Journal articles: 'Track and field events'

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Pendergraph, Bernadette, Belinda Ko, James Zamora, and Evan Bass. "Medical Coverage for Track and Field Events." Current Sports Medicine Reports 4, no. 3 (June 2005): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.csmr.0000306198.59617.3d.

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O'Connor, Helen, Tim Olds, and Ronald J. Maughan. "Physique and performance for track and field events." Journal of Sports Sciences 25, sup1 (December 2007): S49—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410701607296.

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MIYAMOTO, Toshikazu, Hideo KOBAYASI, Hidetoshi MORI, Keishi YOSHIKAWA, Kazushi NISHIJO, Tetsuya KURODA, Tetsuo HOSOKAWA, and Takeshi TOMIYASU. "Acupuncture for sports disorders in track and field events." Zen Nihon Shinkyu Gakkai zasshi (Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) 37, no. 2 (1987): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3777/jjsam.37.111.

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Schweigert, Doug. "NDSU Womenʼs Track and Field Strength Program: Power Events." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 18, no. 1 (1996): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1996)018<0052:nwstaf>2.3.co;2.

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McDermott, Art. "TRACK AND FIELD: Plyometric training for the throwing events." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 8, no. 4 (1986): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1986)008<0052:ptftte>2.3.co;2.

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Deli, Chariklia K., Vassilis Paschalis, Anastasios A. Theodorou, Michalis G. Nikolaidis, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas, and Yiannis Koutedakis. "Isokinetic Knee Joint Evaluation in Track and Field Events." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25, no. 9 (September 2011): 2528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182023a7a.

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Fung, Lena, and Amy Ha. "Changes in Track and Field Performance with Chronological Aging." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 38, no. 2 (March 1994): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ev2r-nffv-q430-58xf.

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Use of existing records to study performance decline with age has been recommended by several writers. This investigation attempts to identify one running, jumping, and throwing event whose performance was most affected by age. Results indicated that the 400 meter run and the long jump events were most affected by advancing age among both male and female master athletes whereas in the area of throws, the event most affected was the javelin for men and the discus for women.

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KULINICH, P. "NOVEL STRING BANANA TEMPLATE METHOD OF TRACK RECONSTRUCTION FOR HIGH MULTIPLICITY EVENTS WITH SIGNIFICANT MULTIPLE SCATTERING." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 16 (June 30, 2005): 3883–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05027886.

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Novel String Banana Template Method (SBTM) for track reconstruction in high multiplicity events in non-uniform magnetic field spectrometer with emphasis on the lowest momenta tracks with significant Multiple Scattering (MS) is described. Two steps model of track with additional parameter/s which takes into account MS for this particular track is introduced. SBTM is time efficient and demonstrates better resolutions than another method equivalent to the Least Squares method (LSM).

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Symons, Robert D. "Event-Specific Exercises for Speed and Jump Related Events in Track & Field." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 18, no. 3 (1996): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1996)018<0064:esefsa>2.3.co;2.

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Casa, Douglas J., Samuel N. Cheuvront, Stuart D. Galloway, and Susan M. Shirreffs. "Fluid Needs for Training, Competition, and Recovery in Track-and-Field Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0374.

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The 2019 International Amateur Athletics Federation Track-and-Field World Championships will take place in Qatar in the Middle East. The 2020 Summer Olympics will take place in Tokyo, Japan. It is quite likely that these events may set the record for hottest competitions in the recorded history of both the Track-and-Field World Championships and Olympic Games. Given the extreme heat in which track-and-field athletes will need to train and compete for these games, the importance of hydration is amplified more than in previous years. The diverse nature of track-and-field events, training programs, and individuality of athletes taking part inevitably means that fluid needs will be highly variable. Track-and-field events can be classified as low, moderate, or high risk for dehydration based on typical training and competition scenarios, fluid availability, and anticipated sweat losses. This paper reviews the risks of dehydration and potential consequences to performance in track-and-field events. The authors also discuss strategies for mitigating the risk of dehydration.

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Higgs, Colin, Pamela Babstock, Joan Buck, and Christine Parsons. "Wheelchair Classification for Track and Field Events: A Performance Approach." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 7, no. 1 (January 1990): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.7.1.22.

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A total of 4,698 performances by 904 athletes from 46 countries were analyzed to answer the following questions: (a) Were there significant differences in performance between athletes in each of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) medical classifications? (b) To what extent did the classification system yield consistent results across events? (c) To what extent did performance discriminate between athletes in the various classes? (d) What classification systems would the performance data support? The analysis indicated that not all classes differed significantly from all other classes in performance and that there were different patterns of interclass performance between the track events and the throws. Individual athletic performance was shown not to be a good discriminator of medical classification, particularly for paraplegics. The data supported a reduction in the number of classifications from 7 to 3 in track and from 8 to 4 classes in the throws.

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Doležajová, Ladislava, Anton Lednický, and Martin Vaváček. "Performance Levels of Female Students in Combined Track-and-Field Events." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 58, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2018-0006.

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Summary The authors have evaluated the combined track-and-field events performed by the female students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport of Comenius University in Bratislava (CU FPES) in the years 2013 – 2017. The combined track-and-field events are an obligatory part of the final Athletics examination in the teacher-training study program. The selected disciplines reflect the first day of the men’s decathlon with the exception of the last one, which is replaced by 800 m. The number of points in the combined event enters into the overall assessment of the subject Didactics of Athletics II together with an oral examination. The authors analysed not only the total number of points in the pentathlon but also in the individual disciplines and their percentage share in the final result. They have discovered that the shot put and high jump are among the most stable disciplines. The greatest variance of the percentage share in the overall number of points was observed in the 100 m dash, 800 m and in the long jump. The performance of a high number of students (almost two-thirds) came below the average performance in the particular year as expressed in points.

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Ebbeck, Vicki, and Maureen R. Weiss. "The Arousal-Performance Relationship: Task Characteristics and Performance Measures in Track and Field Athletics." Sport Psychologist 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2.1.13.

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Two issues regarding the arousal-performance relationship in sport were addressed in this study: the relationship between task complexity, optimal arousal, and maximal performance, and the appropriateness of using various measures of performance. Data were collected from high school athletes (n=51) across four track and field meets. State anxiety was obtained prior to each performance and three performance measures were obtained (event results, and quality of performance evaluated by the athlete and by the coach). Results indicated that the three performance measures were not equally related to A-state, suggesting that the relationship between arousal and performance results in a different description depending upon the performance measure that is used. Furthermore, degree of task complexity could not be distinguished across various track and field events. When individual events were used to examine the arousal-performance/task complexity relationship, results revealed that level of A-state needed for maximal performance could not be differentiated for specific events, nor could it be determined for above average, average, or below average performances on any one event.

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Hoefer, B. A., and J. Silagyi-Rebovich. "Nutrition supplementation use amongcollege athletes in soccer, track and field events." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101, no. 9 (September 2001): A—85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(01)80290-x.

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Wang, Jian, and Yu Xing. "Research on the Function of Hands Based on Mechanics and Kinematics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.174.

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In track and field, triple jump is an influential and with complex technical difficulty among these track and field events. With the gradually improvement of scientific research and practice training in track and field events, their sports level also gradually improved. This paper describes the technique development and principle analysis of triple jump, emphasize the overall importance of movement rhythm and balance control in triple jump, further analyse balance control process of mechanical movement in triple jump, thus scientifically analyse both in the upper extremity balance control and timing function, which has important implications for the analysis and diagnosis of triple jump technology.

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Makaruk, Hubert, Marak Porter, Marcin Starzak, and Edward Szymczak. "An Examination of Approach Run Kinematics in Track and Field Jumping Events." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2016-0009.

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Abstract Introduction. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in selected kinematics in the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault to highlight the unique movement pattern characteristics in the approach runs utilised in these events. Material and methods. Data were collected during 1 international and 2 national competitions from 36 male athletes (12 in each event) using an Optojump Next system. Results. This study showed the long jumpers achieved the highest mean step velocity, with the pole vaulters showing the lowest velocity. The velocity of the last step before the take-off was greater (p < 0.05) than the velocity of the penultimate step in all groups of athletes. The length of the last step before the take-off was greater (p < 0.01) than the length of the penultimate step in long jump and pole vault athletes compared to the triple jumpers. The long jumpers demonstrated less contact time (p < 0.01) than the pole vaulters. The contact time of the take-off leg was shorter (p < 0.01) compared to that of the non-take-off leg in pole vaulters. The pole vaulters demonstrated less flight time (p < 0.05) compared to the triple jumpers. Lastly, the flight time during the last step before the take-off was shorter (p < 0.01) than the flight time during the penultimate step in all groups. Conclusions. These findings revealed that each of the track and field jumping events required a distinctive approach run. Therefore, training workouts need to be designed specifically to train the unique gait pattern of the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault.

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Козлова, Олена. "Competitive activity of top level athletes in different track and field events." Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports, no. 3 (March 6, 2014): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32652/tmfvs.2014.3.13-19.

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Zaras, Nikolaos, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, and Gerasimos Terzis. "Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020040.

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Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small body of scientific literature has focused on the connection of biological factors with competitive track and field throwing performance. The aim of this review was to accumulate and present the current literature connecting the performance in track and field throwing events with specific biological factors, including the anthropometric characteristics, the body composition, the neural activation, the fiber type composition and the muscle architecture characteristics. While there is little published information to develop statistical results, the results from the current review suggest that major biological determinants of track and field throwing performance are the size of lean body mass, the neural activation of the protagonist muscles during the throw and the percentage of type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Long-term training may enhance these biological factors and possibly lead to a higher track and field throwing performance. Consequently, coaches and athletes should aim at monitoring and enhancing these parameters in order to increase track and field throwing performance.

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Lindsay, Adam, Omid Jalali, Shane Korber, Russ Romano, Hyunwoo Paco Kang, James E. Tibone, Alexander E. Weber, and Seth C. Gamradt. "Hypovitaminosis D Is Not A Risk Factor for Stress Fracture or Reaction in NCAA Division I Track And Field." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (July 2019): 2325967119S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00404.

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Objectives: Most research on the role of vitamin D on skeletal health has been dedicated to the elderly for fracture prevention. However, there is a paucity of research examining the role of vitamin D in elite track and field athletes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of stress reactions and fractures in NCAA Division I track and field athletes, and to determine the relationship between fractures and serum vitamin D levels. Methods: After IRB approval, we evaluated data for men’s and women’s outdoor track and field teams from 2015-2018 at a large NCAA Division I athletics program. Vitamin D levels were drawn during pre-season annual physicals. The cutoff for hypovitaminosis D was set at 40 nmol/L. Demographic and athletic tenure data were recorded and analyzed, and competitive events were grouped into one of four categories: 1) running events, 2) jumping events, 3) throwing events, and 4) multiple event types. Student T tests, chi-squared tests, and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results: Of the 148 athletes analyzed, greater than 50% had hypovitaminois D (Figure 1). There were 29 (19.6%) athletes sustained a stress fracture or stress reaction. There was no difference in mean vitamin D levels in the injured group vs the non-injured group (43.55 ± 11.97 vs. 39.61 ± 12.32, respectively; p=0.122). Additionally, multivariate logistic regression failed to demonstrate an association between stress fracture or reaction incidence and vitamin D status, age, BMI, or event type (p>0.05 for all). Conclusion: These data suggest that NCAA Division I track and field athletes suffer a high rate of stress fractures and reactions, though those with hypovitaminosis D are not at increased risk of these injuries. This is the first study to demonstrate this in a heterogeneous population of elite athletes. Future studies investigating other modifiable risk factors for fracture in this population are warranted to prevent the health and athletic consequences of these fractures.

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Hamlin, Michael J., Will G. Hopkins, and Stephen C. Hollings. "Effects of Altitude on Performance of Elite Track-and-Field Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 7 (October 2015): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0261.

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Purpose:Lower barometric air pressure at altitude can affect competitive performance of athletes in some sports. Reported here are the effects of various altitudes on elite track-and-field athletes’ performance.Methods:Lifetime track-and-field performances of athletes placed in the top 16 in at least 1 major international competition between 2000 and 2009 were downloaded from the database at tilastopaja.org. There were 132,104 performances of 1889 athletes at 794 venues. Performances were logtransformed and analyzed using a mixed linear model with fixed effects for 6 levels of altitude and random quadratic effects to adjust for athlete age.Results:Men’s and women’s sprint events (100–400 m) showed marginal improvements of ~0.2% at altitudes of 500–999 m, and above 1500 m all but the 100- and 110-m hurdles showed substantial improvements of 0.3–0.7%. Some middle- and long-distance events (800–10,000 m) showed marginal impairments at altitudes above 150 m, but above 1000 m the impairments increased dramatically to ~2–4% for events >800 m. There was no consistent trend in the effects of altitude on field events up to 1000 m; above 1000 m, hammer throw showed a marginal improvement of ~1% and discus was impaired by 1–2%. Above 1500 m, triple jump and long jump showed marginal improvements of ~1%.Conclusions:In middle- and long-distance runners, altitudes as low as 150 to 299 m can impair performance. Higher altitudes (≥1000 m) are generally required before decreases in discus performance or enhancements in sprinting, triple and long jump, or hammer throw are seen.

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DREVERMANN, H., and C. GRAB. "GRAPHICAL CONCEPTS FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF EVENTS IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 01, no. 01 (April 1990): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183190000074.

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Different methods to graphically represent points and tracks of events, measured with the ALEPH-detector at LEP, are discussed. Special emphasis is put on projections, that are adapted to the cylindrical geometry of the detector, to the track geometry of charged particles moving in a homogeneous magnetic field and to the event topologies, encountered in Z0 physics. A new concept, the so-called "V-plot", is introduced, which incorporates the full three-dimensional information of spatial points in a single picture. It is ideally suited for the study of more complicated event topologies, such as e.g. decays of particles within jets, and of the correlation between tracks and calorimeter clusters. In addition, we propose ways of combining histograms and projections to incorporate the tracking and calorimetric information into a single picture. We describe methods of employing colour schemes to facilitate recognition of correlations between hits, tracks and/or subdetectors in different representations.

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DREVERMANN, H., C. GRAB, B. S. NILSSON, and R. K. VOGL. "Graphical Concepts for the Representation of Events in High Energy Physics." International Journal of Modern Physics C 02, no. 01 (March 1991): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183191000421.

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Different methods to graphically represent points and tracks of events, measured with the ALEPH-detector at LEP, are discussed. Special emphasis is put on projections, that are adapted to the cylindrical geometry of the detector, to the track geometry of charged particles moving in a homogeneous magnetic field and to the specific event topologies, encountered in Z0 physics. A new concept, the so-called “V-plot”, is introduced, which incorporates the full three dimensional information of spatial points in a single picture. It is ideally suited for the study of more complicated event topologies, such as e.g. decays of particles within jets, and of the correlation between information from tracking and calorimetric devices. In addition, we propose ways of combining histograms and projections in a single picture. We describe methods of employing colour schemes to facilitate recognition of correlations between hits, tracks and/or subdetectors in different representations.

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Enoki, Shota, Mami Nagao, Soju Ishimatsu, Takuya Shimizu, and Rieko Kuramochi. "Injuries in Collegiate Track and Field Jumping: A 2-Year Prospective Surveillance Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 232596712097339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120973397.

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Background: Athletes participating in track and field jumping events (long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault) are exposed to ground-reaction forces on the takeoff leg that are several times their body weight. This can cause injuries specific to such activities. Purpose: To determine the incidence of injuries in collegiate jumpers using the guidelines set forth by a 2014 consensus statement on injury surveillance during track and field events. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A total of 51 jumpers between April 2016 and March 2017 and 54 jumpers between April 2017 and March 2018 participated in this study. All athletes were from a single college in Japan. Baseline information on athletes participating in the long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault was collected at study enrollment. Practice and competition exposures were reported by the team trainer. Injury incidence was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs). Results: A total of 147 injuries were reported among 16,998 exposures (8.65 injuries per 1000 AEs). The most common injury locations were the posterior thigh and lateral ankle (17.0%), followed by the posterior foot or toe (12.9%); the most frequent type of injury was strain/muscle rupture/tear (21.1%). The most common injury for long jumpers was ankle sprain (23.3%); for high jumpers, flexor hallucis longus tendinosis (15.8%); and for pole vaulters, hamstring strain (13.2%). Conclusion: The overall characteristics are different for each event; therefore, injuries for each event need to be investigated.

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Lindsay, Adam, Omid Jalali, Shane Korber, Russ Romano, James E. Tibone, Alexander E. Weber, and Seth C. Gamradt. "Hypovitaminosis D Is A Risk Factor for Posterior Chain Muscular Injury in NCAA Division I Track And Field Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (July 2019): 2325967119S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00400.

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Objectives: Currently little information is available in evaluating micronutrient requirements in elite athletes. Despite evidence that groups of NCAA athletes may be deficient in Vitamin D, no study to date has examined Vitamin D levels with respect to their predicative values for injuries to the ‘posterior chain’ musculature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between hypovitaminosis D and posterior chain injuries in NCAA Division I track and field athletes. Methods: After IRB approval, we evaluated data for men’s and women’s outdoor track and field teams from 2015-2018 at a large NCAA Division I athletics program. Vitamin D levels were drawn during pre-season annual physicals. The cutoff for hypovitaminosis D was set at 40 nmol/L. Demographic and athletic tenure data were recorded and analyzed, and competitive events were grouped into one of four categories: 1) running events, 2) jumping events, 3) throwing events, and 4) multiple event types. Student T tests, chi-squared tests, and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Results: The analysis consisted of 145 (58% female, 42% male) NCAA Division I track athletes. Eighty-five of the 145 athletes had hypovitaminosis D. A full breakdown of athlete characteristics by vitamin D status can be seen in Figure 1 and Table 1. Of the 145 athletes analyzed, 33 (22.7%) suffered a muscular injury to their posterior chain musculature. Multinomial logistic regression identified hypovitaminosis D as an independent risk factor for posterior chain injury (relative risk ratio: 3.23, p=0.016). Age, BMI, and event type were not predictive of a posterior chain injury. Of note, 4 (4.7%) athletes in the hypovitaminosis D group suffered multiple posterior chain injuries, with 2 (2.4%) athletes suffering 2 separate injuries and 2 (2.4%) athletes suffering 3 separate injuries. None of the athletes in the normal Vitamin D group suffered multiple posterior chain injuries. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that pre-season hypovitaminosis D is an independent risk factor for posterior chain muscular injury in NCAA division I track athletes. These data suggest that early detection of hypovitaminosis D may play a critical role in injury prevention for these athletes. [Table: see text]

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Ван, Вей, and Олена Козлова. "Modern models of annual preparation periodization in speed-strength track and field events." Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32652/tmfvs.2018.4.3-9.

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Makaruk, Hubert, Jared Marak Porter, and Marcin Starzak. "Environmental and task constraints influence footfall variability in track and field jumping events." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 4 (September 27, 2017): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117733888.

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By analysis of footfall variability in the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault, the present study was designed to highlight gait variability patterns required in varied nested tasks. Twelve male athletes in each event who participated in one international and two national competitions were involved in this study. Twenty five pairs of 1-m Optojump Next system bars were used to evaluate relevant footfall placement. The footfall variability was taken to present the pattern of step regulation and onset of visual regulation. The main results of this study showed that pole vaulters manifested a highly consistent gait pattern, which was different than the pattern which appeared in the horizontal jumps. The results also revealed that the onset of step length adjustments in the horizontal jumps occurred significantly later during the zeroing-in phase of the approach run in comparison to those utilized by the pole vaulters. These findings indicate that locomotor pointing control in the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault produce specific footfall variability patterns due to different task and environmental constraints that need to be taken into account during training and competition settings.

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Barkley, Sherry A., and Riley Northrup. "Vertical Jump Performance as a Predictor of Track and Field Jumping Events Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486388.20870.79.

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Brokaw, Trey. "Is There a Correlation in Improvements of TOPS Scores and Improvements in Track and Field Performances in Collegiate Athletes?" Journal of Coaching Education 6, no. 2 (August 2013): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.6.2.183.

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This presentation will share the results from a study conducted on college track and field athletes at the NCAA division II level. The study compares the results of scores on the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) and, individual athlete’s improvements in their event area according to the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) scoring charts for track and field. A select group of primarily middle distance and distance runners was selected for the study. These athletes were given a baseline TOPS examination to evaluate their prior knowledge and use of mental skills in their athletic experiences. Personal best times in the athlete’s primary events were recorded from the previous year. During the nine weeks of the outdoor track and field season that this study took place; athletes were introduced to a wide array of activities associated with improving their mental skills. Such activities included goal setting, imagery, relaxation, optimum level of arousal, affirmations, and the use of positive self-talk and routines. Athletes would have an organized mental skills session at least twice each of the nine weeks of the season. Athletes also had an individual meeting with the coaches to go over goal setting and the use of their mental skills to enhance their physical skills. After the outdoor season was completed the athletes took a post-examination TOPS. The scores were compared with their pretest scores as well as their improvement in personal best times in their main events on the track.

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Haugen, Thomas A., Paul A. Solberg, Carl Foster, Ricardo Morán-Navarro, Felix Breitschädel, and Will G. Hopkins. "Peak Age and Performance Progression in World-Class Track-and-Field Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 9 (October 1, 2018): 1122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0682.

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The aim of this study was to quantify peak age and improvements over the preceding years to peak age in elite athletic contestants according to athlete performance level, sex, and discipline. Individual season bests for world-ranked top 100 athletes from 2002 to 2016 (14,937 athletes and 57,049 individual results) were downloaded from the International Association of Athletics Federations’ website. Individual performance trends were generated by fitting a quadratic curve separately to each athlete’s performance and age data using a linear modeling procedure. Mean peak age was typically 25–27 y, but somewhat higher for marathon and male throwers (∼28–29 y). Women reached greater peak age than men in the hurdles and middle- and long-distance running events (mean difference, ±90% CL: 0.6, ±0.3 to 1.9, ±0.3 y: small to moderate). Male throwers had greater peak age than corresponding women (1.3, ±0.3 y: small). Throwers displayed the greatest performance improvements over the 5 y prior to peak age (mean [SD]: 7.0% [2.9%]), clearly ahead of jumpers, long-distance runners, hurdlers, middle-distance runners, and sprinters (3.4, ±0.2% to 5.2, ±0.2%; moderate to large). Similarly, top 10 athletes showed greater improvements than top 11–100 athletes in all events (1.0, ±0.9% to 1.8, ±1.1%; small) except throws. Women improved more than men in all events (0.4, ±0.2% to 2.9, ±0.4%) except sprints. This study provides novel insight on performance development in athletic contestants that are useful for practitioners when setting goals and evaluating strategies for achieving success.

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Dawson, Logan C., Glen S. Romine, Robert J. Trapp, and Michael E. Baldwin. "Verifying Supercellular Rotation in a Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasting System with Radar-Derived Rotation Track Data." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 781–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0121.1.

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Abstract The utility of radar-derived rotation track data for the verification of supercell thunderstorm forecasts was quantified through this study. The forecasts were generated using a convection-permitting model ensemble, and supercell occurrence was diagnosed via updraft helicity and low-level vertical vorticity. Forecasts of four severe convective weather events were considered. Probability fields were computed from the model data, and forecast skill was quantified using rotation track data, storm report data, and a neighborhood-based verification approach. The ability to adjust the rotation track threshold for verification purposes was shown to be an advantage of the rotation track data over the storms reports, because the reports are inherently binary observations whereas the rotation tracks are based on values of Doppler velocity shear. These results encourage further pursuit of incorporating observed rotation track data in the forecasting and verification of severe weather events.

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Gouweleeuw, Ben T., Andreas Kvas, Christian Gruber, Animesh K. Gain, Thorsten Mayer-Gürr, Frank Flechtner, and Andreas Güntner. "Daily GRACE gravity field solutions track major flood events in the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 5 (May 9, 2018): 2867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2867-2018.

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Abstract. Two daily gravity field solutions based on observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission are evaluated against daily river runoff data for major flood events in the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) in 2004 and 2007. The trends over periods of a few days of the daily GRACE data reflect temporal variations in daily river runoff during major flood events. This is especially true for the larger flood in 2007, which featured two distinct periods of critical flood level exceedance in the Brahmaputra River. This first hydrological evaluation of daily GRACE gravity field solutions based on a Kalman filter approach confirms their potential for gravity-based large-scale flood monitoring. This particularly applies to short-lived, high-volume floods, as they occur in the GBD with a 4–5-year return period. The release of daily GRACE gravity field solutions in near-real time may enable flood monitoring for large events.

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Aoki, Kazuhiro, Yoshimitsu Kohmura, Kazuhiko Sakuma, Kazunori Koshikawa, and Hisashi Naito. "Relationships between Field Tests of Power and Athletic Performance in Track and Field Athletes Specializing in Power Events." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 10, no. 1 (February 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.1.133.

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Nukaga, Hideyuki, Tomotaka Takeda, Kazunori Nakajima, Keishiro Narimatsu, Takamitsu Ozawa, Keiichi Ishigami, and Kazuo Funato. "Masseter Muscle Activity in Track and Field Athletes: A Pilot Study." Open Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010474.

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Teeth clenching has been shown to improve remote muscle activity (by augmentation of the Hoffmann reflex), and joint fixation (by decreased reciprocal inhibition) in the entire body. Clenching could help maintain balance, improve systemic function, and enhance safety. Teeth clenching from a sports dentistry viewpoint was thought to be important and challenging. Therefore, it is quite important to investigate mastication muscles’ activity and function during sports events for clarifying a physiological role of the mastication muscle itself and involvement of mastication muscle function in whole body movement. Running is a basic motion of a lot of sports; however, a mastication muscles activity during this motion was not clarified. Throwing and jumping operation were in a same situation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence or absence of masseter muscle activity during track and field events. In total, 28 track and field athletes took part in the study. The Multichannel Telemetry system was used to monitor muscle activity, and the electromyograms obtained were synchronized with digital video imaging. The masseter muscle activity threshold was set 15% of maximum voluntary clenching. As results, with few exceptions, masseter muscle activity were observed during all analyzed phases of the 5 activities, and that phases in which most participants showed masseter muscle activity were characterized by initial acceleration, such as in the short sprint, from the commencement of throwing to release in both the javelin throw and shot put, and at the take-off and landing phases in both jumps.

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Bigouette, John Paul, Erin C. Owen, Jonathan Greenleaf, Stanley L. James, and Nicholas L. Strasser. "Injury Surveillance and Evaluation of Medical Services Utilized During the 2016 Track and Field Olympic Trials." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 232596711881630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118816300.

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Background: Injury surveillance systems have been implemented at world championships, yet no previous work has determined the burden of injuries during the United States Track and Field Olympic Trials. Additionally, the type of medical service providers utilized throughout the meet has not been reported, leaving it unclear whether optimal staffing needs are being met. Purpose: To describe the incidence of injuries presenting to the medical team at the 2016 US Track and Field Olympic Trials (Eugene, Oregon) by event type and competitor demographics. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all documented injuries and treatments recorded from June 28 through July 10, 2016. Descriptive statistics and the prevalence of newly incurred injuries were calculated for registered athletes and nonathlete (ie, support) staff. The incidence of acute injuries was analyzed for registered athletes, as stratified by athlete sex and event type. Results: A total of 514 individuals were seen during the trials: 89% were athletes and 11% were supporting staff. Physicians treated 71 injuries and 14 illnesses. Of diagnosed injuries, 85% (n = 60) occurred among athletes, with hamstring strains (16.7%, n = 10) being the most prevalent. A mean of 124 medical services (median, 137; interquartile range, 65.5-179.5) were provided each day of the trials. Among medical services, 41.8% were attributed to massage therapists for athletes, while chiropractic services were the most utilized service (47.1%) by the support staff. There was an overall incidence of 59.7 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, with jumpers (109.4 per 1000) and long-distance athletes (90.4 per 1000) being the most commonly seen athletes. Conclusion: Throughout the trials, athletes participating in jumping and long-distance events were the most commonly seen by physicians, creating the potential need for an increase in staffing of physicians during meet periods when these events occur. The provided medical services appeared to follow the number of athletes competing during the trials and the need for recovery treatments after competition. Findings from this study should inform future strategy for staffing and policy development at Olympic Trials and other elite-level track and field events in the United States.

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Sygo, Jennifer, Alicia Kendig Glass, Sophie C. Killer, and Trent Stellingwerff. "Fueling for the Field: Nutrition for Jumps, Throws, and Combined Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0272.

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Athletes participating in the athletics (track and field) events of jumps, throws, and combined events (CEs; seven-event heptathlon and 10-event decathlon) engage in training and competition that emphasize speed and explosive movements, requiring optimal power–weight ratios. While these athletes represent a wide range of somatotypes, they share an emphasis on Type IIa and IIx muscle fiber typing. In general, athletes competing in jumps tend to have a lower body mass and may benefit from a higher protein (1.5–1.8 g PRO·kg−1·day−1) and lower carbohydrate (3–6 g CHO·kg−1·day−1) diet. Throwers tend to have a higher body mass, but with considerable differences between events. Their intense, whole-body training program suggests higher PRO requirements (1.5–2.2 g PRO·kg−1·day−1), while CHO needs (per kg) are similar to jumpers. The CE athletes must strike a balance between strength and muscle mass for throws and sprints, while maintaining a low enough body mass to maximize performance in jumps and middle-distance events. CE athletes may benefit from a higher PRO (1.5–2 g PRO·kg−1·day−1) and moderate CHO (5–8 g CHO·kg−1·day−1) diet with good energy availability to support multiple daily training sessions. Since they compete over 2 days, well-rehearsed competition-day fueling and recovery strategies are imperative for CE athletes. Depending on their events’ bioenergetic demands, athletes in throws, jumps, and CE may benefit from the periodized use of ergogenic aids, including creatine, caffeine, and/or beta-alanine. The diverse training demands, physiques, and competitive environments of jumpers, throwers, and CE athletes necessitate nutrition interventions that are periodized throughout the season and tailored to the individual needs of the athlete.

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Drozdovska, Svitlana, and Vyacheslav Tyrtyshnyk. "Gene polymorphisms determining physical performance in Ukrainian power-oriented events of track and field athletics." Sporto mokslas / Sport Science 3, no. 81 (September 28, 2015): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/sm.2015.19.

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Robinson, Dennis P., and Robert X. Black. "Baroclinic Development in Observations and NASA GSFC General Circulation Models." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3110.1.

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Abstract Comparative diagnostic analyses of developing synoptic-scale baroclinic disturbances in NCEP–NCAR reanalyses and the NASA–NCAR (NASCAR) and Aries [NASA’s Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP)] general circulation model simulations are performed. In particular, lag composite analyses of wintertime cyclonic and anticyclonic events occurring in the North Pacific and North Atlantic storm tracks are constructed to pursue a synoptic and dynamic characterization of eddy development. The data are also seasonally stratified to study aspects of the North Pacific midwinter suppression phenomenon. Winter-averaged results indicate that the model-simulated events are generally too weak in amplitude, particularly in the upper troposphere. For the North Pacific storm track, model-simulated events are also anomalously distended in the meridional direction. The existing model biases in eddy structure and magnitude lead to anomalously weak baroclinic energy conversions for both cyclonic and anticyclonic events over the North Pacific. For the North Atlantic storm track the NASCAR model provides a very good representation of the structure of developing cyclonic events. However, growing North Atlantic cyclones in the NSIPP model are anomalously weak and horizontally too isotropic (meridionally retracted). These latter two characteristics are also observed in both models for developing anticyclonic flow anomalies over the North Atlantic. The relative weakness of NSIPP synoptic events over the North Atlantic region is largely responsible for the 50% deficiency in areal-averaged baroclinic energy conversions. Conversely, the NASCAR model climatology features anomalously strong temperature gradients over the western North Atlantic that provide local enhancements to the baroclinic energy conversion field. A seasonally stratified diagnostic analysis reveals that the simulated climatological storm tracks over the North Pacific undergo larger spatial migrations during the cool season compared to observations. It is further determined that the suppression of synoptic eddy activity observed in the Pacific storm track is associated with a relative midwinter weakness in the magnitude of the growing cyclonic anomalies. Specifically, during midwinter the cyclonic perturbations entering the Pacific storm track are deficient in magnitude compared to their early and late winter counterparts. It is also discovered that the midwinter suppression pattern over the North Pacific region has a clear organized extension upstream into Siberia, the region from which incipient upper-tropospheric short-wave features emanate. This behavior is found in both observations and the model simulations. The results herein support the idea that the North Pacific midwinter suppression phenomenon is linked to a midwinter weakness in the upstream formation of upper-level short waves, leading to anomalously weak “seeding” of baroclinic disturbances in the Pacific storm track.

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Boltz, Adrian J., Patricia R. Roby, Hannah J. Robison, Sarah N. Morris, Christy L. Collins, and Avinash Chandran. "Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Track and Field: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019." Journal of Athletic Training 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-513-20.

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Context College athletes have been competing in championship track and field events since 1921; the numbers of competing teams and participating athletes have expanded considerably. Background Monitoring injuries of men's track and field athletes using surveillance systems is critical in identifying emerging injury-related patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics; injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. Results Overall, men's track and field athletes were injured at a rate of 2.37 per 1000 athlete-exposures; injuries occurred at a higher rate during competition compared with practice. Most injuries were to the thigh (26.2%), lower leg (17.3%), or knee (10.7%) and were caused by noncontact (37.2%) or overuse (31.5%) mechanisms. The most reported injury was hamstring tear (14.9%). Summary The etiologies of thigh and lower-leg injuries warrant further attention in this population. Future researchers should also separately examine injury incidence during indoor and outdoor track and field seasons.

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Tsubaki, Ryota, Jeremy David Bricker, Koji Ichii, and Yoshihisa Kawahara. "Development of fragility curves for railway embankment and ballast scour due to overtopping flood flow." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 12 (November 29, 2016): 2455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2455-2016.

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Abstract. Fragility curves evaluating a risk of railway embankment fill and track ballast scour were developed. To develop fragility curves, two well-documented events of single-track railway washout during floods in Japan were investigated. Type of damage to the railway was categorized into no damage, ballast scour, and embankment scour, in order of damage severity. Railway overtopping water depth for each event was estimated based on well-documented hydrologic and hydraulic analyses. Normal and log-normal fragility curves were developed based on damage probability derived from field records and the estimated overtopping water depth. A combined ballast and embankment scour model was validated by comparing the results of previous studies and the spatial distribution of railway damage type records.

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Sintermann, J., C. Ammann, U. Kuhn, C. Spirig, R. Hirschberger, A. Gärtner, and A. Neftel. "Determination of field scale ammonia emissions for common slurry spreading practice with two independent methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 9 (September 9, 2011): 1821–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1821-2011.

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Abstract. At a cropland and a grassland site field scale ammonia (NH3) emissions from slurry application were determined simultaneously by two approaches based on (i) eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements using high temperature Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (HT-CIMS) and on (ii) backward Lagrangian Stochastic (bLS) dispersion modelling using concentration measurements by three optical open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) systems. Slurry was spread on the fields in sequential tracks over a period of one to two hours. In order to calculate field emissions, measured EC/HT-CIMS fluxes were combined with flux footprint analysis of individual slurry spreading tracks to parameterise the NH3 volatilisation with a bi-exponential time dependence. Accordingly, track-resolved concentration footprints for the FTIR measurements were calculated using bLS. A consistency test with concentrations measured by impingers showed very low systematic deviations for the EC/HT-CIMS results (<8%) but larger deviations for the bLS/FTIR results. For both slurry application events, the period during fertilisation and the subsequent two hours contributed by more than 80% to the total field emissions. Averaged over the two measurement methods, the cumulated emissions of the first day amounted to 17 ± 3% loss of applied total ammoniacal nitrogen over the cropland and 16 ± 3% over the grassland field.

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Sura, Philip, and Maxime Perron. "Extreme Events and the General Circulation: Observations and Stochastic Model Dynamics." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 2785–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3369.1.

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Abstract This study explores the dynamical role of non-Gaussian potential vorticity variability (extreme events) in the zonally averaged circulation of the atmosphere within a stochastic framework. First the zonally averaged skewness and kurtosis patterns of relative and potential vorticity anomalies from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data are presented. In the troposphere, midlatitude regions of near-zero skewness coincide with regions of maximum variability. Equatorward of the Northern Hemisphere storm track positive relative/potential vorticity skewness is observed. Poleward of the same storm track the vorticity skewness is negative. In the Southern Hemisphere the relation is reversed, resulting in negative relative/potential vorticity skewness equatorward, and positive skewness poleward of the storm track. The dynamical role of extreme events in the zonally averaged general circulation is then explored in terms of the potential enstrophy budget by linking eddy enstrophy fluxes to a stochastic representation of non-Gaussian potential vorticity anomalies. The stochastic model assumes that potential vorticity anomalies are advected by a random velocity field. The assumption of stochastic advection allows for a closed expression of the meridional enstrophy flux: the potential enstrophy flux is proportional to the potential vorticity skewness. There is some evidence of this relationship in the observations. That is, potential enstrophy fluxes might be linked to non-Gaussian potential vorticity variability. Thus, extreme events may presumably play an important role in the potential enstrophy budget and the related general circulation of the atmosphere.

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Gessinger, Paul, Hadrien Grasland, Heather Gray, Moritz Kiehn, Fabian Klimpel, Robert Langenberg, Andreas Salzburger, Bastian Schlag, Jin Zhang, and Xiaocong Ai. "The Acts project: track reconstruction software for HL-LHC and beyond." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 10003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024510003.

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The reconstruction of trajectories of the charged particles in the tracking detectors of high energy physics (HEP) experiments is one of the most difficult and complex tasks of event reconstruction at particle colliders. As pattern recognition algorithms exhibit combinatorial scaling to high track multiplicities, they become the largest contributor to the CPU consumption within event reconstruction, particularly at current and future hadron colliders such as the LHC, HL-LHC and FCC-hh. Current algorithms provide an extremely high standard of physics and computing performance and have been tested on billions of simulated and recorded data events. However, most algorithms date back to more than 20 years ago and maintaining them has become increasingly challenging. In addition, they are challenging to adapt to modern programming paradigms and parallel architectures. Acts is based on the well-tested and highly functioning components of LHC track reconstruction algorithms, implemented with modern software concepts and inherently designed for parallel architectures. Multithreading becomes increasingly important to balance the memory usage per CPU core. However, a fully multithreaded event processing framework blurs the clear border between events, which has in the past often been used as a clearly defined validity boundary for event conditions. Acts is equipped with a full contextual conditions concept that allows to run concurrent track reconstruction even in case of multiple detector alignments, conditions or varying magnetic field being processed at the same time. It provides an experiment and, in particular, framework-independent software toolkit and light-weight, highly optimised event data model for track reconstruction. Particular care is given to thread safety and data locality. It is designed as a toolbox that allows to implement and extend widely known pattern recognition algorithms, and in addition suitable for algorithm templating and R&D. Acts has been used as the fast simulation engine for the Tracking Machine Learning (TrackML) Challenge, and will provide reference implementation of several submitted solution programs of the two phases of the challenge.

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Sintermann, J., C. Ammann, U. Kuhn, C. Spirig, R. Hirschberger, A. Gärtner, and A. Neftel. "Determination of field scale ammonia emissions for common slurry spreading practice with two independent methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 3 (May 6, 2011): 2635–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-2635-2011.

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Abstract. At a cropland and a grassland site field scale ammonia (NH3) emissions from slurry application were determined simultaneously by two approaches based on (i) eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements using high temperature Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (HT-CIMS) and on (ii) backward Lagrangian Stochastic (bLS) dispersion modelling using concentration measurements by three optical open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) systems. Slurry was spread on the fields in sequential tracks over a period of one to two hours. In order to calculate field emissions, measured EC/HT-CIMS fluxes were combined with flux footprint analysis of individual slurry spreading tracks to parameterise the NH3 volatilisation with a bi-exponential time dependence. Accordingly, track-resolved concentration footprints for the FTIR measurements were calculated using bLS. Comparison of concentrations calculated from the parameterised fluxes with concentrations measured by impingers showed that the EC/HT-CIMS emissions on the two fertilisations corresponded to the impinger concentrations within 10 % while the bLS/FTIR results showed larger deviations. For both events, the period during fertilisation and the subsequent two hours contributed by more than 80 % to the total field emissions. Averaged over the two measurement methods, the cumulated emissions of the first day amounted to 17 ± 3 % loss of applied total ammoniacal nitrogen over the cropland and 16 ± 3 % over the grassland field.

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Martínez Silván, Daniel, Amanda Johnson, and Antonio Tramullas. "Skeletal maturity as injury risk factor in adolescent elite track and field athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 6_suppl3 (June 1, 2018): 2325967118S0003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118s00038.

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Objectives: To establish skeletal age and maturity status in highly trained adolescent track and field athletes and to investigate the relationship between maturation status and different type of injuries. Methods: 72 adolescent track and field athletes from different athletic disciplines (long distance n=15, sprints n=16, jumps n=10, throws n=12, combined events n=9, non-specialized n=10) belonging to an elite sport academy full time between 2013 and 2016 were selected for the study. An electronic medical record for musculoskeletal injuries was designed according to international standards for athletics, and skeletal age and maturity status were determined at the beginning of each season using FELS method, athletes being defined as early matures (EM), late matures (LM) or normo-matures (Norm) according to the difference between chronological and skeletal age. Results: A total number of 195 injuries with an incidence of 7 injuries per 1000 h of training exposure were recorded in 72 athletes (15±1.7y, 169.5±9.9 cm, 61.4±17.9 kg, 215±64 training hours per season). A vast majority of athletes were early mature (EM=78%, Norm= 12%, LM= 10%). 98% of athletes in jumps, sprints, throws and combined events were EM, while a predominance of Norm (40%) and LM (40%) athletes was observed in the long distance group. A larger overuse injury incidence was observed in LM (4.1 inj/1000 h) and Norm (5.1 inj/1000 h) compared to early mature athletes (2.8 inj/1000 h). Apophysitis was the most common overuse injury, being significantly associated to maturation status (LM=4.1 inj/1000 h, Norm= 2.6 inj/1000 h, EM= 0.9 inj/1000 h; p<0.01), and long distance athletes the ones with a larger number of this kind of injuries (61%), and also with a larger training exposure (260 h per season). Conclusion: A predominance of late mature athletes was observed in long distance runners compared to all the other disciplines, and the risk of overuse injuries might increase when late mature athletes are exposed to large amounts of training during adolescence. Adapting training to maturation status and not to chronological age classical categories might reduce injury risk in adolescent track and field athletes.

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Mihailescu, L., B. Vâlcu, N. Mihailescu, and L. Mihailescu. "Possibilities for Identifying the Contribution of Strength and Muscle Power of of Track and Field Sprint Events." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012): 3722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.134.

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Bartonek, Dalibor, Jiří Bures, and Otakar Svabensky. "Optimization of Process Field Measurement GNSS-RTK for Railway Infrastructure." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.481.

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The paper describes optimized measurements in field on points of railway control by the GNSS-RTK method. The purpose of measurement is to monitor the status of railroad track geometry. Good geometry extends the life of superstructure, reduces tracks and sleepers material wear during passing of the trains, and thus lowers the overall maintenance demands. In the model each of these points can be represented by node in graph and evaluation of graph edges corresponds to the distance between individual nodes. The task is to measure on every node even one times and to absolve the total route with minimal sum of distance. In fact it is searching of the Hamilton's path in a graph. The situation is complicated because the conditions for GNSS surveying in nodes are suitable only at certain time intervals during the day. Generally the above mentioned is difficult task, which is solved in the practice in many cases by heuristic methods. The authors proposed the optimization method based on Floyd algorithm and dynamic data structure - events list. The optimization of field measurement solves the time demands and brings economic effectiveness.

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Jiang, Haoyu. "Spatially Tracking Wave Events in Partitioned Numerical Wave Model Outputs." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 10 (October 2019): 1933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0228.1.

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AbstractNumerical wave models can output partitioned wave parameters at each grid point using a spectral partitioning technique. Because these wave partitions are usually organized according to the magnitude of their wave energy without considering the coherence of wave parameters in space, it can be difficult to observe the spatial distributions of wave field features from these outputs. In this study, an approach for spatially tracking coherent wave events (which means a cluster of partitions originating from the same meteorological event) from partitioned numerical wave model outputs is presented to solve this problem. First, an efficient traverse algorithm applicable for different types of grids, termed breadth-first search, is employed to track wave events using the continuity of wave parameters. Second, to reduce the impact of the garden sprinkler effect on tracking, tracked wave events are merged if their boundary outlines and wave parameters on these boundaries are both in good agreement. Partitioned wave information from the Integrated Ocean Waves for Geophysical and other Applications dataset is used to test the performance of this spatial tracking approach. The test results indicate that this approach is able to capture the primary features of partitioned wave fields, demonstrating its potential for wave data analysis, model verification, and data assimilation.

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Chandran, Avinash, Sarah N. Morris, Patricia R. Roby, Adrian J. Boltz, Hannah J. Robison, and Christy L. Collins. "Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Track and Field: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019." Journal of Athletic Training 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-493-20.

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Context Women's track and field events at the National Collegiate Athletic Association level have grown in popularity in recent years, and track and field athletes are vulnerable to a broad range of potential injuries. Background Routine examination of track and field injuries is important for identifying emerging patterns in injury incidence. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014–2015 to 2018–2019 academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 2.20 per 1000 athlete exposures; the competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate (injury rate ratio = 1.73; 95% confidence interval = 1.51, 1.97). Hamstring tears (8.9%), medial tibial stress syndrome (5.4%), and lateral ligament complex tears (4.2%) were the most reported injuries. Conclusions Given the results of this study, further attention may be directed toward factors associated with noncontact injury risk in the competitions. The changing injury rates of most reported injuries also warrant monitoring post 2018–2019.

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Yu, Feng, Yi Wu, Xian Ming Shao, and Jian Chun Guo. "Performance Prediction Using Fuzzy Mapping and Artificial Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (July 2014): 901–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.901.

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This paper presents a fuzzy neural network model combining fuzzy mapping and artificial neural network for the prediction of sports results. The model for predicting track & field results of each individual event at the 27th Olympic Games is established. Through modeling and comparative validation it is shown that since 1950s the modeling of track & field results according to the sequence of number reflects the basic trends of the track & field result development with good precision.

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Béres, Sándor. "The trends of best results of sprint and jumping events of Track and Field World Championships 1983-2017)." Testnevelés, Sport, Tudomány 3, no. 1-2 (2018): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21846/tst.2018.1-2.4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Track and field events'

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