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1
AKIYOSHI, Yoshinori. "A Study of Instruction in Track and Field (II)." Japanese Journal of Sport Education Studies 7, no. 1 (1987): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7219/jjses.7.23.
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Chen, Zhaowei, Wanming Zhai, and Qiang Yin. "Analysis of structural stresses of tracks and vehicle dynamic responses in train–track–bridge system with pier settlement." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 2 (October 28, 2016): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716675001.
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Pier settlement causes deformation of bridge structures, and further distorts the track structures placed on bridge decks, which may greatly affect the service life of the tracks and safe operation of trains. This study analyzes track stresses and vehicle dynamic responses in train–track–bridge system with pier settlement and determines the pier settlement safe value for high-speed railways with China Railway Track System (CRTS) II slab tracks. First, a detailed train–track–bridge dynamic model is established based on the train–track–bridge dynamic interaction theory. Verified with field experimental results, the model is utilized to calculate the dynamic responses of the vehicle–track–bridge system with different pier settlement values. Finally, the safe value of the pier settlement in the CRTS II slab track railway line is determined according to the limit of the vehicle dynamic indicators and the structural stresses of tracks. The results show that the vertical acceleration of the car body is more sensitive to pier settlement among all the vehicle dynamic indicators. Structural stresses of tracks caused by pier settlement appear at the positions of the pier with settlement and its two adjacent piers. The effect of train loads on the track stresses is much smaller than that of the pier settlement. It is important to adopt the structural stresses of tracks as the evaluation criteria of the pier settlement safe value than the vehicle dynamic indicators. Taking the effects of the bridge pier settlement, the vehicle load, the prestress effect, and the self-weight into consideration, the pier settlement safe value for the high-speed railway lines with the CRTS II slab track is 11.5 mm.
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Spataro, Stefano. "Track Fitting for the Belle II Experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402039.
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The Belle II experiment has started to take data in 2018, studying e+e- collisions at the KEK facility in Tsukuba (Japan), in a center of mass energy range of the Bottomonium states. The tracking system includes a combination of hit measurements coming from the vertex detector, made of pixel detectors and double-sided silicon strip detectors, and acentral drift chamber, inside a solenoid of 1.5 T magnetic field. Once the pattern recognition routines have identified the track candidates, hit measurements are fitted taking into account the different information coming from different detectors, the energy loss in the materials and the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field. Track fitting is performed by the generic track-fitting software GENFIT, which includes a Kalman filter improved by a deterministic annealing filter, in order to reject outlier hits coming from not correctly associated hits by the pattern recognition. Several mass hypotheses are used in the fit, in order to achieve the best track parameter estimation for each particle kind. This article presents the design of the track fitting in the Belle II software, showing results in terms of track parameter estimation as well as computing performances.
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Bilka, Tadeas, Jesus Abudinen, Karlheinz Georg Ackermann, Karol Mateusz Adamczyk, Patrick Ahlburg, Hiroaki Aihara, Oscar Alonso, et al. "Alignment for the first precision measurements at Belle II." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024502023.
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On March 25th 2019, the Belle II detector recorded the first collisions delivered by the SuperKEKB accelerator. This marked the beginning of the physics run with vertex detector. The vertex detector was aligned initially with cosmic ray tracks without magnetic field simultaneously with the drift chamber. The alignment method is based on Millepede II and the General Broken Lines track model and includes also the muon system or primary vertex position alignment. To control weak modes, we employ sensitive validation tools and various track samples can be used as alignment input, from straight cosmic tracks to mass-constrained decays. With increasing luminosity and experience, the alignment is approaching the target performance, crucial for the first physics analyses in the era of Super-BFactories. We will present the software framework for the detector calibration and alignment, the results from the first physics run and the prospects in view of the experience with the first data.
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Zhao, Lei, Lu Sun, and Tong Jiang Fan. "Temperature Field Analysis of CRTS-II Ballastless Track Slab Structure on Soil Subgrade." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 1255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.1255.
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Temperature changes have a significant impact on the CRTS-II track structure in Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway which has longitudinally connected type. In this paper temperature fields of ballastless track superstructure are simulated based on heat transfer theory and subroutine of ABAQUS that solar radiation DFLUX and ambient temperature FILM. The results showed that: the maximum temperature difference on the top of track slab is 20°C in summer and 10°C in winter; the maximum temperature difference in CA mortar layer is 4°C in summer and 2°C in winter; the maximum temperature difference in concrete substrate is 2°C in summer and 1°C in winter.
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Choudary, Maqsood, Angela Gail Narasimhan, and Nancy Wright. "2008 APSA Teaching and Learning Track Summaries—Track Twelve: Internationalizing the Curriculum II." PS: Political Science & Politics 41, no. 03 (June 18, 2008): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096508330893.
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Recent technological changes, particularly in the field of communications, have brought the world much closer than ever in the history of humankind. These changes, sometimes called globalization, require a paradigm shift in our thinking, teaching materials, and methods of delivery. This quantum leap is required not only in the subfield of international relations, but rather in all subfields of political science. There is also a dire need to learn from each others' experiences and give new direction to our teaching subfields.
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Zaras, Nikolaos, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, and Gerasimos Terzis. "Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6020040.
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Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small body of scientific literature has focused on the connection of biological factors with competitive track and field throwing performance. The aim of this review was to accumulate and present the current literature connecting the performance in track and field throwing events with specific biological factors, including the anthropometric characteristics, the body composition, the neural activation, the fiber type composition and the muscle architecture characteristics. While there is little published information to develop statistical results, the results from the current review suggest that major biological determinants of track and field throwing performance are the size of lean body mass, the neural activation of the protagonist muscles during the throw and the percentage of type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Long-term training may enhance these biological factors and possibly lead to a higher track and field throwing performance. Consequently, coaches and athletes should aim at monitoring and enhancing these parameters in order to increase track and field throwing performance.
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Sayeed, Md Abu, and Mohamed A. Shahin. "Design of ballasted railway track foundations using numerical modelling. Part II: Applications." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 3 (March 2018): 369–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0634.
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This paper is the second of two companion papers in relation to a new design method for ballasted railway track foundations. Development of the new design method has been explained in the first paper (i.e., Part I: Development), and the procedures for using the method and its practical application on some field case studies are presented in this paper. A special feature of the proposed design method is that it considers the true impact of train dynamic moving loads and number of repeated applications of the traffic tonnage. The proposed method is applied to four case studies of actual tracks and the results are compared with field measurements and found to be in good agreement. It should be noted that, although the proposed design method is able to overcome most shortcomings of the existing methods and found to provide excellent outcomes, further verification with more field case studies is highly desirable.
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Shankar, Sangeetha, Michael Roth, Lucas Andreas Schubert, and Judith Anne Verstegen. "Automatic Mapping of Center Line of Railway Tracks using Global Navigation Satellite System, Inertial Measurement Unit and Laser Scanner." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030411.
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Up-to-date geodatasets on railway infrastructure are valuable resources for the field of transportation. This paper investigates three methods for mapping the center lines of railway tracks using heterogeneous sensor data: (i) conditional selection of satellite navigation (GNSS) data, (ii) a combination of inertial measurements (IMU data) and GNSS data in a Kalman filtering and smoothing framework and (iii) extraction of center lines from laser scanner data. Several combinations of the methods are compared with a focus on mapping in tree-covered areas. The center lines of the railway tracks are extracted by applying these methods to a test dataset collected by a road-rail vehicle. The guard rails in the test area were also extracted during the center line detection process. The combination of methods (i) and (ii) gave the best result for the track on which the measurement vehicle had moved, mapping almost 100% of the track. The combination of methods (ii) and (iii) and the combination of all three methods gave the best result for the other parallel tracks, mapping between 25% and 80%. The mean perpendicular distance of the mapped center lines from the reference data was 1.49 meters.
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Malliaropoulos, Nikolaos, Maria Ntessalen, Emmanuel Papacostas, Umile Giuseppe Longo, and Nicola Maffulli. "Reinjury after Acute Lateral Ankle Sprains in Elite Track and Field Athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 9 (July 17, 2009): 1755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546509338107.
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Background Lateral ankle sprains can lead to persistent disability in athletes. The authors studied the effect of a lateral ankle sprain on reinjury occurrence in the same region. Hypothesis There will be no difference in reinjury rate between low-grade (grades I and II) and high-grade (IIIA and IIIB) acute lateral ankle sprains. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods From 1996 to 2004, the authors managed 202 elite Greek track and field athletes for an acute lateral ankle sprain. Sprains were classified into 4 degrees (I, II, IIIA, and IIIB). The same rehabilitation protocol was prescribed for all the athletes. The rate of a lateral ankle reinjury was recorded in the 24 months following injury. Results At a follow-up of 24 months, 36 of 202 athletes (17.8%) experienced a second lateral ankle sprain. Of the 79 athletes with a grade I injury, 11 (14%) experienced a recurrence during the study period. Of the 81 athletes with a grade II injury, 23 (29%) experienced a recurrence during the study period. Of the 36 athletes with a grade IIIA injury, 2 (5.6%) experienced a recurrence during the study period. Of the 6 athletes with a grade IIIB injury, none experienced a recurrence during the study period. Conclusion Athletes with a grade I or II lateral ankle sprain are at higher risk of experiencing a reinjury. Low-grade acute lateral ankle sprains result in a higher risk of reinjury than high-grade acute lateral ankle sprains.
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Liu, Hao Min, Hong Yao Lu, Yue Lei He, and Zai Wei Li. "Neural Network Based Temperature Field Mapping Model for CRTS II Type Ballastless Track." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 435 (November 5, 2018): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/435/1/012042.
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Hoskins, B. J., and K. I. Hodges. "The Annual Cycle of Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks. Part II: Regional Detail." Journal of Climate 32, no. 6 (March 1, 2019): 1761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0871.1.
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Abstract In Part I of this study, the annual cycle of the Northern Hemisphere storm tracks was investigated using feature tracking and Eulerian variance-based diagnostics applied to both the vorticity and meridional wind fields. Results were presented and discussed for the four seasons at both upper- (250 hPa) and lower- (850 hPa) tropospheric levels. Here, using the meridional wind diagnostics, the annual cycles of the North Pacific and North Atlantic storm tracks are examined in detail. This is done using monthly and 20° longitudinal sector averages. Many sectors have been considered, but the focus is on sectors equally spaced in the two main oceanic storm tracks situated at their western, central, and eastern regions, with the western ones being mainly over the upstream continents. The annual cycles of the upper- and lower-tropospheric storm tracks in the central and eastern Pacific, as well as in the western and central Atlantic sectors, all have rather similar structures. In amplitude, each sector at both levels has a summer minimum and a relatively uniform strength from October to April, despite the strong winter maxima in the westerly jets. However, high-intensity storms occur over a much wider latitudinal band in winter. The storm track in each sector moves poleward from May to August and returns equatorward from October to December, and there is a marked asymmetry between spring and autumn. There are many differences between the North Pacific and North Atlantic storm tracks, and some of these seem to have their origin in the behavior over the upstream East Asian and North American continents, suggesting the importance of seeding from these regions. The East Asian storm track near 48°N has marked spring and autumn maxima and weak amplitude in winter and summer. The 33°N track is strong only in the first half of the year. In contrast, the eastern North American storm track is well organized throughout the year, around the baroclinicity that moves latitudinally with the seasons. The signatures associated with these features are found to gradually decrease downstream in each case. In particular, there is very little latitudinal movement in the storm track in the eastern Atlantic.
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F. von Feigenblatt, Otto. "Flexible Diplomacy: Scholars as Key Players in Track II Diplomacy." Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de investigación 3, no. 28 (May 1, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31876/er.v3i28.574.
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IntroductionThe field of traditional diplomacy has changed very little since the Congress of Vienna in the 19thcentury. Globalization, non-traditional security threats, and a changing global landscape require a more flexible diplomacy that includes a wider range of stakeholders such as NGOs, community leaders, and most importantly scholars/academics.ObjectiveThe academic freedom enjoyed by scholars allows them to explore policy questions from a scientific perspective Materials and methods the present study follows the grounded theory approach to model development while adopting a largely constructivist paradigm in terms of the nature of diplomacy Resultthe academic freedom enjoyed by scholars allows them to explore policy questions from a scientific perspective. Thus, scholars have the freedom to explore controversial topics in an environment of respect and professionalism. Discussion Scholars have historically served as the conscience of their generation and also as the keepers and creators of civilization and therefore it is only natural for them to play important roles in public policy Conclusions The integration of the scholarly community into the diplomatic corps of developing countries can reduce the intrinsic asymmetry between the expertise and skills of the ministries of foreign
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Sintermann, J., C. Ammann, U. Kuhn, C. Spirig, R. Hirschberger, A. Gärtner, and A. Neftel. "Determination of field scale ammonia emissions for common slurry spreading practice with two independent methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 9 (September 9, 2011): 1821–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1821-2011.
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Abstract. At a cropland and a grassland site field scale ammonia (NH3) emissions from slurry application were determined simultaneously by two approaches based on (i) eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements using high temperature Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (HT-CIMS) and on (ii) backward Lagrangian Stochastic (bLS) dispersion modelling using concentration measurements by three optical open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) systems. Slurry was spread on the fields in sequential tracks over a period of one to two hours. In order to calculate field emissions, measured EC/HT-CIMS fluxes were combined with flux footprint analysis of individual slurry spreading tracks to parameterise the NH3 volatilisation with a bi-exponential time dependence. Accordingly, track-resolved concentration footprints for the FTIR measurements were calculated using bLS. A consistency test with concentrations measured by impingers showed very low systematic deviations for the EC/HT-CIMS results (<8%) but larger deviations for the bLS/FTIR results. For both slurry application events, the period during fertilisation and the subsequent two hours contributed by more than 80% to the total field emissions. Averaged over the two measurement methods, the cumulated emissions of the first day amounted to 17 ± 3% loss of applied total ammoniacal nitrogen over the cropland and 16 ± 3% over the grassland field.
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Jooken, Stijn, Yovan de Coene, Olivier Deschaume, Dániel Zámbó, Tangi Aubert, Zeger Hens, Dirk Dorfs, et al. "Enhanced electric field sensitivity of quantum dot/rod two-photon fluorescence and its relevance for cell transmembrane voltage imaging." Nanophotonics 10, no. 9 (May 21, 2021): 2407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0077.
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Abstract The optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanoparticles make them valuable candidates for the long-term monitoring of transmembrane electric fields in excitable cells. In this work, we show that the electric field sensitivity of the fluorescence intensity of type-I and quasi-type-II quantum dots and quantum rods is enhanced under two-photon excitation compared to single-photon excitation. Based on the superior electric field sensitivity of the two-photon excited fluorescence, we demonstrate the ability of quantum dots and rods to track fast switching E-fields. These findings indicate the potential of semiconductor nanoparticles as cellular voltage probes in multiphoton imaging.
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Doležajová, Ladislava, Anton Lednický, and Martin Vaváček. "Performance Levels of Female Students in Combined Track-and-Field Events." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 58, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2018-0006.
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Summary The authors have evaluated the combined track-and-field events performed by the female students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport of Comenius University in Bratislava (CU FPES) in the years 2013 – 2017. The combined track-and-field events are an obligatory part of the final Athletics examination in the teacher-training study program. The selected disciplines reflect the first day of the men’s decathlon with the exception of the last one, which is replaced by 800 m. The number of points in the combined event enters into the overall assessment of the subject Didactics of Athletics II together with an oral examination. The authors analysed not only the total number of points in the pentathlon but also in the individual disciplines and their percentage share in the final result. They have discovered that the shot put and high jump are among the most stable disciplines. The greatest variance of the percentage share in the overall number of points was observed in the 100 m dash, 800 m and in the long jump. The performance of a high number of students (almost two-thirds) came below the average performance in the particular year as expressed in points.
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Loh, Dylan M. H. "Diplomatic Control, Foreign Policy, and Change under Xi Jinping: A Field-Theoretic Account." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 47, no. 3 (December 2018): 111–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261804700305.
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This article outlines how Xi Jinping has exercised control over diplomatic actors, particularly China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and draws out the effects of this control for the ministry and for Chinese foreign policy. Leveraging Bourdieu's (1984) concept of “field,” I demonstrate how Xi has – through processes of socialisation, restriction, and displays of fealty – bred local diplomatic field incentives in which actors exhibit more loyal, assertive, and disciplined behaviour. Next, I introduce the idea of “transversal disruption” – the potential of local fields to disrupt and introduce change on and in overlapping fields, and vice versa. Practice theorists have relatively little to say about inter-field effects, and this article seeks to fill this gap by showing how field rules in the transnational diplomatic space can change when fields meet. I illustrate the above through three cases of field encounters: the multilateral Track II diplomacy field; the transnational fields of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); and, the China–Malaysia bilateral diplomatic field.
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Wen, Heqiong. "THE EARLY WARNING MODEL OF TRACK AND FIELD SPORTS BASED ON RBF NEURAL NETWORK ALGORITHM." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 5 (September 2021): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0117.
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ABSTRACT Background: Athletics plays a very important role in competitive sports. The strength of track and field directly represents the level of a country's sports competition. Objective: This work aimed to study the track and field sports forewarning model based on radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. One hundred outstanding athletes were taken as the research objects. The questionnaire survey method was adopted to count athletes’ injury risk factors, and coaches were consulted to evaluate the questionnaire's overall quality, structure, and content. Methods: A track and field early warning model based on RBF neural network is established, and the results are analyzed. Results: The results showed that the number of people who thought the questionnaire was relatively complete (92%) was considerably higher than that of very complete (2%) and relatively complete (6%) (P<0.05). The number of people who thought that the questionnaire structure was relatively perfect (45%) was notably higher than that of the very perfect (18%) (P<0.05). The semi-reliability test result suggested that the questionnaire reliability was 0.85. Tests on ten samples showed that the RBF neural network model error and the actual results were basically controlled between −0.04~0.04. Conclusions: After the sample library test, the track and field sports forewarning model under RBF neural network can obtain relatively favorable results. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Sintermann, J., C. Ammann, U. Kuhn, C. Spirig, R. Hirschberger, A. Gärtner, and A. Neftel. "Determination of field scale ammonia emissions for common slurry spreading practice with two independent methods." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 3 (May 6, 2011): 2635–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-2635-2011.
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Abstract. At a cropland and a grassland site field scale ammonia (NH3) emissions from slurry application were determined simultaneously by two approaches based on (i) eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements using high temperature Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (HT-CIMS) and on (ii) backward Lagrangian Stochastic (bLS) dispersion modelling using concentration measurements by three optical open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) systems. Slurry was spread on the fields in sequential tracks over a period of one to two hours. In order to calculate field emissions, measured EC/HT-CIMS fluxes were combined with flux footprint analysis of individual slurry spreading tracks to parameterise the NH3 volatilisation with a bi-exponential time dependence. Accordingly, track-resolved concentration footprints for the FTIR measurements were calculated using bLS. Comparison of concentrations calculated from the parameterised fluxes with concentrations measured by impingers showed that the EC/HT-CIMS emissions on the two fertilisations corresponded to the impinger concentrations within 10 % while the bLS/FTIR results showed larger deviations. For both events, the period during fertilisation and the subsequent two hours contributed by more than 80 % to the total field emissions. Averaged over the two measurement methods, the cumulated emissions of the first day amounted to 17 ± 3 % loss of applied total ammoniacal nitrogen over the cropland and 16 ± 3 % over the grassland field.
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Judge, Lawrence W., Kimberly J. Bodey, David Bellar, Christine Brooks, and Terry Crawford. "On the Right Track: Maximizing Educational Opportunities for Usatf Coaching Education." Journal of Coaching Education 5, no. 1 (May 2012): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.5.1.41.
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In recent years, large scale sport organizations and national governing bodies have produced coaching education programs to prepare coaches to teach and mentor athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine: a) track & field coaches’ familiarity with the National Standards for Sport Coaches, b) the alignment of United States Track & Field (USATF) Developmental, Level I, and Level II coaching education programs with the National Standards for Sport Coaches, and c) the alignment of USATF Developmental, Level I, and Level II coaching education programs with coaches’ perceived needs for subject matter training. A 39-item survey was administered during a USATF certification course to measure coaches’ familiarity and perceptions. The results showed the vast majority of coaches (75.2%) were not familiar with the National Standards. At the time of assessment, the Developmental, Level I, and Level II courses were partially aligned with 25 of 40 standards at the Level 1, Level 3, or Level 5 accreditation levels. The courses were not aligned with 15 of 40 standards at any accreditation level. The majority of deficiencies existed in Domain 2: Safety and Injury Prevention, Domain 7: Organization and Administration, and Domain 8: Evaluation. While the USATF coaching education curriculum is partially aligned with many, but not all, of the national standards, the curriculum appears to contain subject matter training that coaches perceived as needed. Curricular revisions, including future directions of the USATF coaching education program, such as new courses and innovative use of technology, are presented.
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Rejšek, K., P. Holčíková, V. Kuráž, A. Kučera, P. Dundek, P. Formánek, and V. Vranová. "Saturated hydraulic conductance of forest soils affected by track harvesters." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 8 (August 12, 2011): 321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6/2011-jfs.
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The exact data from the field of soil mechanics from specific forest stands exposed to forestry mechanization operation were obtained. Field surveys were performed on four study plots within the Křtiny Training Forest Enterprise, Masaryk Forest, followed by laboratory analyses of the collected soil samples aimed at evaluation of the impacts of Zetor 7245 Horal System, PONSSE ERGO 16 harvester and Gremo 950 forwarder on the compaction of upper soil horizons as well as on the dynamics of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. A specific objective of the performed investigation was to assess the influence of the used hauling/skidding technology on measurable parameters of soil mechanics with the emphasis on a possibility to apply the Guelph permeameter for direct study of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. In the measurement points affected by machinery operation, the impact of the changed soil structure on the values of saturated conductivity is very well noticeable – on study plots No. 3 and 4, the values decreased by one order of magnitude from 0.7 × 10<sup>–5</sup> m·s–1 to 0.09 × 10–5 m·s<sup>–1</sup>: specifically, (i) on study plot No. 3 and from 6.9 × 10–5 m·s–1 to 0.7 × 10–5 m·s–1, and (ii) on study plot No. 4; on study plot No. 2 even by two orders, i.e. from 1.6 × 10–5 m·s–1 up to 0.03 × 10–5 m·s–1. After the operation of a universal wheeled tractor at the Babice nad Svitavou locality, the situation partially improved by one order to 0.3 × 10–5 m·s–1, similarly like at the Rudice locality to 1.5 × 10–5 m·s–1. Significant changes were found in both surface and subsurface horizons. Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity indicates also a reduction of the pore volume after machinery traffic; however, tendencies towards restoration of the original state were detectable as soon as after six months.
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Brokaw, Trey. "Is There a Correlation in Improvements of TOPS Scores and Improvements in Track and Field Performances in Collegiate Athletes?" Journal of Coaching Education 6, no. 2 (August 2013): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.6.2.183.
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This presentation will share the results from a study conducted on college track and field athletes at the NCAA division II level. The study compares the results of scores on the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) and, individual athlete’s improvements in their event area according to the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) scoring charts for track and field. A select group of primarily middle distance and distance runners was selected for the study. These athletes were given a baseline TOPS examination to evaluate their prior knowledge and use of mental skills in their athletic experiences. Personal best times in the athlete’s primary events were recorded from the previous year. During the nine weeks of the outdoor track and field season that this study took place; athletes were introduced to a wide array of activities associated with improving their mental skills. Such activities included goal setting, imagery, relaxation, optimum level of arousal, affirmations, and the use of positive self-talk and routines. Athletes would have an organized mental skills session at least twice each of the nine weeks of the season. Athletes also had an individual meeting with the coaches to go over goal setting and the use of their mental skills to enhance their physical skills. After the outdoor season was completed the athletes took a post-examination TOPS. The scores were compared with their pretest scores as well as their improvement in personal best times in their main events on the track.
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Effiom, Oghogho, Robert Maskall, Edwin Quadt, Kazeem A. Lawal, Raphael Afolabi, Jake Emakpor, and Reginald Mbah. "4D seismic interpretation in a Nigerian deepwater field." Interpretation 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): SP11—SP19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0198.1.
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To improve the management of a Nigerian deep water field, two vintages of 4D data have been acquired since field start up in 2005. The first Nigerian 4D seismic (monitor-I) in water depths greater than 1000 m was taken in this field in 2008, and the second monitor (monitor-II) was acquired in 2012. Compared to monitor-I, better geometric repeatability was achieved in monitor-II as the lessons learned from monitor-I were incorporated to achieve better results. The final normalized root mean square of monitor-II fast-track volume was 12% compared to 25% for monitor-I. The improved quality is attributed to improvements in the acquisition methodology and prediction of the effects of currents. Seismic interpretation of the field revealed two distinct turbidite depositional settings: (1) An unconfined amalgamated lobe system with low relief, high net-to-gross reservoir sands that exhibit fairly homogeneous water flooding patterns on 4D and (2) an erosional canyon setting, filled with meander belts having a more complex 3D connectivity within and between the channels resulting in a challenging 4D interpretation. The time lapse data were instrumental for better understanding the reservoir architecture, enabling improved wells and reservoir management practices, the identification of infill opportunities, and more mature subsurface models. We evaluated the seismic acquisition and the 4D interpretation of the deepwater 4D seismic data, highlighting the merits of a multidisciplinary collaborative understanding to time-lapse seismic. At present, the value of information of the 4D monitor-II is conservatively estimated at 101 million United States dollars, equivalent to the cost of a well in this deepwater operating environment.
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Brzhezovskiy, A. M., O. A. Krasnobaev, A. V. Spirov, and I. E. Il’in. "On the permissible speeds of empty freight cars mounted on 18-100 model bogies." VNIIZHT Scientific Journal 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2021-80-2-65-75.
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Problem of ensuring motion safety of empty freight cars is most acute in relation to cars on bogies of model 18-100, which is mainly due to operational wear of wheelsets, side frames and bolsters, as well as spring suspension elements. A potential threat to traffic safety arises when a train, composed of mostly empty and lightly loaded cars, moves along track sections that have deviations in the geometry of rail track of III and higher degrees or combinations and sequences of deviations of II degree. The article presents the main results of complex studies: mathematical modeling of the dynamic interaction of the track and empty freight cars of various types of bogie wear based on the Universal Mechanism software and field tests of cars on measuring sections of tangent, easement and circular curves with a radius of 350, 650, 800, 1000 and 2050 m on the section Belorechenskaya — Maykop of the North Caucasian railway. Dynamic qualities and motion stability of empty freight cars of various types are investigated depending on the parameters of the technical condition of the running gears and the deviations of the geometry of the rail track of II and III degrees of various types and combinations when moving in tangent and curved track sections. Authors provide tables and graphs of the dependences of indicators of dynamic qualities and motion stability of universal empty freight cars of various types on the motion speed in tangent sections of the track and circular curves of various radii and easement curves containing artificial deviations of the geometry of the rail track, most negatively affecting traffic safety. Recommendations are given for correcting the regulatory documents of the Russian Railways, which regulate the permissible speed of motion of empty freight cars, depending on the technical condition of the running gear.
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Aloy, M. Á., and M. Obergaulinger. "Magnetorotational core collapse of possible GRB progenitors – II. Formation of protomagnetars and collapsars." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 500, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 4365–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3273.
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ABSTRACT We assess the variance of the post-collapse evolution remnants of compact, massive, low-metallicity stars, under small changes in the degrees of rotation and magnetic field of selected pre-supernova cores. These stellar models are commonly considered progenitors of long gamma-ray bursts. The fate of the protoneutron star (PNS) formed after the collapse, whose mass may continuously grow due to accretion, critically depends on the poloidal magnetic field strength at bounce. Should the poloidal magnetic field be sufficiently weak, the PNS collapses to a black hole (BH) within a few seconds. Models on this evolutionary track contain promising collapsar engines. Poloidal magnetic fields smooth over large radial scales (e.g. dipolar fields) or slightly augmented with respect to the original pre-supernova core yield long-lasting PNSs. In these models, BH formation is avoided or staved off for a long time, hence, they may produce protomagnetars (PMs). Some of our PM candidates have been run for $\lesssim 10\,$ s after core bounce, but they have not entered the Kelvin–Helmholtz phase yet. Among these models, some display episodic events of spin-down during which we find properties broadly compatible with the theoretical expectations for PMs ($M_\rm {\small PNS}\approx 1.85{-}2.5\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, $\bar{P}_\rm {\small PNS}\approx 1.5 {-} 4\,$ ms, and $b^{\rm surf}_\rm {\small PNS}\lesssim 10^{15}\,$ G) and their very collimated supernova ejecta have nearly reached the stellar surface with (still growing) explosion energies $\gtrsim {2} \times 10^{51}\, \textrm {erg}$.
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Zumin, Ou, and Li Fujian. "Analysis and Prediction of the Temperature Field Based on In-situ Measured Temperature for CRTS-II Ballastless Track." Energy Procedia 61 (2014): 1290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1083.
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Nolan, David S., Brian D. McNoldy, Jimmy Yunge, Forrest J. Masters, and Ian M. Giammanco. "Evaluation of the Surface Wind Field over Land in WRF Simulations of Hurricane Wilma (2005). Part II: Surface Winds, Inflow Angles, and Boundary Layer Profiles." Monthly Weather Review 149, no. 3 (March 2021): 697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-20-0201.1.
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AbstractThis is the second of a two-part study that explores the capabilities of a mesoscale atmospheric model to reproduce the near-surface wind fields in hurricanes over land. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used with two planetary boundary layer parameterizations: the Yonsei University (YSU) and the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ) schemes. The first part presented the modeling framework and initial conditions used to produce simulations of Hurricane Wilma (2005) that closely reproduced the track, intensity, and size of its wind field as it passed over South Florida. This part explores how well these simulations can reproduce the winds at fixed points over land by making comparisons with observations from airports and research weather stations. The results show that peak wind speeds are remarkably well reproduced at several locations. Wind directions are evaluated in terms of the inflow angle relative to the storm center, and the simulated inflow angles are generally smaller than observed. Localized peak wind events are associated with vertical vorticity maxima in the boundary layer with horizontal scales of 5–10 km. The boundary layer winds are compared with wind profiles obtained by velocity–azimuth display (VAD) analyses from National Weather Service Doppler radars at Miami and Key West, Florida; results from these comparisons are mixed. Nonetheless the comparisons with surface observations suggest that when short-term hurricane forecasts can sufficiently predict storm track, intensity, and size, they will also be able to provide useful information on extreme winds at locations of interest.
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Finley, Hayley, Nicolas Bouché, Thierry Contini, Mieke Paalvast, Leindert Boogaard, Michael Maseda, Roland Bacon, et al. "The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey." Astronomy & Astrophysics 608 (November 29, 2017): A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731499.
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Non-resonant Fe ii* (λ2365, λ2396, λ2612, λ2626) emission can potentially trace galactic winds in emission and provide useful constraints to wind models. From the 3.15′ × 3.15′ mosaic of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (UDF) obtained with the VLT/MUSE integral field spectrograph, we identify a statistical sample of 40 Fe ii* emitters and 50 Mg ii (λλ2796,2803) emitters from a sample of 271 [O ii]λλ3726,3729 emitters with reliable redshifts from z = 0.85−1.50 down to 2 × 10-18 (3σ) ergs s-1 cm-2 (for [O ii]), covering the M⋆ range from 108−1011 M⊙. The Fe ii* and Mg ii emitters follow the galaxy main sequence, but with a clear dichotomy. Galaxies with masses below 109 M⊙ and star formation rates (SFRs) of ≲ 1 M⊙ yr-1 have Mg ii emission without accompanying Fe ii* emission, whereas galaxies with masses above 1010 M⊙ and SFRs ≳ 10 M⊙ yr-1 have Fe ii* emission without accompanying Mg ii emission. Between these two regimes, galaxies have both Mg ii and Fe ii* emission, typically with Mg ii P Cygni profiles. Indeed, the Mg ii profile shows a progression along the main sequence from pure emission to P Cygni profiles to strong absorption, due to resonant trapping. Combining the deep MUSE data with HST ancillary information, we find that galaxies with pure Mg ii emission profiles have lower SFR surface densities than those with either Mg ii P Cygni profiles or Fe ii* emission. These spectral signatures produced through continuum scattering and fluorescence, Mg ii P Cygni profiles and Fe ii* emission, are better candidates for tracing galactic outflows than pure Mg ii emission, which may originate from H ii regions. We compare the absorption and emission rest-frame equivalent widths for pairs of Fe ii transitions to predictions from outflow models and find that the observations consistently have less total re-emission than absorption, suggesting either dust extinction or non-isotropic outflow geometries.
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Xiang, Ping, Minglong Wei, Mengmeng Sun, Qiusheng Li, Lizhong Jiang, Xiang Liu, and Jianying Ren. "Creep Effect on the Dynamic Response of Train-Track-Continuous Bridge System." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 21, no. 10 (June 10, 2021): 2150139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945542150139x.
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The influence of track irregularity and deck deformation on the running safety of high-speed railway (HSR) trains is investigated, with emphasis placed on those caused by the creep of continuous prestressed bridges. A bridge model is established with CRTS II ballastless track to account for a train-track-bridge (TTB) system. The creep effect is calculated by the finite element software MIDAS/Civil. The accuracy of the numerical simulation is confirmed by comparing the numerical predictions with field measurements. Considering the stability index of the moving train, the deformation threshold for safe operation of the train is determined. The results show that the initial prestressing stress has a great impact on the residual deformation of the bridge, but the deformation of the rail is less affected by the stiffness of the fastener. Creep irregularity has a great influence on the comfort of the moving train, but does not affect its running safety. When the creep amplitude is greater than 4[Formula: see text]mm, the increase in the amplitude of the creep irregularity has a greater effect on the acceleration of the car body.
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Tort, Marine, and Kraig B. Winters. "Poleward propagation of near-inertial waves induced by fluctuating winds over a baroclinically unstable zonal jet." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 834 (November 17, 2017): 510–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.698.
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We investigate the excitation and radiation of near-inertial internal gravity waves continuously excited by a latitudinally confined temporally fluctuating wind in a numerical model of a stratified ocean on a $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$-plane at mid-latitude. The surface wind forcing contains both high- and low-frequency components which excite propagating waves and a baroclinically unstable zonal jet respectively. Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) ray theory implies that near-inertial waves propagate strictly towards the equator. We seek to refine this view here by (i) adding the non-traditional Coriolis force (accounting for the horizontal component of the Earth’s rotation) into the equations of motion, in order to allow poleward sub-inertial propagation to occur, and (ii) relaxing the conceptual constraint of no zonal variability, to allow the zonal jet to undergo instability, to meander and to sustain an active field of mesoscale eddies, potentially impacting the excitation of near-inertial waves. The key results are that, while (i) permits weakly stratified waveguides with sub-inertial poleward wave propagation to develop in accord with theory, the sub-inertial energy flux observed is very small compared with the equatorward flux. Thus, in terms of energy radiated from the storm track, non-traditional effects are small for wind-driven near-inertial waves. The consequences of (ii) are much more pronounced. Refinement (ii) produces a radiating wave field that is bidirectional, i.e. with both poleward and equatorward components. We show that the presence of regions of significant background vorticity with horizontal scales significantly smaller than the width of the storm track provides the scale selection mechanism to excite waves with sufficiently super-inertial frequencies to propagate poleward distances of the order of 1000 km.
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Garvert, Matthew F., Christopher P. Woods, Brian A. Colle, Clifford F. Mass, Peter V. Hobbs, Mark T. Stoelinga, and Justin B. Wolfe. "The 13–14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event. Part II: Comparisons of MM5 Model Simulations of Clouds and Precipitation with Observations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 3520–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3551.1.
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Abstract This paper compares airborne in situ observations of cloud microphysical parameters with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulations, using the Reisner-2 bulk microphysical parameterization, for a heavy precipitation event over the Oregon Cascades on 13–14 December 2001. The MM5 correctly replicated the extent of the snow field and the growth of snow particles by vapor deposition measured along aircraft flight tracks between altitudes of 4.9 and 6 km, but overpredicted the mass concentrations of snow. The model produced a broader number distribution of snow particles than observed, overpredicting the number of moderate-to-large-sized snow particles and underpredicting the number of small particles observed along the aircraft flight track. Over the mountain crest, the model overpredicted depositional growth of snow and mass concentrations of snow, but underpredicted the amount of cloud liquid water and conversion of snow to graupel. The misclassification of graupel as snow and excessive amounts of snow resulted in the model overpredicting precipitation on the lee slopes and in localized areas along the foothills of the Cascades. The model overpredicted cloud liquid water over the lower windward slopes and foothills, where accretion of cloud liquid water by rain was the primary precipitation-producing mechanism.
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Vuong, Thi-Hong-Nhi, Tso-Ren Wu, Chun-Yu Wang, and Chia-Ren Chu. "Modeling the Slump-Type Landslide Tsunamis Part II: Numerical Simulation of Tsunamis with Bingham Landslide Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 6872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196872.
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This paper incorporates the Bingham rheology model with the Navier–Stokes solver to simulate the tsunamis excited by a slump-type landslide. The slump is modeled as the Bingham material, in which the rheological properties changing from the un-yield phase to yield phase is taken into account. The volume of fluid method is used to track the interfaces between three materials: air, water, and slump. The developed model is validated by the laboratory data of the benchmark landslide tsunami problem. A series of rheological properties analyses is performed to identify the parameter sensitivity to the tsunami generation. The results show that the yield stress plays a more important role than the yield viscosity in terms of the slump kinematics and tsunami generation. Moreover, the scale effect is investigated under the criterion of Froude number similarity and Bingham number similarity. With the same Froude number and Bingham number, the result from the laboratory scale can be applied to the field scale. If the slump material collected in the field is used in the laboratory experiments, only the result of the maximum wave height can be used, and significant errors in slump shape and moving speed are expected.
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Robinson, Dennis P., and Robert X. Black. "The Statistics and Structure of Subseasonal Midlatitude Variability in NASA GSFC GCMs." Journal of Climate 18, no. 16 (August 15, 2005): 3294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3450.1.
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Abstract A comprehensive analysis of midlatitude intraseasonal variability in extended integrations of NASA GSFC general circulation models (GCMs) is conducted. This is approached by performing detailed intercomparisons of the representation of the storm tracks and anomalous weather regimes occurring during wintertime in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations of both the NASA–NCAR and a version of the Aries model used in NASA’s Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) model. The model-simulated statistics, three-dimensional structure, and dynamical characteristics of these phenomena are diagnosed and directly compared to parallel observational analyses derived from NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. A qualitatively good representation of the vertical structure of intraseasonal eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is provided by both models with maximum values of EKE occurring near 300 hPa. The main model shortcoming is an underestimation of EKE in the upper troposphere, especially for synoptic eddies in the NSIPP model. Nonetheless, both models provide a reasonable representation of the three-dimensional structure and dynamical characteristics of synoptic eddies. Discrepancies in the storm-track structures simulated by the models include an anomalous local minimum over the eastern Pacific basin. However, both GCMs faithfully reproduce the observed Pacific midwinter storm-track suppression. Interestingly, the NSIPP model also produces a midwinter suppression feature over the Atlantic storm track in association with the anomalously strong upper-level jet stream simulated by NSIPP in this region. The regional distribution of anomalous weather regime events is well simulated by the models. However, substantial structural differences exist between observed and simulated events over the North Pacific region. In comparison to observations, model events are horizontally more isotropic, have stronger westward vertical tilts, and are more strongly driven by baroclinic dynamics. The structure and dynamics of anomalous weather regimes occurring over the North Atlantic region are qualitatively better represented by the models. The authors suggest that model deficiencies in representing the zonally asymmetric climatological-mean flow field (particularly the magnitude and structure of the Pacific and Atlantic jet streams) help contribute to model shortcomings in (i) the strength and seasonal variability of the storm tracks and (ii) dynamical distinctions in the maintenance of large-scale weather regimes.
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Chen, Hsin-Hung. "The Estimation of Angular Misalignments for Ultra Short Baseline Navigation Systems. Part II: Experimental Results." Journal of Navigation 66, no. 5 (May 9, 2013): 773–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463313000234.
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An algorithm of alignment calibration for Ultra Short Baseline (USBL) navigation systems was presented in the companion work (Part I). In this part (Part II) of the paper, this algorithm is tested on the sea trial data collected from USBL line surveys. In particular, the solutions to two practical problems referred to as heading deviation and cross-track error in the USBL line survey are presented. A field experiment running eight line surveys was conducted to collect USBL positioning data. The numerical results for the sea trial data demonstrated that the proposed algorithm could robustly and effectively estimate the alignment errors. Comparisons of the experimental result with the analytical prediction of roll misalignment estimation in Part I is drawn, showing good agreement. The experimental results also show that an inappropriate estimation of roll alignment error will significantly degrade the quality of estimations of heading and pitch alignment errors.
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Hanson, Sarah J., Penny McCullagh, and Phyllis Tonymon. "The Relationship of Personality Characteristics, Life Stress, and Coping Resources to Athletic Injury." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14, no. 3 (September 1992): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.3.262.
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In 1988, Andersen and Williams proposed a model to explain the stress-injury relationship. The present study tested portions of this framework by investigating frequency and severity of injury occurrence in track and field athletes from four NCAA Division I and II universities. Personality characteristics (locus of control and sport competition trait anxiety), history of stressors (life stress, daily hassles, and past injury), and moderating variables (coping resources and social support) were assessed before the season began. Discriminant analyses indicated that four variables (coping resources, negative life stress, social support, and competitive anxiety) differentiated the severity groups. For injury frequency, coping resources and positive life stress differentiated the groups.
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Issler, Dieter. "The 2017 Rigopiano Avalanche—Dynamics Inferred from Field Observations." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110466.
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Data on the disastrous snow avalanche that occurred on 18 January 2017 at the spa hotel Rigopiano, municipality of Farindola in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, are analyzed in different ways. The main results are the following. (i) The 2017 Rigopiano avalanche went beyond the run-out point predicted by the topographic-statistical α-β model with standard Norwegian calibration, while avalanches in neighboring paths appear to have run no farther than the β-point of their respective paths during the same period. (ii) The curvature and super-elevation of the trimline between 1500 and 1300 m a.s.l. indicate that the velocity of the front was around 40 m s−1. In contrast, the tail velocity of the avalanche can hardly have exceeded 25 m s−1 in the same segment. (iii) The deposits observed along all of the lower track and in the run-out zone suggest that the avalanche eroded essentially the entire snow cover, but fully entrained only a moderate amount of snow (and debris). The entrainment appears to have had a considerable decelerating effect on the flow front. (iv) Estimates of the degree to which different parts of the building were damaged is combined with information about the location of the persons in the building and their fates. This allows to refine a preliminary vulnerability curve for persons in buildings obtained from the 2015 Longyearbyen avalanche, Svalbard.
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DeRito, Christopher M., Graham M. Pumphrey, and Eugene L. Madsen. "Use of Field-Based Stable Isotope Probing To Identify Adapted Populations and Track Carbon Flow through a Phenol-Degrading Soil Microbial Community." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 12 (December 2005): 7858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.12.7858-7865.2005.
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ABSTRACT The goal of this field study was to provide insight into three distinct populations of microorganisms involved in in situ metabolism of phenol. Our approach measured 13CO2 respired from [13C]phenol and stable isotope probing (SIP) of soil DNA at an agricultural field site. Traditionally, SIP-based investigations have been subject to the uncertainties posed by carbon cross-feeding. By altering our field-based, substrate-dosing methodologies, experiments were designed to look beyond primary degraders to detect trophically related populations in the food chain. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), it was shown that 13C-labeled biomass, derived from primary phenol degraders in soil, was a suitable growth substrate for other members of the soil microbial community. Next, three dosing regimes were designed to examine active members of the microbial community involved in phenol metabolism in situ: (i) 1 dose of [13C]phenol, (ii) 11 daily doses of unlabeled phenol followed by 1 dose of [13C]phenol, and (iii) 12 daily doses of [13C]phenol. GC/MS analysis demonstrated that prior exposure to phenol boosted 13CO2 evolution by a factor of 10. Furthermore, imaging of 13C-treated soil using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) verified that individual bacteria incorporated 13C into their biomass. PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 13C-labeled soil DNA from the 3 dosing regimes revealed three distinct clone libraries: (i) unenriched, primary phenol degraders were most diverse, consisting of α-, β-, and γ-proteobacteria and high-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria, (ii) enriched primary phenol degraders were dominated by members of the genera Kocuria and Staphylococcus, and (iii) trophically related (carbon cross-feeders) were dominated by members of the genus Pseudomonas. These data show that SIP has the potential to document population shifts caused by substrate preexposure and to follow the flow of carbon through terrestrial microbial food chains.
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Song, Yunfei, Aiqun Kong, Yanhong Ji, Benqiao He, Hong Wang, and Jianxin Li. "Adsorption for copper(II) ion with chitosan-SP/PET composite adsorbent enhanced by electric field." Adsorption Science & Technology 37, no. 3-4 (February 7, 2019): 274–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617419825505.
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A method combining adsorption with electric field-driven ion enrichment to remove the trace metal ions in wastewater was investigated. Composite adsorbent prepared from chitosan (CS) and sodium phytate (SP) supported into polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) nonwoven fabric by nonsolvent induced phase separation was employed and located near the cathode in a pair of titanium plate electrodes. Results showed the removal rate of copper ions (Cu(II)) adsorbed onto CS-SP/PET adsorbent was increased from 56% to 88% for 10 mg L−1 Cu(II) solution when the applied voltage was from 0 to 1.2 V. The adsorption behavior was well correlated with the Langmuir isotherm model. And adsorption process fitted well for pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, suggesting that chemical adsorption was rate-limiting step. And the energy consumption was economical, about 4.35 × 10−3 kW·h for 1 m3 of water with 10 mg L−1 Cu(II). It was suggested that the adsorption performance for Cu(II) with CS-SP/PET adsorbent was enhanced due to the enrichment of Cu(II) under electric field. This work provides a new way to remove trace heavy metal ions from wastewater.
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Colli, Matteo, Luca G. Lanza, Roy Rasmussen, and Julie M. Thériault. "The Collection Efficiency of Shielded and Unshielded Precipitation Gauges. Part II: Modeling Particle Trajectories." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0011.1.
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Abstract The use of windshields to reduce the impact of wind on snow measurements is common. This paper investigates the catching performance of shielded and unshielded gauges using numerical simulations. In Part II, the role of the windshield and gauge aerodynamics, as well as the varying flow field due to the turbulence generated by the shield–gauge configuration, in reducing the catch efficiency is investigated. This builds on the computational fluid dynamics results obtained in Part I, where the airflow patterns in the proximity of an unshielded and single Alter shielded Geonor T-200B gauge are obtained using both time-independent [Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)] and time-dependent [large-eddy simulation (LES)] approaches. A Lagrangian trajectory model is used to track different types of snowflakes (wet and dry snow) and to assess the variation of the resulting gauge catching performance with the wind speed. The collection efficiency obtained with the LES approach is generally lower than the one obtained with the RANS approach. This is because of the impact of the LES-resolved turbulence above the gauge orifice rim. The comparison between the collection efficiency values obtained in case of shielded and unshielded gauge validates the choice of installing a single Alter shield in a windy environment. However, time-dependent simulations show that the propagating turbulent structures produced by the aerodynamic response of the upwind single Alter blades have an impact on the collection efficiency. Comparison with field observations provides the validation background for the model results.
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Judge, Lawrence W., David M. Bellar, Erin L. Gilreath, Jeffrey C. Petersen, Bruce W. Craig, Jennifer K. Popp, Omar S. Hindawi, and Laura S. Simon. "An Examination of Preactivity and Postactivity Stretching Practices of NCAA Division I, NCAA Division II, and NCAA Division III Track and Field Throws Programs." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27, no. 10 (October 2013): 2691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318280c9ac.
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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. "What the Brain Stem Tells the Frontal Cortex. II. Role of the SC-MD-FEF Pathway in Corollary Discharge." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00740.2003.
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One way we keep track of our movements is by monitoring corollary discharges or internal copies of movement commands. This study tested a hypothesis that the pathway from superior colliculus (SC) to mediodorsal thalamus (MD) to frontal eye field (FEF) carries a corollary discharge about saccades made into the contralateral visual field. We inactivated the MD relay node with muscimol in monkeys and measured corollary discharge deficits using a double-step task: two sequential saccades were made to the locations of briefly flashed targets. To make second saccades correctly, monkeys had to internally monitor their first saccades; therefore deficits in the corollary discharge representation of first saccades should disrupt second saccades. We found, first, that monkeys seemed to misjudge the amplitudes of their first saccades; this was revealed by systematic shifts in second saccade end points. Thus corollary discharge accuracy was impaired. Second, monkeys were less able to detect trial-by-trial variations in their first saccades; this was revealed by reduced compensatory changes in second saccade angles. Thus corollary discharge precision also was impaired. Both deficits occurred only when first saccades went into the contralateral visual field. Single-saccade generation was unaffected. Additional deficits occurred in reaction time and overall performance, but these were bilateral. We conclude that the SC-MD-FEF pathway conveys a corollary discharge used for coordinating sequential saccades and possibly for stabilizing vision across saccades. This pathway is the first elucidated in what may be a multilevel chain of corollary discharge circuits extending from the extraocular motoneurons up into cerebral cortex.
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Stewart, Jill R., Jan Vinjé, Sjon J. G. Oudejans, Geoff I. Scott, and Mark D. Sobsey. "Sequence Variation among Group III F-Specific RNA Coliphages from Water Samples and Swine Lagoons." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 2 (February 2006): 1226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.2.1226-1230.2006.
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ABSTRACT Typing of F-specific RNA (FRNA) coliphages has been proposed as a useful method for distinguishing human from animal fecal contamination in environmental samples. Group II and III FRNA coliphages are generally associated with human wastes, but several exceptions have been noted. In the present study, we have genotyped and partially sequenced group III FRNA coliphage field isolates from swine lagoons in North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC), along with isolates from surface waters and municipal wastewaters. Phylogenetic analysis of a region of the 5′ end of the maturation protein gene revealed two genetically different group III FRNA subclusters with 36.6% sequence variation. The SC swine lagoon isolates were more closely related to group III prototype virus M11, whereas the isolates from a swine lagoon in NC, surface waters, and wastewaters grouped with prototype virus Q-beta. These results suggest that refining phage genotyping systems to discriminate M11-like phages from Q-beta-like phages would not necessarily provide greater discriminatory power in distinguishing human from animal sources of pollution. Within the group III subclusters, nucleotide sequence diversity ranged from 0% to 6.9% for M11-like strains and from 0% to 8.7% for Q-beta-like strains. It is demonstrated here that nucleotide sequencing of closely related FRNA strains can be used to help track sources of contamination in surface waters. A similar use of phage genomic sequence information to track fecal pollution promises more reliable results than phage typing by nucleic acid hybridization and may hold more potential for field applications.
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Sabiryanov, A., E. Sabiryanova, A. Bragin, Ju Petrova, and S. Sashenkov. "ORTHOSTATIC STABILITY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND ITS REGULATION IN GIRLS WITH DIFFERENT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS." Human Sport Medicine 19, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm190107.
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Aim. The article deals with studying the orthostatic stability of cardiac chronotropic function, arterial pressure, and heart rate regulation in girls aged 11–13 with different physical activity levels. Materials and methods. We formed two groups: the first group consisted of girls with a relatively low level of physical activity; the second group included girls involved in track-and-field (middle-distance running). The parameters of the circulatory system were registered in the supine position and during active orthostasis with the help of Kentavr II PC. The analysis of slow wave heart rate variability was performed by using the Biospectrum program. Results. Regardless of physical activity levels in the girls of this age group, the transition to active orthostasis is accompanied by the hypertonic reaction of arterial pressure. In girls with a low physical activity level, there is a pronounced lability of heart rate regulation with the predominance of neurovisceral effect at rest (high general PC variability, LF and HF power) with the mechanisms of orthostatic stability based on the decreased parasympathetic effects on the circulatory system. In girls involved in track-and-field, there is a predominance of the sympathetic nervous system (high LF) at rest with a higher humoral and metabolic effects on heart rate which provide the orthostatic stability of the circulatory system. Conclusion. Despite the absence of significant differences in the parameters of the circulatory system in girls aged 10–13 with different physical activity levels, we registered the peculiarities of heart rate regulation at rest and in orthostasis.
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Andrade, Rodrigo Maciel, Aylton José Figueira Júnior, Alberto Carlos Amadio, and Júlio Cerca Serrão. "PREDICTION OF 100 METERS SPRINT PERFORMANCE BASED ON FIELD TEST." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25, no. 4 (August 2019): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192504210690.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: The 100-meter dash (100 m) event holds particular appeal. Coaches and researchers seek to understand the determinants of performance in this task. Although information has been produced over the years, it is not fully applied by coaches who generally assess the success of employed training methods through objective field tests, such as 60 m dash test performance. Objective: Investigate 100 m performance based on 60 m performance. Methods: Two hundred and forty six men and 153 women divided into two subgroups were evaluated for estimation (Fvalidation; n=123 and Mvalidation; n=204) and validation of predictive models (Fcross-validation; n=30 and Mcross-validation; n=42) for 100 m dash performance (time take to cover 100 m). Partial time was measured based on the 100 m distance marked previously every 10 meters from the starting line on both sides of the track. The predictive models were based on the interval in the 60 meters with a time interval of 10-10 m. Results: Magnitude of correlation was very high. High coefficients of determination and differences of no statistical significance (p <.001) were found between the criteria and predicted values. The predictive equations presented constant error values below 0.001s; total absolute error of 0.12s; 0.10s for Mvalidation and Fvalidation, respectively, and 1.13% and 0.85% of total relative error for Mvalidation and Fvalidation, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis showed an increase in the level of concordance between the criteria and predicted values of Fvalidation and Mvalidation. Similar responses were found when the proposed models were applied to Fcross-validation and Mcross-validation. Conclusion: The estimation models were able to accurately predict 100 m performance based on 60 m performance. Level of evidence: II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.
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Wang, De-Hua, Cheng-Min Zhang, and Jin-Lu Qu. "The kHz QPOs as a probe of the X-ray color–color diagram and accretion-disk structure for the atoll source 4U 1728-34." Astronomy & Astrophysics 618 (October 2018): A181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832651.
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We have taken the kHz QPOs as a tool to probe the correlation between the tracks of X-ray color–color diagram (CCD) and magnetosphere-disk positions for the atoll source 4U 1728-34, based on the assumptions that the upper kHz QPO is ascribed to the Keplerian orbital motion and the neutron star (NS) magnetosphere is defined by the dipole magnetic field. We find that from the island to the banana state, the inner accretion disk gradually approaches the NS surface with the radius decreasing from r ∼ 33.0 km to ∼15.9 km, corresponding to the magnetic field from B(r) ∼ 4.8 × 106 G to ∼4.3 × 107 G. In addition, we note the characteristics of some particular radii of magnetosphere-disk r are: firstly, the whole atoll shape of the CCD links the disk radius range of ∼15.9–33.0 km, which is just located inside the corotation radius of 4U 1728-34 rco (∼34.4 km), implying that the CCD shape is involved in the NS spin-up state. Secondly, the island and banana states of CCD correspond to the two particular boundaries: (I)near the corotation radius at r ∼ 27.2–33.0 km, where the source lies in the island state; (II)near the NS surface at r ∼ 15.9–22.3 km, where the source lies in both the island and banana states. Thirdly, the vertex of the atoll shape in CCD, where the radiation transition from the hard to soft photons occurs, is found to be near the NS surface at r ∼ 16.4 km. The above results suggest that both the magnetic field and accretion environment are related to the CCD structure of atoll track, where the corotation radius and NS hard surface play the significant roles in the radiation distribution of atoll source.
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Grenda, Christopher S. "Giving Up On the Founding: The Separation of Church and State and the Writing of Establishment Clause History." Politics and Religion 6, no. 2 (February 6, 2013): 402–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048312000685.
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AbstractExamination of the First Amendment's establishment clause in the post World War II period is unique in American constitutional interpretation because virtually all voices had agreed on one point, originalism. Few if any significant writers on the establishment clause had doubted the centrality of the founders' original intent for interpreting the clause's meaning. Yet this now has changed. Unlike their predecessors, leading advocates of church-state separation have now moved away from an original meaning interpretation of the establishment clause. Yet these separationists continue to try to ground their normative policy prescriptions in establishment clause mandates. They attempt this balancing act by employing narrative strategies of evolutionary processes in history. They do not simply track changes in constitutional doctrine, but characterize changes yielding greater separation between church and state through the nation's history as incipient in the Republic's founding, an originally inchoate church-state principle only fully formed through historical evolution. In the process, they sweep myriad separationist ideas into their progressively evolving narratives which have never been enunciated as law. Their accounts thus often reflect less an attempt to track historical developments in fundamental law than an attempt to construct fundamental law narratives. These attempts highlight persistent historical problems in the separationist endeavor that require attention if the evolutionary narratives of leading separationist are to shape the field of establishment clause history.
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Babu, M. T., K. Sudheesh, P. Vethamony, and S. Anuvindha. "Numerical Modelling of Ballast Water Dispersion in Different Bioregions along the Coast of India." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.470.
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Aquatic organisms and pathogens may become major threats to the coastal and marine environment when introduced into a region beyond their natural distributions through ballast water (BW). Coastal currents induced by tides and winds, especially ebb currents, may facilitate the spread of these marine organisms along nearshore and inshore areas. Numerical modelling of hydrodynamics is an effective tool to track the dispersion of these organisms in the receiving water body through BW release. Particle transport models can be used to track the advection and dispersion of these organisms. Alternatively, the difference in salinity of the BW and coastal waters can be used as a tracer to estimate the dispersion pattern. Tides and winds present in the region at the time of BW release are responsible for the dispersal of the particles present in BW discharge. Based on advection and dispersion processes, the transport of the marine organisms present in the BW can be studied using numerical models. Numerical modelling studies were carried out using the 2-D hydrodynamic model MIKE21 HD, to understand the pattern of BW dispersion at select bioregions along the east and west coasts of India. Mangalore Port located along the west coast in Bioregion-I (CIO-I) and Chennai Port on the east coast in Bioregion-II (CIO-II) were selected for the modelling study. Results obtained from ballast water dispersion modelling studies will be useful for developing and assisting port-based ballast water management programmes for CIO-I and CIO-II regions. The currents are predominantly tide driven near the ports situated along the west coast and the circulation exhibited reversals associated with the tidal currents. However, along the east coast of India, the particles largely followed coastal currents - advected either southward or northward under the influence of prevailing coastal currents in the offshore region and tidal reversals showed had less impact. This information proved useful for determining suitable locations for BW discharge and monitoring points for field sampling in connection with BW release.
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Guo, Wei, Jie Zhang, Jing-yun Li, Yue Ma, and Sheng-hui Cui. "Infection Route Analysis of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia." Infection International 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0030.
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Abstract Objective A prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care center to identify the risk factors of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) through phenotypic and molecular biological methods. Methods The patients who were mechanically ventilated in the respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) and the neurological internal intensive care unit (NICU) were enrolled in our study, and samples were collected from the lower respiratory tract, oropharynx and stomach. Other samples, including the environmental air, swabs of nurses’ hands, subglottic secretion and ventilator circuit, were also collected. Microorganisms in the collected samples were recovered and identified at species level by biochemical detection. Genetic relationship of dominant species was further characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results Out of 48 enrolled patients, 22 cases developed VAP and bacterial cultures were recovered from the lower respiratory tract samples of 14 cases. The average hospitalization time with VAP was significantly longer than that of patients without VAP (P < 0.05). Among the recovered bacteria cultures, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were dominant. It was more likely that subglottic secretion and gastric juice samples contained the same isolates as recovered in the lower respiratory tract by PFGE analysis. Conclusions Mechanical ventilation in RICU and NICU was a high risk factor for VAP development. Special emphasis of VAP prophylaxis should be paid on subglottic secretion and gastric juice reflux.
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Ling, Hangjian, Guillam E. Mclvor, Geoff Nagy, Sepehr MohaimenianPour, Richard T. Vaughan, Alex Thornton, and Nicholas T. Ouellette. "Simultaneous measurements of three-dimensional trajectories and wingbeat frequencies of birds in the field." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 147 (October 2018): 20180653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0653.
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Tracking the movements of birds in three dimensions is integral to a wide range of problems in animal ecology, behaviour and cognition. Multi-camera stereo-imaging has been used to track the three-dimensional (3D) motion of birds in dense flocks, but precise localization of birds remains a challenge due to imaging resolution in the depth direction and optical occlusion. This paper introduces a portable stereo-imaging system with improved accuracy and a simple stereo-matching algorithm that can resolve optical occlusion. This system allows us to decouple body and wing motion, and thus measure not only velocities and accelerations but also wingbeat frequencies along the 3D trajectories of birds. We demonstrate these new methods by analysing six flocking events consisting of 50 to 360 jackdaws ( Corvus monedula ) and rooks ( Corvus frugilegus ) as well as 32 jackdaws and 6 rooks flying in isolated pairs or alone. Our method allows us to (i) measure flight speed and wingbeat frequency in different flying modes; (ii) characterize the U-shaped flight performance curve of birds in the wild, showing that wingbeat frequency reaches its minimum at moderate flight speeds; (iii) examine group effects on individual flight performance, showing that birds have a higher wingbeat frequency when flying in a group than when flying alone and when flying in dense regions than when flying in sparse regions; and (iv) provide a potential avenue for automated discrimination of bird species. We argue that the experimental method developed in this paper opens new opportunities for understanding flight kinematics and collective behaviour in natural environments.
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Tang, Jia Wei, Nasir Shaikh-Husin, Usman Ullah Sheikh, and M. N. Marsono. "FPGA-Based Real-Time Moving Target Detection System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Application." International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8457908.
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Moving target detection is the most common task for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to find and track object of interest from a bird’s eye view in mobile aerial surveillance for civilian applications such as search and rescue operation. The complex detection algorithm can be implemented in a real-time embedded system using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This paper presents the development of real-time moving target detection System-on-Chip (SoC) using FPGA for deployment on a UAV. The detection algorithm utilizes area-based image registration technique which includes motion estimation and object segmentation processes. The moving target detection system has been prototyped on a low-cost Terasic DE2-115 board mounted with TRDB-D5M camera. The system consists of Nios II processor and stream-oriented dedicated hardware accelerators running at 100 MHz clock rate, achieving 30-frame per second processing speed for 640 × 480 pixels’ resolution greyscale videos.