. Apesar do conteúdo fossilífero ser muito pobre, algumas análises recuperaram palinomorfos característicos do Eo a Mesopensilvaniano (Neocarbonífero), e alguns níveis são localmente abundantes em icnofósseis. As associações icnológicas são pouco diversificadas, representadas por icnitos de repouso ou locomoção. A descoberta de icnofósseis, associada ao surgimento de novos afloramentos, favoreceu a realização de novos estudos litoestratigráficos e paleontológicos mais detalhados nesta unidade. Esse estudo teve como principal objetivo realizar a caracterização litoestratigráfica e paleontológica em dois afloramentos desta unidade, Batinga 5 e Pescocinho 3. As seções caracterizam-se por intercalações rítmicas de folhelhos, siltitos laminados e maciços de coloração cinza esbranquiçada, com arenitos muito finos de coloração creme, exibindo padrões cíclicos ora de coarsening upward ora de fining upward refletindo mudanças no processo deposicional. Os arenitos de maneira geral apresentam estruturas de climbing-ripples. De acordo com sucessões estratigráficas levantadas nestes afloramentos, oito fácies sedimentares foram observadas, constatando-se que os depósitos sugerem fácies de prodelta, frente deltaica, lobos turbidíticos, fundo de lago, crevasses, fluviais e detritos englaciais. Os icnofósseis foram observados ao longo de algumas fácies analisadas e em diferentes litotipos (folhelhos, siltitos e arenitos), porém não são tão abundantes em Batinga 5. Os icnofósseis apresentaram-se como estruturas de bioturbação, caracterizando icnitos de repouso, locomoção e pastagem. As pistas são de tamanhos reduzidos apresentando-se como pistas bilobadas, retas ou curvas, ovaladas, impressões em forma de grãos de café e outras pistas irregulares com cruzamentos aleatórios. Os traços que foram classificados como pertencentes à icnoespécie Isopodichnus problematicus Schindewolf, 1921 e aos icnogêneros Rusophycus Hall, 1852, Helminthoidichnites Fitch, 1850 e Aulichnites Fenton & Fenton, 1937 são mais frequentes nos siltitos e folhelhos. A icnoespécie Paganzichnus carboniferus Pazos, 2000 juntamente com os icnogêneros Gordia Emmons, 1844 e Scoyenia White, 1929 são mais frequentes nas fácies arenosas do prodelta, embora também sejam encontrados em fácies sílticosargilosas. Provavelmente, esses traços foram gerados por atividades de artrópodes, crustáceos branquiópodos e organismos nematomorfos. Também foi verificado um morfotipo não identificado nomeado Morfotipo A que exibe pequenos traços curtos com formas alongadas, com uma trajetória reta a pouco curva, com direções variadas e estão preservados em hiporrelevo convexo ou epirrelevo côncavo estando frequentes tanto em fácies lamosas prodeltaicas quanto em fácies arenosas da frente deltaica. A associação dos traços aqui estudados caracteriza um ambiente subaquoso, lamoso, relativamente calmo e raso podendo representar as icnofácies Mermia (lacustre) e Scoyenia (transicional).
18
Lima, João Henrique Dobler. "Icnologia de depósitos marinhos rasos regressivos: um exemplo do permiano superior da Bacia do Paraná." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2010. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4225.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-06T13:35:47Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
JoaoLima.pdf: 3825056 bytes, checksum: 17bc443c02a042f3194ce14358ee935d (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T13:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoLima.pdf: 3825056 bytes, checksum: 17bc443c02a042f3194ce14358ee935d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
Este estudo analisa e caracteriza a paleoicnologia dos depósitos da Formação Teresina aflorantes no Cerro Caveiras (Dom Pedrito, RS), com a intenção de refinar as interpretações paleoecológicas e paleoambientais existentes. A icnofauna dos depósitos analisados é composta por Bergaueria isp., Cochlichnus anguineus, Cruziana problematica, Diplocraterion isp., Diplopodichnus biformis, Helminthopsis isp., Lockeia siliquaria, Multina minima, Palaeophycus striatus, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites beverleyensis, Planolites montanus, Scolicia cf. plana, Teichichnus isp. e Thalassinoides isp. Esta assembléia foi dividida em duas suítes, uma delas sinalizando colonização em ambiente de água salobra e a outra reunindo estruturas que sugerem colonização em ambiente de água doce. Cinco fácies sedimentares foram descritas: (i) fácies de lamito; (ii) fácies de arenito fino com estratificação cruzada cavalgante; (iii) fácies de heterolito; (iv) fácies de arenito com estratificação cruzada acanalada e; (v) fácies de arenito fino a médio com estratificação cruzada hummocky (HCS) ou swalley (SCS). Estruturas sedimentares geradas por ondas dominam a sucessão e as associações de fácies sugerem deposição em zona de shoreface inferior/transição ao offshore. Feições geradas pela ação de correntes também são comuns. A recorrente substituição da suíte de água salobra pela suíte de água doce e a manutenção desta por mais tempo ao longo da sucessão indica significativo aporte de água doce no sistema. Esse padrão, aliado ao estabelecimento da suíte de água doce sempre após a deposição das fácies indicativas da ação de correntes sugere a influência de depósitos deltaicos na zona de shoreface inferior, em um contexto marinho raso restrito. Duas superfícies estratigráficas são sugeridas pela análise da icnofauna, uma co-planar (S1), composta por, pelo menos, uma superfície de erosão regressiva e uma superfície transgressiva, e uma de inundação (S2), que marca o momento de maior profundização e de maior teor de salinidade do sistema, na área de estudo. A integração dos dados icnológicos e sedimentológicos do Cerro Caveiras sugere que esta sucessão sedimentar possivelmente represente deposição em frentes deltaicas distais retrabalhadas por ondas.
This study analyzes and characterizes the paleoichnology of the Teresina Formation sedimentary rocks cropping out in Cerro Caveiras (Dom Pedrito, Rio Grande do Sul State, south of Brazil), aiming to refine the existing paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations. The ichnofauna is composed of Bergaueria isp., Cochlichnus anguineus, Cruziana problematica, Diplocraterion isp., Diplopodichnus biformis, Helminthopsis isp., Lockeia siliquaria, Multina minima, Palaeophycus striatus, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites beverleyensis, Planolites montanus, Scolicia cf. plana, Teichichnus isp. and Thalassinoides isp., distributed in two main trace fossil suites, a brackish-water suite and a freshwater suite. Five sedimentary facies were described: (i) laminated or massive shale; (ii) fine-grained sandstone with climbing ripples; (iii) heterolithic deposits; (iv) trough crossstratified sandstone; and (v) hummocky and swalley cross-stratified sandstone. Wavegenerated structures predominates and facies associations suggest deposition in lower shoreface/offshore transition setting. Current-generated structures are also common. The recurrent replacement of brakish-water suite by freshwater suite and the maintenance of the last one for more time in the sedimentary succession suggest a significative input of freshwater into the marine zones. This pattern, and the fact that freshwater suite settlement always occur after the current-generated sandstone deposition suggest deltaic influence in the lower shoreface, in a restricted shallow sea context. Two stratigraphic surfaces should be inferred by trace fossil analysis: a co-planar surface (S1), composed of a regressive erosion surface and a transgressive surface, at least, and a flooding surface (S2), which marks the deepest and saltiest episode in the depositional system at the study area. The integrated analysis involving the ichnology and sedimentology of the Cerro Caveiras succession suggest that it possibly represents a distal expression of wave-dominated delta fronts.
19
Durand, Jacques. "Le Grès Armoricain. Sédimentologie - Traces fossiles. Milieux de dépôt." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626956.
Full textAbstract:
La Formation du Grès armoricain est un élément important de la mégaséquence détritique terrigène qui débute le Pa1éozolque ou recouvre les dépôts cambriens dans le Massif armoricain. 1: Cette formation à dominante arénacée a été étudiée dans toutes les unités pa1éozolques des domaines nord et médio-armoricains. Son épaisseur varie de qûe1ques dizaines de mètres (Nord Cotentin) à plusieurs centaines de mètres (Presq~'11e de Crozon et Sud de Rennes). L'ensemble du Grès armoricain regroupe des 1ithofaciès homo1ithiques arénacés (quartzites), hétéro1ithiques à dominante arénacée ou pé1itique (alternances gréso-pé1itiques) et homo1ithiques pé1itiques. La distribution de ces 1ithofaciès est aléatoire au sein de la formation mais, par endroits, le développement préférentiel d'une unité hétéro1ithique entre deux unités inférieure et supérieur~ à dominante arénacée conduit à distinguer trois membres (le Grès armoricain inférieur, le Membre moyen et le Grès armori~ain supérieur). La formation contient les traces d'une importante activité biologique et de nombreuses structures sédimentaires d'origine physique. L'étude systématique des traces fossiles a permis de clarifier certains problèmes taxinomiques (C~ziana, Mono~enion, Sko~o~, *.* ) et de proposer ou de modifier des interprétations (Vaed~, Sko~o~, ..* ). Les principales traces fossiles contenues dans la formation sont : A4enirotit~, ~phy~, C~ziana, Vae~, V.i.dyma.uU.chYlU6, V,(moJtpfU.chYlU6, V-i.plo~eJLi.on, FJtaena, ImblLichYlU6, UnguLi.chnLt~, Mono~eILion,' Phycod~, Pl.anotit~, Sko~o~, TucfU.chYlU6, TlLicfU.chYlU6, TJtypanLt~. L'ensemble de ces traces reflète l'adaptation des organismes aux conditions spécifiques des différents pa1éomilieux. E11es'sont apparues comme de bons marqueurs d'environnement. Plusieurs associations de traces, caractérisant des milieux différents, ont pu être distinguées. Il s'agit de l'association Sko~o~ - Vae~ hatti - V-i.plo~enion et de l'association C~z-i.ana - Mono~enion - Vae~ labechu - Phycod~. Les paramètres hydrodynamiques des différentes structures sédimentaires (rides d'oscillation, rides chevauchantes, litage oblique en mamelon, dunes hydrauliques, hyperdunes, *** ) et la nature des séquences élémentaires de dépôt ont permis une meilleure compréhension du mode de mise en place des sédiments. Les caractéristiques sédimento10giques et ichno10giques des 1ithofaciès constitutifs de la formation ont révélé des conditions de sédimentation génétiquement distinctes : - une sédimentation épisodique mise en place par des phénomènes instantanés de type tempête : pour les 1ithofaciès homo lithiques 51 à séquences proximales, * pour les 1ithofaciès hétéro1ithiques Hl à séquences distales. Les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques, la nature des figures sédimentaires associées à ces dépôts (rides de vagu~, l-tnéation de délit, 6ent~ de Jt~, *** ), l'abondance et la bonne conservation du litage oblique en mamelon (Hummocky cno~~ ~~6-i.cation), supposent une mise en place de ces dépôts dans des milieux situés entre la limite d'action des vagues permanentes et une profondeur de quelques mètres, sur une p1ateforme dominée par l'action des vagues. - une sédimentation qui a été qualifiée "de chronique" * pour les 1ithofaciès homo1ithiques arénacées S2A (avec V-i.pto~eJt- i.on et Skolltho~) mis en place par des écoulements combinés courants-osci11ation, * Pour les 1ithofaciès hétéro1ithiques H2 (avec ~z-i.ana, Va~ labechu, Mono~eJLi.on et Phycod~) soumis fortement à l'action des marées et parfois émergés, . * pour les 1ithofaciès homo1ithiques arénacés S2B faiblement bioturbés, d'énergie élevée, constitu.és par des corps sableux de grande taille, _ * pour les 1ithofaciès homo1ithiques arénacés 54, à fort taux de sédimentation (rides chevauchantes). Les structures sédimentaires associées à ces 1ithofaciès (~~6-i.cation6 le.n:tic.uhUJL~, ma.dJté~ ou ond.u.R.~~, 6ent~ de du~-i.cation, ~UJt6ac~ de Jtéactivation, ~~~~ en chevJtOn6 *** ) révèlent une partie de la p1ateforme dominée par l'action des marées et parfois émergée. L'asymétrie des écoulements mise en évidence par les mesures de pa1éocourants est expliquée par des courants tidaux de force inégale. La répartition et l'organisation des 1ithofaciès permettent de définir l'environnement sédimentaire du Grès armoricain comme un ensemble de pa1éomilieux s'étendant sur la partie supérieure d'une plate-forme bordée, vraisemblablement vers le Nord, par un continent, dernier vestige des reliefs cadomiens.
20
Durand, Jacques. "Le Grès armoricain : sédimentologie, traces fossiles, milieux de dépôts /." 85-Rennes : Centre armoricain d'étude structurale des socles, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34864490d.
Full text
21
Wright, Joanna L. "Fossil terrestrial trackways : function, taphonomy and palaeoecological significance." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389379.
Full text
22
Farrar, Lyndsey. "Characterizing Traces of Predation and Parasitism on Fossil Echinoids." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1556793580479455.
Full text
23
Tyler, Carrie Leigh. "Investigating Predation in the Fossil Record: Modern Analogs." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77194.
Full textAbstract:
Predation is considered a powerful ecological force influencing community structure, diversity, and abundance. Paleoecology offers a unique perspective, allowing us to examine ecological processes such as predation over evolutionary timescales. The three studies summarized below include two case studies testing the role of predation in evolution and one method-oriented project, which explores new tools with which to examine predator-prey interactions in the fossil record. Considering the importance of community interactions in the current global biodiversity crisis, understanding ecological and evolutionary dimensions of predation is critical to conservation biology and ecology, as predators are thought to play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem health and biodiversity.
Predation has been dismissed as a causal mechanism for some major prey groups. For example, the evolutionary decline and cryptic or antitropical distribution of brachiopods is often explained as due to the potentially low energetic value and suspected non-palatability or toxicity of brachiopod tissues. Here we demonstrate that multiple invertebrate marine predators (crustaceans, echinoderms, and gastropods) are willing and able to consume brachiopods, and that predation pressure on the living brachiopod population may be consequential. Examination of the fossil record is consistent with this interpretation: evidence for drilling and repair of brachiopod shells is found throughout the fossil record in multiple orders. This suggests that although brachiopods may be unwanted prey in the presence of energetically more desirable targets, they do appear to be edible and are subject to intense predator-prey interactions.
Limpets are important prey for some crab species, yet little is known about the role of durophagy in the evolution of the limpet shell. Feeding trials using three common species of Pacific Northwest limpets (Lottia digitalis, L. pelta and Tectura scutum) were conducted to assess how different shell morphologies affect mortality and handling time. We predicted that large size, shell ornament, and low-spires would result in either increased survivorship, and/or longer handling times. Contrary to our expectation that ridges resist predation, individuals with smooth morphologies experienced significantly lower mortality, as did those with low-spires. As species possessing high-spires and ridges typically occur high in the intertidal where predation risk due to crabs is relatively low, these morphologies are likely adaptions to physical factors such as thermal stress.
One of the major caveats of using gastropod drill holes to assess predator-prey interactions in both the modern and the ancient is the correct identification of drill holes of predatory origin. By examining known predatory drill holes using environmental scanning electron microscopy, we aim to refine the development of a novel technique for augmenting their identification, and to explore the relationship between predator body size, predatory radula dentition, and radular microrasping marks observed on the shells of prey organisms. Electron micrographs were used to measure the spacing of microrasping marks produced by the radula, and the intercusp spacing of the radula dentition. A relationship between predator body size and microrasping marks makes it possible to infer predator size from these microtraces in both modern and fossil specimens, augmenting our ability to examine predator-prey interactions throughout the history of this important ecological interaction.
Proxies for predation intensity such as predation traces or antipredatory morphologies provide an invaluable method to examine predation in both modern communities, and the fossil record. Our understanding of the importance of predation in regulating biodiversity and in evolution will continue to grow with the development of new methodologies, and a comprehensive understanding of predatory defenses.Ph. D.
24
King, Michael John. "Triassic vertebrate footprints of the British Isles." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/4eb2ea29-cade-4ea6-b58e-ccf3fde2bdd0.
Full textAbstract:
presented. Several new proposals are made for the measurement and classification of fossil footprints. Field studies by the author have revealed many new vertebrate footprint discoveries in the British Triassic, including one at Hilbre, Wirral which is one of the most complete footprint assemblages found in recent years. Field case studies are presented for three localities: The Bendricks in S, Wales, Hilbre Island, Wirral, and Hollington, Staffordshire. New discoveries at Hollington confirm that the site has a typical Mid Triassic assemblage of footprints of medium-sized archosaurs (Chirotherium sp.) and small diapsids (Rhynchosauroides sp.). The Hollington footprint assemblage is comparable to better-known assemblages from Storeton and Runcorn in Cheshire dated as Lower Anisian. The sedimentary nature and organisation of the lithofacies suggests a fluvial environment which was initially of low sinuosity but became more sinuous later. A major review of the ichnofamily Chirotheriidae in the British Triassic shows that there are at least three valid ichnospecies of Chirotherium, one of Synaptichnium, and one of Isochirotherium. The presence of a fourth related ichnogenus. Brachychirotherium. is unclear and cannot yet be confirmed in Britain. A comparison of the lithostratigraphy of footprint localities shows that Chirotherium. Synaptichnium and Isochirotherium can only be confirmed in British Middle Triassic rocks of Lower - Middle Anisian age. These results are almost certainly not a true reflection of the stratigraphic distribution of these ichnogenera, but probably highlight the facies dependant nature of footprint preservation. Probable Chirotheriidae footprint forms occur throughout the British Triassic in rocks of Lower Scythian to possibly Upper Norian age. Unfortunately, the quality of Lower and Upper Triassic specimens obtained to date is relatively poor; hence identification of these footprints to ichnogenus level is difficult. A taxonomic review of the morpho-family Rhynchosauriidae in the British Triassic was undertaken. There is evidence to suggest that the "Rhynchosaurus" footprints found by Ward at Grinshill, Shropshire, in 1838, which later gave rise to the establishment of the ichnogenus Rhynchosauroides. should be reassigned to the ichnogenus Rotodactylus Peabody 1948. This study confirms the occurence of Rotodactyl us in the British Triassic. Twenty British Triassic footprint forms that have been previously, or are presently, assigned to the ichnogenus Rhynchosauroides, together with five other related forms have been restudied. Two are considered to be Rotodactylus sp.; one is reassigned to the chirotheroid ichnogenus Synaptichnium sp.; five are considered poorly preserved examples of either Rotodactylus or Rhynchosauroides and have been reassigned to ichnogenus indet; one is considered to be an inorganic sedimentary structure and is referred to ichnotaxa indet; and only six are considered to be forms of Rhynchosauroides. Rhynchosauroides is recorded and confirmed from at least twelve British localities, and Rotodactylus from seven.The lithostratigraphic range of Rotodactylus is ?Middle Scythian - Middle Anisian, Lower - Middle Triassic. The lithostratigraphic range of Rhynchosauroides is ?Middle Scythian -Upper Carnian (possibly Norian), Lower - Upper Triassic. The oldest skeletons of dinosaurs date from the Late Triassic (Carnian) but supposed dinosaur footprints have been reported from Early and Mid Triassic ;rocks dated up to 20 Myr: ~earlier. A restudy of several.museum specimens was undertaken; supposed Lower Triassic dinosaur footprints from Britain are reinterpreted as ripple marks, mud rip-up clasts, and possible limulid prints. The Middle Triassic material is reinterpreted as partial specimens of Chirotherium , presumably produced by rauisuchians and one indeterminate specimen, possibly also of chirotheroid affininites. The oldest dinosaur footprints from Britain come from the marginal Triassic (Non an, Upper Triassic) in South Wales. Elsewhere 10 the world, the oldest dinosaur footprints appear to be Carnian corresponding in age to the oldest skeletal remains
25
Tolvanen, Merja. "Mass balance determination for trace elements at coal-, peat- and bark-fired power plants /." Espoo [Finland] : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2004. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2004/P524.pdf.
Full text
26
Lepot, Kevin. "Recherche et caractérisation de traces fossiles d'activité microbienne archéenne (Pilbara Drilling Project, Australie)." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0007.
Full textAbstract:
Les stromatolites, dépôts carbonatés aux morphologies singulières, sont parmi les plus notables Archéenne (2,5 à 4 milliards d'années). Si on sait que de tels dépôts se forment sous l'influence de tapis microbiens dans lesenvironnements modernes, l'origine biologique des stromatolites "fossiles"Archéensreste débattue. L'utilisation de techniques de microscopie et spectroscopie de haute résolution a permis d'étudier la matière organique et les minéraux associés directement au sein de la roche jusqu'à l'échelle du nanomètre. Cette étude a révélé la présence de globules de matière organique évoquant des microorganismes procaryotes dans les stromatolites de Tumbiana (2,7 milliards d'années). Ces globules sont intimement associés à des nano-cristaux d'aragonite. La haute similitude de cette association avec les nanocomposites organo-minéraux formant les stromatolites modernes défend l'origine biologique des stromatolites de Tumbiana. Cette aragonite, présumée hautement instable, est 2,3 milliards d'années plus ancienne que les autres aragonites découvertes jusqu'alors. L'étude systématique des associations organo-minérales dans ces stromatolites montre l'absence de textures caractéristiques d'une remobilisation de matière organique en association avec les globules, ce qui soutient leur interprétation en tant que microbes fossiles. Cette distribution, ainsi que la spectroscopie (NEXAFS, EDX) de la matière organique, suggèrent de plus que la préservation des globules est liée à une action commune de la sulphurisation de la matière organique et de son encapsulation par les minéraux
27
Benoit, Mathieu. "Caractérisation géochimique (traces, isotopes) d'un système de drainage magmatique fossile dans l'ophiolite d'Oman." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30074.
Full text
28
Koide, Masafumi. "Significance of trace fossil Macaronichnus segregatis as an indicator of storm events in a foreshore deposit." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145098.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第11332号
理博第2890号
新制||理||1431(附属図書館)
22975
UT51-2005-D83
京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻
(主査)教授 増田 富士雄, 教授 瀬戸口 烈司, 助教授 前田 晴良
学位規則第4条第1項該当
29
Van, Laere Gaëlle. "The Earliest Arthropod Trace Fossilsand Their Significance." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Paleobiologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-452334.
Full textAbstract:
The trace fossil, or ichnofossil record provides a different perspective on animal evolution compared to that of body fossil, as it is typically preserved in different facies and lacks the bias towards mineralised body parts. As trace fossils record behaviours, they often cannot be assigned to particular producers, except in rare cases where they are found in association with them. However, they play an important role in the study of evolution and biostratigraphy and are particularly useful in stratigraphic studies of otherwise unfossiliferous rocks.Rusophycus is a rare exception as it is a trace fossil that is typically assigned to a trilobite tracemaker. However, this does not exclude other arthropods from being considered as potential producers of Rusophycus. Indeed, the trace appears before the first trilobite body fossils and is found after their disappearance. The earlier occurrences of Rusophycus are also the earliest undoubted signs of arthropods and are from the Terreneuvian. Pre-trilobitic forms seem to be different from their younger counterpart in morphological aspect, but this has not been formally quantified.This study investigates these early Rusophycus to obtain a clearer picture of what the pre-trilobitic Rusophycus record is like and to search for temporal trends in their morphology. Pre-trilobitic occurrences are also compared with younger ones to quantify their differences and try to interpret their significance. Pre-trilobitic Rusophycus appear to have lower length:width ratios than the younger ones. Moreover, they are also, on average wider than the younger Rusophycus. This is significant as it could result from a change in producer and probably in appendages used for digging. It could as well reflect a reduction in the number of appendages used. However, these low ratios could also be the result of taphonomic variation and the preservation of only the deeper parts of the traces. A reflection on the potential producers of the pre-trilobitic Rusophycus is also provided based on what is known of the morphology of early arthropods. While no definitive conclusion can be made, the probability that at least some of the earlier Rusophycus were not made by trilobites appears to be clear.
30
Naing, Thann. "Palaeoenvironmental studies of the Middle Triassic uppermost Narrabeen Group, Sydney Basin palaeoecological constraints with particular emphasis on trace fossil assemblages /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/71228.
Full textAbstract:
"1990".Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of Earth Sciences, 1991.
Bibliography: p. 596-630.
PART 1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY -- General introduction -- Methodology -- Classification of ichnofacies and lithofacies as used in the present study -- Definition of trace fossil zones (intervals, subintervals and levels) -- General classification of the palaeoenvironments and summary overview of the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of palaeoenvironments in the study area -- PART 2. SYSTEMATIC ICHNOTAXONOMY -- Large dwelling-burrows -- U-shaped burrows -- Vertical cylindrical burrows -- Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha, Spongeliomorpha and turn-arounds -- Pellets and ovoid-shaped structures -- Bedding-parallel feeding and/or dwelling structures -- Dendritic feeding-burrows -- Rosette-shaped structures -- Escape-structures -- Tracks, trails and resting-traces -- Body fossils and root-penetration structures -- Miscellaneous traces -- PART 3. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS -- Trace fossil assemblages (suites) in intervals IC to IF and their distribution in the study area -- Interpretation of the palaeoenvironmental affinities of the trace fossil zones and depositional setting of the study area -- Palaeogeographic synthesis and conclusions.
The coastal exposures of the Triassic System in the Sydney Northshore area aggregate about 180 m in thickness and comprise the uppermost part of the Narrabeen Group (namely, in ascending stratigraphic order: the Bald Hill Claystone, the Garie Formation, and the Newport Formation, the latter divisible into Lower, Middle and Upper Members) and the overlying Hawkesbury Sandstone. With the exception of mainly allochthonous plant macrofossils and palynomorphs which occur sporadically and with varying abundance in the mudrock facies of these formations, environmentally-diagnostic body fossils are rare, and, where they occur, are nowhere unequivocally indicative of marine affinities. For this reasons, and because of the predominantly fluvial lithofacies characteristics exhibited by these formations throughout much of their stratigraphic extent and especially by their channel-form/channel-like sandstones lithosomes, most previous workers have interpreted these formations to be of fluvial or fluvio-lacustrine origin except possibly for several thin planar-and thinly-bedded fine-grained intervals encompassing the Garie and Newport Formations for which several lines of evidence, including lithofacies, equivocal palaeontological, and ichnological evidence, have prompted several workers to speculate a shallow- marine, possibility coastal lagoonal or estuarine origin. -- Although trace fossils occur in reasonable abundance at various stratigraphic levels within these uppermost Narrabeen Group rocks and particularly within the Newport Formation, they have hitherto received very little systematic study. A comprehensive study of this ichnofauna shows that it is relatively diverse, comprising almost 100 different ichnotaxa (including varietal categories) of predominantly invertebrate origin, and includes several new ichnogenera and ichnospecies among the more notable of which are: two large bioglyph-bearing dwelling-burrows of probable crustacean origin (Turimettichnus conaghani and T. webbyi) and one (Pytiniichnus trifurcatum) made either by a small reptile or an amphibian; a multi-stage spiral star-shaped feeding-trace (Helikospirichnus veeversi), probably made by a worm or worm-like deposit-feeder; several new species and varieties of Rhizocorallium (the first record of this ichnogenus in the Triassic of Australia); a new species and new variety of the saltatorial running vertebrate trackway Moodieichnus (an ichnogenus previously known only from the Late Permian of North America); and a new ichnogenus of vertical/steeply-inclined cylindrical branching dwelling-burrow (Barrenjoeichnus mitchelli). -- An alternating stratigraphic pattern of trace fossil abundance and diversity characterizes the upper Narrabeen Group strata in the Sydney Northshore area, and involves four relatively thin separate assemblage zones of relatively diverse ichnofauna and thicker intervening assemblage zones which lack ichnotaxo-nomic diversity. The assemblage zones of diverse trace fossils contain some elements in common to two or more zones, notably: Thalassinoides, Skolithos, Ophiomorpha, Chondrites, Rhizocorallium Palaeophycus, and Planolites, all of which are known to have unequivocal brackish- to shallow-marine palaeoecological affinities and which globally are characteristic of the Skolithos ichnofacies. Additionally, each of these four diverse assemblage zones is characterized by one or more particular index ichnogen-era which for convenience lend their name(s) to the zones as follows, in ascending stratigraphic order: Turimettichnus-Ophio-morpha assemblage zone; Skolithos-Diplocraterion assemblage zone; Helikospirichnus assemblage zone; and Rhizocorallium-Thalass inoides assemblage zone. The intervening ichnotaxonomically less-diverse and relatively impoverished assemblage zones are not similarly and separately named but are characterized by Barrenjoeichnus mitchelli and some species of Palaeophycus, Planolites and Skolithos as well as various plant-root petrification structures, all of which are here argued to have predominantly non-marine palaeoecological affinities. These latter assemblage zones can be referred to the Scoyenia-Teredolites ichnofacies. This stratigraphic pattern of alternating ichnologi-cally diverse and impoverished assemblage zones confirms the suggestions of previous workers (notably Bunny and Herbert, and Retallack) regarding the presence of brackish-/shallow-marine palaeoenvironmental influence in these Lower and Middle Triassic strata and allow for the first time the stratigraphic resolution of the marine strata into four marine tongues which are here named after their respective type localities. These are, in ascending order: The Turimetta Head Tongue (2 m to 3 m thick; extending from at least the middle part of the Bald Hill Clay-stone almost to the top of this formation); the St. Michaels Cave Tongue (4 m to 5 m thick; encompassing the Garie Formation and the lower part of the lower Member of the Newport Formation); the Bangalley Head Tongue (3 m to 5 m thick; extending from the uppermost part of the Lower Member into the lower part of the Middle Member of the Newport Formation); and the Palm Beach Tongue (3 m to 4 m thick; comprising the uppermost part of the Middle Member of the Newport Formation). The trace fossil assemblages in each of these marine tongues are indicative of a complex of brackish- to very shallow-marine low-energy palaeoenvi-ronments typical of modern coastal lagoons or estuaries and imply the presence of a protecting coeval topographic barrier of some kind to the east or southeast. This lagoon is herein called the Newport (Coastal) Lagoon and its development in the central-eastern part of the Sydney Basin coincides approximately with the geographic and depocentral axis of the basin which trends NW-SE and intersects the present coastline in the Sydney metropolitan area. The non-marine affinities of the impoverished and less-diverse trace fossil assemblages in the intervening and overlying strata are consistent with the fluvial/fluvio-lacustrine environmental interpretations of these thicker and predominantly sandstone-dominant intervals made by many other workers. Palaeocur-rent and petrographic data from these fluvial sediments show that the streams in which they formed debouched episodically into the Newport Lagoon variously from the northwest, west and southwest and were sourced variously from both the craton (Lachlan Fold Belt) to the southwest and the New England Orogen to the northeast.
With the exception of evidence of short-lived brackish-marine conditions at the base of the Narrabeen Group in the northeastern Sydney Basin and in the top of the Ashfield Shale in the Wianamatta Group (above the Hawkesbury Sandstone) in the central part of the basin, the Triassic System of the basin is dominated by fluvial/fluvio-lacustrine sediments and the presently described marine tongues of the Newport Lagoon in the uppermost Narrabeen Group are the only other presently known record of marine conditions during the Triassic history of the basin. The development of the Newport Lagoon in the geographic and depocentral axis of the basin attests to the presence of a mild short-lived marine transgression in the latest Early and early Middle Triassic at the end of a period of declining piedmont clastic alluviation from the coeval New England Orogen to the northeast and immediately prior to the onset of a new phase of fluvial sedimentation sourced from the craton to the southwest and manifested by the deposition of the Middle Triassic Hawkesbury Sandstone.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xxxv, 630 p. ill., maps
31
Wislocki, Joseph. "Burrowing Techniques, Behaviors, and Trace Morphologies of Extant Larval to Adult Beetles." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1617978311113625.
Full text
32
Hohenthal, Johanna, and Edvard Setterberg. "CEPs effekt på FP i fossila bränsleintensiva företag: Påverkas relationen om företaget har en CSR-kommitté? : En kvantitativ studie av 827 publika globala bolag." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-29201.
Full textAbstract:
Syfte: Företagens miljömässiga ansvar har blivit en allt mer central fråga för företagets intressenter. Tidigare studier som har behandlat relationen mellan Corporate Environmental Performance CEP och Financial Performance FP har resulterat i varierande utfall. Två faktorer som anses påverka denna relation är olikheter mellan branscher och brister i det interna organisationsarbetet. För att få en tydligare bild av relationen mellan CEP och FP behöver forskningen utvecklas för företag som agerar i en ur miljösynpunkt tung bransch. Syftet med studien är att förklara om det finns ett samband mellan CEP och FP i fossila bränsleintensiva företag och se om sambandet är starkare eller svagare om företaget använder en CSR-kommitté. Metod: Studien utgår från en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi med en deduktiv ansats. Studien har en kvantitativ strategi och har formats av en longitudinell design, där sekundärdata har inhämtats för åren 2014-2017 från databasen Thomson Reuters Datastream. Detta har genererat ett urval bestående av 827 publika bolag från hela världen vars data har analyserats i statistikprogrammet SPSS och presenteras i tabeller. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att det finns ett positivt samband mellan miljödimensionen CEP och den finansiella prestationen mätt utifrån både redovisningsmåttet ROE och marknadsmåttet Tobins Q för fossila bränsleintensiva företag. För de fossila bränsleintensiva företagen med en CSR-kommitté visade även resultatet ett starkare samband mellan CEP och FP än för företag utan CSR-kommitté. En jämförelse mellan olika sektorer visade en tydlig variation mellan resultaten, där vissa sektorer hade ett negativt samband mellan CEP och FP. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till den empiriska forskningen och utökar förståelsen för relationen mellan CEP och FP genom att studera fossila bränsleintensiva företag, som är en miljömässigt tung bransch. Studien bidrar även med teoretisk information om huruvida kontinuerligt arbete via CSR-kommittéer påverkar denna relation. Vidare ger studien ett praktiskt bidrag genom att uppmuntra företag att engagera sig i CEP-aktiviteter, istället för uppkomsten av tvingande miljöregleringar, för att nå lönsamhet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till fortsatt forskning är att gå djupare ner bland fler sektorer för att kunna se skillnader mellan branscher och göra djupare analyser mellan dessa för att få en större förståelse om relationen mellan CEP och FP. Det kan också finnas skillnader mellan företag av olika storlek, därför är ett andra förslag att dela upp och jämföra resultaten mellan stora och små företag.Aim: The company's environmental responsibility has become an increasingly central issue for the company's stakeholders. Earlier studies that have addressed the relationship between Corporate Environmental Performance CEP and Financial Performance FP have resulted in varying outcomes. Two factors that are considered to affect this relationship are differences between industries and shortcomings in internal organization work. In order to get a clearer picture of the relationship between CEP and FP, research needs to be developed for companies acting in an environmentally heavy industry. The purpose of the study is to explain if there is a connection between CEP and FP in fossil fuel firms and see if the association is stronger or weaker if the company uses a CSR committée. Method: This study is based on a positivistic research philosophy with a deductive approach. The study has a quantitative strategy and has been formed of a longitudinal design, where secondary data has been collected for the years 2014-2017 from the Thomson Reuters Datastream database. This has generated a sample of 827 public companies worldwide whose data has been analyzed in the SPSS statistics program and presented in tables. Result & Conclusions: The result of the study shows that there is a positive correlation between the environmental dimension CEP and the financial performance, measured based on both the accounting measure ROE and the market measure Tobins Q for fossil fuel firms. For the fossil fuel firms with a CSR committée, the result also showed a stronger relationship between CEP and FP than for companies without a CSR committée. A comparison between sectors showed a clear variation between the results, where some sectors had a negative link between CEP and FP. Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to empirical research and understanding of the relationship between CEP and FP by studying fossil fuel firms, which is an environmentally heavy industry. The study also contributes with theoretical information about whether continuous work through CSR committees affects this relationship. The study also provides a practical contribution by encouraging companies to engage in CEP activities, instead of the emergence of compelling environmental regulations, to achieve profitability. Suggestions for future research: A proposal for further research is to go deeper into more sectors to see differences between industries and to make deeper analyzes between them to gain a better understanding of the relationship between CEP and FP. There may also be differences between companies of different sizes, so a second proposal is to divide and compare the results between large and small companies.
33
McFarland, Andrew J. "Using Ostracode Dynamics to Track Ecosystem Response to Climatically and Tectonically Induced Lake-Level Fluctuations in Fossil Basin, Green River Basin, Wyoming, USA." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1348242706.
Full text
34
Ledoux, Lysianna. "L’ichnologie préhistorique et les traces d’activités au sein des cavités ornées : les grottes de Fontanet (Ariège) et de Cussac (Dordogne)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0010.
Full textAbstract:
Vestiges fragiles et longtemps mésestimés, les empreintes constituent une source précieuse d’informations concernant la fréquentation d’un site. Actuellement largement étudiées en contexte de plein air, elles le sont beaucoup moins en grotte, contexte dans lequel leur étude a connu son apogée entre les années 1970 et le début des années 2000. Ces dernières années, l’intérêt des préhistoriens pour l’ichnologie en milieu souterrain s’est de nouveau manifesté et s’est concrétisé par la reprise de l’étude des empreintes dans plusieurs grottes ornées. Notre étude s’inscrit dans cette dynamique et vise à contribuer à la recherche autour des empreintes à partir du registre karstique et à participer au renouvèlement de la discipline en Préhistoire. Notre intérêt s’est porté sur les empreintes des grottes de Fontanet (Ariège) et de Cussac (Dordogne), d’abord du point de vue de leur formation et de leur conservation au cours du temps, puis de leur contribution à la compréhension de l’appréhension du monde souterrain par l’Homme au Paléolithique.À travers des observations, inventaires, mesures in situ et un travail ex situ grâce aux outils d’imagerie tridimensionnelle, nous avons mené une étude morphologique et morphométrique des empreintes fossiles. La singularité des empreintes de pied de Cussac nous a, en outre, amené à développer une approche expérimentale afin d’appréhender les différents facteurs ayant pu influencer leur morphologie au moment de leur formation et après celle-ci (taphonomie, port de chaussant, autre ?). Ces expérimentations ont mis en évidence un impact du substrat et de sa remobilisation sur la morphologie générale et les dimensions de l'empreinte, ainsi que la préservation de détails comme les orteils. La réalisation d'empreintes à l'aide de chaussants expérimentaux a conduit de plus à envisager l'utilisation de ce type de protection dans la grotte. Notre approche à la fois pluri et interdisciplinaire permet d’affirmer l’unicité des grottes de Fontanet et de Cussac d’un point de vue ichnologique, archéologique et géomorphologique. Tandis qu’à Cussac, la présence humaine semble avoir été limitée (aller/s et retour/s) et avoir répondu à un objectif précis (réalisation des gravures et dépôts humains ?), à Fontanet, la fréquentation semble s’être inscrite dans la durée et a impliqué plusieurs catégories d’individus (présence de juvéniles) et des activités variées.Des comportements souterrains similaires et qui se retrouvent durant l’ensemble du Paléolithique sont aussi mis en évidence (exploration globale des cavités, etc.). Ces travaux se présentent alors comme une contribution essentielle aux discussions relatives à la fonction de ces deux cavitésTracks, which are among the most fragile and underestimated archaeological remains, represent a valuable source of information on site frequentation. In the past few years, they were widely studied in open air contexts. However, their analysis in caves, a context in which their study reached its peak between the 1970s and the early 2000s, is much less common. Recently, interest towards ichnology in subterranean environments re-emerged among prehistorians, and the study of tracks in several decorated caves was resumed. Our study is part of this dynamic and aims to contribute to research on tracks from the karst register and to participate in the renewal of the discipline in Prehistory. We study the footprints of the caves of Fontanet (Ariège) and Cussac (Dordogne), focusing firstly on their formation and conservation over time, and secondly on their contribution to the understanding of the subterranean environment appropriation by human in the Palaeolithic.Through observations, inventories, in situ measurements and ex situ work based on three-dimensional imaging tools, we conducted a morphological and morphometric study of fossil tracks. In addition, we have developed an experimental approach to understand the various factors that may have influenced the morphology of footprints at the time of their formation and since their formation. This multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach makes it possible to affirm the uniqueness of the Fontanet and Cussac caves from an ichnological, archaeological and geomorphological point of view and at the same time reveals similar behaviours that can be found throughout the Paleolithic period. The profile of individuals who have frequented these two cavities gradually takes shape. We propose several hypotheses concerning their behaviour and activities in this confined and naturally constraining space and contribute to the discussions relating to the function of these two cavities
35
Carré, Matthieu. "Etude géochimique et sclérochronologique de coquilles de bivalves marins : Paléocéanographie de la cote sud du Pérou à l'holocène inférieur et implications archéologiques." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20035.
Full text
36
Lermen, Raquel Elisa. "Assinaturas icnológicas em depósitos glacigênicos do Grupo Itararé no RS." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2006. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4247.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-06T18:34:12Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
Raquel Elisa Lermen1.pdf: 155400 bytes, checksum: fb67a06ca4addfde21f42b2889c458d4 (MD5)
Raquel Elisa Lermen3.pdf: 3828950 bytes, checksum: e449d77f21d1db2310b7febdac2da6b4 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T18:34:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Raquel Elisa Lermen1.pdf: 155400 bytes, checksum: fb67a06ca4addfde21f42b2889c458d4 (MD5) Raquel Elisa Lermen3.pdf: 3828950 bytes, checksum: e449d77f21d1db2310b7febdac2da6b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A revisão icnotaxonômica da paleoicnofauna Grupo Itararé no RS revelou a presença de uma icnofauna dominada por trilhas de artrópodes, com impressões de repouso e pistas de deslocamento intraestratal de artrópodes e escavações rasas de organismos vermiformes subordinadas, além de icnofábricas de Chondrites-Planolites-Palaeophycus. Duas novas icnoespécies, Cruziana intermittens n. isp. e Tonganoxichnus itararensis n. isp. foram diagnosticadas. A análise das assembléias icnofossilíferas evidenciou a presença duas paleoicnocenoses distintas: (i) Paleoicnocenose A, contendo trilhas de deslocamento de artrópodes e escavações rasas de artrópodes e de organismos vermiformes, vinculada à fácies de ritmitos; e (ii) Paleoicnocenose B, reunindo exclusivamente escavações mais profundas, vinculada à fácies de depósitos heterolíticos. Quatro suítes distintas são observadas na Paleoicnocenose A: (i) suíte MP, contendo Maculichna varia, Protichnites isp., Diplichnites gouldi e Diplopodichnus biformis, com Kouphichnium isp. subordinado, vinculada aos ritmitos do tipo A; (ii) suíte HT, composta por Helmithoidichnites tenuis e Treptichnus pollardi, com Nereites isp. e Tonganoxichnus itararensis n. isp. subordinados, vinculada com os ritmitos do tipo B; (iii) suíte CR, contendo Cruziana problematica, C. intermittens n. isp., Rusophycus carbonarius e Gluckstadtella cooperi, com H. tenuis subordinado, vinculada aos ritmitos do tipo C; e (iv) suíte Dg, monoespecífica para Diplichnites gouldi, preservada em palimpsesto sobre a suíte CR. A Paleoicnocenose B é formada por icnofábrica composta de Chondrites/Planolites, produzida em níveis intermediários do substrato, e Palaeophycus, em níveis mais superficiais. As assinaturas icnológicas registradas sugerem um sistema deposicional estuarino do tipo fiorde, com a zona mais proximal do estuário situada a ENE (região de Cachoeira do Sul) e a mais distal, a SSW (região ao sul de São Gabriel-sudoeste de Lavras do Sul). Os ritmitos do tipo B se concentrariam na região mais proximal, os ritmitos dos tipos A e C se desenvolveriam nas planícies laterais ao corpo d?água e os depósitos heterolíticos, próximos à desembocadura deste, junto ao mar, em águas salobras. O contexto das paleoicnocenoses A e B e seus vínculos faciológicos sugerem representar, respectivamente, uma Icnofácies Scoyenia atípica e uma Icnofácies Cruziana empobrecida. De acordo com o registro global, a presença de G. cooperi, M. varia, T. pollardi e T. itararensis n. isp. nos ritmitos permitem supor uma idade Carbonífero Superior para esses depósitos.
The ichnotaxonomic review of the trace fossils from Itararé Group (Paraná Basin, south of Brazil) in the Rio Grande do Sul State (southernmost Brazil) showed the presence of an ichnofauna dominated by arthropod trackways. Resting traces and intrastratal trails also made by arthropods and shallow burrows produced by soft-bodied organisms are subordinated, as well as a Chondrites-Planolites-Palaeophycus composite ichnofabic. Two new ichnospecies were diagnosed, Cruziana intermittens n. isp. e Tonganoxichnus itararensis n. isp. Two ichnocoenoses were differenciated: (i) Paleoichnocoenosis A, bearing arthropod trackways, resting traces, intrastratal trails and shallow burrows, related to the rhythmite facies; and (ii) Paleoichnocoenosis B, joining exclusively deeper burrows, related to the heterolithic deposit facies. Four distinct suites were observed in Paleoichnocoenosis A: (i) MP suite, having Maculichna varia, Protichnites isp., Diplichnites gouldi and Diplopodichnus biformis, with Kouphichnium isp. subordinated, and related to the rhythmites type A; (ii) HT suite, composed of Helmithoidichnites tenuis and Treptichnus pollardi, with Nereites isp. and Tonganoxichnus itararensis n. isp. subordinated, related to the rhythmites type B; (iii) CR suite, bearing Cruziana problematica, C. intermittens n. isp., Rusophycus carbonarius and Gluckstadtella cooperi, with H. tenuis subordinated, related to the rhythmites type C; and (iv) Dg suite, monospecific to Diplichnites gouldi, superimposed to the CR suite, in palimpsest preservation. The Paleoichnocoenosis B is formed by a composite ichnofabric of Chondrites and Planolites (deeper tier), and Palaeophycus (shallow tier). The recorded ichnological signatures suggest an estuarine, fjord-like depositional setting, the proximal zone extending to ENE (Cachoeira do Sul region) and the distal zone reaching the SSW (south of São Gabriel-southwest of Lavras do Sul). The rhythmites type B are concentrated in the proximal zone, the rhythmites type A and C, in the marginal plains, lateral to the main body water, and the heterolithic deposits characterize the estuary mouth, opening to the sea, under brackish water conditions. The ichnological and faciological characteristics of the paleoichnocoenoses A and B reveal the existence of an atypical Scoyenia Ichnofaceis and an impoverished Cruziana Ichnofacies, respectively, in the studied deposits. According to the global record, the presence of G. cooperi, M. varia, T. pollardi and T. itararensis n. isp. in the rhythmites allows to infer an Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) age to these rocks.
37
Hils, John M. "Neoichnology of the Burrowing Spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) and Hogna lenta (Araneae: Araneomorphae)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1399465822.
Full text
38
Schuld, Renier A. "An economic evaluation of a bio-fuels industry in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21979.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The adoption of the White Paper on the promotion of Renewable Energy and clean fuels in 2003, opened the playing field for participants from other industries than the conventional petroleum, to participate in the fuel industry in South Africa. South Africa is a net importer of crude oil, which accounts for 92% of liquid fuels supply in South Africa. Although the country has significant coal reserves which can supply the country's demand for approximately 200 years, this energy source contributes significantly to CO, emissions. South Africa's participation in the Kyoto Protocol compels it to abide by its commitments to reduce these emissions between 2008 and 2012. The country's dependence on energy to fuel its growing economy, and the infiationary impact that oil imports has had on the country's economy, has prompted government to explore alternative sources of energy to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and especially importing crude oil. As a result of this, and in an attempt to increase the potential for the successful implementation of ASGISA, government is exploring the feasibility of introducing an E10 fuel blend to the South African petrol blend. In view of th is, government has in it Accelerated and Sustainable Growth Initiative (ASGISA) targeted the development of the bio-fuels industry as an industrial sector that presents opportunities to create opportunities for sustainable growth and development. In view of this, the fiedgling fuel-ethanol industry (which is in its construction phase at the t ime of writing this report), faces lucrative prospects for the agricultural industry, especially maize- and ethanol producers. It is anticipated that the fuel-ethanol industry will create between 8000 and 10000 direct and indirect employment opportunities per plant. This will result in significant investment in rural areas as well. The creation of employment in the rural areas will prevent the large-scale urbanisation that has become a phenomenon in the past decade, as a result of dwindling agricultural industries. The production of ethanol presents the opportunity to earn foreign exchange, especially if the industry embarks on large scale export strategies. In addition to the export market, the local market for ethanol consist of the possible E10 petrol-blend and to supply Eskom with ethanol to fuel its gas turbine electricity generators at Acacia, Port Rex, as well as the anticipated generators at Atlantis and Mossel Bay. This document is a report on the investigation of the economic evaluation of a bio-fuel industry in South Africa. It will explore the current outlook for fossil fuel reserves, supplies and demand, both internationally and locally. It will report on the phenomenon of peak oil production and some opinions thereon . An investigation into the most probable biomass that can be used as feedstock for bio-fuel production will conducted. In this regard, specific investigation into maize, sugar cane (for fuelethanol) and Jatropha eureas (for bio-diesel) will be conducted. The report will explore the most efficient ethanol production processes, for both maize- and sugar-to-ethanol production, with the weight of the document to be attributed to the economic impact that the adoption of the fuel-ethanol programme
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die publisering van die Witskrif oor die promosie van hernieubare energiebronne en skoon brandstowwe in 2003, het die speelveld vir deelname aan die brandstof industrie oopgemaak vir rolspelers buiten die konvensionele petroleum maatskappye. Suid-Afrika is 'n netto invoerder van ru-olie en het in 2004 ongeveer 92% van die totale vloeibare brandstowwe ingevoer. Alhoewel die land aansienlike steenkool reserwes het om te voorsien in die aanvraag vir die volgende ongeveer 200 jaar, dra hierdie energiebron aansienlik by tot die koolstofdioksied vrystellings. Suid-Afrika se deelname aan die Kyoto Protokol van 1998, dwing die land om te voldoen aan die ondernemings wat gemaak is om hierdie koolstofdioksied vrystellings te verminder tussen 2008 en 2012. Die land se afhanklikheid van energiebronne om groei te stimuleer, asook die inflasionistiese effek van olie invoere op die ekonomie, het die regering genoop om alternatiewe bronne van energie te ondersoek sodat die afhanklikheid van olie verminder kan word. Uiteenlopend hiervan en om die implementering van ASGISA te stimuleer, ondersoek die regering tans die moontlikheid om 'n E10 petrol vermenging in die petrol formule te spesifiseer. Uit die oogpunt van ASGISA (Accelerated and Sustainable Growth Initiative) van Suid-Afrika, het die regering die ontwikkeling van die bio-brandstowwe industrie geoormerk om geleenthede te skep vir volhoubare ontwikkeling en groei. Met die oog hierop, voorspel die etanol bedryf, wat ten tyde van die skryf van hierdie verslag nog in kontruksie was, winsgewende potensiaal vir die landboubedryf, veral mielie produsente. Dit word verwag dat die etanol bedryf tussen ongeveer 8000 en 10000 direkte en indirekte werksgeleenthede sal skep, veral in die landelike gebiede. Dit sal grotendeels bydra tot die voorkoming van die voortslepende ontvolking van die platteland wat oor die afgelope jare 'n verlammende effek op plattelandse gebiede gehad het. Dit word ook voorsien dat daar aansienlike belegging in die platteland sal plaasvind en al hierdie faktore sal bydra tot die voorkoming van verstedeliking . Die etanol bedryf skep die geleentheid om buitelandse valuta te genereer, veral as die industrie op uitvoere gaan konsentreer. Indien 'n plaaslike mark beoog word , sal die implementering van die E10 vermenging 'n besliste mark skep. 'n Alternatiewe mark wat ondersoek kan word, en wat groot geleentheid skep, is Eskom, wat tans ingevoerde diesel verbruik om hul gas turbine krag opwekkers by Acacia en Port Rex van brandstof te voorsien . Indien die beoogde turbines by Atlantis en Mosselbaai gebou word, sal die mark vir plaaslike etanol verdubbel. Hierdie dokument is 'n verslag oor die ondersoek wat gedoen is na die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n brandstof etanol bedryf in Suid-Afrika. Dit berig oor die huidige uitkyk oor die fossiel brandstof reserwes in die wereld en plaaslik. Dit opper die vraagstuk oor piek olie produksie fenomeen wat uiteenlopende debate ontketen het. Die verslag dek die waarskynlike bronne van biomassa wat aangewend kan word in die produksie van etanol, met spesifieke verwysing na mielies, suikerriet en Jatropha curcas. Die mees effektiewe produksie metodes word verder ondersoek wat van toepassing is op beide mielies en suikerriet. Die mees relevante deeI van die verslag is die ondersoek na die ekonomiese impak wat die industrie op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie mag hê, waarna die nodige gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings gemaak sal word.
39
Berglund, Mårten. "Green growth? A consumption perspective on Swedish environmental impact trends using input–output analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-157800.
Full textAbstract:
Consumption-based environmental impact trends for the Swedish economy have been generated and analysed in order to determine their levels compared to official production-based data, and to determine whether or not the Swedish economy has decoupled growth in domestic final demand from worldwide environmental impact. Three energy resources (oil, coal and gas use, as well as their aggregate fossil fuel use) and seven emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2, NOx, CO and NMVOC, as well as the aggregate CO2 equivalents) were studied. An augmented single-regional input–output model has been deployed, with world average energy and emission intensities used for products produced abroad. A new method for updating input–output tables for years missing official input–output tables, was also developed. For each of the resources and the emissions, two time series were generated based on two different revisions of Swedish national accounts data, one for the period 1993–2003, the other for the period 2000–2005. The analysis uses a recently revised time series of environmental data from the Swedish environmental accounts, as well as recently published global environmental data from the IEA and from the EDGAR emissions database (all data from 2010 or later). An index decomposition analysis was also performed to detect the various components of the time series. For fossil fuels consumption-based data don't differ much from production-based data in total. For the greenhouse gases there is a clear increase (CO2eq emissions increase approximately 20 % from 1993–2005, mainly driven by an increase in CH4 emissions), resulting from increased emissions abroad due to the increased demand for imported products. This suggests Sweden has not decoupled economic growth from increasing greenhouse gas emissions – contrary to what the slightly decreasing official production-based UNFCCC data say. For the precursor gases (SO2, NOx, CO and NMVOC), emissions are generally decreasing, with the exception of SO2 and NOx which increase in the second time series. For all emissions studied, consumption-based data lie at much higher levels than the official production-based UNFCCC data. However, further research is needed regarding the resolution of the data of the energy use and the emissions generated abroad by the Swedish domestic final demand. Also, extension of the time series and of the environmental parameters to such things as material use is needed to find out with more certainty to what extent Swedish growth has been sustainable or not.I den här studien har konsumtionsbaserade tidsserier på svensk fossilbränsleanvändning och på svenska utsläpp av luftföroreningar tagits fram i avsikt att jämföra dessa med de officiella produktionsbaserade tidsserierna. Syftet har varit att avgöra om det svenska samhällets påverkan på resurser och miljö ur ett konsumtionsperspektiv har minskat eller ökat över tiden, och framförallt om en frikoppling har skett mellan den svenska ekonomiska tillväxten och den påverkan Sverige har på miljön i Sverige och utomlands. Tre fossila bränslen (olja, kol, gas samt aggregatet fossila bränslen) och sju luftföroreningar (CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2, NOx, CO och NMVOC samt aggregatet CO2-ekvivalenter) har analyserats. En enkelregional input–output-modell har tagits fram, utökad med globala medelintensiteter för den produktion som sker utanför Sverige. En ny metod har också utvecklats för att generera input–output-tabeller för år där officiella sådana tabeller saknas. För samtliga energiresurser och luftföroreningar, upprättades två stycken tidsserier, baserat på två olika revisioner av ekonomiska data från nationalräkenskaperna. Den första tidsserien täcker åren 1993–2003, och den andra åren 2000–2005. Miljödata togs från nyligen reviderade tidsserier från de svenska miljöräkenskaperna samt från IEA och den internationella luftföroreningsdatabasen EDGAR (alla data reviderade 2010 eller senare). En komponentanalys utfördes också, för att identifiera olika bidragande komponenter i tidsserierna. Vad gäller fossila bränslen i sin helhet, uppstår ingen markant skillnad mellan konsumtionsbaserade och produktionsbaserade data. Vad gäller växthusgaserna kan en klar ökning urskiljas (20 procents ökning av CO2-ekvivalenter mellan 1993–2005; CH4-utsläppen har där bidragit mest), vilket beror på stigande utsläpp utomlands orsakade av ökad efterfrågan på importerade produkter. Detta antyder att den svenska tillväxten ännu inte frikopplats från ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser, vilket står i motsats till den minskning i utsläpp som de officiella produktionsbaserade siffrorna från UNFCCC-rapporteringen redovisar. För övriga luftföroreningar (SO2, NOx, CO och NMVOC), sker i allmänhet en minskning, förutom för SO2 och NOx som ökar i den andra tidsserien. Samtliga luftföroreningar ligger vidare på en betydligt högre nivå jämfört med UNFCCC-rapporteringen. Mer detaljerade studier behövs dock på den energiförbrukning och de utsläpp som svensk slutlig användning för med sig utomlands. Tidsserierna behöver också förlängas och fler miljövariabler som t.ex. materialanvändningen behöver studeras för att kunna dra säkrare slutsatser kring i vilken utsträckning som den svenska tillväxten har varit hållbar eller ej.
40
Hassan, Rim. "La sédimentation dans le Golfe de Cadix au cours des derniers 50 000 ans (analyses multi-paramètres et multi-échelles)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0093/document.
Full textAbstract:
La sédimentation dans le Golfe de Cadix, de Gibraltar au Cap Saint-Vincent, est soumise à la circulation d’un flux permanent d’eau profonde venant de la Méditerranée connu sous le nom de Veine d’Eau Méditerranéenne ou VEM. Cette eau plus chaude, plus salée et plus dense que les eaux atlantiques s’écoule sur les marges espagnole et portugaise avec un débit moyen aussi important queplusieurs fleuves du globe. Ce courant de fond entraîne le transport et le remaniement des particules déjà déposées sur le fond. L’étude biostratigraphique détaillée à partir du sens d’enroulement de l’espèce de foraminifère planctonique Globorotalia truncatulinoides, de l’espèce polaire Neogloquadrina pachyderma senestre et du ptéropode Limacina retroversa calibrée par de nombreuses datations 14C AMS et des analyses isotopiques a permis de corréler les carottes. Les variations des processus sédimentaires dans le temps et dans l’espace montrent l’influence du climat sur les variations des taux de sédimentation et la granularité des dépôts. Ainsi, deux périodes de moindre activité de la VEM se situent pendant le Bølling-Alleröd et l’Holocène inférieur. Le Younger Dryas traduit au contraire une période de forte circulation de la VEM. De nombreux hiatus sédimentaires et dépôts gravitaires (glissements, turbidites) traduisent une instabilité sédimentaire liée à la fréquence des tremblements de terre qui se produisent dans le Golfe de Cadix et dans les régions adjacentes. Huit types de traces fossiles ont été reconnus (Chondrites, Diplocraterion, Nereites, Paleophycus, Phycosiphon, Thalassinoides, Zoophycos, des filaments (Trichichnus et Mycelia) et des traces restent indéterminées. Les traces fossiles de Zoophycos et de Paleophycus pendant le LGM traduisent la présence de circulations de masses d’eaux riches en oxygène au niveau du fond. Ces traces fossiles de Zoophycos sont visibles du LGM à l’Holocène inférieur au niveau du chenal-levée de TasyoSedimentation in the Gulf of Cadiz from Gibraltar Strait to Cape Saint Vincent is submitted to a permanent deep water flux coming from the Mediterranean Sea and called the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). This hotter and saltier water is denser that the Atlantic waters and flows along the Spanish and Portuguese margins with an average discharge as large as the discharge of several world rivers. This bottom current generates the transport and the remolding of already deposited particles. The detailed biostratigraphic study using the coiling direction of planktonic foraminifer species Globorotalia truncatulinoides, of polar specie Neogloquadrina pachyderma sinistral and of pteropod Limacina retroversa and calibrated by numerous 14C AMS dating and stable isotope analysis allowed to correlate sediment cores. Variation of sedimentary processes in time and space shows the impact of climate on sedimentation rates and sediment grain size. Two periods of lesser activity of the MOW are identified during the Bölling-Alleröd and early Holocene. Conversely, the Younger Dryas shows a higher activity of the MOW. Numerous sedimentary hiatuses and mass flow deposits (slumps, turbidites) suggest sedimentary instabilities related to the frequent earthquakes that are initiated in the Gulf of Cadiz and neighboring areas. Height types of fossil traces have been identified (Chondrites, Diplocraterion, Nereites, Paleophycus, Phycosiphon, Thalassinoides, Zoophycos, filaments (Trichichnus and Mycelia) and undetermined traces. Fossil traces of Zoophycos and Paleophycus during the LGM show the activity of oxygen-rich water flowing along the seafloor. Fossil traces of Zoophycos are identified from LGM to lower Holocene in the Tasyo channel-levee
41
Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
42
Getty, Patrick R. "Paleobiology of the Climactichnites Trackmaker: An Enigmatic Late Cambrian Animal Known Only from Trace Fossils." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/19.
Full textAbstract:
Based on a thorough examination of museum and field Climactichnites specimens, two species of this trace, which is restricted to North America, are recognized, each representing a unique behavioral variant. C. wilsoni represents surface-produced trackways, whereas C. youngi is re-erected for subsurface burrows. Burrowing behavior is supported by the presence of C. youngi within beds, the orientation of burrows inclined to bedding, and the presence of distinct burrow fills. Burrows are distinguished from surface traces by characteristics including the absence of lateral ridges and the presence of mm-sized striations superimposed on the trace. Burrowing behavior was previously unknown and represents a new behavior for the animal. A new ichnospecies, Musculopodus sedentarius, is erected for sedentary impressions of the animal. In the future Musculopodus may be expanded to include the resting traces of other soft-bodied animals known from fossils.
Analysis of Climactichnites indicates that the trackmaker was elongate, bilaterally symmetric, dorsoventrally flattened, and soft-footed. These characteristics are consistent with the trackmaker being a primitive mollusk or mollusk-like animal. Unlike other Neoproterozoic and Cambrain mollusks, such as Matthevia, Wiwaxia, and Odontogriphus, the Climactichnites trackmaker could reach considerable size. At up to 29 cm wide and possibly 67 cm long, it was one of the largest animals of its time.
During locomotion, the animal generated muscular waves along the sole of its foot, which was extended and clamped into the substrate. Contraction of pedal muscles then pulled the body forward. This method of locomotion is similar to that employed by some gastropods, including Bullia and Polinices, which make Climactichnites-like trackways in exposed intertidal settings today. However, these modern trackways are not preserved because they are eroded by wind, waves, tides and subsequent bioturbation, as experiments confirm. Abundant microbial sedimentary structures associated with Cambrian occurrences suggests that microbial binding may have mediated the preservation of Climactichnites.
Two lines of evidence suggest that the Climactichnites trackmaker may have been one of the first animals to venture onto land: the co-occurrence of subaerially-produced sedimentary structures, such as adhesion structures and raindrop impressions, and trackways that span shoreline depth gradients and exhibit variable preservation quality along their length.
43
Schlirf, Michael [Verfasser]. "Revision and description of Keuper (Middle Ladinian to Rhaetian) invertebrate trace fossils from the southern part of the Germanic Basin and studies of related material / vorgelegt von Michael Schlirf." 2005. http://d-nb.info/974391433/34.
Full text
44
Baghiyan-Yazd, Mohammad Hassan. "Palaeoichnology of the terminal Proterozoic-Early Cambrian transition in central Australia : interregional correlation and palaeoecology / Mohammad Hassan Baghiyan-Yazd." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21668.
Full text
45
Stachacz, Michał. "Analiza ichnologiczna dolnokambryjskich formacji południowego bloku Gór Świętokrzyskich : formacji łupków Czarnej, formacji piaskowców z Ociesęk oraz formacji łupków z Kamieńca." Praca doktorska, 2011. http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/33230.
Full textAbstract:
Dolnokambryjskie formacje: łupków Czarnej, piaskowców z Ociesęk i łupków z Kamieńca z południowego bloku Gór Świętokrzyskich były analizowane głównie w małych odsłonięciach a także w kilku rdzeniach wiertniczych. Z badanych formacji oznaczono 39 ichnorodzajów oraz 64 ichnogatunki. Formacja piaskowców z Ociesęk wykształcona jest w postaci arenitów kwarcowych i wak, zawierających przeławicenia łupków mułowcowych. Formacja łupków Czarnej oraz formacja łupków z Kamieńca wykształcone są jako łupki mułowcowe z przeławiceniami łupków ilastych oraz nielicznymi przeławiceniami piaskowców kwarcowych. Dla badanych formacji przyjęto wiek Holmia-Schmidtiellus i Protolenus Issafeniella. Formacja łupków Czarnej i formacja łupków z Kamieńca cechują się niezbioturbowanym lub bardzo słabo zbioturbowanym osadem a większość formacji piaskowców z Ociesęk całkowitym zbioturbowaniem osadu. W niektórych warstwach formacji łupków Czarnej oraz formacji łupków z Kamieńca występują słabo zróżnicowane skamieniałości śladowe ichnofacji Cruziana. W dolnej części formacji piaskowców z Ociesęk występują liczne i zróżnicowane taksonomicznie skamieniałości śladowe ichnofacji Cruziana a w jej górnej części skamieniałości śladowe ichnofacji Skolithos. Zaproponowano wyróżnienie nowego ichnogatunku Rusophycus, ponadto wśród okazów opisanych w nomenklaturze otwartej mogą również występować nowe dla ichnologii taksony. Zdecydowana większość opisanych ichnotaksonów pochodzi z formacji piaskowców z Ociesęk. Struktury sedymentacyjne oraz zespoły skamieniałości śladowych w skałach formacji łupków Czarnej oraz formacji łupków z Kamieńca wskazują na depozycję w obrębie górnego i dolnego odbrzeża (upper and lower offshore) i częściowo w obrębie głębszego szelfu. Struktury sedymentacyjne oraz zespoły skamieniałości śladowych w formacji piaskowców z Ociesęk wskazują na depozycję starszej części tej formacji w obrębie dolnego przybrzeża (lower shoreface) oraz depozycję młodszej części formacji w obrębie środkowego przybrzeża (upper shoreface). W formacji piaskowców z Ociesęk głównym czynnikiem kontrolującym depozycję i rozwój bentosu były sztormy. Podobne zespoły skamieniałości śladowych są znane z dolnego kambru z wielu miejsc na świecie. Zespoły skamieniałości śladowych z dolnego kambru Gór Świętokrzyskich wykazują największe podobieństwo do zespołów opisanych z kambru polskiej części platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej oraz Szwecji, obszarów należących w kambrze do kontynentu Baltiki.The Lower Cambrian Czarna Shale Fm, Ociesęki Sandstone Fm and Kamieniec Shale Fm have been analyzed in small outcrops and a few cores. They contain thirty nine ichnogenera and sixty four ichnospecies. The Ociesęki Sandstone Formation is developed as quartz arenites and wackes with intercalations of silty shales. The Czarna Shale and the Kamieniec Shale formations are composed of silty shales with intercalations of clayey shales and rare beds of quartz sandstones. All the studied formations represent the Holmia-Schmidtiellus and the Protolenus-Issafeniella zones. Sediments of the Czarna Shale Fm and the Kamieniec Shale Fm are non-bioturbated or very poorly bioturbated, but the Ociesęki Sandstone Fm sediments are mostly totally bioturbated. Low diversified and uncommon trace fossils of the Cruziana ichnofacies in the Czarna Shale Fm and the Kamieniec Shale Fm occur only in some beds. Diversified and numerous trace fossils of the Cruziana ichnofacies in the lower part and the Skolithos ichnafacies in the upper part of the Ociesęki Sandstone Fm have been observed. A new ichnospecies of Rusophycus was proposed. A few other possibly new ichnospecies of different ichnogenera have been described in open nomenclature. The highest number of ichnotaxa comes from the Ociesęki Sandstone Fm. Sedimentological structures and trace fossil assemblages from the Czarna Shale and the Kamieniec Shale formations point to deposition mainly in the upper and lower offshore and partly in the outer shelf. The same features from the Ociesęki Sandstone Fm suggest that the older part of this formation was deposited in the lower shoreface while its younger part was deposited in the middle shoreface. Storm episods were the main factor controlling sedimentation and activity of bentos in the studied formations. Trace fossil assemblages similar to these from the Lower Cambrian of the Holy Cross Mountains are known from many places in the world. The ichnoassemblages from Polish part of the East European Platform and from Sweden, which represent the Baltica palaeocontinent, display the closest similarity.
46
Shen, Min-Lin, and 沈敏琳. "Distribution of the Trace Elements in Fossil Teeth: Implication for Uranium Mobilization." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31607419838360678069.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
地球科學系專班
95
In the Quaternary research, a precise chronological controlling method plays the most significant role in connecting the evolution processes of environment, climate and human being. The U-series dating is the most powerful method to apply in Quaternary, especially the radiogenic pairs of 234U and 230Th. The 234U-230Th method can be used to provide precise age up to 450 thousand years. At present, there are many geological samples dated with U-series including carbonates, corals, speleothems and fossil teeth. In order to obtain an accurate age, one has to assure all samples were in a closed system, otherwise, it is necessary to correct the artifacts by applying proper model calibration. Especially for the fossil teeth dating, it is still a series problem whether the obtained age is accurate or not. Hence, it is important to study how uranium migrated into the fossil teeth and how to create a proper model to calibrate these ages. Aimed to check the instrumental parameters, we have analyzed several international carbonate standards, including three coral ( RKM-4、RKM-5 and JCp-1 ) and three speleothems ( 76001、GBW04412 and GBW04413 ) standards. We used standard addition method to quantify these standards using a high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). There is no trace element composition available in these standards, except for JCp-1. A comparison of JCp-1 results with previous measurements allows us to evaluate systematically of the ICP-MS technique. On the other hand, a new database of trace element compositions can be certified for these international standards. For the fossil teeth, major, minor and trace elements were pre-scanned using laser ablation before HR-ICP-MS analyses. According to the Diffusion-Adsorption Model suggested by Millard and Hedges, the uranium distribution patterns in the fossil teeth provide information on preservation status and if is worthy of efforts for dating. The trace elements distribution also can be used to evaluate the artifacts after buried. The preliminary results indicate that uranium was enriched in the dentine compared with enamel. There is low thorium in the teeth except where fracture located. This indicates the overestimation of ages due to uptake of 230Th is unlikely. Moreover, Fe, Mn, Al, and Pb shows similar distribution in the crack or certain spots of the teeth, probably relatd to diagenesis. In summary, the uranium distribution is concentrated in the dentine, and is apparently saturated and therefore an accurate age is likely can be obtained.
47
Sponheimer, M. B., and Julia A. Lee-Thorp. "Enamel Diagenesis at South African Australopith Sites: Implications for Paleoecological Reconstruction With Trace Elements." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3878.
Full textAbstract:
NoElemental ratio data from archaeological and paleontological bone have often been used for paleoecological reconstruction, but recent studies have shown that, even when solubility profiling techniques are employed in an attempt to recover biogenic signals, bone is an unreliable material. As a result, there has been renewed interest in using enamel for such studies, as it is known to be less susceptible to diagenesis. Nevertheless, enamel is not immune from diagenetic processes, and several studies have suggested that paleoecologically relevant elements may be altered in fossil enamel. Here, we investigate Sr, Ba, Zn, and Pb compositions of enamel from South African karstic cave sites in an effort to ascertain whether or not this material provides reliable paleoecological information. We compared enamel data for mammals from three fossil sites aged 1.8¿3.0 Ma, all of which are on dolomites, with data from modern mammals living on dolomitic and granitic substrates. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca are about three times higher in enamel from modern mammals on granites than those living on dolomites, stressing the need for geologically appropriate modern/fossil comparisons. After pretreatment with dilute acid, we found no evidence of increased Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, or Pb/Ca in fossil enamel. In contrast, Zn/Ca increased by over five times at one site (Makapansgat), but much more subtly elsewhere. Ecological patterning in Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Sr/Ba ratios was also retained in fossil enamel. This study suggests that Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Pb/Ca data likely preserve paleoecological information from these sites, but also demonstrates that geologically similar sites can differ in the degree to which they impart certain elements (Zn in this case) to fossils. Thus, screening is probably necessary on a site-by-site basis. Lastly, further investigation of elemental distributions in modern foodwebs is necessary before elemental ratio analysis can become a common tool for paleoecological reconstruction.
48
Yeh, Chung-Ping, and 葉崇平. "Quantitative Morphological Analysis of the Trace Fossil Ophiomorpha isp. in Nangang Formation, Northeast Coast of Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86n9qb.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
地質科學研究所
106
The trace fossil Ophiomorpha is commonly used as a paleoenvironment indicator in sandy environments by geologists. The ichnospecies of Ophiomorpha are also used for more detailed environment characterization in sedimentology and stratigraphy. The lined burrow system with knobby wall makes Ophiomorpha easily distinguishable from most other trace fossils. However, the morphological criteria used to distinguish between different morphologies or ichnospecies of the ichnogenus Ophiomorpha still remain poorly defined. In order to determine which properties of Ophiomorpha that can be used to separate the different morphotypes, and how to apply those properties in the classification of this ichnogenus, observations on a large number of specimens are needed. The Miocene Nangang Formation on the Northeast Coast of Taiwan provides well-exposed outcrops with abundant Ophiomorpha, allowing different morphotypes to be observed and measured. Through the field work in Nangang Formation, nearly 500 specimens of lined, tubular trace fossil have been analyzed and their architectural features, such as representative tube diameter, size of junctions, the distance between two adjacent junctions, and branching angles have been measured. The tube diameters typically are around 0.8-5.0 centimeters and the junction sizes are usually slightly larger than tube diameters. The distances between junctions vary greatly, usually ranging from 1.0 to 20.0 centimeters. This research attempts to build objective criteria to distinguish among the different characteristics of Ophiomorpha, and then clarify the connection between the observed morphologies and the established ichnospecies of Ophiomorpha. The statistical analysis of the morphological data reveals a high correlation between outer and inner tube wall diameters. Based on differences in parameters such as distance between junctions, tube diameters, and branching angles, the observed burrow systems can also be separated into two major groups. The first group have smaller tube diameter (<2 centimeters) and lower branching frequency, and their branching show a dendritic pattern. The second group has bigger tube diameters (>2 centimeters), higher branching frequency, and their branching pattern is of dichotomous type, with branching angles around 120 degrees. This research demonstrates that the quantitative morphological method can not only be applied in paleontology on body fossils, but the method can also be used to search for patterns and set morphological criteria for trace fossils.
49
Haynes, Laura. "The Influence of Paleo-Seawater Chemistry on Foraminifera Trace Element Proxies and their Application to Deep-Time Paleo-Reconstructions." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-x2x2-da06.
Full textAbstract:
The fossilized remains of the calcite shells of foraminifera comprise one of the most continuous and reliable records of the geologic evolution of climate and ocean chemistry. The trace elemental composition of foraminiferal shells has been shown to systematically respond to seawater properties, providing a way to reconstruct oceanic conditions throughout the last 170 million years. In particular, the boron/calcium ratio of foraminiferal calcite (B/Ca) is an emerging proxy for the seawater carbonate system, which plays a major role in regulating atmospheric CO2 and thus Earth’s climate. In planktic foraminifera, previous culture studies have shown that shell B/Ca increases with seawater pH, which is hypothesized to result from increased incorporation of borate ion (B(OH)4 -) at high pH; increasing pH increases the [B(OH)4 -] of seawater. However, further experiments showed that B/Ca responds to both pH and seawater dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (DIC), leading to the hypothesis that B/Ca is driven by the [B(OH)4 -/DIC] ratio of seawater. Because pH (and thus B(OH)4 -) can be determined via the δ11B composition of foraminiferal calcite, B/Ca therefore may provide an opportunity to determine seawater DIC in the geologic past.
The magnesium/calcium ratio (Mg/Ca) of foraminifer shells is a well-established proxy for seawater temperatures, where foraminiferal Mg/Ca increases at greater temperatures. However, foraminifera shell chemistry such as B/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios also depend on the major ion chemistry of seawater. For example, the seawater Mg/Ca ratio (Mg/Casw), which has increased significantly over the last 60 million years, is known to affect the sensitivity of the Mg/Ca proxy to temperature. In addition, the seawater boron concentration ([B]sw) has also increased across the Cenozoic. The dependence of B/Ca proxy relationships on Mg/Casw and [B]sw composition remains unknown.
During the Paleogene era (65-34 Ma), Earth’s climate was characterized by a number of rapid warming events termed ”hyperthermals”. Evidence from the sedimentary record suggests that hyperthermals were catalyzed by rapid carbon release and caused widespread ocean acidification and deep-sea deoxygenation. These hyperthermal events present the best geologic analog conditions to anthropogenic climate change, and their study can therefore help to illuminate how the Earth system responds to rapid carbon release and warming. Planktic foraminiferal B/Ca records from the largest hyperthermal event, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), show a large decrease, which agrees with the theory that ocean acidification should cause B/Ca to decline. However, the decrease is larger than can be reconciled from existing proxy calibrations conducted in modern seawater, begging the question of whether the low Mg/Casw of the Paleogene Ocean affected the sensitivity of B/Ca to the seawater carbonate system. Because there are also a number of outstanding uncertainties regarding the controls on B/Ca- including seawater [Ca] and shell growth rate, light intensity, and phosphate concentration- it is also possible that these factors contributed to the PETM B/Ca excursion. The influence of these additional parameters on B/Ca, as well as the influence of Mg/Casw, needs to be tested in controlled culture experiments.
To address these outstanding questions in proxy development, I conducted a series of culture experiments in three living planktic foraminifer species- Orbulina universa, Trilobatus sacculifer, and Globigerinoides ruber (pink). In order to refine our understanding of proxy controls on foraminiferal B/Ca, I investigated how foraminiferal B/Ca is affected by variable light intensity, growth rate (indirectly via seawater [Ca] manipulation), and seawater [B]. Subsequently I tested the influence of low seawater Mg/Ca, analogous to that of the Paleocene ocean, on B/Ca-carbonate chemistry relationships. In Chapters 2 and 3, I detail how my results support the notion that planktic foraminiferal B/Ca in these three symbiont-bearing species is driven by the B(OH)4 -/DIC ratio of seawater and is not compromised by growth rate effects. Furthermore, the sensitivity of B/Ca to B(OH)4 -/DIC is increased under low Mg/Casw in both O. universa and T. sacculifer. In Chapters 2 and 3, I hypothesize that this increased sensitivity is due to decreased cellular pH regulation under low Mg/Casw, leading to a greater sensitivity of the foraminiferal microenvironment’s carbon system to external forcing. I define new culture calibrations that can be applied to records from Paleocene seawater in Chapter 3, and use these calibrations to reconstruct surface ocean DIC and the overall size of the carbon system perturbation across the PETM in Chapter 4. Finally, in Chapter 5, I show how foraminiferal Mg/Ca responds to seawater Mg/Ca and the carbon system from these same experiments, with implications for accounting for carbon system influences on Mg/Ca from early Cenozoic proxy records.
50
La, Croix Andrew David. "Ichnology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, and trace fossil-permeability relationships in the Upper Cretaceous Medicine Hat Member, Medicine Hat gas field, southeast Alberta, Canada." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1211.
Full textAbstract:
The Upper Cretaceous Medicine Hat Member (Niobrara Formation) in western Canada contains abundant reserves of biogenic natural gas. In the Medicine Hat gas field area of southeast Alberta, nineteen cored intervals were examined and classified based on primary physical and biogenic sedimentary structures. Core analysis and stratigraphic mapping determined that the Medicine Hat Member strata consist of stacked, regionally extensive, lobate geobodies that prograde to the north. Employing spot-minipermeametry, the effect of biogenic rock fabrics on the reservoir characteristics was assessed. X-ray micro-computed tomography was conducted on four samples from a reservoir interval to visualize the geometry and distribution of burrow-associated heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that planiform bioturbate textures locally enhance the storage and transmission of natural gas in Medicine Hat reservoirs.