Academic literature on the topic 'Tractor industry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tractor industry"
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DIDMANIDZE, OTARI N., SERGEY N. DEVYANIN, EKATERINA Р. PARLYUK, and VLADIMIR A. MARKOV. "POWER SUPPLY OF FARM TRACTOR INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA." Agricultural engineering, no. 2 (2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-4-8.
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Determining the prospects for the development of the tractor fl eet in Russia and its supplying with power units is an important task in establishing a technological foundation to eff ectively tackle the problems of agricultural production. Taking into consideration the indicator of power supply in agriculture in the world’s economically developed countries, the authors consider the domestic needs in agricultural tractors and engines. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that the fl eet of agricultural tractors is at a low level of about 200 thousand units, and it requires further serious development. To ensure eff ective agricultural production, it is necessary to balance the level of farm tractor availability in Russia with that of economically advanced countries. The indicator of 4 kW/ha was taken as a promising level of tractor availability, and the required number of tractors was determined. The analysis was carried out for the cultivation of arable land in Russia with an area of 80 million hectares as of 2020 and amounted to about 2.5 million units for the entire range of agricultural tractors taking into account their traction class. To cultivate all arable areas in Russia, which amounted to about 120 million hectares in 1990, a third more equipment will be required. To maintain the tractor fl eet at this level, it is necessary to ensure an annual supply of at least 250 thousand units of various engines with a total capacity of at least 320 GW. This problem can be solved through increasing the production capacity of existing engine-building plants and designing new diesel engines for tractors of traction classes 0.6…1.4 with a capacity between 20 and 70 kW.
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Okunev, G. A., and N. A. Kuznetsov. "Aspects of the development of the type of tractors and trends in the technical re-equipment of production units of various types." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66888.
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Domestic and neighboring countries industry produce wheel and tracked tractors, which differ from each other by various parameters. The variety of general-purpose tractors offered on the market puts producers in the forefront of the choice of acquiring equipment to perform a set of technological operations. A comparative evaluation of the use of wheeled and caterpillar tractors of various traction classes on basic technological operations showed an increase in operating costs per unit of work performed with increasing parameters of tractors, especially wheeled propellers. The use of wheel tractors of high traction classes is accompanied by an increased specific pressure on the soil even on twin tires due to the increase in track width. Use of wheeled tractors with a power of over 350 hp on transport works is not advisable. This reduces the annual load and further increases the cost of performing technological operations. As a result, the competitiveness of a caterpillar tractor of high traction classes is substantially increasing. The wheel tractor is suitable only for maneuvering over long distances. As a result of the reform of agricultural production, a multi-fold system of economic activities of enterprises has developed. Along with large holdings and production units on the basis of former collective and state farms, a considerable proportion is made up of farm households. As a general-purpose tractor for farming a wheel-driven machine with engine power of 150-200 hp is used. A tractor of the MTZ-80 type is needed to perform auxiliary works to ensure the operation of the main unit. The tractors park of the large grain enterprises consists of high-performance wheeled vehicles of class 6-8, as well as class 3-4 tractors on wheels for auxiliary work. The bulk of the land in processing in the region is accounted by enterprises formed on the basis of former state farms and collective farms. These are diversified economies of grain and livestock farming. Multisectoral production allows to form a more developed structure of sown areas due to the cultivation of different cultures. To perform a set of works in these farms caterpillar tractors of class 4-5 and wheeled tractors of general purpose of class 3-4 are needed.
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Saakian, Alexander. "Research results on expanding the conditions for the use of tractor-transport units on slope surfaces." АгроЭкоИнфо 3, no. 45 (May 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20213301.
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At present, in the Amur Region, there is a further increase in sown areas due to the introduction of slope lands into circulation, on which there is the possibility of cultivating agricultural crops. As a rule, such plots are assigned to small peasant farms, which use them mainly to create a fodder base for the livestock industry. At the same time, the main problem remains the complexity of the delivery of goods over rough terrain due to the presence in organizations mainly of wheeled monoblock tractors of traction class 1.4-2, in which, when driving on sloping surfaces, the traction and coupling properties declared the manufacturing plant. The presented article presents the results of studies to improve the traction and coupling properties of tractor-transport units (TTA) by installing an additional device that allows you to adjust the coupling weight in the chassis of the unit when driving in fields with a significant slope angle. Keywords: TRACTOR, TRACTION-COUPLING PROPERTIES, ENERGY MEANS, SOIL, SURFACE, COUPLING WEIGHT
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Tajanowskij, Georgij, Wojciech Tanaś, and Mariusz Szymanek. "On Changes in Concept and General Composition of Agricultural Tractors." Agricultural Engineering 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2019-0018.
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AbstractConclusions on the analysis of the state of development in the tractor industry are formulated, aspects of the forecasting concept of transformation, general layout solutions and the theory of promising tractor units with new propulsion systems are considered, a general approach to the pre-design substantiation of new generation tractors is presented.
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Lachuga, Yu F., A. Yu Izmailov, Ya P. Lobachevsky, A. S. Dorokhov, and V. A. Samsonov. "Priority areas of scientific and technical development of the domestic tractor industry." Machinery and Equipment for Rural Area, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33267/2072-9642-2021-2-2-7.
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It is shown that the level of provision with tractors and energy supply of agricultural production in Russia is significantly lower than those in developed countries. It was found that the current annual level of purchase of tractors does not allow compensating for their disposal. Domestic production of tractors is significantly inferior to their import and the number of tractors to be assembled of tractor sets delivered from foreign countries on the territory of the Russian Federation. The theory of tractors with second-generation internal combustion engines is proposed, which makes it possible to create energy-intensive tractors with higher efficiency indicators.
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Belyy, I. F., and I. A. Bogdanova. "Noise in cab of a crawler agricultural tractor." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 10 (October 15, 2016): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66245.
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The working conditions of operator are considered as one of the most important indicators of technical level of a machine and its competitiveness in agricultural machinery market. The article presents the measuring data of noise level on operator workplace, based on the results of long-term tests of crawler agricultural tractors of 3 drawbar category for general purposes. Measurements of noise level in tractor cabs were carried out according to the requirements of state standards when performing the main type of works, namely the stubble tillage after harvesting of spiked cereals. Tractors produced by Volgograd tractor plant in 1993-2000 conformed to the sanitary regulations of tractors’ and agricultural machines' technology and had the noise level about 78-80 dBA. Subsequent upgrading of crawler tractor’s cab led to worsening of work conditions in respect of noise. Noise level in cab of the Agromash-90TG 1040А tractor produced by Volgograd tractor plant in 2012-2015 reached 88-90 dBA. The analysis of the results of measurement of noise levels allows to make a conclusion that the main noise source in upgraded cab is the exhaust tube of engine. The construction of cab does not protect the operator against the noise of engine. Furthermore, the use of microclimate normalization system in cab of the Agromash-90TG tractor does not provide the reduction in air temperature to a comfortable level of 24-27 degrees C. Test results revealed that working conditions on the new tractor do not conform to the requirements of standards. Specialists of tractor industry organizing a new production of crawler agricultural tractors should take into account the previous experience of engineering developments in Volgograd tractor plant and results of state tests of tractors.
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Verma, Renu. "A Study on Factors Influencing Buying Behavior of Tractor Customers in Banswara District of Rajasthan." Journal of Global Economy 4, no. 3 (April 9, 2012): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i3.119.
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Agricultural growth depends primarily on two main factors - institutional factors and technical factors. Institutional reforms or factors include land reform, tenancy  reforms and  institutional  credit reforms etc.  Technical factors emphasize  using agricultural inputs like high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers and mechanization of agriculture. As far as the mechanization of agriculture is concerned, tractor is one of the most important equipments used for farming. Major manufacturers of the tractors in India are – Eicher , Escorts, Ford, Indo Farm, HMT, Mahindra & Mahindrara, New Holland, Punjab Tractors , Sonalika, Tafe etc.The following table is showing the size of the tractor industry in India
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Starostin, Ivan Aleksandrovich, and Mikhail Gennadievich Zagoruyko. "Material and technical base of agriculture: availability of tractors and the state of tractor construction." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (October 27, 2020): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i10pp126-130.
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One of the main factors affecting the efficiency of agricultural production, timing and quality of agricultural work is the availability of equipment. Among all the variety of agricultural machines, tractors are of key importance. The measures taken by the state to support technical modernization contribute to the partial renewal of the tractor fleet of agricultural organizations, but do not allow to stop the process of its reduction. The existing volumes of purchasing tractors are not enough to radically change the situation. The fleet of agricultural tractors continues to decrease and along with it, the indicators of tractor availability are decreasing, which negatively affects the quality and timing of agricultural work. In terms of availability of agricultural tractors, Russia lags far behind the majority of both developed and developing countries in the world. The growing load on tractors and their high average age lead to violations of agricultural deadlines, increased downtime of equipment, additional material and technical costs for repairs, increased consumption of fuel and lubricants, seeds, fertilizers, etc. In the domestic tractor industry, a difficult situation also remains. The existing nomenclature and production volumes of domestic tractor-building enterprises do not allow to meet the needs of agriculture. There is practically no production of crawler tractors, specialized tractors for gardening and viticulture. In this regard, there is a high dependence on the supply of imported tractors. Despite the significant decline in machinery output in recent years, the Republic of Belarus remains a leader in the production and import of agricultural tractors to Russia and the CIS countries.
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Golikov, V. A., A. S. Usmanov, and A. S. Rzaliyev. "Analysis of structure of machine and tractor fleet in the Republic of Kazakhstan and development prospects of agricultural machinery industry." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 82, no. 11 (November 15, 2015): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66124.
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Structure of machine and tractor fleet in the Republic of Kazakhstan is analyzed. It is noted that tractors and combine harvesters, sowing machines and other machinery are presented by many brands, which complicates their service maintenance. Development prospects of agricultural machinery industry are shown.
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Fazlulina, M. E. "Application of technology benchmarking to improve competitiveness of the tractor industry." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2011): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-70025.
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The paper examines benchmarking strategy and the opportunities for using sample matching technique to increase the competitive ability of tractor construction industry. The current state and prospects of development of national tractor industry are described, competitive advantages of Russian and imported agricultural equipment are studied. The paper describes the advantages of applying of benchmarking technique to increasing the competitive ability of tractor industry production.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tractor industry"
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Fonseca, Carlos E. "Corporative strategy in a global industry joy global faces Caterpillar's acquisition of bucyrus." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/117498.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en AdministraciónAutor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su tesis en el Portal de Tesis Electrónicas de la U. de Chile.
Mike Sutherlin, CEO of Joy Global Inc. (“JOY”), a global mining equipment manufacturer, was having lunch, in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with his wife, in November of 2010 when his cell phone began ringing. He hesitated answering, but recognizing the name, picked up to hear surprising news. It was a courtesy call from a friend at Caterpillar Inc. (“CAT”), the $85 Billion USD juggernaut, letting him know that CAT had just purchased JOY’s cross town rival, Bucyrus International, Inc. (“BI”), for $8.8B USD. JOY and BI were 2 Milwaukee, Wisconsin based mining equipment manufacturers who competed head to head on a worldwide stage. Evenly matched, with a market cap around $7B USD each, these two companies had spared in the surface and underground mining equipment market for heavy duty extraction mining equipment for over a hundred years since their founding in 1888 and 1889, respectively. All of a sudden, with this acquisition, what had always been a cross town rivalry would take on new proportions. CAT was the undisputed world wide heavy machinery giant with a market cap 10 times the size of JOY. Regarding the acquisition, Sutherlin comments, “Instead of a smaller competition across town all of a sudden this changed the world for us.” CAT brought to the table revenues which were 12 times larger than JOY, a global brand that stood for reliable heavy machinery, exceptional service through its army of worldwide distributors, and the ability to win deals by financing equipment through CAT financial. Sutherlin´s team had just put the finishing touches on their strategic plan for 2010. The exercise had reaffirmed some of JOY´s strategies, such as a continued commitment to focus solely in the mining equipment industry (versus including construction and farming equipment markets like CAT), a direct sales and service go to market model (versus third party distributors like CAT), and a focus on premium products with premium pricing (versus wining deals on price like BI). The plan also called for some changes such as moving beyond the dependence on a single product for their surface mining division and a move beyond coal specific products for its underground division. Would this strategy need to be revised? Would the plan withstand this new challenge? Sutherlin knew it was time to get his leadership team together, circle the wagons, and figure out, what, if anything, JOY could do to respond to this new competitive threat from CAT.
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Cosentino, Rui Marcos Assis. "Modelo empírico de depreciação para tratores agrícolas de rodas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-04032005-162345/.
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A depreciação de tratores agrícolas de rodas é um importante componente do custo fixo. A correta determinação desse parâmetro torna-se vital para o cálculo do custo da maquinaria ao longo da vida útil. Vários métodos são propostos para a estimativa da depreciação dos tratores com mais de um ano de uso: linear, saldo decrescente, soma do digíto dos anos, fundo de recuperação de capital e os valores publicados pelo jornal O Estado de São Paulo. O mais adequado entre os métodos disponíveis é o preço de mercado, que está baseado na pesquisa do valor da maquinaria junto ao mercado. Este trabalho consiste, em uma pesquisa para o levantamento, no mercado, de preços de venda de tratores agrícolas de rodas usados e na comparação dos valores obtidos (valor real de mercado) com os propostos na bibliografia. Para obtenção dos preços de mercado foi elaborado um questionário contendo as informações sobre o exemplar avaliado e os principais componentes de um trator agrícola, a fim de avaliar o estado de conservação do trator, indicando notas de 1 (ruim) a 5 (ótimo), conforme o estado dos componentes . O questionário foi disponibilizado no site da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz ESALQ-USP, tendo sido enviado a concessionários de todo país um pedido para que participassem da pesquisa. O baixo índice de respostas, cerca de 3%, motivou uma pesquisa feita junto a concessionários num raio de 150 km da cidade de Piracicaba. A etapa posterior à coleta foi a análise da vida útil (em anos), potência, horas trabalhada e o estado de conservação dos tratores avaliados. Com o avanço da idade do trator o estado de conservação ia se deteriorando, tendo sido encontrados tratores com até 34 anos de vida útil. A análise das horas trabalhadas foi prejudicada pela falta de confiabilidade nos horímetros e nas informações coletadas em tratores com instrumentos danificados. Potências encontradas na frota avaliada foram concentradas nas com maior índice de comercialização no país. A análise de regressão foi significativa somente em relação à vida útil e preço de mercado. A comparação entre o modelo obtido e os métodos propostos revelou uma diferença expressiva no primeiro ano, sendo que o modelo empírico demonstrou-se preciso: a partir do sétimo ano, em comparação com o método linear e o saldo decrescente; a partir do terceiro ano, em relação á soma dos dígitos dos anos e os valores publicados em O Estado de São Paulo; e a partir do oitavo ano, em comparação com o método fundo de recuperação de capital.The depreciation of wheeled tractors is an important component of the fixed cost. The right determination of this parameter is vital to determine the machinery cost during its useful life. Several methods are proposed in order to estimate tractor depreciation with more than a year of use: linear, decreasing balance, sum of the years digit, fund of capital recovery and the values published by the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo. The most adequate among the available methods is the market price, which is based on research of the machinery value ok tractor dealers. This work consists in a surveying of sale prices of agricultural wheeled tractors and in the comparison of the obtained data (value practiced in the market) with those obtained by methods proposed on references. In order to obtain these data it was elaborated a questionnaire, which had fields for the evaluated machine and its main components to be evaluated. For the evaluation of the tractor conservation, grades from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent) were attributed to each component. This questionnaire was available on the web site of the College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo. Tractor dealers throughout the country were contacted and asked to join the survey. The low rate of answers (3%) motivated a survey done directly to dealers located in a 150- km radius from Piracicaba, state of São Paulo. The step after the data collection was the analyses of useful life (years), power, worked hours and the conservation state of the evaluated tractors. As the tractor age was increasing the conservation state was worsening. Tractors up to 34 years of use were counted. The analysis of worked hours was hardened by the lack of trustfulness of the hour counter and by the information gotten in tractors with broken instruments. Power levels found in the evaluated fleet were concentrated on those more traded in Brazil. The regression analysis was significant only when useful life and market price were related. The comparison between the developed model and the proposed methods revealed the biggest difference on the first year of use, and it became more trustful from the seventh year of use, comparing with the linear and decreasing balance methods; when comparing to the sum of the years digit method and the values published by the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, from the third year of use, and finally, when comparing to fund of capital recovery method, from the eighth year of use.
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Lino, Gutiérrez Ana, López Edgard Arce, Mejía Hermann Ojeda, and Delgado Joseph Zevallos. "Planeamiento estratégico de Omega Tractor's." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/12835.
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x, 103 h. : il. ; 30 cmEl planeamiento estratégico de Omega Tractor´s desarrollado en el presente documento se realizó identificando las estrategias que la compañía debe implementar para generar un posicionamiento estratégico que le permita aprovechar las condiciones del mercado en su sector y desarrollar sus potencialidades, todo enmarcado en una visión, misión, valores y código de ética. Este planeamiento sigue la metodología del modelo secuencial del proceso estratégico. Omega Tractor’s es un compañía dedicada al rubro de comercialización de repuestos, prestación de servicios de reparación y alquiler de maquinaria pesada, con operaciones en la región sur del Perú, este sector en los 5 años previos al año 2014 se mostró muy dinámico por la gran presencia de operaciones mineras e inversión en obras civiles de infraestructura vial, lo que permite a la compañía desarrollar una propuesta comercial más agresiva y superar deficiencias internas enfocada principalmente en el desarrollo de una cultura organizacional de excelencia
Strategic planning of Omega Tractor 's developed in this paper was performed by identifying the strategies that the company should implement to generate a strategic position that allows to take advantage of market conditions in the sector and develop their potential , all framed in a vision, mission, values and ethics . This planning methodology follows the sequential model of the strategic process. Omega Tractor 's is a company dedicated to the commercialization of spare parts , service repair and rental of heavy equipment with operations in the southern region of Peru , this sector in the 5 years prior to 2014 was very dynamic due the large presence of mining operations and investment in civil works road infrastructure , enabling the company to develop a more aggressive commercial proposal and overcome internal weaknesses focused primarily on the development of an organizational culture of excellence
Tesis
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Debien, Bruno Resende. "Desenvolvimento e inplantação de um sistema operacional para a qualificação do desempenho de novos traçadores para reservatórios de petróleo." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2008. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=95.
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O petróleo, por ser uma das principais fontes primárias de energia e também matéria prima
para uma série de produtos, é hoje um dos recursos naturais não renováveis mais importantes
do mundo. O petróleo encontra-se acumulado no subsolo, e foi produzido pela ação da
natureza, a partir dos restos de animais e vegetais, num processo que levou milhões de anos
para ser concluído. Inicialmente, é possível extrair apenas uma parte do petróleo contido em
um reservatório (cerca de 25%), e por este motivo injeta-se água na jazida para aumentar a
recuperação do restante deste insumo. Com o intuito de otimizar este processo, denominado
Recuperação secundária, traçadores são utilizados para obtenção de informações acerca do
fluxo de água dentro do reservatório. Para que um determinado composto possa ser aplicado
como traçador, ele deve cumprir uma série de requisitos, dependendo da investigação que se
deseja efetuar. No caso de traçadores para estudo do comportamento da água injetada no
reservatório, um dos principais requisitos é que ele não se atrase com relação às moléculas de
água, ou seja, que ele não fique retido nas superfícies rochosas (fenômeno denominado
sorção) nem se particione com a fase orgânica. Existem modelos matemáticos distintos para
representar os processos de sorção, sendo que o mais usado estabelece uma relação linear
entre a concentração do composto sorvido pela rocha e a concentração remanescente em
solução uma vez atingido o equilíbrio, expressa pelo coeficiente Kd. Este coeficiente pode ser
estimado de maneiras diferentes, mas os métodos mais usados são por batelada e por
deslocamento em meio poroso, sendo que o último leva em consideração efeitos
hidrodinâmicos. No presente trabalho foi montado um sistema experimental automatizado
para realização de testes desta natureza, onde as válvulas motorizadas e o software para
controle remoto e aquisição de dados foram desenvolvidos. As amostras rochosas empregadas
nos testes foram arenitos provenientes da Formação Botucatu, similar às rochas constituintes
da maioria dos reservatórios de petróleo. O estudo da dinâmica deste sistema foi conduzido
usando o NaCl como traçador de referência, uma vez confirmado que seu comportamento é
igual ao da água tritiada (considerada o traçador ideal para fases aquosas). A determinação
quantitativa deste composto nos efluentes foi realizada por condutimetria direta, por meio de
uma célula para medidas em fluxo posicionada horizontalmente, visto que na vertical ela provoca mudanças no comportamento hidrodinâmico do analito. Também foi confirmado que
a concentração da solução de NaCl injetada influencia no perfil das curvas de resposta obtidas
em testes de deslocamento em coluna, sugerindo que em concentrações mais baixas as
espécies iônicas Na+ e Cl- sofrem retardo em relação ao fluxo de água. Além disso, a vazão de
operação da bomba deve ser mantida constante em um valor menor que 5 mL/min, pois para
valores maiores a balança demonstrou encontrar dificuldade para estabilizar as medidas,
comprometendo o envio de seus dados para o computador. Por fim, a comparação entre os
resultados obtidos em um teste controlado manualmente e em outro automatizado evidenciou
uma pequena diferença entre ambos, causada pelas formas distintas de se calcular o volume
injetado em cada um dos testes. Entretanto, apesar das pequenas limitações e discrepâncias
apresentadas, a montagem e posterior automatização do sistema para teste de deslocamento
em meio poroso foi bem sucedido.Petroleum, nowadays, is one of the most important natural resources in the world, since it is one of the main primary sources of energy and also raw material for many different products. It can be found accumulated in the subsoil, and was produced from the remaining portions of animals and vegetables, in a process that took millions of years to be concluded. Initially, only a small fraction of the oil contained in a reservoir (about 25% or less) can be extracted (phenomenon named sorption) or partitioned within the organic phase. Distinct mathematical models may represent the sorption without external help, and for this reason water is injected in the reservoir to increase the recovery of the remaining quantity. Aiming at optimizing this process, called Secondary Recovery, tracers are used to provide information concerning the water flow inside the reservoir. In order to be used as a tracer, a given compound must fulfill a series of requirements, depending on the desired purpose. Tracers applied to study the water behavior inside the reservoir, must follow water molecules without being retarded in the rocky surfaces processes, and the most used model establishes a linear relation between the sorbed amount of the compound and its remaining concentration in solution at equilibrium, expressed by the distribution coefficient, Kd. This coefficient can be estimated in different ways, laboratory methods such as stirring and flow-through being the most used. The latter has the advantage of incorporating hydrodynamic effects in its results. In the present work an automatized experimental system for carrying out tests of this nature has been constructed. Motor driven valves and a software for implementing remote control and acquisition of data have been developed. Sandstone samples from Botucatu Formations similar to reservoir rocks are widespreadly distributedand were used in these tests. The dynamics of this system was also investigated using NaCl as reference tracer, since its behavior is in quite good agreement with tha of tritiated water (considered the ideal tracer for water phases). Its concentration in the effluent was determined online by condutimetry, using a flow-through cell at horizontal position, since it changes the hydrodynamic behavior of the compound when vertically positioned. It was also confirmed that the NaCl concentration in the injected solution influences the profies of the tracer breakthrough curves obtained in flow-through experiments, suggesting that the transport of the ionic species Na+ and Cl- is slower than that of water. Moreover, the pump flowrate, which is is controlled by a balance connected to a computer, should be less than 5 mL/min. At higher values the balance will not be able to get stabilized upon fluctuations, thus compromising the transmission of signals to the computer. Finally, breakthrough curves from automatizated and manually controled experiments were compared, and a small difference between both could be observed, caused by the different way of calculating the injected volume in each test. In spite of these small limitations and discrepancies, the construction and automatization of the system for flow-through tests were successful.
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Koffi, Konan. "Etude numerique et experimentale des eclissages aeronautiques somis a des chargements de traction et flexion." Toulouse, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAT0024.
Full textAbstract:
Les eclissages constituent l'un des elements les plus importants de la structure aeronautique. Les eclissages sont des assemblages boulonnes ou rivetes de pieces planes ou quasi-planes chargees dans le plan. Le but de ces travaux de these est d'ameliorer la conception de ces assemblages pour eviter des fissurations prematurees de fatigue. Nous avons montre par la technique des plans d'experiences, la meilleure disposition des boulons pour homogeneiser le transfert de charge aux lignes de fixations. La simulation numerique de differents types d'eclissage a montre l'existence d'un angle optimal de dessin des eclisses qui rend les fixations de la ligne extreme isocritiques. Une courbe donnant la valeur de cet angle en fonction du rapport de contrainte (traction/flexion) est proposee. Les resultats theoriques ont ete valides par des essais statiques et de fatigue sur une machine concue et realisee a cet effet. Une bonne correlation a ete obtenue entre les resultats des simulations numeriques et les essais statiques. Les essais de fatigue ont montre que la nouvelle disposition constructive a une endurance deux fois plus elevee que l'ancienne. Les recommandations qui ont ete faites pour la conception des eclissages de cadres d'avions civils devraient permettent d'ameliorer la performance de ces structures. Les resultats obtenus seront integres au manuel de conception de l'aerospatiale.
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Steiner-Ander, Andrea. "Untersuchungen zur Tensidverteilung in Reinigungsbädern in der Metall verarbeitenden Industrie." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200100936.
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In dieser Arbeit wird ein industriell genutzter Metallreiniger auf Basis nichtionischer Tenside untersucht. Dabei werden ausschließlich Messmethoden verwendet, die sich auch für eine industrielle Fertigung eignen.
Zu Anfang enthält die Arbeit kurze Abrisse zum gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand bezüglich der Inhaltstoffe industriell genutzten Reiniger, der Analytik von Tensiden in Reinigern und der Adsorption der Tenside auf Feststoffoberflächen. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht neben der Charakterisierung und Analyse des Reinigers die quantitative Bestimmung der im Reiniger enthaltenen Tenside in industriellen Reinigungsbädern. Mit Hilfe der Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatografie mit einem Verdampfungs - Lichtstreudetektor wird die quantitative Verteilung der Tenside in Reinigungsbädern unter verschiedenen der industriellen Fertigung entsprechenden Bedingungen untersucht. Die Adsorption der im Reiniger enthaltenen Tenside auf der Metalloberfläche unter Fertigungsbedingungen wird mit Fluoreszenzspektroskopie und IR-Spektroskopie quantitativ bestimmt. Im letzten Kapitel wird auf die Umsetzung der gefundenen Ergebnisse in die industrielle Praxis eingegangen.
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Martins, Polyana Fabrícia Fernandes. "Desenvolvimento de traçadores ativáveis para aplicação em recuperação secundária de reservatórios de petróleo." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2005. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8.
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Um campo interessante para aplicação de técnicas nucleares devido à complexidade dos problemas a serem estudados e importante devido ao forte impacto econômico e estratégico é a industria de petróleo. Pelas técnicas nucleares podem ser obtidas informações preciosas. A utilização de traçadores auxilia a caracterização de um reservatório de petróleo e permite que se tomem posteriormente decisões importantes para o processo de recuperação deste recurso natural.
O estudo é feito em uma malha envolvendo poços injetores e produtores, mas com um único traçador não é possível discriminar a contribuição de diferentes injetores para um determinado produtor. Devido a necessidade de se ter vários traçadores para serem usados na recuperação de poços de petróleo é proposto o desenvolvimento de traçadores ativáveis.
Foram escolhidos para serem usados como traçadores elementos do grupo dos terras raras lantânio (La) e európio (Eu) por apresentarem elevada seção de choque e facilidade de obtenção. Estes elementos foram complexados com quelantes orgânicos para diminuir o grau de perdas ou retardo do traçador em relação à fase aquosa. Esses quelantes são os ácidos aminopolicarboxílicos EDTA, DTPA e DOTA.
Para verificar se ocorreu a complexação foi feita análise por espectrometria no infravermelho. Com o resultado observou-se que houve a complexação em todos as amostras.
Para separar interferentes como sódio, cloro e bromo presentes na água de produção foi utilizado um processo de coprecipitação. O processo foi eficiente já que conseguiu precipitar os terras raras separando-os do sódio e bromo presentes na água.
Para verificar a partição do traçador com a fase oleosa e a fase aquosa foi realizado o teste de partição e em seguida calculado o coeficiente de partição ( Kao ) para todos os complexos (traçadores) em todos os testes.
Foi realizado um teste em corpo de prova para determinar os parâmetros de interação do traçador candidato com a rocha. Foram utilizados como traçador o trítio, La-EDTA e cloreto de európio. No caso do trítio, que serviu como referência para avaliação dos demais traçadores, não ocorreu retenção do traçador no interior dos poros do corpo de prova. Para o cloreto de európio e La-EDTA observou-se a ocorrência de adsorção nas superfícies internas dos poros do corpo de prova, seguida de dessorção.The application of nuclear techniques to the oil industry has both scientific and economical interest due to the complexity of the questions that have to be answered and to the strong economic and strategic impact of the fuel production activity. Valuable information can be obtained employing nuclear methods. In particular, they are instrumental in describing detailed flow patterns and other features of oil reservoirs that are unattainable to other methods. Besides, the information they provide substantiate more sound decisions on actions related to the recovery of this important natural resource. Tracer studies in oil fields are performed in a net of injection and producing wells. Thus, the use of only one tracer species would not discriminate the contributions of distinct injector wells to the response of a given production well. Hence, a multi-tracer experiment is required, and in to meet this purpose the use of activable tracers is proposed. As additional tracers lanthanum (La) and europium (Eu) were chosen from the rare earth series due to their large neutron cross sections and availability. In order to decrease losses to the oil phase and retardation of the tracer relatively to the aqueous phase, these elements were complexed with organic chelating ligands: the polyamino-carboxylic acids EDTA, DTPA , and DOTA. Infrared spectrometry was used to check complexation. Its results showed that complexation occurred in all the samples. A coprecipitation process was used to eliminate interfering agents such as sodium, chlorine, and bromine present in the water. The procedure proved to be efficient since it succeeded in precipitating the rare earths, thus separating them from the sodium and bromine dissolved in the water. In order to check the partition of the tracer between the aqueous and organic phases, tests were carried stirring the two phases together and measuring the tracer concentrations in the aqueous phase; the partition coefficient was ( Kao ) then calculated for all the combinations of the two lanthanides and three ligands. Continuous tests pumping the tracer through reservoir rock samples were also carried. Tritiated water was used as a reference tracer and the lanthanides employed were in form of La- EDTA and EuCl3. The last two were somewhat retarded due to adsorption followed by desorption in either the rock or oil phases
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Lafarge, Mélanie. "Modélisation couplée du comportement et de l'endommagement et critère de rupture dans le domaine de la transition du Polyvinyldifluoré." Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1256.
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Choi, Won Jong. "Variation de structure du polycarbonate vitreux pendant l'essai de traction observe par mesure du module d'young et du frottement interne." Poitiers, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986POIT2280.
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Rommelaere, Catherine. "La carrosserie en Belgique aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècle: formes et techniques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212105.
Full textBooks on the topic "Tractor industry"
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Marktentwicklung und Marketing für Ackerschlepper aus deutscher Produktion. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1991.
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Luparenko, H. V. Stanovlenni︠a︡ traktorobuduvanni︠a︡ v Ukraïni. Niz︠h︡yn: P.P. Lysenko M.M., 2015.
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Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ. Rozhdenie bogatyri͡a︡: Dokumentalʹnai͡a︡ povestʹ. Cheboksary: Chuvashii͡a︡, 1993.
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Juusela, Johanna. Traktori- ja leikkuupuimurimarkkinoiden kilpailuolosuhteet. Helsinki: Kilpailuvirasto, 1992.
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Rukes, Brian. American farm tractor & implement dealerships. Iola, WI: KP Books, 2004.
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Dave, Arnold. Case tractors: Steam to diesel. Osceola, WI, USA: Motorbooks International, 1990.
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Company, Caterpillar Tractor, ed. The Caterpillar story. Peoria, IL: Caterpillar Inc., 1990.
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Traktoren in Deutschland 1907 bis heute: Firmen und Fabrikate. Frankfurt/Main: DLG-Verlag, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Tractor industry"
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Bolz, Roger W. "7B Industry Applications: Automated Tractor Assembly." In Manufacturing Automation Management, 133–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2541-3_28.
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Kako, Toshiyuki. "The Development of the Farm Machinery Industry: Case Study of the Walking-Type Tractor." In Acquiring, Adapting and Developing Technologies, 138–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23775-3_6.
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Helmi, Ahmed M., Mohammed Elsayed Lotfy, and Amr A. Zamel. "Particle Swarm Optimization Advances in Internet of Things Industry." In Springer Tracts in Nature-Inspired Computing, 93–110. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3128-3_6.
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Migliore, Marco, Cinzia Talamo, and Giancarlo Paganin. "Crossing the Boundaries: From Agriculture and Livestock to the Building Industry." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 175–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30318-1_7.
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Woźniak, Joanna, Grzegorz Budzik, and Łukasz Przeszłowski. "Supply Chain Management in the 3D Printing Industry as Exemplified by a Selected Organisation." In Springer Tracts in Additive Manufacturing, 179–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75235-4_10.
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Kohrangi, M., A. N. Papadopoulos, S. R. Kotha, D. Vamvatsikos, and P. Bazzurro. "Earthquake Catastrophe Risk Modeling, Application to the Insurance Industry: Unknowns and Possible Sources of Bias in Pricing." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 239–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_11.
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AbstractMathematical risk assessment models based on empirical data and supported by the principles of physics and engineering have been used in the insurance industry for more than three decades to support informed decisions for a wide variety of purposes, including insurance and reinsurance pricing. To supplement scarce data from historical events, these models provide loss estimates caused to portfolios of structures by simulated but realistic scenarios of future events with estimated annual rates of occurrence. The reliability of these estimates has evolved steadily from those based on the rather simplistic and, in many aspects, semi-deterministic approaches adopted in the very early days to those of the more recent models underpinned by a larger wealth of data and fully probabilistic methodologies. Despite the unquestionable progress, several modeling decisions and techniques still routinely adopted in commercial models warrant more careful scrutiny because of their potential to cause biased results. In this chapter we will address two such cases that pertain to the risk assessment for earthquakes. With the help of some illustrative but simple applications we will first motivate our concerns with the current state of practice in modeling earthquake occurrence and building vulnerability for portfolio risk assessment. We will then provide recommendations for moving towards a more comprehensive, and arguably superior, approach to earthquake risk modeling that capitalizes on the progress recently made in risk assessment of single buildings. In addition to these two upgrades, which in our opinion are ready for implementation in commercial models, we will also describe an enhancement in ground motion prediction that will certainly be considered in the models of tomorrow but is not yet ready for primetime. These changes are implemented in example applications that highlight their importance for portfolio risk assessment. Special consideration will be given to the potential bias in the Average Annual Loss estimates, which constitutes the foundation of insurance and reinsurance policies’ pricing, that may result from the application of the traditional approaches.
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Cecchi, Francesca, and Paolo Dario. "The Experiment Instrument in ECHORD++: Cascade Funding for Small-Scale Research Projects for Facilitating the Introduction of Robotics Technology into Industry." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 13–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22327-4_2.
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Younesi Heravi, Moein, Ali Yeganeh, and Seyed Behnam Razavian. "Using Fuzzy Approach in Determining Critical Parameters for Optimum Safety Functions in Mega Projects (Case Study: Iran’s Construction Industry)." In Springer Tracts in Nature-Inspired Computing, 183–200. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3128-3_10.
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Kasperski, Anne, Christian Duriez, and Michel Mermoux. "Combined Raman Imaging and18O Tracer Analysis for the Study of Zircaloy-4 High-Temperature Oxidation in Spent Fuel Pool Accident." In Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: 18th International Symposium, 1059–92. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159720160037.
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Fouillac, C., J. P. Sauty, and F. D. Vuataz. "Use of Tracers in the Geothermal Industry-Tracer Flow Equations in Porous Media." In Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, 77–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3691-1_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Tractor industry"
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Marinchenko, Tatiana. "Innovations in the Russian tractor industry." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE II INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN MATERIALS, SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES: (CAMSTech-II 2021). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0092411.
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Barr, Jack R. "The Caterpillar 651E Wheel Tractor Scrapers." In 36th Annual Earthmoving Industry Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/850806.
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Zhang, Qin, John F. Reid, and Noboru Noguchi. "Automated Guidance Control for Agricultural Tractor Using Redundant Sensors." In SAE Earthmoving Industry Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-1874.
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Abou-Hanna, Jeries, Frank Huck, and Don Sit. "Finite Element Approach to Modeling the Dynamics Response of Rubber-Belted Tractor." In Earthmoving Industry Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/971563.
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Olson, David J., and Charles R. Cornell. "Simulation of an Electrohydraulic Hitch Control System on an Agricultural Tractor." In 38th Annual Earthmoving Industry Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/870818.
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Lowe, Richard A. "The Design and Development of a New Hydraulic Auger Attachment for Tractor Loader Backhoes." In 38th Annual Earthmoving Industry Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/870773.
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Saiood, Hussain, Laurie Duthie, Abdulaziz Anizi, Mubarak Dhufairi, and Andrew French. "Pioneering Technology Solutions for Extended Reach Wells - High Expansion Coiled Tubing Tractor." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209042-ms.
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Abstract Well intervention in horizontal extended reach wells (ERWs) comes with a myriad of challenges and in the case of coiled tubing the overarching impediment is in reaching the target depth (TD). Frictional forces act against the coiled tubing (CT) while being pushed from surface, this eventually leads to helical buckling of the tubing and early lockup where no further progress is made. Advances have been made over the last decade with the development of high-tech downhole CT tractors that deliver a strong pulling force to overcome these frictional forces. Restrictions in the well completion require these tractors to collapse to 2-1/8″, and then to expand to the cased or open hole size of up to 6-1/8″. With many wells having a larger bore size of 8-1/2″, a CT tractor did not exist to improve the coverage in those type of wells. At first glance, modifying the existing tractor for 6-1/8″ sized holes to function in 8-1/2″ sized holes could be accomplished by simply extending the lengths of the arms. However, the reality is a little more nuanced with several innovations required to deliver the same pulling force as the 6-1/8″ tractor version. This new generation of downhole compact high expansion tractors have improved push-links and newly designed grippers to enable rig-less acid stimulation and production logging in ERWs. The high expansion tractor is an important facilitator in CT well interventions to tackle challenging ERWs by increasing the coverage in 8-1/2″ hole sizes. The CT tractor design, development, testing and first deployment was conducted in 2021. The major advantages gained from increasing the reach can be summarized as follows: The CT high expansion tractor enables successful reservoir surveillance and production monitoring, including improved reservoir understanding providing data to update and calibrate reservoir models. Acid stimulation in 8-1/2″ open hole wells on CT targeted fluid placement to improve well productivity to increase revenue per well. Detecting and then shutting off water inflow zones with CT techniques, avoiding the need for drilling a side track. This new generation of slim tractors is the first in the industry to operate in wells with a diameter of 8-1/2″ and an operating range from 8″ to 10″. The key metric to successful acid stimulation or logging applications in ERWs is the ability to achieve maximum coverage of the openhole section. These engineered solutions demonstrate how creative innovations in technology design are improving accessibility in ERWs, resulting in superior reservoir management outcomes.
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McKenzie, E. A., J. R. Etherton, J. R. Harris, D. M. Cantis, and T. J. Lutz. "NIOSH AutoROPS Research to Practice: Zero Turn Commercial Mowers." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81575.
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Marketing new safety devices is a critical function on the research-to-practice path. This path to adoption of new safety technology is not always straightforward. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Automatically deployable Rollover Protective Structure (AutoROPS) is a passive safety device developed to protect tractor operators in an overturn event. Tractor overturns kill more than 100 farmers each year in the United States (Myers, 2003). This technology was first designed to target the agricultural low-clearance environments involving “low-profile” tractors where traditional ROPS may not be feasible. These tractors are exempted from ROPS use as stated in OSHA 1928.51(b) (5) (i & ii). The upper portion of the AutoROPS remains retracted under low clearance areas but deploys to full height when an overturn is detected. The AutoROPS has been tested under both field and laboratory conditions prescribed in the ROPS performance standard, SAE J2194. To translate successful research into occupational practice, NIOSH formed a partnership with FEMCO, a ROPS manufacturer, in 2003. FEMCO’s efforts found Scag Power Equipment, a zero-turn commercial mower manufacturer. NIOSH has partnered with them as well. The Scag AutoROPS has been successfully laboratory tested to industry standards. Preliminary field evaluations of the deployment system have been conducted in preparation for field upset tests. Product development, test procedures, test results, and current marketing efforts are presented on this innovative safety device.
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Sleiman, Nicolas, and Julie A. Reyer. "HIL Simulation of a Track Type Tractor for Autonomous Controller Testing." In ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2210.
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The mining industry is introducing several autonomous mining operations, however the development of these algorithms is extremely expensive. This paper discusses the integration of a Hardware In the Loop (HIL) simulation to earthmoving equipment to aid in the development of autonomous mining operations. The benefit of this simulation is to save time and money for engineers developing the autonomous features. The hardware setup contained machine components that were connected to the Electronic Control Modules (ECMs). The ECMs used in the lab setup were the same as those on the actual tract type tractors. Those ECMs receive input signals based on which they command the solenoids. The HIL simulator converts the analog outputs into digital ones. Then the HIL sends out digital or simulated outputs to the ECMs such as pressure and fuel levels. The results of this work compare simulated data and real machine test data of an autonomous feature. A comparison is presented between the autonomous feature and a human operator. Finally potential of the HIL is demonstrated examining the autonomous feature with different soil conditions.
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Katashov, Alexander, Igor Novikov, Evgeny Malyavko, and Nadir Husein. "Three-Phase Flow Profile Determination of A Horizontal Well in Offshore by Tracer Technology." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30991-ms.
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Abstract Over the past few years, the oil and gas industry has faced a situation of high fluctuations in hydrocarbon prices on the world market. In addition, the trend for the depletion of traditional hydrocarbon reservoirs and the search for new effective solutions for the management and control of field development using horizontal and multilateral wells is still relevant. The most common method for horizontal wells testing is production logging tools (PLT) on coiled tubing (CT) or downhole tractor, which is associated with HSE risks and high cost, especially on offshore platforms, which limits the widespread use of this technology. The solution without such risks is the method of marker well monitoring, which allows obtaining information about the profile and composition of the inflow in a dynamic mode in horizontal wells without well intervention. There are several types of tracer (marker) carriers and today we will consider an approach to placing marker monitoring systems as part of a completion for three-phase oil, water and gas monitoring.
Reports on the topic "Tractor industry"
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Gelles, Rebecca, Zachary Arnold, Ngor Luong, and Jennifer Melot. PARAT – Tracking the Activity of AI Companies. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200100.
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CSET’s Private-sector AI-Related Activity Tracker (PARAT) collects data related to companies’ AI research and development to inform analysis of the global AI sector. The global AI market is already expanding rapidly and is likely to continue growing in the coming years. Identifying “AI companies” helps illustrate the size and health of the AI industry in which they participate as well as the most sought-after skills and experience in the AI workforce.
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Kwon, Jaymin, Yushin Ahn, and Steve Chung. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Roadside Transportation Related Air Quality (STARTRAQ) and Neighborhood Characterization. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2010.
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To promote active transportation modes (such as bike ride and walking), and to create safer communities for easier access to transit, it is essential to provide consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public. The relevant and timely information from data facilitates the improvement of decision-making processes for the establishment of public policy and urban planning for sustainable growth, and for promoting public health in the region. For the characterization of the spatial variation of transportation-emitted air pollution in the Fresno/Clovis neighborhood in California, various species of particulate matters emitted from traffic sources were measured using real-time monitors and GPS loggers at over 100 neighborhood walking routes within 58 census tracts from the previous research, Children’s Health to Air Pollution Study - San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV). Roadside air pollution data show that PM2.5, black carbon, and PAHs were significantly elevated in the neighborhood walking air samples compared to indoor air or the ambient monitoring station in the Central Fresno area due to the immediate source proximity. The simultaneous parallel measurements in two neighborhoods which are distinctively different areas (High diesel High poverty vs. Low diesel Low poverty) showed that the higher pollution levels were observed when more frequent vehicular activities were occurring around the neighborhoods. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations near the roadways were evident with a high volume of traffic and in regions with more unpaved areas. Neighborhood walking air samples were influenced by immediate roadway traffic conditions, such as encounters with diesel trucks, approaching in close proximity to freeways and/or busy roadways, passing cigarette smokers, and gardening activity. The elevated black carbon concentrations occur near the highway corridors and regions with high diesel traffic and high industry. This project provides consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public including: 1. Transportation-related particle pollution data 2. Spatial analyses of geocoded vehicle emissions 3. Neighborhood characterization for the built environment such as cities, buildings, roads, parks, walkways, etc.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.
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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Bacharach, Eran, and Sagar Goyal. Generation of Avian Pneumovirus Modified Clones for the Development of Attenuated Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696541.bard.
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Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains.
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COVID-19 consumer tracker survey Summary report (Waves 1 – 19). Food Standards Agency, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.gnu416.
Full textAbstract:
The Food Standards Agency commissioned social research to develop its evidence base on issues affecting consumers and businesses in order to inform its COVID-19 response. The COVID-19 consumer tracker ran for 19 months (19 waves) from April 2020 to October 2021, resulting in three reports (waves 1-5, 1-12 and 1-19). The monthly tracker was intended to understand consumers’ concerns around food insecurity and their experience of food unavailability, to understand and observe food behaviours that put consumers health and safety at risk and to understand the pattern and changes in food consumption and purchasing behaviours over the pandemic. The tracker has now been replaced with the ‘Consumer Insights Tracker’ (from November 2021 onwards) where similar measures are covered. Ipsos Mori were commissioned to track consumer attitudes through an omnibus survey. Bright Harbour were commissioned to produce qualitative reports on the lived experience of people living in food insecurity during COVID-19 and the impact on consumers’ engagement with the food system in June and July 2020. Additionally, we undertook in-house social media listening to support our insight gathering around the impact of COVID-19 on food safety, food authenticity and food regulation. In addition, the COVID-19 expert panel was set up to help identify the most important implications of the COVID-19 outbreak in relation to food policy. The FSA drew on its networks of leading researchers and industry experts between April and June 2020