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Journal articles on the topic 'Tracheal lavage'
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Puyo, Carlos A., Sally M. Tricomi, and Thomas E. Dahms. "Early Biochemical Markers of Inflammation in a Swine Model of Endotracheal Intubation." Anesthesiology 109, no. 1 (2008): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181788222.
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Background A common complaint after endotracheal tube use is sore throat, which may be due to abrasion, ischemia-reperfusion injury, or an inflammatory reaction. Few studies have evaluated localized tracheal inflammation as part of the response to intubation. Methods Inflammation of the trachea due to intubation was assessed in a swine model by following indicators of inflammation over time in the tracheal lumen. Repeated tracheal lavages proximal to the endotracheal tube cuff were performed, and recovered lavage was analyzed for cells, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and cytokines. Results The baseline tracheal lavage samples contained 18% polymorphonuclear cells. These cells increased rapidly to 43% by 1 h. The polymorphonuclear cell increase from baseline was significant at 1, 2, and 4 h (P < 0.01) after intubation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 increased over time, but only interleukin 6 increased significantly (P < 0.01). Interleukin 6 was not detected at baseline or 1 h, but was detected at 2 h and increased significantly by 4 h. Neither lavage protein concentration nor lactate dehydrogenase activity increased over time. Conclusions These results demonstrate that inflammation does occur during tracheal intubation, even when markers suggest minimal tracheal damage. The dramatic elevation in polymorphonuclear cells, along with the increase in interleukin 6, suggests an inflammatory response to the endotracheal tube itself or to some aspect of the intubation process. A more complete understanding of the response of the tracheal tissues is important in improving the treatment of intubated patients.
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McNally, Kerry L., Jennifer L. Bowen, Jennifer O. Brisson, Adam Kennedy, and Charles J. Innis. "Evaluation of the Respiratory Microbiome and the Use of Tracheal Lavage as a Diagnostic Tool in Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys kempii)." Animals 11, no. 10 (2021): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102927.
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Respiratory disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in sea turtles, including the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii). Although culture-dependent methods are typically used to characterize microbes associated with pneumonia and to determine treatment, culture-independent methods can provide a deeper understanding of the respiratory microbial communities and lead to a more accurate diagnosis. In this study, we characterized the tracheal lavage microbiome from cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley sea turtles at three time points during rehabilitation (intake, rehabilitation, and convalescence) by analyzing the 16S rRNA gene collected from tracheal lavage samples. We retrospectively developed a radiographic scoring system to grade the severity of lung abnormalities in these turtles and found no differences in diversity or composition of microbial communities based on radiographic score. We also found that the culture isolates from tracheal lavage samples, as well as other previously reported sea turtle pathogens, were present in variable abundance across sequenced samples. In addition to the tracheal microbial community of live turtles, we characterized microbial communities from other segments of the respiratory tract (glottis, trachea, anterior lung, posterior lung) from deceased turtles. We found a high degree of variability within turtles and a high degree of dissimilarity between different segments of the respiratory tract and the tracheal lavage collected from the same turtle. In summary, we found that the pulmonary microbial community associated with pneumonia in sea turtles is complex and does not correlate well with the microbial community as identified by tracheal lavage. These results underscore the limitations of using tracheal lavage for identification of the causative agents of pneumonia in sea turtles.
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Tulamo, Riitta-Mari, and Päivi Maisi. "Hyaluronate concentration in tracheal lavage fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, no. 7 (1997): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.07.729.
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Abstract Objective To establish concentration of hyaluronate (HA) in tracheal lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Animals and Samples Tracheal lavage fluid samples (n = 42) from 18 horses, 11 with COPD, and 7 control horses. Procedure Clinical examination of the respiratory tract, tracheal lavage, and blood sample collection were performed on horses without clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and horses with clinical signs of COPD. In some horses, 1 to 5 repeated examinations were performed at 1-week intervals. Tracheal lavage fluid samples were analyzed for cell numbers, and urea concentration (made in parallel with serum samples to evaluate sample dilution effect); HA was determined by radiometric assay. Results Mean (± SEM) HA concentration in tracheal lavage fluid samples was significantly (P = 0.005) higher in horses with COPD (1,880 [± 309] μg/L), compared with that in control horses (256 [± 72] μg/L). The increase in HA concentration in tracheal lavage fluid of COPD-affected horses was verified by repeated sample collection and analysis. Conclusions In horses with chronic respiratory tract inflammation such as COPD, tracheal lavage fluid HA concentration is about 7 times higher than reference values. High HA concentration in the tracheal or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may reflect pathophysiologic changes in connective tissue around bronchi and bronchioli, leading to continuous increased production of HA in horses with advanced forms of COPD. Clinical Relevance Determination of tracheal lavage fluid HA concentration may be used as a marker of chronic inflammatory changes in the COPD-affected lung. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:729–732)
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Wysocka, B., and W. Kluciński. "Cytological evaluation of tracheal aspirate and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in comparison to endoscopic assessment of lower airways in horses with recurrent airways obstruction or inflammatory airway disease." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 3 (2015): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2015-0076.
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Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare the grade of discharge accumulation in the tracheal lumen, area of tracheal bifurcation, main bronchi and the tracheal septum thickness with the cytology of the tracheal aspirate (TA) and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in horses with recurrent airways obstruction and inflammatory airway disease from those horses. This study was conducted on 96 horses with RAO, 139 horses with IAD and 10 control horses. In all the horses, both clinical and endoscopic examinations were performed. During endoscopy, a score of mucus accumulation was estimated in 3/4 lower of the trachea and in the tracheal bifurcation. In addition, thickening of the tracheal septum was also assessed; tracheal aspirates and broncho-alveolar lavage were performed. An estimate of cell percentage was done in TA and BALF samples. In horses suffering from RAO and IAD, there was a positive correlation between the percentage of neutrophils and the accumulation of discharge, and in the IAD group, there was a negative correlation between the percentage of eosinophils and the accumulation of discharge. There was no correlation between tracheal septum thickening and the percentage of neutrophils and/or eosinophils.
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Costiniuk, Cecilia T., Nha Voduc, and Carolina de Souza. "Pulmonary Actinomycosis in a Male Patient with a Tracheal Bronchus." Canadian Respiratory Journal 18, no. 2 (2011): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/462608.
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BACKGROUND: Tracheal bronchus is a congenital malformation comprising an abnormal bronchus originating from the trachea or other bronchus. This malformation has been associated with recurrent pneumonia in children, but is rarely associated with infection in adults.Actinomycesspecies are rare causes of necrotizing pneumonias that often masquerade as malignancy, lung abscesses and tuberculosis.METHODS AND RESULTS: A case involving a 46-year-old man with a tracheal bronchus and chronic pneumonia syndrome is presented. Bronchialveolar lavage and transthoracic needle biopsy demonstrated the presence ofActinomyces meyeriandFusobacteriumspecies.CONCLUSIONS: The present article reports the first documented case of actinomycosis occurring in a patient with a tracheal bronchus.
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Nguyen, Tam L., and Carrie E. Perlman. "Tracheal acid or surfactant instillation raises alveolar surface tension." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 5 (2018): 1357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2017.
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Whether alveolar liquid surface tension, T, is elevated in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has not been demonstrated in situ in the lungs. Neither is it known how exogenous surfactant, which has failed to treat ARDS, affects in situ T. We aim to determine T in an acid-aspiration ARDS model before and after exogenous surfactant administration. In isolated rat lungs, we combine servo-nulling pressure measurement and confocal microscopy to determine alveolar liquid T according to the Laplace relation. Administering 0.01 N (pH 1.9) HCl solution by alveolar injection or tracheal instillation, to model gastric liquid aspiration, raises T. Subsequent surfactant administration fails to normalize T. Furthermore, in normal lungs, tracheal instillation of control saline or exogenous surfactant raises T. Lavaging the trachea with saline and injecting the lavage solution into the alveolus raises T, suggesting that tracheal instillation may wash T-raising airway contents to the alveolus. Adding 0.01 N HCl or 5 mM CaCl2—either of which aggregates mucins—to tracheal lavage solution reduces or eliminates the effect of lavage solution on alveolar T. Following tracheal saline instillation, liquid suctioned directly out of alveoli through a micropipette contains mucins. Additionally, alveolar injection of gastric mucin solution raises T. We conclude that 1) tracheal liquid instillation likely washes T-raising mucins to the alveolus and 2) even exogenous surfactant that could be delivered mucin-free to the alveolus might not normalize T in acid-aspiration ARDS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate in situ in isolated lungs that surface tension is elevated in an acid-aspiration acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model. Following tracheal liquid instillation, also in isolated lungs, we directly sample alveolar liquid. We find that liquid instillation into normal lungs washes mucins to the alveolus, thereby raising alveolar surface tension. Furthermore, even if exogenous surfactant could be delivered mucin-free to the alveolus, exogenous surfactant might fail to normalize alveolar surface tension in acid-aspiration ARDS.
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Ünal, Murat, and Hakki Oktay Seymen. "Effect of Ringer-Lactate and isotonic saline solutions on mucociliary clearance of tracheal epithelium: an experimental study in rats." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 116, no. 7 (2002): 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221502760132412.
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Isotonic saline solution is frequently used in nasal and tracheal lavage. In a previous clinical study, it was found that Ringer-Lactate solution, as a nasal lavage, was better for mucociliary clearance function than isotonic saline solution after nasal septal surgery. In this experimental study, the effects of Ringer-Lactate and isotonic saline solutions on mucociliary clearance of healthy rat tracheal epithelium were investigated by measuring the transport of carbon particles. We found that tracheal segments that were irrigated with Ringer-Lactate had better mucociliary transport than those irrigated with isotonic saline (p = 0.035).
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Hawkins, Eleanor C., and Dennis B. DeNicola. "Cytologic analysis of tracheal wash specimens and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the diagnosis of mycotic infections in dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 197, no. 1 (1990): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1990.197.01.79.
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Summary Tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analyses were performed in 9 dogs that had mycotic infections with pulmonary involvement. Characteristic organisms were identified in tracheal wash fluid in 3 of 7 dogs with blastomycosis. Organisms were identified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 5 of 7 dogs with blastomycosis and in one dog with histoplasmosis. Organisms were not found in either fluid in one dog with coccidioidomycosis. These procedures should be considered for dogs with suspected mycotic infections that involve the lungs and that cannot be diagnosed by less invasive means.
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SALCI, HAKAN, MELIKE CETIN, SERPIL KAHYA, et al. "Tracheobronchoscopic, cytological and microbiological results of tracheal and bronchial collapse in dogs." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 2 (2018): 6073–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6073.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the tracheobronchoscopic, cytological and microbiological results of tracheal and bronchial collapse in dogs. In total, 8 dogs were included in the study. Clinically, tracheal palpations of the dogs were reflective of tracheal disease, and all dogs coughed on tracheal palpation. Vital parameters and hematological values of the dogs were within the normal ranges. Radiological views of the respiratory tracts and thorax were largely normal, but distinctive tracheal contours were noted in cases 3 and 6. Tracheobronchoscopy was performed under general anesthesia, and endoscopic findings (mucosal surfaces and color, prominent appearance of vessels, chondral ring abnormalities of the trachea, and the presence of bronchial and tracheal collapse) were scored. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to collect samples for cytological and microbiological analysis. Five cases had tracheal collapse, and two cases had right bronchial collapse. Concurrent tracheal and right bronchial collapse were diagnosed in one case. Cytological results were not indicative of inflammation or infection, but Escherichia coli was isolated from case 2 (bronchial collapse) and case 3 (tracheal collapse). Antibiotic susceptibility results revealed that the organisms were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Statistically, there were no significant differences between the cases in terms of total endoscopic scores. In conclusion, tracheal and/or bronchial collapse should only be diagnosed by tracheobronchoscopic examination. Cytological and microbiological analyses of the BAL fluid in these cases do not always provide valuable data for clinical practitioners. .
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Bernath, M. A., and R. Henning. "Tracheal Gas Insufflation Reduces Requirements for Mechanical Ventilation in a Rabbit Model of Respiratory Distress Syndrome." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 25, no. 1 (1997): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9702500103.
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Tracheal gas insufflation is known to lower Paco2 in larger animal models of respiratory distress syndrome, but its ability to reduce the ventilator pressures and tidal volume needed to achieve an acceptable Paco2 has not been examined in small animals using modes of ventilation employed in neonatal intensive care. In this study, the effect of insufflating humidified gas into the lower trachea was examined in a saline lung lavage model of respiratory distress syndrome in rabbits, while the peak airway pressure during conventional pressure-limited ventilation was adjusted to keep the Paco2 approximately constant. Tracheal gas insufflation significantly reduced the peak airway pressure required and reduced the delivered tidal volume but did not affect the AaDO2. The effects were more marked at a ventilator rate of 30 breaths per minute than at 60 bpm and more during continuous insufflation than when gas was insufflated only during expiration. These results suggest that tracheal gas insufflation may reduce the risk of ventilation-induced lung disease in the newborn.
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Kwong, Hannah, Darren Fry, and Gemma Birnie. "Tracheal pseudomembrane secondary to aspiration pneumonia in a 6-year-old Ragdoll." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 6, no. 2 (2020): 205511692095997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055116920959975.
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Case summary A 6-year-old female spayed Ragdoll presented with a 4-day history of acute onset non-productive retching, coughing and anorexia. A complete blood count, serum biochemistry, thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasound were performed. Initially, aspiration pneumonia was suspected owing to an alveolar lung pattern in the right cranial ventral lung lobes seen on radiographs. The cat did not improve with empirical antibiotic therapy. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed. An intraluminal tracheal mass was identified and removed via endoscopic guidance and gentle traction. Histopathology results were consistent with a fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane. The cat was concurrently diagnosed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, which was confirmed on bronchoalveolar lavage. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also cultured within the pseudomembrane. The cat was received antimicrobial therapy for his Pseudomonas pneumonia. In humans, fibrinous tracheal pseudomembranes occur uncommonly as a complication following endotracheal intubation and rarely due to infectious organisms. As there was no prior history of endotracheal intubation, the development of fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane in this cat was suspected to be secondary to Pseudonomas aeruginosa aspiration pneumonia. Relevance and novel information The present case report is the first to describe a tracheal pseudomembrane in a cat. Bronchoscopy-guided gentle traction and subsequent removal of the tracheal pseudomembrane resulted in a complete resolution of the clinical signs.
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Varner, Arthur E., Ronald L. Sorkness, Aparna Kumar, Michael R. Kaplan, and Robert F. Lemanske. "Serial segmental bronchoalveolar lavage in individual rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 3 (1999): 1230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1230.
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Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a well-characterized technique for analysis of cellular constituents of the airways and air spaces, but whole lung lavage requires that the animal be euthanized. We describe a technique of segmental BAL in rats that allows serial measurements of inflammation. A tracheal tube was placed, under direct visualization, in lightly anesthetized animals, and a catheter was passed through the tracheal tube and advanced to a wedge position. Five 0.1-ml volumes of buffer solution were instilled and then withdrawn with gentle suction. In normal rats, the percentages of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells had a high level of agreement in the segmental samples compared with those obtained subsequently by whole lung lavage. In rats with acute pulmonary inflammation, the differential leukocyte counts from segmental samples exhibited patterns of change that differed from those of whole lung lavage; however, most segmental samples were obtained from the left lung base so that regional variability could be minimized in serial studies. Lung mechanics and airway inflammation were not affected by repeated segmental BALs done 2 wk apart.
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Vitale, Valentina, Francesca Bonelli, Angela Briganti, and Micaela Sgorbini. "Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological findings in healthy Amiata donkeys." Open Veterinary Journal 11, no. 1 (2021): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v11i1.23.
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Background: The approach to respiratory diseases in donkeys is similar to that for horses; nevertheless, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tracheal wash cytology in this species have been described only a few times in the literature.
 Aim: To describe BALF cytological findings in a cohort of 24 healthy Amiata donkeys.
 Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out via standing sedation with a large animal where the BAL catheter passed blindly through the nasal passage into the trachea.
 Results: The total nucleated cell count of the BALF was found similar to that already described in healthy horses and donkeys. No differences in the differential count were observed according to age and sex. A decreased macrophage percentage and an increased eosinophil percentage were observed in our donkey population when compared to the existing reference range for horses.
 Conclusion: The reference intervals for BAL cytology in donkeys may be significantly different for those referred for horses.
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Hawkins, Eleanor C., Wallace B. Morrison, Dennis B. DeNicola, and William E. Blevins. "Cytologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 47 dogs with multicentric malignant lymphoma." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 203, no. 10 (1993): 1418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1993.203.10.1418.
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Summary Bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed in 47 dogs with multicentric malignant lymphoma (ml). Cytologic results were evaluated, and ability to detect pulmonary involvement with ml, using bal, was compared with ability to detect pulmonary involvement, using thoracic radiography and tracheal wash. Lung lobes were considered to be involved with ml on the basis of bal fluid findings if morphologically abnormal lymphocytes were present in the fluid. Total nucleated cell count, relative lymphocyte count, and absolute lymphocyte count were greater (P < 0.001) in bal fluid from dogs with multicentric ml than in bal fluid from histologically normal dogs. Pulmonary involvement with ml was detected by bal fluid cytologic examination in 89 of 135 lung lobes lavaged (66%). Lung lobes involved with ml were from 31 of the 47 dogs with multicentric ml (66%). Radiographic abnormalities supportive of pulmonary parenchymal involvement with ml were detected in 16 of the 47 dogs (34%). Of these 16 dogs, 15 (94%) had pulmonary involvement with ml on the basis of bal fluid cytologic findings. Tracheal wash fluid contained abnormal lymphocytes in 4 of 42 dogs (10%). In all 4 dogs, bal fluid also contained abnormal lymphocytes. Cytologic evaluation of bal fluid was more sensitive in detecting pulmonary involvement with ml, compared with radiographic evaluation of the lungs or tracheal wash.
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Dugas, Brandy, John Hoover, and Robert Pechman. "Computed Tomography of a Cat with Primary Intratracheal Lymphosarcoma Before and After Systemic Chemotherapy." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47, no. 6 (2011): e131-e137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5571.
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A 12 yr old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented with worsening tachypnea of 1 mo duration and open mouth breathing. Radiographs revealed tracheal narrowing at the thoracic inlet. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a contrast enhancing 8-cm long fusiform mass within the dorsal tracheal membrane. Tracheobronchoscopy confirmed the presence of the tracheal mass at the thoracic inlet, and lymphoma was diagnosed based on uniformly atypical lymphoid cells on aspirated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The cat was treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisolone. Thoracic radiographs and CT performed 1 mo after completion of the 6 mo chemotherapy protocol revealed resolution of the tracheal mass. The cat remained clinically normal at 21 mo after treatment.
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Xu, Xianghuai, Qiang Chen, Zhongmin Qiu, et al. "Association of cough hypersensitivity with tracheal TRPV1 activation and neurogenic inflammation in a novel guinea pig model of citric acid-induced chronic cough." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 7 (2018): 2913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518778951.
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Objective This study was performed to establish a novel model of citric acid-induced chronic cough in guinea pigs and to investigate the pathogenesis of cough hypersensitivity. Methods Healthy conscious guinea pigs inhaled citric acid (0.4 M) for 3 minutes twice daily for 25 days. Cough reactivity was evaluated, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) protein expression in the trachea and bronchus was determined. Tracheal and bronchial tissues were examined for TRPV1. Results Inhalation of 0.4 M citric acid increased coughing in a time-dependent manner: coughing peaked at 15 days and reached the lowest level at 25 days. This was accompanied by similar changes in SP, CGRP, and TRPV1 protein expression. TRPV1 was mainly observed in the mucosal and submucosal layer of the trachea and bronchi. The areas of TRPV1 positivity in the trachea and bronchi of citric acid-treated animals were significantly larger than in the control group. Conclusions Repeated inhalation of citric acid can be employed to establish a chronic cough model in guinea pigs. Cough hypersensitivity in this model is related to tracheal TRPV1 activation and neurogenic inflammation.
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Holley, Lauren, Hannah N. Creasey, Daniela Bedenice, et al. "Nebulization of 2% lidocaine has no detectable impact on the healthy equine respiratory microbiota." PLOS ONE 20, no. 1 (2025): e0316079. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316079.
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Glucocorticosteroids remain the most common pharmaceutical approach for the treatment of equine asthma but can be associated with significant side effects, including respiratory microbiome alterations. The goal of the study was to assess the impact of 2% lidocaine nebulization, a projected alternative treatment of equine asthma, on the healthy equine respiratory microbiota. A prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded, 2-way crossover study was performed, to assess the effect of 1 mg/kg 2% lidocaine (7 treatments over 4 days) on the equine respiratory microbiota compared to control horses (saline and no treatment). Clinical assessments and respiratory samples, including nasal wash, endoscopic tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, were obtained at each sample collection timepoint. The profile of the respiratory bacterial microbiota was evaluated using 16S amplicon sequencing, and clinical data compared using related samples analyses, based on data normality. The treatment did not affect the clinical data or alter the tracheal and nasal microbiota in healthy horses. However, time explained 12.6% of microbiota variation among samples. A significant difference in bacterial composition was observed between nasal and tracheal samples, showing the greatest relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively. Bacterial DNA from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid did not amplify with generic primers targeting the V4 variable region of the prokaryotic small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, despite attempting multiple DNA extraction methods and PCR protocols, and after excluding PCR inhibition. This observation indicates that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of healthy horses has a low bacterial load.
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Kaur, Jasleen, Swaran Singh, S. P. S. Saini, and C. S. Randhawa. "Indigenous cost-effective method for tracheal lavage in canines." Exploratory Animal and Medical Research 13, no. 1 (2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52635/eamr/13.1.91-97.
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Sweeney, Corinne Raphel, Herbert J. Leary, Ellen L. Ziemer, and Pamela A. Spencer. "Effect of water vapor-saturated air therapy on bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal mucus transport rate in clinically normal horses." American Journal of Veterinary Research 50, no. 2 (1989): 276–79. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1989.50.02.276.
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SUMMARY Water vapor-saturated air was delivered to 12 healthy, housed horses for 2 hours daily for 5 days. Treatment had no effect on tracheal mucus transport rate, bronchoalveolar lavage total and differential cell counts, blood cell counts, or plasma fibrinogen concentration.
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Sasho, Sabev, and Nikolova Mariyana. ""EQUINE ASTHMA" SYNDROME – CLINICAL, ENDOSCOPIC AND BACTERIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN EIGHT TINKER HORSES." Tradition and Modernity in Veterinary Medicine 7, no. 2 (2023): 44–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7705130.
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The present study included 8 mares of the Tinker breed with clinic of Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing, rapid fatigue during exercise. No changes in body temperature and heart rate were found. There were no abnormalities in erythrocyte count, erythrocyte indices, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes and differential blood count. Tracheal endoscopy revealed an accumulation of increased mucus (grade 3–5), edema of the tracheal bifurcation, and spasm of the main bronchi. The following microorganisms were isolated in tracheal lavage (TW): Streptococcus equi, subsp. zooepidemicus (2 horses), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 horse), Pasteurella spp. (1 horse), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1 horse) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 horse). Cytological examination of tracheal specimens revealed mainly neutrophil leukocytes. The other cells observed (macrophages and lymphocytes) were in a significantly lower percentage.
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Semaeva, Elvira, Olav Tenstad, Athanasia Bletsa, Eli-Anne B. Gjerde, and Helge Wiig. "Isolation of rat trachea interstitial fluid and demonstration of local cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation." Journal of Applied Physiology 104, no. 3 (2008): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00846.2007.
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Access to interstitial fluid from trachea is important for understanding tracheal microcirculation and pathophysiology. We tested whether a centrifugation method could be applied to isolate this fluid in rats by exposing excised trachea to G forces up to 609 g. The ratio between the concentration of the equilibrated extracellular tracer 51Cr-labeled EDTA in fluid isolated at 239 g and plasma averaged 0.94 ± 0.03 ( n = 14), suggesting that contamination from the intracellular fluid phase was negligible. The protein pattern of the isolated fluid resembled plasma closely and had a protein concentration 83% of that in plasma. The colloid osmotic pressure in the centrifugate in controls ( n = 5) was 18.8 ± 0.6 mmHg with a corresponding pressure in plasma of 22 ± 1.5 mmHg, whereas after overhydration ( n = 5) these pressures fell to 9.8 ± 0.4 and 11.9 ± 0.4 mmHg, respectively. We measured inflammatory cytokine concentration in serum, interstitial fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in LPS-induced inflammation. In control animals, low levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum, trachea interstitial fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected. LPS resulted in a significantly higher concentration in IL-1β and IL-6 in interstitial fluid than in serum, showing a local production. To conclude, we have shown that interstitial fluid can be isolated from trachea by centrifugation and that trachea interstitial fluid has a high protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure relative to plasma. Trachea interstitial fluid may also reflect lower airways and thus be of importance for understanding, e.g., inflammatory-induced airway obstruction.
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Seven, Mustafa, Zlateva-Panayotova Nadya, and Marinov Georgi. "TRACHEAL LAVAGE – A METHOD OF SAMPLING THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN SNAKES." TRADITION AND MODERNITY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 5, no. 1 (2020): 110–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676024.
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The snake's respiratory infections are briefly reviewed and discussed. Prior to treatment, it is essential to determine the causative agent of the respiratory infection. The tracheal lavage is described as a preferred method to obtain material for examinations and detecting pathogens from the respiratory system. The aspirates can be used for parasitological, virological, cytological, microbiological, molecular and other examinations. A patient with chronic respiratory disturbances was used for the purpose of this pilot study.
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Calvet, Jean-Henri, Emmanuelle Planus, Patricia Rouet, et al. "Matrix metalloproteinase gelatinases in sulfur mustard-induced acute airway injury in guinea pigs." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 276, no. 5 (1999): L754—L762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1999.276.5.l754.
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Respiratory tract lesions induced by sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical warfare agent, are characterized by epithelial damage associated with inflammatory cell infiltration. To test the potential role of matrix metalloproteinase gelatinases in these lesions, we evaluated gelatinase activity, albumin content, and total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of guinea pigs 24 h after an intratracheal injection of 0.2 mg/kg of SM. The bronchial lavage and alveolar lavage fluids were analyzed separately. The increase in inflammatory cell content of the bronchial lavage fluid, mainly macrophages, observed in SM-intoxicated guinea pigs was accompanied by an increase in albumin and in 92-kDa gelatinase activity. There was a significant correlation between albumin content and 92-kDa gelatinase activity ( r = 0.67) and between 92-kDa gelatinase and the number of macrophages. Immunohistochemistry performed on tracheal sections showed the presence of 92-kDa gelatinase at the site of intraepithelial cleavages. Zymography analysis of culture medium conditioned by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells demonstrated that these cells produced in vitro 92-kDa gelatinase on stimulation. Culture of human bronchial epithelial cells obtained by the explant technique showed a marked increase in 92-kDa gelatinase after exposure to 5 × 10−5 M SM that reinforced the relevance of our animal results to human exposure to SM. These results suggest that in SM respiratory intoxication, 92-kDa gelatinase of both inflammatory and epithelial cell origins could be involved in epithelial cell detachment.
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Yang, Chi-Yu, Fang-Yu Zhang, and I.-Jen Wang. "Probiotics’ Efficacy in Preventing Asthmatic Allergic Reaction Induced by Air Particles: An Animal Study." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (2022): 5219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245219.
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Global air pollution and diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) generated by intratracheal instillation aggravate asthma. In this study, we evaluated the effect of probiotics via tracheal- or oral-route administration on allergies or asthma. We continuously perfused rats daily, using the oral and tracheal routes, with approximately 106–108 CFU probiotics, for 4 weeks. During this period, we used OVA-sensitized rats to build the asthma models. We orally or intratracheally administered Lactobacillus paracasei 33 (LP33) to the rats, which reduced the number of total inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid, the IgE concentration, and the cytokine levels of TH2 cells, but we found no significant difference in the cytokine levels of TH1 cells. LP33 can be used to prevent asthmatic allergic reactions induced by aerosol particles. Nevertheless, the dosage form or use of LP33 needs to be adjusted to reduce the irritation of lung tissues, which may produce lesions of the trachea. We observed that DEP dosage can alleviate emphysema, and that LP33 has a substantial effect on improving or slowing allergic asthma.
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Chen, QiXing, ShengWen Song, and XiangMing Fang. "Pulmonary hepcidin protects against acute lung injury (P3345)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (2013): 210.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.210.4.
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Abstract Hepcidin is a small cysteine-rich cationic peptide mainly produced by the liver, and is a principle iron regulatory hormone. Hepcidin could modulate acute inflammatory response via interaction with its receptor ferroportin. Recent studies showed that hepcidin was also expressed in tracheal epithelial cells. However, the role of this epithelia-derived hepcidin in lung inflammation remained unknown. Adenovirus-mediated hepcidin specific shRNA and a relative negative control were constructed and were administrated to mice intratracheally. Ten days later, the mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture to induce acute lung injury (ALI). The severity of lung injury was scored 24 hours after onset of ALI. The bacterial colony counts, white blood cell counts and total protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also measured. Furthermore, the protein levels of ferroportin were analyzed using immunobloting. Adenovirus-mediated hepcidin specific shRNA significantly suppressed tracheal hepcidin levels ten days after administration. Interference of this epithelia-derived hepcidin increased bacterial proliferation, white blood cell counts and total protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and thus exacerbated lung injury. However, the ferroportin levels were comparable between the two groups. Tracheal epithelia-derived hepcidin plays an important role in protecting against acute lung injury, which might function via a ferroportin-independent mechanism.
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Rothe, Kathrin, Miriam Dibos, Stefanie J. Haschka, et al. "Galactomannan-Antigen Testing from Non-Directed Bronchial Lavage for Rapid Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Diagnostics 13, no. 6 (2023): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061190.
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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is associated with high mortality. For diagnosis, galactomannan-antigen in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is recommended, with higher sensitivity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Because of invasiveness, bronchoalveolar lavage might be withheld due to patients’ or technical limitations, leading to a delay in diagnosis while early diagnosis is crucial for patient outcome. To address this problem, we performed an analysis of patient characteristics of intubated patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with comparison of galactomannan-antigen testing between non-directed bronchial lavage (NBL) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A total of 32 intubated ICU patients with suspected invasive pulmonary aspergillosis could be identified. Mycological cultures were positive in 37.5% for A. fumigatus. Galactomannan-antigen in NBL (ODI 4.3 ± 2.4) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (ODI 3.6 ± 2.2) showed consistent results (p-value 0.697). Galactomannan-antigen testing for detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using deep tracheal secretion showed comparable results to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Because of widespread availability in intubated patients, galactomannan-antigen from NBL can be used as a screening parameter in critical risk groups with high pretest probability for invasive aspergillosis to accelerate diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Bronchoalveolar lavage remains the gold standard for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis to be completed to confirm diagnosis, but results from NBL remove time sensitivity.
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Rodionova, Natalia, Evgeny Kulikov, Elena Sotnikova, Ivan Prozorovskiy, Sergey Tresnitskiy, and Pavel Rudenko. "Development of a method for collecting bronchoalveolar lavage from calves for microbiological diagnosis of bronchopneumonia." BIO Web of Conferences 113 (2024): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202411302013.
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A serious problem for the health of cattle, especially in highly productive animals, is infectious bronchopneumonia, which occurs when exposed to numerous adverse environmental factors and opportunistic microorganisms. Infectious bronchopneumonia is an important problem in the livestock industry and remains a major cause of significant economic losses in dairy herds and feedlots due to high morbidity and mortality rates, in addition to negatively affecting growth, reproductive performance and life expectancy. Therefore, the development of a new method for intravital minimally invasive diagnosis of calves with acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia using bronchoalveolar lavage sampling for subsequent microbiological studies is relevant. The invention relates to veterinary medicine and can be used in intravital diagnostics of bronchopneumonia in calves by isolating microorganisms that initiate the purulent-inflammatory process from samples of bronchoalveolar contents taken in the area of the tracheal bifurcation. A method for intravital diagnosis of bronchopneumonia in calves includes transnasal introduction to a sick animal of a sterile silicone medical tube with a diameter of 4 mm (the internal diameter of the hole is 3 mm), a wall thickness of 1.0 mm and a length of 150 cm, until slight resistance and a repeated cough reflex appear, upon reaching in the area of the tracheal bifurcation, the nasogastric tube is moved back 1 cm, a disposable syringe with a volume of 50 ml is attached to the free end, and with its help, 30-40 ml of sterile isotonic saline solution (0.9% NaCl solution, 37° C) is injected into the trachea, and then immediately aspirate up to 10 ml of bronchoalveolar contents.
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Bozzola, Chiara, Giulia Sala, Lorenzo Schinardi, et al. "Comparison Between Tracheal Wash and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology for the Assessment of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) in Racehorses." Animals 14, no. 22 (2024): 3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14223243.
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Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) is a common pulmonary disease among racehorses, diagnosed by the detection of blood in the trachea after strenuous exercise or the presence of hemosiderophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Although the latter is considered the most sensitive method to diagnose EIPH, it is perceived as a less practical and more invasive procedure compared to tracheal wash (TW) collection among racehorse trainers. The present retrospective study aimed to verify the agreement between Tracheal wash and BALF cytology in assessing EIPH in racehorses. For this purpose, cytological data from 172 patients regarding hemosiderophage percentage, hemosiderin score, and percentage of recent, intermediate, and old EIPH were reviewed, and the simplified Total Hemosiderin Score (sTHS) was calculated. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to assess the difference and the correlation between TW and BALF. The two cytological methods strongly agreed in evaluating EIPH in racehorses for hemosiderophage percentage (ρ = 0.89, p < 0.001), hemosiderin score (k = 0.63, p < 0.001), sTHS (ρ = 0.87, p < 0.001), percentage of recent EIPH (ρ = 0.95, p < 0.001), intermediate EIPH (ρ = 0.92, p < 0.001), and old EIPH (ρ = 0.85, p < 0.001). In conclusion, TW showed to be a reliable method, which might substitute BALF in assessing EIPH in racehorses.
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Seahorn, Thomas L., Ralph E. Beadle, Bruce C. McGorum, and Christina L. Marley. "Quantification of antigen-specific antibody concentrations in tracheal lavage fluid of horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease." American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, no. 12 (1997): 1408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.12.1408.
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SUMMARY Objective To determine whether horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) have increased concentrations of antigen-specific IgG and IgE in tracheal lavage fluid, compared with values in clinically normal horses. Animals 8 horses (6 females, 2 geldings; 6 Quarter Horses, 2 Appaloosas), 14 to 23 years old and with previous diagnosis of SPAOPD, served as the principal group; 8 horses (2 females, 6 geldings; 1 Quarter Horse, 7 Thoroughbreds), 6 to 9 years old, with no evidence of respiratory tract disease, served as the control group. Procedure Data were collected twice during a 1- year period: when all SPAOPD-affected horses were manifesting clinical signs of disease (July), and when all SPAOPD-affected horses appeared clinically normal (February). On each occasion, clinical evaluations were performed and blood and tracheal lavage fluid samples were collected. Transtracheal lavage supernatant was evaluated for mold antigen-specific IgG and IgE concentrations. Results Median IgE relative antibody unit (RAU) values were significantly higher in control, compared with principal, horses. The SPAOPD-affected horses had increased concentrations of specific IgG for only 1 antigen, during winter sample collection. Conclusion Antigen-specific IgG and IgE RAU values were not increased in SPAOPD-affected horses when these horses were manifesting clinical signs of disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1408–1411)
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Tsan, M. F., D. Lawrence, and J. E. White. "Erythrocyte insufflation-induced protection against oxygen toxicity: role of cytokines." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 5 (1991): 1751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1751.
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We studied the pulmonary response of adult rats to erythrocyte (RBC) and RBC lysate insufflation to define the mechanism of RBC insufflation-induced protection against oxygen toxicity. Tracheal insufflation of 1 ml RBC (75%) or RBC lysate induced an intense pulmonary inflammatory response. Within 24 h of oxygen exposure, greater than 95% of insufflated RBCs was hemolyzed. The cell-free fraction of alveolar lavage fluids from RBC- or RBC lysate-insufflated rats had similar capacity in protecting endothelial cells against H2O2 cytotoxicity. However, RBC insufflation but not RBC lysate insufflation, protected rats against oxygen toxicity. There was marked erythrophagocytosis by alveolar macrophages of RBC-insufflated rats. Insufflation of RBCs, but not RBC lysate, resulted in production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1, which could be recovered by bronchoalveolar lavages. When rats were insufflated with a combination of RBC lysate and cytokines at dosages within the range of cytokine levels achievable in alveolar lavage fluids by RBC insufflation, they became tolerant to oxygen. These results suggest that endogenously produced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 as a result of RBC insufflation may play an important role in RBC insufflation-induced oxygen tolerance.
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Baritussio, A., A. Pettenazzo, M. Benevento, A. Alberti, and P. Gamba. "Surfactant protein C is recycled from the alveoli to the lamellar bodies." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 263, no. 5 (1992): L607—L611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1992.263.5.l607.
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To clarify the life cycle of surfactant protein C (SP-C), we obtained alveolar surfactant from 3-day-old rabbits killed 15 h after the tracheal administration of 32P and L-[35S]methionine. Small amounts of this surfactant were administered into the tracheas of 3-day-old rabbits, which were killed after 1 min and 2 and 4 h. We then analyzed the radioactivity associated with SP-C and with saturated phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in lung lavage fluid and in a lamellar body-rich fraction isolated from the lung homogenate. We found that SP-C and DPPC are both taken up from the alveolar spaces and incorporated into lamellar bodies, but the time courses of reuptake are different. Our results indicate that in the alveoli SP-C is turned over faster than DPPC.
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Kaczorek, Edyta, Patrycja Schulz, Joanna Małaczewska, et al. "Prevalence of respiratory pathogens detected in dogs with kennel cough in Poland." Acta Veterinaria Brno 85, no. 4 (2016): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201685040329.
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Kennel cough is a multifactorial disease occurring all over the world; however, its epidemiology is still not fully understood. To the authors’ knowledge, no studies monitoring the occurrence of infectious agents responsible for kennel cough have been carried out in Poland. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine which of the four pathogens most frequently isolated in other countries are predominant in north-eastern Poland. Swabs from the upper respiratory tract and tracheal lavage fluids from dogs (n = 40) exhibiting symptoms of this disease were analysed. Canine herpesvirus, canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus type 2 andBordetella bronchisepticawere identified by polymerase chain reaction. At least one of the above-listed infectious agents was found in all dogs. The predominant pathogen within the area under our study, both in mono- and co-infections, was canine herpesvirus (32/40), whereas canine adenovirus type 2 occurred least frequently (4/40). The effectiveness of detection of selected pathogens from both types of study material was also compared. Tracheal lavage fluid was more suitable for the isolation of canine herpes virus, canine parainfluenza virus, andBordetella bronchiseptica. Swabs from the upper respiratory tract were more suitable for the isolation of canine adenovirus type 2.
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Schindler, M. B., and P. N. Cox. "A Simple Method of Bronchoalveolar Lavage." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 22, no. 1 (1994): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9402200111.
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Twenty-eight ventilated paediatric intensive care patients, mean age 4.1 ± 4 years, who had had a simple method of non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NB-BAL) performed were reviewed. The NB-BAL technique involved blindly wedging a 5 or 8F infant feeding catheter endobronchially and lavaging one millilitre per kg saline using a syringe. Adequate samples were collected in 87% of the NB-BAL specimens. In two of the four inadequate specimens, Pneumocystis carinii was still able to be identified. Additional information not obtained from the tracheal aspirate culture was seen in 71% of the NB-BAL samples. One-third of the patients also had a bronchoscopic BAL or a lung biopsy performed and the culture results were all identical to those obtained from NB-BAL. No significant complications were seen. Oxygenation and ventilation were not altered by the technique. We conclude that NB-BAL performed using a syringe and infant feeding catheter is a simple and cheap method that produces good alveolar samples in the majority of cases.
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SHIELDS, MICHAEL D, and JOSEF RIEDLER. "Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Tracheal Aspirate for Assessing Airway Inflammation in Children." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162, supplement_1 (2000): S15—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.supplement_1.maic-4.
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D’Angio, Carl T., Kumar Basavegowda, Nelly E. Avissar, Jacob N. Finkelstein, and Robert A. Sinkin. "Comparison of Tracheal Aspirate and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens from Premature Infants." Neonatology 82, no. 3 (2002): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000063608.
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Arzola-Martínez, Llilian, Rebeca Benavente, Génesis Vega, et al. "Blocking ATP-releasing channels prevents high extracellular ATP levels and airway hyperreactivity in an asthmatic mouse model." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 321, no. 2 (2021): L466—L476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00450.2020.
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Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory response to different triggers like inhaled allergens. Excessive ATP in fluids from patients with asthma is considered an inflammatory signal and an important autocrine/paracrine modulator of airway physiology. Here, we investigated the deleterious effect of increased extracellular ATP (eATP) concentration on the mucociliary clearance (MCC) effectiveness and determined the role of ATP releasing channels during airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mouse model. Our allergic mouse model exhibited high levels of eATP measured in the tracheal fluid with a luciferin-luciferase assay and reduced MCC velocity determined by microspheres tracking in the trachea ex vivo. Addition of ATP had a dual effect on MCC, where lower ATP concentration (µM) increased microspheres velocity, whereas higher concentration (mM) transiently stopped microspheres movement. Also, an augmented ethidium bromide uptake by the allergic tracheal airway epithelium suggests an increase in ATP release channel functionality during inflammatory conditions. The use of carbenoxolone, a nonspecific inhibitor of connexin and pannexin1 channels reduced the eATP concentration in the allergic mouse tracheal fluid and dye uptake by the airway epithelium, providing evidence that these ATP release channels are facilitating the net flux of ATP to the lumen during airway inflammation. However, only the specific inhibition of pannexin1 with 10Panx peptide significantly reduced eATP in bronchoalveolar lavage and decreased airway hyperresponsiveness in OVA-allergic mouse model. These data provide evidence that blocking eATP may be a pharmacological alternative to be explored in rescue therapy during episodes of airflow restriction in patients with asthma.
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Zhang, Rong, Li Wang, Chen Gong, et al. "Associated Risk Factors and Diagnostic Value of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy for Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis in Children." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2023 (July 5, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8116651.
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Objective. Untreated protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB), a chronic wet cough prevalent in children, may lead to chronic suppurative lung disease. However, clinical diagnostic criteria are currently nonspecific; thus, PBB may be misdiagnosed. Thus, we assessed the diagnostic value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) and the risk factors associated with PBB. Methods. Children with chronic cough at The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2015 to May 2020 were enrolled and allocated to a suspected PBB (n = 141) or a non-PBB (n = 206) group. All children underwent extensive laboratory, chest imaging, and allergen tests. Children with suspected PBB underwent FOB with bronchoalveolar lavage; lavage and sputum samples were cultured. Results. All 347 children had a chronic wet cough for approximately 2 months. Of 141 children with suspected PBB, 140 received FOB with bronchoalveolar lavage. Visible tracheal changes included pale mucosa, mucosal congestion, edema, swelling, and increased secretions attached to the wall. Sputum was visible primarily in the left main bronchus (78.7%), left lower lobe (59.6%), right upper lobe (62.4%), and right lower lobe (64.5%). Sputum properties and amounts significantly differed between children with vs. without PBB P < 0.05 . Dermatophagoides (odds ratio (OR), 2.642; 95% CI, 1.283–5.369), milk protein (OR, 2.452; 95% CI, 1.243–4.836) allergies, and eczema (OR, 1.763; 95% CI, 1.011–3.075) were risk factors significantly associated with PBB. Conclusion. Dermatophagoides, milk protein, and eczema were associated with an increased risk of PBB. Sputum distribution and tracheal wall changes observed through FOB may distinguish PBB and assist in its diagnosis.
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Lee, Yu-Mi, So-Woon Kim, and Won-Gun Kwack. "Tracheitis Caused by Coinfection with Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus." Medicina 57, no. 11 (2021): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111162.
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Clinically significant isolated viral tracheitis is scarce in adults, and upper airway obstruction caused by viral tracheitis is even more infrequent. A 74-year-old woman, who was administered low-dose steroids for two months for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), developed dyspnea with stridor and required mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. Chest computed tomography showed a diffuse tracheal wall thickening with luminal narrowing and peribronchial consolidation in the right upper lobe. Bronchoscopy revealed a proximal tracheal narrowing with multiple ulcerations of the tracheal mucosa surrounded by an erythematous margin. Pathologic examinations of the tracheal mucosal tissue, including immunohistochemistry, revealed a cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Furthermore, the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid was positive on the CMV real-time polymerase chain reaction. The patient was treated with intravenous ganciclovir for 44 days. The follow-up bronchoscopy 49 days after the initiation of ganciclovir revealed improved multiple ulcerations with scars. We report a rare case of tracheitis caused by coinfection with CMV and HSV in a patient with COPD who had been taking low-dose steroids for months. The case showed that CMV and HSV are potential causes of serious tracheitis and respiratory failure.
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Abbasnia, Vahideh, Mohsen Foadoddini, Delaram Eslimi Esfahani, Mohammad Reza Khazdair, and Shahrbanoo Oryan. "Rosmarinic acid improves tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness and lung pathological changes in ovalbumin-sensitized rats." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 14, no. 3 (2024): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apjtb.apjtb_879_23.
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Objective: To evaluate the effect of rosmarinic acid on tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness and lung pathological changes in ovalbumin-sensitized rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, the asthmatic group, and the asthmatic groups treated with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg; oral gavage) or three doses of rosmarinic acid (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg; oral gavage). For induction of asthma, rats received intraperitoneal injections and inhalation of ovalbumin. After 21 days, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung samples were collected for histopathological analyses. Moreover, total and differential white blood cell counts were determined. Results: The rosmarinic acid-treated group had significantly lower tracheal smooth muscle responses to methacholine than the asthmatic group. In addition, rosmarinic acid reduced white blood cell count and the percentages of eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils while increasing the percentage of lymphocytes. Ovalbumin-induced lung pathological changes were significantly improved by treatment with rosmarinic acid. Conclusions: Rosmarinic acid improves tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness and lung pathological changes in ovalbumin-sensitized rats.
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Campos, M. G., P. Segura, M. H. Vargas, et al. "O3-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to noncholinergic system and other stimuli." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 1 (1992): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.1.354.
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The effect of O3 exposure (3 ppm, 1 h) on the in vivo and in vitro airway responsiveness, as well as the changes in cell contents in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, were evaluated 16–18 h after O3 exposure in sensitized and nonsensitized male guinea pigs. The sensitization procedure was performed through repeated inhalation of ovalbumin for 3 wk. Increase in pulmonary insufflation pressure produced by the excitatory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (eNANC) system, histamine, and antigen were assessed in in vivo conditions, whereas airway responsiveness to histamine and substance P was evaluated in in vitro conditions by use of tracheal chains with or without epithelium and lung parenchymal strips. We found that O3 exposure 1) increased the neutrophil content in BAL fluids in both sensitized and nonsensitized guinea pigs, 2) caused hyperresponsiveness to eNANC stimulation in nonsensitized guinea pigs (although combination of sensitization and O3 exposure paradoxically abolished the hyperresponsiveness to eNANC stimulation), 3) increased the in vivo bronchoconstrictor responses to histamine and antigen, 4) caused hyperresponsiveness to substance P in nonsensitized tracheae with or without epithelium and in sensitized tracheae with epithelium, 5) did not modify the responsiveness to histamine in tracheae with or without epithelium (and in addition, epithelium removal caused hyperresponsiveness to histamine even in those tracheae exposed to O3), and 6) produced hyperresponsiveness to histamine in lung parenchymal strips either from sensitized or nonsensitized guinea pigs.
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Kartashov, S. N., M. A. Petrova, A. I. Butenkov, and A. S. Kartashova. "Tracheal Collapse and Chronic Bronchitis as a Cause of Coughing in Dogs with Endocardiosis." Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 23, no. 4 (2025): 22–30. https://doi.org/10.23947/2949-4826-2024-23-4-22-30.
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Introduction. Chronic coughing in dogs of small breeds older than 8–10 years is a complex diagnostic and therapeutic problem. These dogs are often diagnosed with heart murmurs caused by mitral valve degeneration (endocardiosis), and many of them also suffer from respiratory tract diseases. Thus, cough may be the result of one of the several different pathophysiological mechanisms. However, the available literature does not provide data on the incidence of inflammation processes in respiratory tract of dogs with tracheal collapse and endocardiosis. The aim of this research is to determine the presence or absence of respiratory tract infections or inflammations in dogs with tracheal collapse and compensated endocardiosis.Materials and Methods. Dogs with asymptomatic endocardiosis, chronic cough, moderate tracheal collapse and moderate congestion in pulmonary circulation were selected for the study. A total of 27 dogs of small breeds met these criteria. All dogs underwent a complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile test, urine analysis, radiography of the neck and chest in three projections. The criteria for excluding dogs from the study were detection of decompensated heart diseases, neoplasms or systemic diseases, as well as X-ray detection of any patterns other than bronchial pattern and that indicating the tracheal collapse. In the absence of contraindications to anaesthesia, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed under anaesthesia for further assessment of tracheal collapse degree. The sample obtained with BAL underwent cytological and bacteriological examination. The collapse of trachea and of all visible bronchi was assessed in a subjective way as absent, mild, moderate or severe. The degree of tracheal collapse was determined in accordance with a pre-specified scheme based on the percentage of the tracheal or bronchial lumen diameter reduction at its narrowest point from 50% to 30% of its estimated diameter.Results. Along with the neutrophilic inflammation present in most dogs, mixed and lymphocytic inflammations were also diagnosed. The cytological analysis of BAL fluid revealed that non-degenerate neutrophils were the predominant cells in 13 dogs (48%); macrophages (15%) were the predominant cells in 4 dogs; and lymphocytes (11%) were the predominant cells in 3 dogs, corresponding to neutrophilic, macrophage and lymphocytic inflammations, respectively. In three dogs with neutrophilic inflammation, the degenerative changes in neutrophils and phagocytic bacteria were observed, and inoculation to medium resulted in isolation of Escherichia coli in 2 dogs and Klebsiella pneumoniae in 1 dog. Aseptic mixed inflammation was observed in 7 dogs (26%).Discussion and Conclusion: Aseptic inflammation of the respiratory tract was common in a group of dogs with subclinical endocardiosis and moderate tracheal collapse. The main cause of coughing remains unclear, whether it is caused by the collapse of the upper respiratory tract or persistent aseptic inflammation? Further research, observation and control over inflammation in dogs with endocardiosis are needed.
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Ryan, Lisa, Jichuan Wu, Kyell Schwartz, Sunghan Yim та Gill Diamond. "β-Defensins Coordinate In Vivo to Inhibit Bacterial Infections of the Trachea". Vaccines 6, № 3 (2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030057.
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β-defensins are predicted to play an important role in innate immunity against bacterial infections in the airway. We previously observed that a type III-secretion product of Bordetella bronchiseptica inhibits the NF-κB-mediated induction of a β-defensin in airway epithelial cells in vitro. To confirm this in vivo and to examine the relative roles of other β-defensins in the airway, we infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice and mice with a deletion of the mBD-1 gene with B. bronchiseptica wild-type strain, RB50 and its mutant strain lacking the type III-secretion system, WD3. The bacteria were quantified in the trachea and the nasal tissue and mRNA levels of mouse β-defensin-3 (mBD-3) were assessed after 24 h. Infection with the wild-type bacterial strain resulted in lower mBD-3 mRNA levels in the trachea than in mice infected with the type III-deficient strain. Furthermore, we observed an increase in bacterial numbers of RB50 only in the tracheas of mBD-1-deficient mice. Neutrophils were also more abundant on the trachea in RB50 infected WT mice but not in the bronchiolar lavage fluid (BAL), compared with WD3 infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating that the coordination of β-defensin chemotactic effects may be confined to tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). RB50 decreased the ability of mice to mount an early specific antibody response, seven days after infection in both WT and mBD-1−/− mice but there were no differences in titers between RB50-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice or between WD3-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating mBD-1 was not involved in induction of the humoral immune response to the B. bronchiseptica. Challenge of primary mouse TEC in vitro with RB50 and WD3, along with IL-1β, further corroborated the in vivo studies. The results demonstrate that at least two β-defensins can coordinate early in an infection to limit the growth of bacteria in the trachea.
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Ahsan, ASM Areef, Mohammad Omar Faruq, Kaniz Fatema, Fatema Ahmed, and Shakera Binte Hassan. "Efficacy of Blind Tracheal Aspirate in Comparison to Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Microbiological Diagnosis of Nosocomial Pneumonia in Patients on Ventilator." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (2016): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v4i2.52992.
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Background and Objectives: For diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in patients on ventilator, invasive procedure like bronchoscopy for microscopy and quantitative cultures of lower respiratory tract samples is useful but not always possible for potential risk of the procedure and the associated cost. The non-bronchoscopic sampling of the lower airways and quantitative cultures of tracheal aspirate may offer simple and readily available alternative to bronchoscopy with promising results. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of blind tracheal aspirate in the microbiological diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia occurring in intubated patients on mechanical ventilator.
 Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Intensive Care Unit in the Department of Critical Care Medicine, BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka over a period 16 months starting from January 2010 to April 2011. A total of 54 clinically diagnosed cases of nosocomial (hospital acquired) pneumonia who were on ventilator were consecutively included in the study based on predefined enrolment criteria. All the 54 cases were subjected to blind endotracheal aspirate (BTA) followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for quantitative cultures of specimens and isolation of causative microorganisms from them.
 Result: The present study showed that the mean age of the patients was 61 years (range: 24-86 years). Males were predominant in the series with male to female ratio being 7:3. Majority of the patients was haemodynamically stable as indicated by mean blood pressures, heart rate, temperature and respiratory rate. Most (83.3%) of the cases showed significant growth of microbes on culture of blind tracheal aspirates at cut-off value of 105 colony forming unit/ml (cfu/ml), while 87% of the cases exhibited positive growth on culture of bronchoalveolar lavage at cut-off value of 104 cfu/ml. Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant organism isolated from BTA (73.3%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.3%). An almost similar pattern of growth was evident in BAL with more than 70% being Acinetobacter baumannii and about 30% Pseudomonas aeruginosa. C. albicans. Kiebsiella sp., E. coli, and Flavobacter were less commonly observed in either group. The Kappa test revealed a good agreement (70.7%) between the two procedures suggesting that the two diagnostic modalities are almost comparable in diagnosing pneumonia in patients admitted in ICU (p < 0.001).
 Conclusion: The study concluded that the accuracy of blind tracheal aspirate and bronchalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia was fairly comparable. The strength of agreement between the two diagnostic modalities is also good encouraging its use instead of more invasive procedures like BAL in the diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia who are on mechanical ventilator.
 Ibrahim Cardiac Med J 2014; 4(2): 49-55
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Huang, Wen-Chung, Shu-Ju Wu, Kuo-Wei Yeh, and Chian-Jiun Liou. "Gypenoside A from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Th2 Cell Activities in a Murine Asthma Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (2022): 7699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147699.
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Our previous study found that oral administration of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract can attenuate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and reduce eosinophil infiltration in the lungs of asthmatic mice. Gypenoside A is isolated from G. pentaphyllum. In this study, we investigated whether gypenoside A can effectively reduce asthma in mice. Asthma was induced in BALB/c mice by ovalbumin injection. Asthmatic mice were treated with gypenoside A via intraperitoneal injection to assess airway inflammation, AHR, and immunomodulatory effects. In vitro, gypenoside A reduced inflammatory and oxidative responses in inflammatory tracheal epithelial cells. Experimental results showed that gypenoside A treatment can suppress eosinophil infiltration in the lungs, reduce tracheal goblet cell hyperplasia, and attenuate AHR. Gypenoside A significantly reduced Th2 cytokine expression and also inhibited the expression of inflammatory genes and proteins in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, gypenoside A also significantly inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and reduced oxidative expression in inflammatory tracheal epithelial cells. The experimental results suggested that gypenoside A is a natural compound that can effectively reduce airway inflammation and AHR in asthma, mainly by reducing Th2 cell activation.
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Amansakhedov, R. B., O. G. Malikova, O. G. Komissarova, et al. "THE POSSIBILITIES OF RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF TRACHEAL AND ENDOBRONCHIAL LESIONS IN PULMONARY TB PATIENTS." Вестник ЦНИИТ 9, no. 2 (2025): 34–43. https://doi.org/10.57014/2587-6678-2025-9-2-34-43.
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Aim: to detect the features of tracheal and endobronchial TB in pulmonary TB patients by computed tomography (CT) scanning. Materials and methods. We studied CT signs in 45 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary, tracheal, and endobronchial TB. The diagnosis was established based on the results of a comprehensive study and confirmed by detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum, bronchial lavage fluid, samples obtained by different types bronchoscopies. All patients underwent multislice CT (MSCT) of the chest by the Somatom Emotion 16 and Somatom go.Up 32 scanners (Siemens) using the algorithm as follows: high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) with 0.6 mm slice thickness and 1.5 mm slice increment. Results. The study of the frequency and types of CT signs (small, big) witnessing changes in the airways of patients with different clinical forms of pulmonary TB showed that the frequency of TB lesions in the airways did not depend on the clinical form of pulmonary TB. Conclusion. HRCT allows detecting direct and indirect signs of airway lesions: changes in the diameter, topography, tracheal and endobronchial wall structure, deformation, ectasia, thickening, bronchogenic dissemination, airway stenosis, atelectasis, or emphysema of lung departments ventilated by the affected bronchi.
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Schoettler, Jochen Johannes, Stany Sandrio, Christoph Boesing, et al. "Bacterial Co- or Superinfection in Patients Treated in Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19- and Influenza-Associated Pneumonia." Pathogens 12, no. 7 (2023): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070927.
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Viral pneumonia is frequently complicated by bacterial co- or superinfection (c/s) with adverse effects on patients’ outcomes. However, the incidence of c/s and its impact on the outcomes of patients might be dependent on the type of viral pneumonia. We performed a retrospective observational study in patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia (CP) or influenza pneumonia (IP) from 01/2009 to 04/2022, investigating the incidence of c/s using a competing risk model and its impact on mortality in these patients in a tertiary referral center using multivariate logistic regressions. Co-infection was defined as pulmonary pathogenic bacteria confirmed in tracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage within 48 h after hospitalization. Superinfection was defined as pulmonary pathogenic bacteria detected in tracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage 48 h after hospitalization. We examined 114 patients with CP and 76 patients with IP. Pulmonary bacterial co-infection was detected in 15 (13.2%), and superinfection was detected in 50 (43.9%) of CP patients. A total of 5 (6.6%) co-infections (p = 0.2269) and 28 (36.8%) superinfections (p = 0.3687) were detected in IP patients. The overall incidence of c/s did not differ between CP and IP patients, and c/s was not an independent predictor for mortality in a study cohort with a high disease severity. We found a significantly higher probability of superinfection for patients with CP compared to patients with IP (p = 0.0017).
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Traub-Dargatz, J. L., A. O. McKinnon, M. A. Thrall, et al. "Evaluation of clinical signs of disease, bronchoalveolar and tracheal wash analysis, and arterial blood gas tensions in 13 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with prednisone, methyl sulfonmethane, and clenbuterol hydrochloride." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 10 (1992): 1908–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.10.1908.
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SUMMARY We evaluated the efficacy of 3 treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: prednisone (400 mg/horse, po, daily; n = 7), methyl sulfonmethane (10 g/horse, po, q 12 h; n = 6), and clenbuterol hydrochloride (0.4 mg/horse, po, q 12 h; n = 7). A fourth group acted as controls (n = 6) and was not treated. The treatment period lasted 10 days. Each horse was a member of 2 different groups for 10 days, separated by an 18-day interval of no treatment. All horses were housed together in an outdoor pen without bedding. Horses were fed alfalfa/grass hay mix ad libitum from a large feeder. The same batch of hay was fed throughout the study. Multiple physical and laboratory variables were monitored prior to, during, and at the end of each 10-day trial period. Changes in lung sounds, respiratory effort, degree of anal movement, nasal discharge, temperature, respiratory rate, or heart rate were not significant. Changes in arterial blood gas tensions, tracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic findings, or phagocyte function were not significant. All horses were tachypneic and most were tachycardic. The median value for Pao2 was below normal for all horses. All tracheal wash and most bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic findings represented a suppurative response. Negative linear correlation was observed between Pao2 and degree of respiratory effort in these horses (eg,Pao2 decreased, the degree of respiratory effort increased).
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Konrádová, V., J. Kanta, and J. Šulová. "Effect of Bronchoalveolar Lavage on the Ultrastructure of the Tracheal Epithelium in Rabbits." Respiration 57, no. 1 (1990): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000195813.
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Steiniger, L., J. Winkler, T. Schulz, and J. Schauer. "Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and central tracheal apsiration in diagnosis of VAP." Tubercle and Lung Disease 75 (June 1994): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8479(94)91035-9.
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Abutarbush, Sameeh M., Raida Karim Al-Rukibat, Wafa’a Qura’n, and Wael M. Hananeh. "Laboratory findings of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage in normal adult dairy cattle." Journal of Applied Animal Research 47, no. 1 (2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2018.1561371.
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