Journal articles: 'Track buckling'

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Ngamkhanong, Chayut, Chuah Ming Wey, and Sakdirat Kaewunruen. "Buckling Analysis of Interspersed Railway Tracks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 29, 2020): 3091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093091.

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Nowadays, timber sleepers are still used for ballasted railway tracks to carry passengers and transport goods. However, the process of natural decay causes the problem of timber sleeper degradation over time. A temporary “interspersed” approach is used to replace rotten timbers with concrete sleepers. This implementation has several inadequacies, as interspersed railway tracks have inconsistent stiffness and experience significant deterioration over the years. Increased heat due to the change in the global climate can induce a compression force in the continuous welded rail (CWR), leading to a change in track geometry called “track buckling”. A literature review shows that track buckling on plain tracks has been widely studied. However, the buckling of interspersed tracks has not been fully studied. This study presents 3D finite element modelling of interspersed railway tracks subjected to temperature change. The effect of the boundary conditions on the buckling shape is considered. The obtained results show that the interspersed approach may reduce the likelihood of track buckling. This study is the world’s first to investigate the buckling behaviour of interspersed railway tracks. The insight into interspersed railway tracks derived from this study will underpin the life cycle design, maintenance, and construction strategies related to the use of concrete sleepers as spot replacement sleepers in ageing railway track systems. The outcome of this study will help track engineers to improve the inspection of the lateral stiffness of interspersed tracks in areas prone to extreme temperature.

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Villalba Sanchis, Ignacio, Ricardo Insa, Pablo Salvador, and Pablo Martínez. "An analytical model for the prediction of thermal track buckling in dual gauge tracks." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 8 (March 19, 2018): 2163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718764194.

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In rail transport, track gauge is one of the principal factors that condition the passage of trains. For technical and economic reasons, in some circumstances it is necessary to build and operate the so-called dual gauge track, in which a third rail is added to allow operation of trains in two separate gauges. Although the problem of lateral buckling of rail tracks under thermal loading has been well researched, the addition of the third rail increases the steel area subjected to thermal loads, and thus requires a more accurate analysis. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical model to analyse the lateral buckling under thermal loads on dual gauge tracks. An in-depth analysis of the effects of the thermal track buckling response produced by each fundamental parameter is presented and discussed. It is found that the risk of buckling is more in dual gauge tracks when compared with the conventional tracks. Finally, this model establishes a mechanism that can be used to perform a more effective infrastructure management policy.

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Villalba, Ignacio, Ricardo Insa, Pablo Salvador, and Pablo Martinez. "Methodology for evaluating thermal track buckling in dual gauge tracks with continuous welded rail." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231, no. 3 (August 4, 2016): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409715626957.

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In the National Spanish railway network, two types of track gauge with continuous welded rails are currently in use: the “Iberian” wide gauge (1668 mm) and the standard gauge (1435 mm). In order to improve links and freight traffic between different lines and with the rest of Europe, a dual gauge track with three rails was developed. This solution modifies the classical track configuration, so it is necessary to develop new methodologies and studies to understand its behavior. Among other loads applied on a continuous welded rail track, a considerable rise in temperature induces compressive stresses in the three rails that can lead to lateral track buckling. Moreover, on dual gauge tracks, the addition of the third rail increases the axial compression, which may lead to track instability. For this reason, a three-dimensional continuous welded rail model is developed in this study to be used for dual gauge track buckling analysis on straight tracks subjected to temperature load. The continuous welded rail dual gauge track model consists of beam, solid and spring elements, in which a non-linear behaviour of the ballast is considered. The results obtained may be used to predict the buckling capacity of the continuous welded rail on dual gauge tracks with respect to different parameters such as lateral resistance, lateral imperfections, sleeper spacing or torsional stiffness.

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CARVALHO, J., J. DELGADO, R. CALÇADA, and R. DELGADO. "A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING THE SAFE TEMPERATURE IN CONTINUOUS WELDED RAIL TRACKS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 13, no. 02 (March 2013): 1350016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455413500168.

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The use of continuous welded rails (CWR) is increasingly common and is particularly important when it comes to high-speed ballasted tracks. As the longitudinal displacements are restricted in CWR tracks, a considerable rise in temperature induces compressive stresses in the rails that can lead to track buckling. Given the nonlinear behavior of the ballast, usually represented by a linear plastic model, the problem of snap-through buckling may occur, for which only a few nonlinear analysis methods can trace the full response of the track structure. However, these methods fail to yield convergent solutions for problems with thermal loads when implemented in their conventional algorithm. For this reason, a new methodology is presented allowing the calculation of the safe temperature. In addition, some analytical results are also derived for comparison with the numerical results, obtained using three-dimensional finite element beam models provided by ANSYS.

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Hasan, Nazmul. "Thermal buckling of ballasted tangent track." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 10 (October 2020): 168781402096899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020968992.

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Euler type analysis usually used for compression members in structural engineering does not work for railroad track. Euler type analytical formulas for horizontal and vertical buckling endorsed in a recent literature is reviewed to demonstrate its weakness. Using definition of moment and curvature as well as principle of equilibrium, the author suggests formula for horizontal buckling load of railroad track and demonstrates validation in context with currently accepted values, published results, and past field tests. The buckling load from suggested formula agrees with the recent buckling load formula based on total energy theorem. A formula is suggested to study the effect of misalignment on critical temperature differential or critical load. A vertical buckling load formula is derived from horizontal buckling load formula. A buckling process is narrated through step by step computation. Formulas are suggested to compute the effect of track misalignment on critical buckling load and threshold radius of a vertical curve.

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Li, Li, and Yan Yun Luo. "Stable Analysis of CWR Track by its Vibration Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2624.

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Stress contained in rails, mainly due to thermally-induced expansion and contraction, results in large longitudinal loads which lead to broken rails and track buckling. According to the beam bending theory of structural dynamics with a consideration of the influence of axial load, a CWR track model is developed in the present study to be used for extensive buckling analysis of CWR tracks. The model discusses CWR track vibration characteristics with a length of unsupported rail subjected to the longitudinal force due to fluctuation of temperature. From the result, it can be gotten that the critical point of the temperature which may cause the rail have the danger of unstable. This model would help to evaluated and measure the real temperature in rail by analyzing the dynamic response of CWR track.

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Pokropski, Dominik. "Methods used to prevent loss of contactless track stability." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 69, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2783.

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The article is about the issue of maintaining a contactless track. Due to the forces occurring in the track, arising from both temperature changes and from rolling stock rolling on the track, it is necessary to monitor a displacement of rail tracks and stress in rails. The article presents a summary of the methods for monitoring the contactless track condition. The comparison of the methods was also presented, showing the pros and cons of each of them. Keywords: contactless track, contactless track buckling, track stress

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Yi, Gyu Sei, Hyun Ung Bae, Jin Yu Choi, and Nam Hyoung Lim. "Theoretical Approach to Offer a Rational Speed Reduction Scheme in Korea Railway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1918.

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In order to ensure the safety of running train against the track buckling in a sultry weather, a speed reduction scheme has been implemented in railway operating companies. However, this scheme is based on the limited knowledge on the buckling behavior of the CWR track. The rational speed reduction scheme based on the probabilistic method for the buckling of the CWR track is proposed to apply to Korea high and normal speed railway. Permissible level of the reduced speed according to the rule of restricted speed signal, accepted degree of the buckling probability, the practically managing degree of the variation of the rail temperature, and effects of the maintenance work on the track condition are reflected in the rational speed reduction scheme.

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Hasan, Nazmul. "Buckling of a ballasted curved track under unloaded conditions." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 6 (June 2021): 168781402110251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211025187.

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There is no industry accepted analytical model to compute the critical temperature differential for the buckling of an unloaded curved track in North American literature. In this paper, the critical temperature differential for the buckling of an unloaded curved track is formulated by incorporating a value of unity for the factor of safety in the previously developed formula, which was developed considering thermal loading only. The factor of safety was the ratio between the resistance of a tie in an unloaded track against lateral displacement in the ballast and the lateral thermal load on a tie. The derived formula of the critical temperature differential for the buckling of an unloaded curved track is simple opposed to a complicated formula endorsed in the current European literature from 1969. The new formula is also validated in this paper. The critical temperature differentials for buckling of sharp and super-sharp curves have significant implications for track design and maintenance.

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An, Ran, Yan Yun Luo, and Li Lee. "Analysis of Relationship between Lateral Stability and Dynamic Characteristic of Continuous Welded Rail Track." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1027.

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The axial buckling threshold force of continuous welded rail (CWR) depends on lateral stability of railway track. The conventional CWR buckling models are based on track static parameters and behavior. In this paper, a dynamic finite element model for investigating the relationship between the rail nature frequencies and the critical buckling axial force of CWR track is presented. This model consists of rails, sleepers and foundation, and covers factors of interest such as track curvature, supporting distance between adjoining sleepers. With the new dynamic model, numerical computations and analyses are performed. The correlations among the critical axial force of rail, the lateral stability and the nature frequencies of CWR track are studied. The computational results of the new dynamic model show a great agreement with the field testing results.

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Pucillo, Giovanni Pio. "Thermal buckling and post-buckling behaviour of continuous welded rail track." Vehicle System Dynamics 54, no. 12 (October 16, 2016): 1785–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2016.1237665.

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Atapin, Vitaly, Alexey Bondarenko, Mykola Sysyn, and Dimitri Grün. "Monitoring and Evaluation of the Lateral Stability of CWR Track." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 22, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-021-01307-3.

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AbstractContinuous welded rail (CWR) track has great advantages of low-cost maintenance, environmental influence, and ride comfort. However, the CWR track is subjected to the longitudinal stresses in rails due to temperature influence as well the inhomogeneous stress accumulation due to train loadings. The stresses cause the accelerated track lateral irregularity accumulation that without timely maintenance can cause track buckling. The present paper present a method of the CWR track lateral stability estimation during its lifecycle using the track geometry monitoring information from the track measurement cars. The methods proposes a systematic approach of track stability evaluation based on multiple criteria of track stability evaluation. It takes into account the lateral resistance of the track, actual temperatures, and the lateral geometry condition of the track. The presented case study of a half-year track geometry monitoring and the track stability evaluation in a track curve shows the practical possibility of the recent detection of the track sections with low lateral stability and buckling prevention.

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De Backer, Hans, Amelie Outtier, Ben Ferdinande, Ken Schotte, and Jan Mys. "Application limits for continuously welded rails on temporary bridge decks." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231, no. 4 (February 16, 2016): 482–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716631581.

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The possibility of omitting rail expansion devices from the track configuration, when continuously welded rail is continued over temporary bridge decks, is investigated in detail. More specifically, the related rail track to temporary bridge interaction phenomena are analysed using finite element modelling. A first parametric analysis assesses the additional rail stresses due to moving trainloads and temperature variations, based on stipulations provided in the unit identification code 774-3R. In addition the model is expanded to a more complex structure that is able to simulate the buckling behaviour of the rail track using non-linear methods. Using this model, a second parametric study is performed in which only thermal loading is considered. This allows for determining the parameters, which are predominant in determining the critical buckling temperature of the rails, and for assessing the magnitude of the safety margin necessary, when it comes to thermal buckling of the rails and the temporary bridges. It can be concluded that, depending on the magnitude of two main factors, the lateral ballast resistance and the amplitude of the initial track misalignment, a considerable reduction of the track stability might arise. Therefore, a minimal characteristic lateral ballast resistance of 4 kN is recommended along with a maximal allowable misalignment amplitude of 7 mm has to be prescribed when thermal track buckling has to be considered in the design.

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Hua, Xia, Wael Zatar, Alisha Gadedesi, and Zhicheng Liao. "Assessment technologies of rail systems’ structural adequacy — A review from mechanical engineering perspectives." Science Progress 105, no. 2 (April 2022): 003685042210998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504221099877.

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The structural adequacy challenges of railroad track structures have received considerable attention globally. Track defects and failures due to weak strength and buckling effect account for one-third of all railroad accidents. The current paper provides a comprehensive study of the recent work on the structural adequacy/bearing capacity of rail systems from mechanical engineering perspectives; existing techniques for track stiffness/modulus evaluations, including standstill and continuous methods. Further, this paper demonstrates the current techniques for track stiffness/modulus evaluation. Prevailing track modulus techniques, while accurate but time-taking, effortful, requires a track closure and provides only single-point information. Also, this review provides a suggestion on the non-destructive and non-invasive technologies for example Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and evaluation of the substructures of tracks as they have great potential for image subsurface features.

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Kish, Andrew, and Gopal Samavedam. "Improved Destressing of Continuous Welded Rail for Better Management of Rail Neutral Temperature." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1916, no. 1 (January 2005): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191600109.

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Maintaining high, stable rail neutral temperatures helps prevent the buckling of continuous welded rail (CWR) track. Rail neutral temperatures are typically set high during installation (90°F to 110°F), but the large variations that develop during revenue service often lead to buckling-prone conditions. Readjusting or correcting for these variations requires CWR to be destressed with the use of procedures that do not always restore the desired target neutral temperature. As part of the Federal Railroad Administration's Track Systems Research program, the U.S. Department of Transportation's Volpe Center is investigating rail force and neutral temperature influences on track buckling. An analytic model for field applications has been developed to improve destressing and readjustment of CWR in both winter and summer conditions. The model has been validated in several field tests on instrumented CWR test segments under both high tensile and compressive force conditions. Both wood and concrete tie tracks were tested, and the rail longitudinal movement, rail gap, rail force distributions after rail cutting and welding, and readjusted neutral temperature were measured and correlated with the model predictions. The model and test results were used to develop a field tool for more effective destressing and readjustment of CWR. The tool provides the required removal lengths of anchors/fasteners, the rail gap size requirements when mechanical loads (rail-pullers) are used to adjust to the desired neutral temperature, and the required amounts of steel removal in summer when cutting rail out for stress relief.

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Lee, Hyeoung-Deok, Jong-Keol Song, Ki-Yong Yoon, and Jiho Moon. "Assessing the Applicability of Track Alignment Design Code for Continuous Welded Rail Installation to Concrete Slab Track." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.181.

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In the KR code, the track alignment limitations for CWR installation are specified. These limitations appear reasonable for ballasted tracks. However, its application to the concrete slab track is doubtful because the concrete slab track has a much higher buckling resistance than the ballasted track. In addition, sometimes the track alignment cannot satisfy the KR code limitations in urban areas. Therefore, the track alignment limitations for the CWR in the KR code should be evaluated for the concrete slab track. In this study, the focus was on assessing the applicability of track alignment limitations for CWR installation in the KR code for a concrete slab track. First, a literature review was conducted to identify the basis of KR codes. Subsequently, a series of track stability analyses were performed to evaluate the applicability of the horizontal and vertical curves in the KR code to the concrete slab track. The results indicated that CWR can be installed on a concrete slab track without special limitations for the curve ranges specified in the KR code.

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Ngamkhanong, Chayut, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, and Charalampos Baniotopoulos. "Influences of ballast degradation on railway track buckling." Engineering Failure Analysis 122 (April 2021): 105252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105252.

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Zakeri, Jabbar Ali, Saeid Mohammadzadeh, and Meraj Barati. "New Definition of Neutral Temperature in Continuous Welded Railway Track Curves." Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 62, no. 1 (June 26, 2017): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppci.8505.

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Changes in axial force for control and prevent track buckling are vital to know the natural temperature. Thermal neutral temperature actually refers to the railway tracks where there is no pressure and no traction, or in other words the axial force is zero in rails. In this paper, the new definition for variations in neutral and float temperatures in Continuous welded Rail (CWR) is proposed as a function of media temperature, lateral track stiffness (or lateral displacement of the track). The neutral temperature is selected with respect to minimum and maximum temperatures in the region where the railway installed. In this research, a case study with field tests has been used and computer modeling to prove this purport(idea) for a curve of radius 250 m with a length of about 145 m. In field test explained the relation between rail and media temperature and this item helps to modeling track to comprehend when lateral track resistance to be change, variation in neutral temperature how to change.

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Lee, Hyeoung-Deok, Sanghyun Choi, and Jiho Moon. "Lateral Resistance Requirement of Girder-Sleeper Fastener for CWR Track on an Open-Deck Steel Plate Girder Bridge." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 6681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156681.

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For an open-deck steel plate girder railway bridge with rail joints, frequent damage to the bridge members and a high level of noise and vibration occur. By installing continuous welded rail (CWR) to the bridge, it is possible to reduce the noise and impact force of the bridge. However, current girder–sleeper fasteners have low lateral resistance in nature and track buckling can occur when CWR is used on such a bridge. Therefore, a new girder-sleeper fastener with proper lateral resistance to prevent CWR track buckling is needed. In this study, the lateral resistance requirements of a girder-sleeper fastener are investigated through a series of finite element (FE) analyses and parametric study. The effect of peak lateral resistance of the fastener, curve radius, girder length, and lateral displacement of girder are examined. From the analysis results, the peak lateral resistance criterion of the girder–sleeper fastener is proposed for the design of a new fastener for CWR tracks on an open-deck steel plate girder bridge.

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Stolarczyk, Łukasz, and Ewa Kardas-Cinal. "Selected methods of measuring longitudinal stresses in continuous welded rail track." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 121 (June 1, 2018): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4619.

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High temperatures in the summer season lead to significant increase in compressive forces in railway rails. Significant stresses in rails caused by an increased temperature and dynamic loads from the rolling stock can reach values that can overcame the lateral resistance of the continuous welded rail (CWR) track. The result of overcoming the lateral resistance of the CWR track is the buckling phenomenon. The buckling of the track is a threat to railway traffic safety due to its sudden nature. The article presents various methods for measuring longitudinal forces in the CWR track, including the method using the Polish production extensometer. The use of this device for measurements of longitudinal forces has been accepted as optimal due to the ease of assembly, measurement accuracy and the ability to perform measurements without the need to stop trains. In the summary, the usefulness of the measurement method using the extensometer and its significance in the course of further research are evaluated.

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Zakeri, Jabbar Ali, Roshan Talebi, and Fatemeh Rahmani. "Field investigation on the lateral resistance of ballasted tracks with strengthened steel sleepers using the multi sleeper push test." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 9 (September 26, 2019): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719877776.

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Lack of lateral resistance is one of the emerging problems in continuously welded rails. Lateral resistance is a type of resistance in which the railway track mobilizes against the applied lateral forces. Thus, curved tracks, especially sharp curves (curves with small radiuses), are the most susceptible segments for the lack of lateral resistance. The reason is, on curved tracks, in addition to the lateral forces applied by the train, longitudinal forces are decomposed into two parts, with one part being tangential (tangent to the curve) and the other part being radial. This radial force causes some defects to the track such as track buckling, transversal shifting of the track, pulling out of fastening shoulders, etc. Therefore, according to the general track instructions, welding of rails is not possible on curved tracks with a radius less than 400 m. With the help of laboratory tests, the authors of this paper previously showed that using two stiffeners under the steel sleeper increased the lateral resistance of the track adequately (by 140%) compared to the track with normal steel sleepers. In this paper, the effect of using two plate stiffeners under the steel sleepers was examined by field investigation on a real track. Two test methods, including the Single Tie (sleeper) Push Test (STPT) and the Multiple Tie (sleeper) Push Test (MTPT), were used to investigate the lateral resistance of the track. The results obtained by the STPT and MTPT methods showed an increase in lateral resistance by 139.6% and 135.5%, respectively. The obtained results are in accordance with the results of the laboratory tests. Moreover, the results showed that using two stiffeners under steel sleepers increased the lateral resistance of the track adequately, thereby enabling rails to be welded on curved tracks.

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Lee, Hyeoung-Deok, Jong-Keol Song, and Jiho Moon. "Determination of Lateral Resistance of Girder-sleeper Fastener for CWR on Ballastless Plate Girder Bridge." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.1.291.

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Recently, deteriorated ballastless railway bridges in South Korea have been modified by adding slabs and ballast to improve performance and extend their lifetime. However, this project has been delayed owing to a lack of budget, poor working conditions around the bridge, and the absence of traffic-blocking time. As an alternative, there is ongoing research on the direct installation of a continuous welded rail (CWR) to the bridge using an improved girder-sleeper fastener. To achieve this, the girder-sleeper fastener must have sufficient lateral resistance to prevent track buckling. In this study, to prevent track buckling, an appropriate lateral resistance for the girder-sleeper fastener was proposed by a series of parametric studies based on the additional axial stress of the rail on the bridge specified in the Korean design code. The parameters considered in this study were the span length, track radius, lateral displacement of the plate girder, and lateral resistance of the girder–sleeper fastener.

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Zhu, Bing Kun. "The Buckling Analysis of Drill String in Inclined Wellbore with a Concave Curved Geometric Defect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.759.

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Some inclined boreholes have to be drilled in directional wells, but the track of inclined borehole is impossible to be a ideal straight line, there are always some geometric defects such as bending, thus the drilling string in it is bound to have initial bending due to the constraints of borehole, hence the drilling string in inclined borehole is usually a curved compressed rod. Its buckling nature is quite different from straight compressed rod, it is necessary to analyze it specially. In this paper the buckling problem of drill string in inclined borehole with a concave curved geometric defect is studied by energy method, the computing formula of buckling load for it was obtained. And the influence of initial concave bending on buckling load was discussed. The research indicates that when drilling string in inclined well bore has a initial concave bending, the greater the degree of initial bending of drill string, the greater its buckling load.

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Akkerman, Gennady L., and Anna S. Noskova. "Designation of track buckling points according to geometry cars data." Innotrans, no. 3 (2018): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2311-164x-2018-3-29-32.

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Grissom, Gregory T., and Arnold D. Kerr. "Analysis of lateral track buckling using new frame-type equations." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 48, no. 1 (January 2006): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2005.09.006.

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Hong, Sunguk, Cheoljeong Park, and Seongjin Cho. "A Rail-Temperature-Prediction Model Based on Machine Learning: Warning of Train-Speed Restrictions Using Weather Forecasting." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 4606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134606.

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Predicting the rail temperature of a railway system is important for establishing a rail management plan against railway derailment caused by orbital buckling. The rail temperature, which is directly responsible for track buckling, is closely related to air temperature, which continuously increases due to global warming effects. Moreover, railway systems are increasingly installed with continuous welded rails (CWRs) to reduce train vibration and noise. Unfortunately, CWRs are prone to buckling. This study develops a reliable and highly accurate novel model that can predict rail temperature using a machine learning method. To predict rail temperature over the entire network with high-prediction performance, the weather effect and solar effect features are used. These features originate from the analysis of the thermal environment around the rail. Precisely, the presented model has a higher performance for predicting high rail temperature than other models. As a convenient structural health-monitoring application, the train-speed-limit alarm-map (TSLAM) was also proposed, which visually maps the predicted rail-temperature deviations over the entire network for railway safety officers. Combined with TSLAM, our rail-temperature prediction model is expected to improve track safety and train timeliness.

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Park, Jong Chan, Dong Hwi Im, Nam Hyoung Lim, and Chin Ok Lee. "Lateral Reinforcing Plate Field Test of a Sliding Track Panel System for a Ballastless Track Bridge." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.6.175.

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The Sliding Track Panel (STP) System is a method for installing Continuous Welded Rail (CWR) in a long-span ballastless track bridge, such as a truss bridge. The STP system aims to reduce additional stress generated on the rail due to track-bridge interactions. However, as the STP system eliminates longitudinal resistance by eliminating the sleeper fastener device installed on the existing ballastless track bridge, there is no buckling stability in the vertical and lateral directions. Therefore, a plan was devised to install a lateral reinforcement plate to increase the lateral resistance. This paper investigated the effect of increasing the lateral resistance of the reinforcing plate through a field test to determine the lateral resistance performance of the track panel.

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Narayan, Meenakshi, Michael A. Choti, and Ann Majewicz Fey. "Data-Driven Detection of Needle Buckling Events in Robotic Needle Steering." Journal of Medical Robotics Research 04, no. 02 (June 2019): 1850005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424905x18500058.

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In robotic needle steering, flexible asymmetric-tip needles can steer around obstacles to reach targets deep within tissue. Due to tissue inhomogeneity and needle flexibility, needle buckling can occur, preventing accurate placement. This paper focuses on detecting needle buckling using axial force and needle-tip position readings from sensors. Our algorithm uses errors between the force readings and a predictive force model generated from those readings to track rapid changes in the measured forces. Using this prediction error and needle-tip position, the algorithm detects unexpected force increase, strict needle buckling, and buckling with sliding events at the needle-tip. The metrics for the detections are derived using a standard three-sigma rule and a sigmoid function to ensure generalizability of this method to a variety of tissue types. Our algorithm was tested using insertions into a gelatin tissue with an embedded rectangular obstacle designed to elicit buckling events. Needle buckling was detected at a maximum of 2[Formula: see text]mm after collision with the obstacle. Our algorithm was tested for robustness with insertions in an ex vivo tissue under different boundary conditions. Our algorithm was also able to detect buckling events 1–2[Formula: see text]s sooner than human detection times, showing significance for future autonomous control.

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Park, Jongchan, Namhyoung Lim, and Chinok Lee. "Stiffness and Distance of Lateral Support Member Considering Buckling Strength of Sliding Track Panel." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.3.197.

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Recently, the concept of a Sliding Track Panel (STP) system, which allows the bridge to slide in the longitudinal direction, has been proposed for continuous welded rail method laid on long span non-ballast bridges, such as truss railway bridges. The performance of the STP system is determined based on the ability to prevent the lateral buckling of STP. This study attempts to derive the optimum interval distance and required stiffness of the lateral support member to be installed in the STP system through buckling analysis. According to the analysis, the interval distance of lateral support member, which satisfies the strength of STP, is less than 2.8 m and the rigidity is more than 800 N/mm.

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Czyczuła, Włodzimierz, and Roman Bogacz. "Mechanics of Track Structure with Y-Shaped Steel Sleepers in Sharp Curves." Applied Mechanics and Materials 9 (October 2007): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.9.71.

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Certain analytical elastic solution for curvilinear track section under uniform thermal loading has been proposed. Track section is composed of circular arc, transition curves and straight lines. Next step is the analysis of two-dimensional model of the track structure (stress plane, without vertical direction). The rails and the sleepers are assumed as elastic bodies. The fasteners and ballast are modeled as elastic-plastic elements. Non-linear properties of these elements are determined by comparison of numerical data with experimental results. Cyclic uniform thermal field is applied as the load of the system. Pre-buckling analysis is the basic part of the considerations. Certain remarks on the track stability, based on the previous author analyses, are also presented. It is shown that track structure with Y-shaped steel sleepers gives the possibility to use of continuous welded rail (CWR) track practically in any radius of curvature.

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Miri, Amin, Jabbar Ali Zakeri, David Thambiratnam, and T. H. T. Chan. "Effect of shape of concrete sleepers for mitigating of track buckling." Construction and Building Materials 294 (August 2021): 123568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123568.

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Chapman, L., J. E. Thornes, and S. P. White. "Thermal imaging of railways to identify track sections prone to buckling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 220, no. 3 (May 2006): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt73.

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Nguyen, Minh N., Xiaoming Wang, and Chi-Hsiang Wang. "A reliability assessment of railway track buckling during an extreme heatwave." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 226, no. 5 (March 28, 2012): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409712441743.

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NAKAMURA, Takahisa, Yoshitsugu MOMOYA, Tatsuya ISHIKAWA, and Kimitoshi HAYANO. "STUDY ON LATERAL RESISTANCE FORCE OF BALLASTED TRACK EQUIPPED WITH COUNTERMEASURES TO PREVENT TRACK BUCKLING DURING EARTHQUAKES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. E1 (Pavement Engineering) 75, no. 1 (2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejpe.75.41.

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Yun, Kyung-Min, Beom-Ho Park, Hyun-Ung Bae, and Nam-Hyoung Lim. "Suggestion for allowable additional compressive stress based on track conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 5 (July 20, 2017): 1309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717720838.

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A continuous welded rail has immovable zones due to its structural characteristics. In an immovable zone, thermal expansion and contraction of rails are restricted when the temperature changes, thereby causing excessive axial force on the rail. When the immovable zone of the continuous welded rail is located on a bridge, additional stress and displacement occur through track–bridge interactions. Additional stress and displacement of the rail compared to the embankment area are restricted when constructing the bridge under the continuous welded rail track to prevent problems with the track–bridge interaction according to UIC 774-3R and Euro codes. According to the various codes, the maximum allowable additional compressive stress is 72 MPa, with the conditions of a curve with a radius (R) ≥ 1500 m, UIC 60 continuous welded rail (tensile strength of at least 900 MPa), ballasted track with concrete sleepers and 30 cm of deep for a well-consolidated ballast. However, the lateral resistance that has the greatest effect on track stability can depend on the conditions mentioned above. Therefore, an additional review of various track conditions is required. In this paper, an evaluation of the current criteria was performed using the minimum buckling strength calculation formula, and the allowable additional stress on the rail suggested by codes could only be used on tracks with a large lateral resistance above 18 kN/m/track. Thus, a three-dimensional nonlinear analysis model was developed and analyzed to calculate the allowable additional compressive stress considering various track conditions. According to the results of the analysis, the allowable additional compressive stress was reduced with a comparatively small lateral resistance. The freedom of design can be enhanced with respect to the parameters of various track and bridge conditions using this model.

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Quan, Guan, Shan-Shan Huang, and Ian Burgess. "PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON THE COMPONENT-BASED APPROACH TO MODELLING BEAM BOTTOM FLANGE BUCKLING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES." Acta Polytechnica 56, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2016.56.0132.

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<p>In this study, an analytical model of the combination of beam-web shear buckling and bottom-flange buckling at elevated temperatures has been introduced. This analytical model is able to track the force-deflection path during post-buckling. A range of 3D finite element models has been created using the ABAQUS software. Comparisons have been carried out between the proposed analytical model, finite element modelling and an existing theoretical model by Dharma (2007). Comparisons indicate that the proposed method is able to provide accurate predictions for Class 1 and Class 2 beams, and performs better than the existing Dharma model, especially for beams with high flange-to-web thickness ratios. A component-based model has been created on the basis of the analytical model, and will in due course be implemented in the software Vulcan for global structural fire analysis.</p>

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Mohammadzadeh, Saeed, Morteza Esmaeili, and Fatemeh Khatibi. "A new field investigation on the lateral and longitudinal resistance of ballasted track." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 8 (March 15, 2018): 2138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718764190.

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Track buckling is a complicated phenomenon that is caused by a wide range of parameters including the nature of track loading and the lateral and longitudinal resistance of a track. In this paper, the results of a field study on a test track in the Aprin railway station (in the southwest region of Tehran city) are presented to investigate the lateral and longitudinal resistance of the ballasted track. The lateral resistance of the track is measured by using both the single tie (sleeper) push test and the sleeper lateral pull test, and the results of the two methods are found to be compatible. The contributions of the ballast shoulder, crib, and the base part in the total lateral resistance are obtained for the loose and compacted ballast conditions, which showed good consistency with the presented data of literature. The longitudinal resistance is measured by using an innovative setup prepared on the test track. The measured longitudinal stiffness per sleeper is approximately twice of what was measured in the previous studies on track panels. The measured longitudinal stiffness during the unloading process is found to be 40% of the loading stiffness.

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Bae, Hyun-Ung, Jin-Yu Choi, Jiho Moon, and Nam-Hyoung Lim. "Development of a probabilistic buckling analysis scheme for continuous welded rail track." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 230, no. 3 (December 23, 2014): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409714564001.

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Yang, Guotao, and Mark A. Bradford. "On train speed reduction in circumstances of thermally-induced railway track buckling." Engineering Failure Analysis 92 (October 2018): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.02.009.

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Madadnia, Behnam, Frederick Bossuyt, and Jan Vanfleteren. "Technological development for the reduction of out-of-plane deformation of metallic meander structures in thermoformed electronics." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 119, no. 9-10 (January 22, 2022): 6649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-08680-9.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach for removing out-of-plane deformation in stretched metal interconnects by adding a fractal structure to the original meander shape and using an optimized fabrication stack. In thermoformed electronics, in cases where copper is used as conductor, the twisting of meander-shaped structures caused by excessive mechanical stress can cause a non-uniform surface, delamination of the metal interconnect from the substrate, and in some cases, a short circuit to the adjacent tracks. Typically, designers of stretchable electronics use various shapes and widths of the copper interconnect to tackle this issue. Using conventional meander shapes such as horseshoes and U-shapes is not universally practical, especially when stretching is higher than 30 percent leading to significant out-of-plane buckling. Limiting this out-of-plane buckling by reducing the track width is not always applicable, as a minimum width is needed from a technology and conductivity perspective. The presented approach is inspired by computational and experimental studies of multiple meander shapes and fabrication methods. A geometry- and fabrication-based approach is presented, reducing the mechanical stress of almost all possible meander shapes by increasing the meander's path length to accommodate the metal track's produced torque during stretching. An analytical approach is provided for calculating the optimal meander parameters and the optimal fabrication stack is achieved based on simulation results. Experiments and finite element modeling for a case study show the improvement in the stress distribution and reduction of out-of-plane buckling.

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Signore, James M., Mohamed G. Abdel-Maksoud, and Barry J. Dempsey. "Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology for Rail-Buckling Detection." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1584, no. 1 (January 1997): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1584-06.

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Buckling and cracking of steel rails is a contributing factor in accidents on railroads today. Detection and notification of buckled track sections before a train reaches these locations will significantly increase rail safety. A fiber-optic-based sensing system, with the fiber affixed to a beam, was developed and evaluated to detect buckled regions. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the sensitivity of the fiber-optic sensing system to buckling of a long structural member. Numerous facets of fiber-optic sensing have been explored. Fiber-to-steel bonding techniques were examined and tested. Full-scale laboratory testing was conducted by elastically buckling a 24.4-m-long (80-ft) wide-flange section with hydraulic rams. Typical measurement accuracy within 10 percent of theoretical predictions was achieved by optical time domain reflectometry techniques. For field testing, however, a more robust solution is sought and is currently under development. It is suggested that a lower-cost fiber break or bend detector is a suitable option. The optical fiber will break or bend at the location of rail elongation in the buckled area, allowing the detection equipment to locate the buckled area.

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Chen, Wenwen, and Jihong Ye. "Simplified calculation model for load-bearing cold-formed steel composite walls under fire conditions." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 8 (January 20, 2020): 1683–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219899790.

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The conventional simplified model only restricts the bending buckling around the minor axis and overall torsional buckling, which is not suitable for external sandwiched cold-formed steel composite walls. Moreover, a solution to stud–track connections must be achieved in establishing the overall structure model. In this article, a simplified calculation model is proposed to accurately and efficiently reveal the fire performance of cold-formed steel composite walls. A tension spring is adopted to simulate the boundary condition that limits the axial thermal expansion of the studs at elevated temperature. Meanwhile, the simplified applications of the panel constraints and stud–track connections are also given in details. Finite element analysis using the developed simplified calculation model is conducted to simulate five full-scale cold-formed steel composite walls with different configurations. Comparisons between the finite element analysis and fire test results show an overall agreement on the failure modes, cold flange temperatures and lateral deflections at mid-height of the studs. These results demonstrate that the developed simplified calculation model is able to simulate the fire performance and predict the lateral deflection of the external sandwiched cold-formed steel composite walls accurately. Finally, the key factors affecting the lateral deflection of the studs are analysed.

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ASTAKHOV, Sergey A., and Vasiliy I. BIRYUKOV. "Buckling under the action of loading by aerodynamic and inertial forces during ground track tests of aviation equipment." INCAS BULLETIN 13, S (August 3, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2021.13.s.1.

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The article analyses the choice of a rational layout of the test object with a propulsion system (PS). One of the design examples of calculating the longitudinal stability and strength of the structure is given. The purpose of the article is to solve the problem of bending the elastic line of a cantilever tubular rod with a hinged termination during tests of a propulsion system for various aircrafts. On the example, the estimates of the approximate test object, accelerated on the track to a speed of 1200 m/s, are carried out. The aerodynamic loading of the structure of the mobile track installation is considered using the methods of mathematical modelling and the development of an algorithm for the numerical solution of the problem of bending the elastic line of a cantilever tubular rod. The deflection from the forces of external and internal loads of the outer shell of a movable track installation is considered, provided that the diameter of the outer contour is equal to the minimum and it is constant along the entire length.

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KUSUDA, Masanobu, and Yuki NISHINOMIYA. "A STUDY ON THE TRACK BUCKLING TEMPERETURE CONSIDERING THE SUPPORTING STATUS OF THE SLEEPER." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A2 (Applied Mechanics (AM)) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_635—I_646. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejam.75.2_i_635.

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ASANUMA, Kiyoshi, Koji TOMITA, and Masamichi SOGABE. "STUDY ON BUCKLING TEMPERATURE OF BALLASTED TRACK BY ELASTO-PLASTIC AND FINITE DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A2 (Applied Mechanics (AM)) 68, no. 1 (2012): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejam.68.78.

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Park, Jongchan, and Nam-Hyoung Lim. "Effect of Increasing Lateral Resistance of Ballastless Bridge Sliding Track Panel System by Installation of Reinforcement Plate." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.5.27.

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Recently, train speeds have been increased in Korea owing to the expansion of Korea Train eXpress (KTX) operations and development of next-generation high-speed trains. Hence, continuous welded rails (CWRs) that affect the running stability and ride comfort of trains have become essential elements. However, it is difficult to install CWRs on most of the non-ballast bridges constructed since the 1900s owing to the rail additional stress that occurs during installation. As a solution to this problem, the sliding track panel (STP) system that allows longitudinal sliding is proposed. In the application of STP systems, securing the lateral buckling strength is an essential condition. Hence, a finite element analysis model considering the STP system is presented, and the necessity for reinforcement plates is investigated through a pure skeleton-track analysis. The minimum requirements and effects of increasing the stiffness of the reinforcement plates are derived by analyzing the lateral reinforcement plates.

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Shareef, Mohammed Aamir, and Dr Ravindra N. Dehankar. "A Literature Review and Study on Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Tie Rods for Steering Mechanism." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41911.

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Abstract: Tie rods or Track rods are an integral part of vehicle’s steering system. Just as its name suggests a Tie rod ties vehicle’s steering rack to the steering arm. It is used to give direction to tires according to steering wheel movement. A tie rod assembly is attached to each end of the relay rod. The tie rod assembly consists of inner and outer tie rods that are usually connected through an adjusting sleeve. Tie rod may get fail due to varying forces and bumping of vehicle during steering. The forces from the steering are also considered during the static condition of car. Fatigue and buckling of Tie rod has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting vibration and stresses are undesirable and excessive. Even if the stresses are less than yield they may fail under repeated loading. Considering this problem research work is aimed to assess buckling strength and compare buckling performance of Tie rod for different materials. In this first according to the condition basic cad geometry is designed using cad software and finite element model generated using Hyper Mesh. And then modal, static and transient dynamic analyses to obtain natural frequencies, displacement, stresses distributions in tie rod. For safe design of tie rod corrective actions and considerable modifications carried out and to validate the modified design of tie rod finite element analysis carried out.

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Miri, Amin, David P. Thambiratnam, and T. H. T. Chan. "Effects of Wheel Defects on Dynamic Track Buckling in Transition Zones of Open-Deck Steel Bridges." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 35, no. 5 (October 2021): 04021066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001635.

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Miri, Amin, Jabbar Ali Zakeri, David P. Thambiratnam, and T. H. T. Chan. "Mitigation of track buckling in transition zones of steel bridges by geotextile reinforcement of the ballast layer." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 50, no. 2 (April 2022): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2021.11.006.

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Popov, V. V., and V. А. Manukhin. "Design of docking stanchion of transverse bulkheads in ships." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 2, no. 400 (May 16, 2022): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2022-2-400-99-102.

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Object and purpose of research. The paper is concerned with interaction of the docking stanchion and the transverse bulkhead plating when a ship is docked. Involvement of the bulkhead plating and vertical pillars closest to the docking stanchion in sustaining the response of the keel track is assessed. The purpose of the study is updating the classical design procedure for docking stanchion where such interaction is ignored. Materials and methods. A plane steel transverse bulkhead of traditional type is considered. Loads on a dry-docked ship are estimated. Finite element method is used. Main results. Studies were conducted using two finite element models: a 2D bulkhead model and a 3D model of ship hull part incorporating bulkhead. Results of calculation by both models are generally in good agreement. It is shown that along with the docking stanchion the keel track response is sustained partly by the bulkhead plating and vertical struts closest to the docking stanchion. Conclusion. The classical design method of docking stanchions was updated, which made it possible to reduce the weight and size of docking stanchions. The formula used to assess the buckling of docking stanchions was corrected.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Track buckling'

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