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Journal articles on the topic 'Tracking of shipping container'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Oh, Min-Jae, Myung-Il Roh, Sung-Woo Park, Do-Hyun Chun, Myeong-Jo Son, and Jeong-Youl Lee. "Operational Analysis of Container Ships by Using Maritime Big Data." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040438.

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The shipping company or the operator determines the mode of operation of a ship. In the case of container ships, there may be various operating patterns employed to arrive at the destination within the stipulated time. In addition, depending on the influence of the ocean’s environmental conditions, the speed and the route can be changed. As the ship’s fuel oil consumption is closely related to its operational pattern, it is possible to identify the most economical operations by analyzing the operational patterns of the ships. The operational records of each shipping company are not usually disclosed, so it is necessary to estimate the operational characteristics from publicly available data such as the automatic identification system (AIS) data and ocean environment data. In this study, we developed a visualization program to analyze the AIS data and ocean environmental conditions together and propose two categories of applications for the operational analysis of container ships using maritime big data. The first category applications are the past operation analysis by tracking previous trajectories, and the second category applications are the speed pattern analysis by shipping companies and shipyards under harsh environmental conditions. Thus, the operational characteristics of container ships were evaluated using maritime big data.

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2

Stolle, Jacob, Ioan Nistor, and Nils Goseberg. "Optical Tracking of Floating Shipping Containers in a High-Velocity Flow." Coastal Engineering Journal 58, no. 2 (June 2016): 1650005–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0578563416500054.

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3

Kim, Tae Hoon, Shin Jun Park, Jong Wook Kim, Byung-O. Kang, Mi Jin Jeon, Hyung-Rim Choi, and Eun Kyu Lee. "Study on Developing a System with IP Functionality to Monitor the Status of Containers in Maritime Logistics." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.4.39.

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There has been increasing demand from consignors and shipping companies for real-time monitoring of maritime cargo due to increases in fresh, dangerous, and high-value cargo. Although larger carriers have developed and integrated their own systems for such real-time monitoring services, small- and medium-sized shippers are struggling with the heavy costs and workforce associated with such capability. This study introduces a system that can do real-time monitoring of the location of shipping containers and their internal status by using IP-RFID that in cludes IP functionality. This system is composed of a tag, a smart point, and a service platform. The monitoring tags are attached to regular containers to track the opening and closing of the doors, the internal temperature, and humidity. The tags then send the data to the smart point where the GPS information is added. The data packet is then finally transmitted to the service platform for location tracking. In particular, as the tags in this system have IP functionality like Multicast, they are capable of communicating with the users and also allow users to control them. In order to provide such functionality, the smart points can serve as a gateway between the service platform and the tag. By managing the tag’s connection information and the status of transmission at the smart point, the service platform can directly communicate with tags connected to the respective smart point. This technology could be applied in a diverse range of maritime and non-maritime areas including warehouse management. As for maritime logistics, it also often goes through ground, port, and air transportation phases. Further studies should monitor the actual performance of this equipment across the various phases of maritime logistics to empirically test the systems proposed herein.

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4

Petrenko, O. I. "Container Shipping: Global Trends." Business Inform 12, no. 503 (2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2019-12-177-184.

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5

Fowler, Raymond L. "Heavy-Duty Shipping Container." JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 32, no. 5 (May 2007): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-2510(07)72206-4.

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6

Eyre, John L. "Container shipping in 1990†." Maritime Policy & Management 14, no. 4 (January 1987): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088838700000040.

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7

Shigunov, Vladimir, Helge Rathje, and Bettar El Moctar. "Towards Safer Container Shipping." Ship Technology Research 60, no. 1 (January 2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/str.2013.60.1.003.

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8

Wang, Bin, and Tao Yang. "An Integer Programming Optimization Model of Container Shipping of Sea-Carriage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2678.

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The paper dose research about the optimization of container shipping of sea –carriage for meeting the goods transport requirement by use of integer programming. Both laden and empty containers are combined into a system. In particular, the effect of special laden container shipping capacity on the shipping plan is investigated. In the model, the objective function is to maximize the total profit of container shipping. The profit caused by laden container shipping minus the cost caused by both laden and empty container shipping equal to the total profit. The constraints to the model include meeting the need of both laden and empty containers, shipping limit to both common and special laden containers , the number of empty container supported. Lingo9.0 is used to solve the model and shipping methods in varied parameters are shown by simulation. The aim of the paper is to provide a reasonable plan of container shipping of sea-carriage, so the container shipping cost of a shipping company can be reduced and the its profit made by container shipping are maximized.

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9

Wang, Bin, and Tao Yang. "A Stochastic Programming Optimization Model of Container Shipping of Sea-Carriage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 2715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.2715.

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The paper dose research about the optimization of container shipping of sea carriage for meeting the goods transport requirement by use of stochastic programming. Both laden and empty containers are combined into a system. In particular, the effect of special laden container shipping capacity on the shipping plan is investigated. In the model, the objective function is to maximize the total profit of container shipping. The profit caused by laden container shipping minus the cost caused by both laden and empty container shipping equal to the total profit. The constraints to the model include meeting the need of both laden and empty containers, shipping limit to both common and special laden containers, the number of empty container supported. The number of empty containers is stochastic and the model is transmitted to an integer programming. Lingo9.0 is used to solve the model and shipping methods in varied parameters are shown by simulation. The aim of the paper is to provide a reasonable plan of container shipping of sea-carriage, so the container shipping cost of a shipping company can be reduced and the its profit made by container shipping are maximized.

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10

Lai, K. K., Kokin Lam, and W. K. Chan. "Shipping Container Logistics and Allocation." Journal of the Operational Research Society 46, no. 6 (June 1995): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2584305.

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11

Lai, K. K., Kokin Lam, and W. K. Chan. "Shipping Container Logistics and Allocation." Journal of the Operational Research Society 46, no. 6 (June 1995): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1995.98.

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12

Wang, Shuaian, Qiang Meng, and Zhuo Sun. "Container routing in liner shipping." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 49, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2012.06.009.

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13

King Hui Wong, Edric, Cher Siang Tan, and Philip Chie Hui Ling. "Feasibility of Using ISO Shipping Container to Build Low Cost House in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.14287.

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The idea of shipping container house is no longer a revolutionized to western country but in Asia country particularly in Malaysia it is relatively new. The idea of container house is relatively new and there is no clear sign of how far does Malaysian citizen can accept this idea. There is no indicator of what are the expectations from Malaysian citizen about the container house. This research serves as basic references for both government and private sector to the future property industry development of shipping container house as well as shipping container non-residential building in Malaysia to pursue Malaysia’s unity, economic and national integration. The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of using ISO shipping container to build low cost house. Four set of questionnaires are prepared to assess the opinion of respondents about the acceptance of shipping container house. The result obtained is that the acceptance level of the idea to live inside a container house is only 45% but the acceptance level of using shipping container as means of storage, office, and business development is highly acceptable by Malaysian citizen.

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14

Wang, Bin, and Tao Yang. "Stochastic Optimization of Empty Container Repositioning of Sea Carriage." Advanced Materials Research 340 (September 2011): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.340.324.

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To improve the efficiency of empty container repositioning for a shipping company, a stochastic optimization model of empty container repositioning of sea carriage was established by chance-constrained programming. The objective function was to minimize the cost of empty container repositioning including shipping, rening and shortage cost. In the model, shipping cost was decided by the number of ship used for empty container repositioning. The constraints of the model included meeting the need of empty containers, limit to the number of empty containers provided and the capacity of shipping. The numbers of empty containers required are stochastic. The stochastis model was transferred to an integer programming one. Lingo9.0 was used to solve the model and simulation was done under varied parameters to get a good shipping strategy. The results show that the model can provide an effective program of empty container repositioning for a shipping company and it is a good way to raise shipping efficiency.

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15

Tong, Hang Fa, and Hong Yan. "Equipment planning strategy for liners: empty container repositioning across alliances." Maritime Business Review 3, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-11-2017-0026.

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Purpose This paper examines the possible cooperation options in terms of empty container repositioning across alliances for shipping lines based in the Greater China Region (China, Taiwan and Hong Kong SAR), after the three global shipping alliances reformed in April 2017. Design/methodology/approach This paper offers a comprehensive review to the latest shipping alliances and introduces a new cooperative dimension among shipping lines based in the Greater China Region which are member of different shipping alliances. Findings Cooperation among shipping lines in the Greater China Region in terms of empty container handling is possible in terms of resource sharing among shipping lines across alliances that fosters mega shipping line formation in the future. Practical implications Shipping lines should review their current empty container repositioning strategies and explore cooperation among non-alliance members having headquarters in proximity for quick responsiveness in empty container repositioning plan and execution. Originality/value This is a research directly analyzing the empty repositioning plan of the major shipping lines and their major service routes, fleet and containers.

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16

Tan, Cher Siang, and Philip C. H. Ling. "Shipping Container as Shelter Provision Solution for Post-Disaster Reconstruction." E3S Web of Conferences 65 (2018): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186508007.

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The emerging of shipping container house can help to relief the challenging issue in provision of dwelling in certain countries with overpopulation or surge of refugee. However, the suitability of shipping container, which is initially designed for transportation purpose, for shelter usage is not well understand. This paper aims to understand the current research on the technical aspect of container for shelter provision and the gaps of knowledges. Literature review is done on the up-to-date research about the container shelter and the potential of container shelter is summarized. From the study, shipping container can be suitable for shelter provision with some improvement to be done.

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17

Thai, Vinh Van, and Gi-Tae Yeo. "Perceived competencies required for container shipping logisticians in Singapore and South Korea." International Journal of Logistics Management 26, no. 2 (August 10, 2015): 334–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-02-2014-0031.

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Purpose – Managing container shipping logistics requires people with good competencies, especially in the time of new challenges. The purpose of this paper is to validate a new framework of competencies for container shipping logistics professionals. Design/methodology/approach – The competency framework was proposed through a comprehensive literature review process followed by in-depth interviews with senior maritime logistics executives both in Singapore and South Korea. It contains three groups of business-, logistics- and management-related competencies, with each group further being classified into generalist and maritime-specific skills and knowledge. A confirmatory survey was also conducted in both countries. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software and thematic analysis technique. Findings – It was found that all competencies proposed in this framework are important and perceived to contribute to work performance of container shipping logisticians. Findings also revealed that those competencies related to management are more important and can contribute to work performance of container shipping logisticians more than those of logistics and business nature. Originality/value – The proposed and validated framework is original as it is the first framework for container shipping logisticians. This lays the background for future research on competency-based education and training programs for logisticians in container shipping logistics and other sectors of the maritime supply chain. Findings of this research can help senior management identify important competencies which are critical for container shipping logisticians to acquire, and design subsequent training and education programs accordingly.

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18

Floyd, John, James L. Roach, and John C. Taylor. "Container shipping in the Great Lakes: current situation and future potential." Journal of Transportation Management 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1541030700.

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Containerization has had an outsized impact on the growth of global trade over the past 60 years. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway is an important bi-national waterway. Since the advent of containerization in the 1950’s there has been much excitement about the prospects of scheduled container shipping in the Great Lakes. There is a perception that direct container service will add value to the economy of the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Basin (GLSLB). However, due to unique shipping constraints in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway, significant container service has not materialized. This research seeks to explain the current state of container shipping in the Great Lakes, as well as provide an analysis of the feasibility of future container shipping in the Great Lakes. It is very important for policymakers to understand both the opportunities for container shipping, and the barriers and issues with such services. A lack of understanding of these points can lead to missed opportunities and/or the potential for significant expenditures of time and money on unrealistic projects.

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19

Poklemba, R., J. Zajac, D. Goldyniak, I. Olexa, and M. Dilýová. "Construction proposal of shipping bulk container." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 776 (April 2, 2020): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/776/1/012046.

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20

Ling, P. C. H., C. S. Tan, Y. H. Lee, and S. Mohammad. "Technical Information on ISO Shipping Container." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 884 (July 21, 2020): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/884/1/012042.

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21

Wang, Yadong, Qiang Meng, and Yuquan Du. "Liner container seasonal shipping revenue management." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 82 (December 2015): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2015.10.003.

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22

Panayides, Photis M., and Robert Wiedmer. "Strategic alliances in container liner shipping." Research in Transportation Economics 32, no. 1 (January 2011): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2011.06.008.

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23

Klikauer, Thomas, and Richard Morris. "Kiribati seafarers and German container shipping." Maritime Policy & Management 29, no. 1 (January 2002): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088830110078355.

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24

Graham, M. G. "Scale and rationalization in container shipping." Maritime Policy & Management 21, no. 4 (January 1994): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839400000056.

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25

LIM, SEOK-MIN. "Economies of scale in container shipping." Maritime Policy & Management 25, no. 4 (December 1998): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839800000059.

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26

Zhelyazkova, Donka. "Current Dimensions of Maritime Container Shipping." Izvestia Journal of the Union of Scientists - Varna. Economic Sciences Series 9, no. 1 (2020): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ijusv-ess/2020.9.1.120.

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27

Naito, Clay, H. R. Riggs, Yong Wei, and Christina Cercone. "Shipping-Container Impact Assessment for Tsunamis." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 142, no. 5 (September 2016): 05016003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000348.

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28

Grant, Anat, and Randy Waldeck. "Acoustical considerations in shipping container architecture." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (October 2016): 3294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4970474.

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29

Lun, Y. H. Venus, and Michael Browne. "Fleet mix in container shipping operations." International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 1, no. 2 (2009): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijstl.2009.024491.

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30

Zhou, Yong, Wenyuan Wang, Xiangqun Song, and Yun Peng. "Container Shipping Network Optimisation Based on Steering Vector Search Pattern." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000618.

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Container shipping is one of the most important transport modes in international trade. For a large-scale container shipping network, an optimisation model is proposed to minimise the total shipping cost of container flow. Considering the directional property of the container shipping process, a steering vector search pattern is incorporated in a Max-Min Ant System (MMAS) solving algorithm, and an orthogonal array method is adopted in parameter settings. In numerical experiments, a traditional ant colony algorithm and an MMAS algorithm based on a steering vector search pattern are used respectively to optimise the network of five node scales. The results show that a steering vector search pattern can speed up the computation process and improve the optimisation effect.

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31

Hua, Kai Tai, Wen Sheng Yu, and Wu Chen. "Experimental Study on a New Type of Shipping Container Refrigeration Unit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1735.

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In this paper the technical features of various representative shipping container refrigeration units were reviewed firstly. A new type of shipping container refrigeration unit was developed. The pull-down experiment was carried out in cool mode (setpoint 0°C) and frozen mode (setpoint-18°C) using the test rig for the refrigeration unit. The experiment results shown that the new type of shipping container refrigeration unit had good pull-down performance respectively in cool mode and in frozen mode. Meanwhile, the control accuracy of the temperature of air inside container can reach ±0.3°C successfully.

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Shintani, Koichi, Akio Imai, Etsuko Nishimura, and Stratos Papadimitriou. "The container shipping network design problem with empty container repositioning." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2005.05.003.

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33

Bernacki, Dariusz. "Assessing the Link between Vessel Size and Maritime Supply Chain Sustainable Performance." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14112979.

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This study determines the relationship between the increase in size of dry bulk carriers and container ships and the changes in sustainable shipping performance. It measures the elasticities of shipping costs for bulk carriers and container ships. Using regression, it derives the functions of the daily and unit costs of shipping with respect to the size of dry bulk carriers and container ships. The estimated daily and unit cost elasticities and cost models reveal significant but diversified impacts of vessel size on dry bulk and container shipping cost and its components, other operating capital, and fuel costs. Findings: Dry bulk carriers and containership size mean elasticities of daily operating costs estimates respectively: total operating costs 0.291 and 0.552, other operating cost (labor cost included) 0.238 and 0.328, capital costs 0.329 and 0.765, fuel costs 0.289 and 0.462; dry bulker and container ship unit shipping mean elasticity respectively: full operating costs (−0.751) and (−0.553), other operating cost (−0.804) and (−0.782), capital costs (−0.713) and (−0.399), fuel costs (–0.757) and (−0.702). This research provides an insight into the impact of technology and the way the services are provided (irregular versus regular) on shipping cost and energy savings. The cost models can be used for estimating the savings in shipping costs resulting from handling larger vessels in seaports.

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Yildiz, Turkay. "Design and Analysis of a Lightweight Composite Shipping Container Made of Carbon Fiber Laminates." Logistics 3, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics3030018.

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The literature indicates that a 20% reduction in the weight of empty 40-foot shipping containers would result in $28 billion of fuel savings, along with a 3.6 exajoule reduction in the energy demand over containers’ 15-year lifetime. Decreasing the energy demand and thereby greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing lightweight shipping containers has been an unexplored strategy. In this regard, this study investigates the possibility of further reducing the weight of an empty container without compromising the structural integrity, strength, and function of a traditional steel container. This research finds that up to an 80% reduction in weight is possible by producing shipping containers with composite materials. This research presents the new design of a 40-foot container made of carbon fiber laminates. The tare weight of a traditional 40-foot shipping container is around 3750 kg. On the contrary, in this research, the weight of a composite design of the same container is calculated to be around 822 kg. Additional tests with various loads, such as lifting the container and stacking loads onto the composite container, are performed to explore the strength and buckling issues of the design presented in this study. The analyses reveal that the composite shipping container is a highly promising candidate for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing fuel savings and thus reducing the operational costs of transportation.

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35

Czermański, Ernest, Giuseppe T. Cirella, Aneta Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek, Barbara Pawłowska, and Theo Notteboom. "An Energy Consumption Approach to Estimate Air Emission Reductions in Container Shipping." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020278.

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Container shipping is the largest producer of emissions within the maritime shipping industry. Hence, measures have been designed and implemented to reduce ship emission levels. IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI, with its future plan of applying Tier III requirements, the Energy Efficiency Design Index for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan for all ships. To assist policy formulation and follow-up, this study applies an energy consumption approach to estimate container ship emissions. The volumes of sulphur oxide (SOx), nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from container ships are estimated using 2018 datasets on container shipping and average vessel speed records generated via AIS. Furthermore, the estimated reductions in SOx, NOx, PM, and CO2 are mapped for 2020. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the energy consumption approach is a valuable method to estimate ongoing emission reductions on a continuous basis and to fill data gaps where needed, as the latest worldwide container shipping emissions records date back to 2015. The presented analysis supports early-stage detection of environmental impacts in container shipping and helps to determine in which areas the greatest potential for emission reductions can be found.

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Liang, Zirui, Ryuichi Shibasaki, and Yuji Hoshino. "Do Foldable Containers Enhance Efficient Empty Container Repositioning under Demand Fluctuation?—Case of the Pacific Region." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094730.

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This study considers the empty container repositioning problem of shipping companies that use standard and 3-in-1 foldable containers with more advanced designs. A mathematical model is developed to compare the total management costs of container repositioning of various patterns in different cargo shipping demand scenarios. Numerous scenario analyses and simulations of empty container repositioning were conducted, focusing on a liner shipping service in the Pacific Islands where empty containers are likely to be present because of the imbalance between inbound and outbound flows of containers, including static analysis and consecutive analysis with demand fluctuation in different approaches. Results show that with the introduction of foldable containers, depending on the growth rate of container cargo shipping demand, the total management costs of empty container repositioning can be reduced. However, introducing a large number of foldable containers may increase the total management costs of container repositioning. Moreover, the cost reduction effect of adding another containership increases in cases where future cargo shipping demand increases substantially. Furthermore, the introduction of foldable containers not only effectively reduces the management costs of empty containers, but also makes costs more stable and predictable.

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37

El Kalla, Mohamed, Damir Zec, and Alen Jugović. "Container ports competition in light of contemporary liner shipping market dynamics." Pomorstvo 31, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.31.2.7.

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Since the development of containers and Intermodalism in the late 1960’s, containerization is constantly growing and penetrating almost all seaborne trade sectors, as by 2016 nearly1.7 billion tons were transported by container [8]. Moreover, Container ports play an important role as nodes in the supply chain and focal points for containerized cargo as they complement and add value to the shipping lines and shippers’ objectives. Moreover, competition among container ports is taking place at all levels regionally, nationally and internally. In the same context, shipping lines are competing vigorously and increasing their fleets in both size and number of vessels, resulting in excess market supply. Recently, shipping lines are consolidating rapidly by means of vertical and horizontal integration through mergers, acquisitions and forming alliances to cool down competition and backup each other as well as escape bankruptcy. This policy increased the market concentration and shipping lines bargaining power and exposed container ports to more competitive environment as well. The key point put forward in this paper is that the competitive battle among container ports will increasingly be fought with the presence of recent shipping lines market concentration. This paper illustrates the contemporary dynamics in the container shipping market. In that respect, the paper is divided into three main sections. The first one presents the port competition conceptual definition, types and landscapes. The second one outlines the analyses of the existing carriers’ contemporary market dynamics. Finally, discusses the possible outcomes of different development policies of shipping companies, and how they affect ports’ effectiveness and competitiveness.

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38

Prockl, Günter, Aseem Kinra, and Herbert Kotzab. "Internationalisation within liner shipping." Maritime Business Review 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-10-2016-0029.

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Purpose Container shipping is generally considered a global business. This truth may not hold from a single-company perspective. The companies’ physical operation networks show that container carriers operate differently and follow different paths in their internationalisation development. Additionally, the degree of internationalisation, measured on the basis of sea-oriented operations, differs from that measured according to land-oriented front-end marketing and sales activities. The purpose of this study is to further examine the internationalisation patterns of shipping lines. Design/methodology/approach An examination of the front-end activities and the structures of leading container-shipping companies is conducted. The sales office networks of the sector’s 20 largest companies worldwide (by twenty-foot equivalent unit capacity) are analysed as key indicators. The numbers of sales offices are measured by analysing the websites of the sample (20 companies), as well as annual reports and other publicly available data sources. Findings The findings show that not all shipping companies are international, by virtue of the industry. While it is difficult to observe differences in the overall patterns of the sales networks at a macro level, some companies differ in their activities. The data set also shows that market share and total capacity are not necessarily good indicators of a carrier’s worldwide presence. Research limitations/implications This research is based on secondary data. Other important transactional and market-oriented considerations should be examined before drawing conclusions about the internationalisation of container-shipping companies and of the industry. Originality/value This paper contributes to the relevant existing research, particularly by adding its view on the demand-oriented criteria as suggested by Dunning and Lundan (2008).

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39

Okorie, Sunday Onyedikachi, and Jing Shi. "Design Improvement on Shipping Container Spraying Production Line." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 2890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.2890.

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This paper describes the design of a flip-frame mechanism for shipping container spray painting production line. The idea of the flip-frame mechanism is to reduce, to a large extent, paint wastage during spray painting of the quadrangular exterior surfaces of the shipping container. Clamping of the shipping container on the flip-frame is achieved by hydraulic cylinders. A roller chain and a sprocket is used to drive the flip-frame because of their simplicity, strength, ability to work under harsh condition and require little lubrication.

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Beškovnik, Bojan. "Structural changes in the container liner shipping influencing shipping agent’s role." Pomorstvo 30, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.30.2.10.

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The article presents structural changes in liner shipping sector, as many global Container shipping lines are opening their own agencies and many independent shipping agents are consecutively closing down their activities, either via takeovers or by going out of business completely. The process of horizontal and vertical integration in shipping industry is re-shaping the entire logistics industry. Such changes put pressure on shipping agents to redefine their market role and develop services with added quality, and relationships with actual and new principals. They are forced to seek for new ways to make income therefore they are forced to perform additional roles, in order to satisfy carriers on one hand, and usually just a few clients, on the other. A market analysis in Slovenia has been performed among companies offering ship-port services, with focus on comparison between independent agents and Container Line offices. It has been ascertained that independent shipping agents must implement the new strategy which is closer to a forwarder’s mentality and market role.

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Balci, Gökcay, and Ismail Bilge Cetin. "Market segmentation in container shipping services: a qualitative study." Management Research Review 40, no. 10 (October 16, 2017): 1100–1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-01-2017-0012.

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Purpose Container shipping is a standardized business-to-business service market where carriers need to stay customer focused to survive. Market segmentation is an ideal solution to develop customized marketing programs for each segment, but container lines need personalized marketing programs for each customer. Hence, the purpose of this study is to develop a segmentation framework that can help container lines to profile each customer more efficiently considering their needs, strategic importance and demographics. Design/methodology/approach This study has adopted an exploratory approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers of container lines. Findings Segmentation bases are the type of customer, container volume, loyalty, seasonality, decision maker, the industry of shipper, cargo characteristics, container type, destination region and export/import. Market segmentation in container shipping can be helpful in developing effective customized marketing offering, including effective price discrimination and customized marketing communications. Practical implications A port-specific segmentation approach was adopted and a flexible segmentation framework was proposed for container lines to adapt in different hinterlands. Originality/value Unlike the literature, this study suggests market segmentation can be very helpful in customized marketing in business-to-business services like container shipping industry. This study also suggests port-specific market segmentation for container lines instead of route-specific.

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Thai, Vinh, and Ferry Jie. "The impact of total quality management and supply chain integration on firm performance of container shipping companies in Singapore." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 30, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 605–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-09-2017-0202.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the influences of total quality management (TQM) and supply chain integration (SCI) practices on firm performance (FP) of container shipping industry in Singapore.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted with 159 container shipping companies in Singapore to examine the interrelationships between SCI and TQM practices and FP. A stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 14.0 was performed on the data.FindingsStatistical results suggest that both TQM and SCI practices have positive effects on service quality and FP but at different extents, while TQM also contributes positively to SCI.Research limitations/implicationsThe small sample is the main limitation. The findings bear important implications for further research as understanding these dimensions can help to position key changes and industry improvement that will increase revenue and reduce cost to the container shipping companies in Singapore.Practical implicationsThis research provides guidelines for shipping managers on how to implement the SCI and TQM practices appropriately to boost their FP to the fullest extent.Social implicationsThis study has unique implications for social sustainability especially the container shipping industry, which is hard pressed to combat the challenges within the logistics/transportation sector.Originality/valueThis is perhaps the first study that examines the influence of SCI and TQM practices on the performance of container shipping firms that helps them see beyond the silo mentality and focus on greater value addition in FP.

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Meng, Qiang, Shuaian Wang, and Zhiyuan Liu. "Network Design for Shipping Service of Large-Scale Intermodal Liners." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2269, no. 1 (January 2012): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2269-05.

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A model was developed for network design of a shipping service for large-scale intermodal liners that captured essential practical issues, including consistency with current services, slot purchasing, inland and maritime transportation, multiple-type containers, and origin-to-destination transit time. The model used a liner shipping hub-and-spoke network to facilitate laden container routing from one port to another. Laden container routing in the inland transportation network was combined with the maritime network by defining a set of candidate export and import ports. Empty container flow is described on the basis of path flow and leg flow in the inland and maritime networks, respectively. The problem of network design for shipping service of an intermodal liner was formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model. The proposed model was used to design the shipping services for a global liner shipping company.

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Chern, Lee Min, Chao Lin Ting, Chien Chang Chou, and Yuh Ling Su. "The Influence of Panama Canal Expansion Project on the Containerization." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 1237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.1237.

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Since the late 1970s, container shipping fell into a high speed development era. The large ship brings the lower cost and more capacities. This paper aims to introduce the evolution of container ship, and then discuss the influence of Panama Canal Expansion Project on container transport routes in the world. The study shows that the competition in shipping market depends upon ship type development.

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Danelia, Irakli. "Impact of COVID-19 on Global Container Shipping Industry." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, no. 27 (August 31, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n27p5.

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This paper demonstrates the Global economic outlook resulted by COVID-19 pandemic and provides an analysis of the direct and indirect impact on Global Container shipping industry. It also discussed sequential interdependence among Pandemic, Global Economic downturn, and Challenges in Global Containerized cargo flows. The paper analysis actual results and the features of the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic on Global Container shipping industry. While Identifying key determinants of accelerating challenges for Containerized Cargo flows during the global pandemic, the paper concludes short and long terms expectations that might be defined for Future development in the global container Shipping industry.

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Leivestad, Hege Høyer. "Who cares about the cargo?" Focaal 2021, no. 89 (March 1, 2021): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2021.890105.

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While the shipping container has been hyped as the most potent symbol of global trade, it is simultaneously a unit of measure, a medium of exchange, and a material abstraction of heterogeneous use value. This article places the container and its anonymized cargo as part of the everyday logistics of commodity circulation in the Spanish Port of Algeciras Bay—a transshipment hub at the Strait of Gibraltar. By disentangling the shipping container’s multiple repertoires, this article focuses on how the shipping container transforms and converts the value of cargo and mediates logistics labor in the port.

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Liu, Wei, Huan Xu, and Xin Zhao. "AGILE SERVICE ORIENTED SHIPPING COMPANIES IN THE CONTAINER TERMINAL." TRANSPORT 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.143-153.

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Agility is regarded as one of the core capabilities and the developing trend of supply chains and their enterprises. Along with the development of economical globalization, supply chain management and containerization as well as container ports as a part of supply chain take more roles like logistics or distribution centers. Under this background, the container terminal should have superior response and develop agility. The main goal of this paper is to emphasize and illustrate the importance and imminence of implementing agility in container terminals. To achieve this goal, the analysis of the economies of scale in the container terminal is presented. In this paper, however, more attention will be paid to agile service oriented shipping companies. The concept and characters of agile service in the container terminal is illustrated. The paper also focuses on the agile organizational structure of the container terminal. Finally, the fuzzy quality synthetic evaluation method is given to evaluate the performance level of agile service in container terminal oriented shipping companies.

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Abdulahi, Efrah Wozir, and Luo Fan. "Exploring and Validating Container Operational Risk Scale in Container Shipping: The Case of Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Service Enterprise." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 9248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169248.

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The risk associated with container shipping has been a major concern in recent decades. This study presents three major risk frameworks to systematically and inclusively explore and validate container operational risk scales based on risk factors derived from the extant literature. The three risk frameworks identified are risks related to information flow, risks related to physical flow, and risks related to payment flow. Each risk factor is grouped into sub-factors (dimensions), three factors for information flow, two factors for physical flow, and two factors for payment flow. The study uses Ethiopia as a case study and employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. An interview survey was conducted to explore additional risk factors and validate the identified risk factors in container shipping, and a questionnaire survey was then accompanied to collect the relevant data. A pairwise comparison chart (PCC) was employed to rank the risk dimensions. The results showed that the container operational risk model is satisfactory by employing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, the PCC result indicates that risk of loss or damage of goods/assets, payment delay, and decrease in or total loss of payment were ranked first, second, and third, respectively, and consequently the most significant dimensions of the risk factors. This study provides a reliable and valid scale for measuring container operational risk in container shipping companies. It also unlocks future works for using the identified risk factors as guidelines for researchers and experts to design and develop container operational risk dimensions.

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Verny, Jerome, and Christophe Grigentin. "Container shipping on the Northern Sea Route." International Journal of Production Economics 122, no. 1 (November 2009): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.03.018.

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Balci, Gökcay, Ismail Bilge Cetin, and Mustafa Tanyeri. "Differentiation of container shipping services in Turkey." Transport Policy 61 (January 2018): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.10.004.

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