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Journal articles on the topic 'Tractor trailer combinations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Cole, D. J., and D. Cebon. "Influence of tractor—trailer interaction on assessment of road damaging performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981525759.

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The influence of dynamic interaction between tractor and trailer on the assessment of the road damaging performance of heavy goods vehicles is investigated using simple mathematical models. Tractor and trailer damage indices are used to quantify the ‘in-service’ road damaging performance of a simulated fleet of vehicles with parametric variations typical of highway traffic in the United Kingdom. Simulated results of assessment tests on individual tractor—trailer combinations are correlated with the performance of the simulated vehicle fleet. The main aim is to establish the characteristics of a ‘standard’ semi-trailer to be used in the assessment of tractors, and a ‘standard’ tractor for testing semi-trailers. It is found that measurement of suspension ‘frequency’ gives the poorest correlation with the damage indices, while the ‘dynamic aggregate force coefficient’ gives the best correlation. Correlation achieved when assessing trailers is higher than when assessing tractors. Optimum specifications for standard test tractors and trailers to maximize test accuracy are determined.
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2

Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal H., and Hamid F. Al-Jalil. "Computer simulation of stability and control of tractor-trailed implement combinations under different operating conditions." Bragantia 63, no. 1 (2004): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87052004000100015.

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The mechanics of a tractor-trailer system moving up and down sloping ground under different operating conditions was theoretically simulated. A computer program was developed to analyze the system to predict the effect of both the trailer loading weight and the slope angle on the tractor stability, traction ability, and drawbar loading. The program was used to analyze a tractor-trailer system moving at uniform motion up and downhill. The results of this analysis showed that the tractor becomes unstable when towing a 3750 kg trailer uphill at 28° slope angle. Insufficient traction occurred at slope angles ranging from 15° to 18° corresponding to trailer weight of 3750 to 750 kg. The parallel component of drawbar pull reached a maximum value of 17318 N when the trailer was pushing the tractor downhill at 30° slope angle. The normal component (normal to the tractive surface) showed similar maximum values for both uphill and downhill motions of the system. The use of computer analysis in this study provided a significant improvement in predicting the effect of different parameters on stability and control of tractor-trailer combination on sloping ground.
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3

Jílek, L., R. Pražan, V. Podpěra, and I. Gerndtová. "The effect of the tractor engine rated power on diesel fuel consumption during material transport." Research in Agricultural Engineering 54, No. 1 (March 3, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/710-rae.

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The authors of this paper determined in a field measurement how the change of the tractor engine power in a tractor-trailer combination affects the diesel fuel consumption related to the unit of transport output (l/tkm) and the transport performance (t/h) in the conditions of a mountainous region. Transport combinations (tractor – trailer) were compared that were formed by a tipping trailer connected to three tractors with different engine powers when passing allong a route with the gradient of 0°–5.5°. It is obvious from the results of these measurements that the diesel fuel consumption differed by up to 27% in individual combinations. The lowest specific consumption on the measured route was found in the combination with the tractor with the engine rated power of 50 kW (0.037 to 0.077 l/tkm), the highest consumption with the tractor with the rated engine power of 114 kW (0.056 to 0.093 l/tkm). The lowest transport performance on the measured route was found in the combination with the tractor with the engine rated power of 63 kW (19.37 t/h), the highest performance with the tractor with the rated engine power of 114 kW (43.42 t/h).
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4

Bumgarner, Sean, Martin “Trae” Span, and Jeremy Daily. "A Systems Engineering Approach to Reducing Mis‐pulls and Misplaced Trailers for Trucking Fleets." INCOSE International Symposium 33, no. 1 (July 2023): 1300–1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13083.

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AbstractHeavy vehicle fleets can have more than three times the number of trailers than tractors, but tractors host most of the vehicle network and tracking systems. Tractor location is readily available through telematics systems, yet trucking operations may pull the wrong trailer during operations because of the lack of trailer location information. The lack of automated trailer location data can lead to lost or mis‐placed trailers, which compromises the service of the product being shipped. Adding dedicated telematics systems to individual trailers is cost prohibitive. Therefore, we propose leveraging the tractor's existing location data with unique identifiers from the trailer to geo‐reference trailers. The goal of the proposed system is to use existing truck and trailer hardware (i.e. the braking system controllers) to identify the trailer serial numbers to the truck‐tractor, which creates geo‐referenced tractor‐trailer combinations. This work follows a system engineering approach for a trailer tracking system design beginning with a thorough review of the problem and customer need, generating concise requirements, conducting a tradeoff study of potential solutions, and demonstrating the proposed solution on a test bench. A systems engineering approach following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15288 and International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) technical processes is used for this design and development effort. This work demonstrates a novel approach, delivering a trailer tracking capability fielded through minimal changes to existing hardware and software. This automated trailer location system would reduce mis‐pulled and temporarily misplaced trailers, thus saving time and money for fleet operations worldwide.
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5

Leuschen, Jason. "The Effects of Ground Simulation on Tractor-Trailer Combinations." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 6, no. 2 (September 24, 2013): 510–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2454.

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6

HATANO, Tadashi, Atsunari HIROTA, and Harushige YANAGISAWA. "A Coupling Mechanism of Tractor and Semi-Trailer Combinations." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 65, no. 636 (1999): 3355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.65.3355.

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7

Yang, Xiujian. "Optimal Reconfiguration Control of the Yaw Stability of the Tractor-Semitrailer Vehicle." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/602502.

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An optimal reconfiguration control scheme based on control allocation (CA) is proposed to stabilize the yaw dynamics of the tractor-semitrailer vehicle. The proposed control scheme is a two-level structure consisting of an upper level of sliding mode yaw moment controller (SMYC) and a lower optimal brake force distributor (BFD). The upper SMYC is designed to follow the tractor yaw rate and the combination of the hitch angle and trailer slip angle and outputs the corrective yaw moment, respectively, for the tractor and the trailer. The optimal brake force allocation and reconfigurable control problem is transformed to a problem of error minimization and control minimization combination formulated by constrained weighted least squares (CWLS) optimization and further solved with active set (AS) algorithm. Simulation results reveal that the CA technique-based optimal reconfigurable control is rather effective for the tractor-semitrailer vehicle to enhance the yaw stability performance and the reliability in case of actuator failure thanks to the multiple-axle structure enriching the alternatives of possible actuator combinations in CA optimization.
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8

Regehr, Jonathan D., Jeannette Montufar, and Garreth Rempel. "Safety performance of longer combination vehicles relative to other articulated trucks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 1 (January 2009): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-109.

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This article helps improve the understanding about the safety performance of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) relative to other articulated trucks operating on rural highways, using evidence from the Canadian portion of the CANAMEX trade corridor. The analysis reveals that from a collision rate perspective, LCVs as a group have better safety performance than other articulated trucks. Turnpike doubles have the lowest collision rate of all articulated truck types (16 collisions per 100 million vehicle-kilometres of travel or VKT), followed by Rocky Mountain doubles (32 collisions per 100 million VKT). The collision rate for triple trailer combinations (62 collisions per 100 million VKT) is higher than the collision rates for tractor semitrailers (42 collisions per 100 million VKT) and legal-length tractor double trailers (44 collisions per 100 million VKT). These results are an important input for civil engineering and transport policy decisions concerning longer combination vehicle operations.
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9

Xu, Hongguo, Yihua Zhang, Hongfei Liu, Shaosen Qi, and Weijuan Li. "Effects of configuration parameters on lateral dynamics of tractor–two trailer combinations." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 12 (December 2015): 168781401561816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814015618165.

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10

Dechao, Zeng, Zhu Yonghua, and Zhou Yiming. "A mathematical model for sideways overturning performance of tractor and trailer combinations." Journal of Terramechanics 26, no. 3-4 (January 1989): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(89)90035-9.

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11

Malviya, V., R. Mishra, and J. Fieldhouse. "CFD Investigation of a Novel Fuel-Saving Device for Articulated Tractor-Trailer Combinations." Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 3, no. 4 (January 2009): 587–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2009.11015293.

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12

MARUMO, Yoshitaka, Kenya SATO, Hiroki OAKI, and Akira AOKI. "Effects of Stabilization for Tractor and Three-Trailer Combinations on Lane-Keeping Performance." Proceedings of the Dynamics & Design Conference 2019 (2019): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedmc.2019.533.

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13

Veldhuizen, R., G. M. R. Van Raemdonck, and J. P. van der Krieke. "Fuel economy improvement by means of two European tractor semi-trailer combinations in a platooning formation." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 188 (May 2019): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.03.002.

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14

Dominy, R. G. "Fuel saving by the optimized use of cab roof fairings for typical articulated vehicle operating cycles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 211, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407971526371.

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The aerodynamic benefits of cab roof fairings and the associated reduction of drag and fuel consumption have been well documented. Although considerable effort has been applied by many manufacturers and researchers to devise roof fairings of near-optimal design for individual cab-trailer combinations, published studies have taken little or no account of the proportion of operations that may be undertaken by a tractor either with poor fairing/trailer matching or without a trailer at all. Observed load factors have proved to be substantially lower than those quoted by fleet operators. Cycle simulations have been performed to revise the estimate of the potential gains that are available from aerodynamic fairings for realistic operating cycles and load factors. It is shown that even for high load factors significant cost savings may be made in some circumstances by the adoption of simple but easily adjusted fairings in place of more highly optimized but fixed geometry designs.
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15

Rangavajhula, Krishna, and H. S. Jacob Tsao. "Effect of multi-axle steering on off-tracking and dynamic lateral response of articulated tractor-trailer combinations." International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 14, no. 4 (2007): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2007.015708.

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16

Leuschen, Jason. "Considerations for the Wind Tunnel Simulation of Tractor-Trailer Combinations: Correlation of Full- and Half-Scale Measurements." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 6, no. 2 (September 24, 2013): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2456.

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17

Carman, Kazim, Ergun Citil, Serhat Soylu, and Eyub Canli. "Experimental assessment of a PID control solution for braking safety of transportation by agricultural tractor trailer combinations." International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 30, no. 2 (2023): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2023.10057712.

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18

Canli, Eyub, Kazim Carman, Serhat Soylu, and Ergun Citil. "Experimental assessment of a PID control solution for braking safety of transportation by agricultural tractor trailer combinations." International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 30, no. 2 (2023): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2023.132318.

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19

Pieniak, Daniel, Piotr Cieślak, Leszek GIL, Artur Dmowski, and Andrzej Niewczas. "Operational tests of the technical condition of truck tires." Transport Samochodowy 66, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2052.

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Tire wear and damage tests have been carried out on a sample of 45 trucks in Warsaw. The aim of the research was to assess the damageability and to determine the qualitative characteristics of typical operational damage to the truck tires. A linear measurement of the tread height and organoleptic assessment of the form of damage were used. Three groups of vehicles were analysed: trucks with an integrated body, used in severe conditions on short routes - category I; tractor-semi-trailer combinations, used in conditions of heavy loads on intercity routes - category II; truck-trailer combinations, used with moderate load on intercity routes, long - category III. It has been shown that the most common types of damage are: excessive tread wear, mechanical cut of the tread and uneven tread wear (35%, 30%, 24% of all tested tires, respectively). It was shown that tires in vehicles of categories I and II are distinguished by high damageability (30.5% and 28.6%, respectively), with tread cut damage prevailing in the first group, and excessive tread wear in the second group. The damageability of vehicles in the third group was more than two times lower.
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20

Al-Janabi, Sabah Jebour. "The Overall Drag Losses for A Combination of Bodies." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.18.4.02.

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The objective of this work is to obtain better understanding of the flow over a combination of bluff bodies in close enough proximity to strongly interact with each other. This interaction is often beneficial in that the drag of the overall system is reduced. Proto-types for this problem come from tractor- trailer and missiles, and from various add-on devices designed to reduce their drag. Thus, an experimental investigation was carried out by placing conical frontal bodies having a base diameter of 0.65-cylinder diameter with different vertex angles (30°, 50°, 70°, and 90°). It was found that, the bluffer cone with 90° vertex angle gives the best minimum drag, which is 31% lower than the drag of the isolated cylinder. Also an interesting phenomenon was observed in that, the minimum drags for all combinations are obtained at the same gap ratio (i.e.at g/d2= 0.365).
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21

Yang, X., I. Stiharu, and S. Rakheja. "STUDY OF DRIVER FACTORS AFFECTING THE DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE OF AN ARTICULATED VEHICLE USING NEURAL NETWORKS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1998-0016.

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A two-layer neural network with 12 neurons in the first layer is applied to model the directional control behaviour of a driver-articulated vehicle system. Six different training schemes are employed using combinations of input variables related to visual perception of tracking error in terms of position and orientation, and motion perception of the driver. The network is trained using the results derived from a comprehensive closed-loop analytical model under an obstacle avoidance manoeuvre. The input data to the neural network included: the coordinates of the previewed path, lateral position, velocity, and acceleration of the tractor and lateral acceleration of the trailer. The front wheel steer angle was considered as the desired output of the trained network. The effectiveness of the trained network describing the driver behaviour is investigated under different directional maneuvers of varying severity. It is concluded that the neural network can be trained to model the directional control behavior of the driver, while the effectiveness of the trained network depends upon the input variables supplied to train the network. The results show that the visual perception of the driver based on the position error contributes most significantly to the training of the network. The motion perception variables in terms of lateral accelerations of the articulated vehicle yield a more effective neural network model of the driver.
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22

Pourasad, Yaghoub, Amirhossein Ghanati, and Mehrdad Khosravi. "Optimal design of aerodynamic force supplementary devices for the improvement of fuel consumption and emissions." Energy & Environment 28, no. 3 (November 24, 2016): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x16681686.

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One of the primary concerns in the automotive industry is energy saving, protecting the global environment and fuel consumption reduction. The main purpose of this study is to develop optimal supplementary parts for reduction of aerodynamic force of highway tractor and trailer combinations to reduce aerodynamic drag, without negatively affecting the usefulness or profitability of the vehicles. In this article, the possibility to improve the aerodynamic performance for boosting fuel economy of trucks is studied by optimal designing of supplementary devices. That will be carried out by using integrated computational fluid dynamic and genetic algorithm for simulation and geometry optimization of applied devices. Also, simulation results are verified by experimental results in wind tunnel. For this purpose, effects of various supplementary devices and configuration are added to space between cabin and cargo compartment to stabilize the vortex and decrease the drag resistance force. Finally, the geometry of appended device with considering the installation and packing conditions is optimized by using a genetic algorithm. Through the analysis of airflow contours and optimization procedure, results indicate that using two plates at the sidewalls of the gap with optimized length and installation angle can reach the maximum reduction of drag force and fuel consumption by 20 and 10%, respectively.
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23

Barton, Raymond A., and John Morrall. "Study of Long Combination Vehicles on Two-Lane Highways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1613, no. 1 (January 1998): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1613-06.

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In 1988, the Council of Ministers of Transportation and Highway Safety in Canada endorsed a memorandum of understanding designed to improve uniformity between provinces and territories. The regulations covering weights and dimensions for tractor-semitrailers and double combination trucks specified a maximum length of 23 m. However, in western Canada, which includes the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, a maximum vehicle length of 25 m was adopted. Vehicles longer than 25 m are generally referred to as long combination vehicles (LCVs) and include the following vehicles: triple trailer combinations, 35 m in length; Rocky Mountain doubles, 30 m in length; log haul trucks, which can be up to 30.5 m in length; and turnpike doubles, 38 m in length. A study was conducted to develop recommendations relating to the use of LCVs on two-lane highways in Alberta. The basic approach was to examine the incremental impact of LCV-type vehicles on two-lane highway operations compared with a baseline vehicle type, namely, 25-m standard double heavy trucks. Although the study of LCVs examined a range of issues that included low- and high-speed offtracking, and aerodynamic buffeting, only the findings related to traffic volume criteria are presented. The main recommendation with respect to passing opportunities and level of service was the development of maximum traffic volumes for two-lane highways with and without passing lanes and with a given percentage of passing zones. The main criteria are to ensure that a net passing opportunity of at least 30 percent is provided to drivers impeded by LCVs. This is roughly comparable to providing to Level of Service C. For example, the maximum volume below which Rocky Mountain doubles may operate on a two-lane highway is 425 veh/h for a section with 100 percent passing zones. If 2-km passing lanes are provided every 10 km, Rocky Mountain doubles could operate at traffic volumes up to 734 veh/h and still ensure a net passing opportunity of 30 percent.
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24

Ahmed, Suhail Tageldin Hago, and Ali Abdelrahman Rabah. "Energy Conservation Measures in Heavy Trucks Freight Transport." Journal of Energy Conservation 1, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-20-3389.

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Since the independence of South Sudan, Sudan lost 75% of its oil reserves, this led to major fuel shortages country wide, the fuel shortage raised the fuel prices and the overall transport prices. Scarcity led to black market trade of fuel specially in states away from the Capital City (Khartoum). Managing the available stock comes first before increasing the supply amount in order to solve the problem, one of the major fuel consumers to be managed is the transport sector specially the long haulage freight transport. Moving freight in Sudan is constrained by inadequate infrastructure and high costs. This paper covers specifically the long haulage freight transport between Khartoum State and Western side of the country (Darfur Region), Contributing to manage fuel consumption for trucks, taking into account trucks types used, roads, environmental impacts and mitigation measures applicable to save fuel . The results showed that the primary reason for the excessive fuel consumption is the usage of the rigid trucks (lorries) for transport specially the Hino700 series, this truck type, overload and absence of weight stations and control policies contributed significantly to deterioration of roads and transport efficiency decreasing. First step towards the solution would be in upgrading roads infrastructure assuring high quality along with enforced weight regulations and weight stations to protect roads from damages. High quality roads shall ease the usage of different truck types with different configurations. Then stablish a policy to force replacement of the low efficiency lorry truck types with high quality tractor semi-trailer combinations.
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25

Schjønning, Per, Mathieu Lamandé, Valentin Crétin, and Janne Aalborg Nielsen. "Upper subsoil pore characteristics and functions as affected by field traffic and freeze–thaw and dry–wet treatments." Soil Research 55, no. 3 (2017): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16149.

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Cultivated soils are subject to very high stresses from machinery. This may affect the soil pore system and its processes, soil functions and soil ecosystem services. Compaction experiments were performed on loamy Luvisols at three sites in Denmark: Aarslev, Flakkebjerg and Taastrup. Non-trafficked control soil was compared with soil subjected to four annual traffic events with approximately 3-, 6- or 8-Mg wheel loads from tractor–trailer combinations. A self-propelled machine with a single pass of approximately 12-Mg wheel load was tested at Aarslev. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled at 0.3m depth when the experimental plots had received either 2 years (Flakkebjerg) or 3 years (Aarslev and Taastrup) of repeated compaction treatment. The volume of air-filled pores and air permeability were quantified for soil drained to –100hPa matric potential. Freeze–thaw and dry–wet treatments were applied to soil cores in the laboratory for Aarslev and Taastrup samples. The multipass machinery significantly affected >30µm soil pores and air permeability at wheel loads of ~6 Mg or higher, whereas no or only minor effects could be detected for ~3-Mg wheel loads. Indices combining air permeabilities with air-filled porosities indicated that pore morphological features had also been affected. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity indicated critical conditions for the percolation of excess rainwater for severely compacted soil at Aarslev. Generally, the single-pass machine with a high wheel load did not affect the pores and their function. A dry–wet event was a more effective remediation of compaction than a freeze–thaw treatment. In conclusion, present-day field traffic risks creating a bottleneck soil layer for important soil functions just below the tilled topsoil.
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26

Gorodetskiy, K. I., V. M. Sharipov, E. M. Alendeev, and A. M. Lavlinskiy. "The choice of a rational ballasting scheme and the angle of application of the traction force for a caterpillar tractor." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66385.

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A feature of the layout of modern tracked tractors is that the center of mass of the tractor is usually located with a forward shift from the center of the caterpillar support surface. Such a layout solution, in combination with the use of ballast weights placed most often in front of the tractor, makes it possible to provide its required traction and coupling properties when assembling with guns. However, since the tractor operates with a wide range of loads, when changing the gun with high traction resistance, for example, to a low-resistance trailer, it becomes necessary to adjust the weight of the ballast. In practice, this adjustment is often not carried out, i.e. Once installed, the front ballast is used throughout the operating life of the machine, worsening its fuel economy and not providing optimum traction and coupling properties. In this regard, the important task is to find solutions that would eliminate the need to adjust the mass of the ballast depending on the hook load. For this purpose, the article deals with the scheme of ballasting of a caterpillar tractor with the application of traction force at a positive angle. Also, for the Challenger MT865B tractor, with a number of assumptions about its geometric parameters, the calculated dependence of the ballasting coefficient on the coupling weight and the thrust angle was constructed. Dependence analysis allowed to come to the conclusion that it is possible to ensure the coincidence of the pressure center with the middle of the tractor's support surface over the entire range of its loads, with constant values of the ballasting factor and the angle of application of the traction force. To calculate the optimal values of these parameters, the paper presents the corresponding formulas.
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27

Du, Xuejing, and Guopeng Wang. "Analysis of Operating Safety of Tractor-Trailer under Crosswind in Cold Mountainous Areas." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 12755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412755.

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To investigate the driving safety of tractor-trailers under extreme conditions in cold mountainous areas, this paper used numerical simulation software to construct a driving scenario of cold mountainous road, to simulate and analyze the driving safety of tractor-trailers under different wind speed and driving speed conditions, and then the critical deriving speed for safe driving was obtained. Four main factors were considered: low adhesion coefficient, strong crosswind, road radius, driving speed, lateral acceleration, and vertical load-deflection rate (LTR) were selected as the main safety response indexes for the determination of sideslip and rollover. The results show that strong crosswinds have an obvious effect on the tractor-trailer sideslip, and the safe operating speed range of the tractor-trailer is from 0 to 30 km/h, with the value of safe driving speed decreasing as the wind speed increases; the speed range where sideslip occurs is from 30 to 37 km/h, with the dangerous driving speed also decreasing as the wind speed increases; accidents when the driving speed exceeds 38 km/h. In addition, simulation experiments show that tractor-trailers generally skid first without rollover on a combination of curved road sections with a low coefficient of adhesion and super-elevation. Finally, the driving simulator was used to test the driving conditions of the tractor-trailer on the cold curved slope combination section with different crosswind speeds, and the experimental results proved the validity of the simulation’s safe speed threshold.
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28

Suzuki, K. "Stability analysis of light tractor and semi-trailer combination —Stability improvement when trailer's wheels are steered." JSAE Review 16, no. 3 (July 1995): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0389-4304(95)95137-j.

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29

Ahokas, Jukka, and Simo Kosonen. "Dynamic Behaviour of a Tractor–trailer Combination during Braking." Biosystems Engineering 85, no. 1 (May 2003): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1537-5110(03)00035-7.

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30

Liss, Michał, Roman Zinko, Yaroslav Voityk, Oleh Polishchuk, and Mykola Rubanka. "Simulation of passenger movement dynamics in a vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 391 (2024): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439101019.

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A feature of the braking dynamics of a road train is the occurrence of shock loads between its links, which under certain conditions can significantly impair its stability. At the same time, there is a significant increase in dynamic loads on the support-coupling device, the destruction of which can lead to an emergency situation. It is suggested to use computer modeling in addition to bench tests to diagnose the condition of traction and coupling devices. It makes it possible not only to duplicate field tests, but also to reduce their costs, to apply methods of theoretical forecasting and determination of the strength of units of traction and coupling devices of trailers and towed vehicles. In the case of a semi-trailer, the impact of the tractor is modeled taking into account the initial lateral stiffness of the pivot pin, which indicates the elasticity of the suspension, tires, chassis and support-coupling device of the tractor-trailer on the level of the ground surface. The load on the finger of the hinged-coupling device during computer modeling was estimated by the amount of stress concentration on the surface of the finger. The greatest local stresses were observed in the area of the finger's phalanx, and the maximum deformation of the finger did not exceed 0.061 mm. Bench tests with the same tensile test force as in the calculation method showed that the difference in the values obtained by these two methods was 10-3 mm, which is included in the permissible measurement error (± 1.6•10-3 mm). The combination of bench tests and computer modeling is also relevant at the design and testing stages of agricultural, forestry and special purpose vehicles and machines.
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31

Zhou, Shu Wen, Si Qi Zhang, and Guang Yao Zhao. "Stability Control on Tractor Semi-Trailer during Split-Mu Braking." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.549.

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Handling behaviour of articulated vehicles combination is more complex and less predictable than that of non-articulated vehicles. It is usually difficult for drivers to maneuver a tractor semi-trailer during high speed emergency braking on split-mu road surface. Braking on this type of road surface, the conventional anti-lock braking systems will cause the vehicle deviate from the desired direction, or overmuch stopping distance. In this paper, a 3-dof of tractor semi-trailer model was used to produce desired yaw rates which were compared with actual yaw rates. An active front steering control and four-channel ABS were integrated to improve the tractor semi-trailer lateral stability while braking on split-mu road surface, which will produce maximum braking force. A full function tractor semi-trailer model was built and assembled in multi-body dynamics software, and the dynamic analysis was performed on split-mu road surface. The simulation results show that the integrated system can improve the tractor semi-trailer lateral stability under braking on split-mu road surface.
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Passalaqua, B. P., and J. P. Molin. "Evaluation of trafficked error paths of trailers in sugarcane fields." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204047001700067x.

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Harvest mechanization in sugarcane results in an intense vehicle traffic inside the crop areas. When using transshipment trailers, keeping them in the correct path is not simple. The aim of this study was to evaluate the error path of a set trailered with and without the use of an automatic steering system during sugarcane harvesting. We used a combination of a tractor and two transshipment trailers with three axles each. The results show that the errors of the transshipments are above the acceptable and the use of automatic steering on the tractor minimizes offset errors in the transshipments trajectory and the slope of the terrain is a factor that interferes with the displacement as a whole. Despite the use of automatic steering systems in the auxiliary tractor to minimize the errors suffered by transshipments, there is a need for active systems linked to these to be maintained in the correct route.
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Chudakov, O. I., V. A. Gorelov, and V. A. Gartfelder. "A steering control system for the tractor – semi-trailer combination vehicle with the electromechanical transmission." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012134.

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Abstract The article offers an algorithm for the operation of the steering and active drive control system of a saddle-type tractor – trailer combination. The algorithm allows reducing the width of the cornering corridor when maneuvering at low speeds. In the combination vehicle under study, all the wheels of the tractor and semi-trailer are driving and steered. The algorithm of the steering control system takes into account the current values of the folding angle and speed of the combination vehicle. The active drive control is based on the analysis of the forces in the coupling device. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been proved using computational experiments.
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Surcel, Marius-Dorin, and Jan Michaelsen. "Feasibility Study of a Heavy-duty Tractor - Motorized Semi-trailer Hybrid Electric Combination." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 3, no. 1 (October 5, 2010): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1932.

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35

SUZUKI, Keisuke, Sunao CHIKAMORI, Yutaka SHIMIZU, and Hiroyuki SHINJYOU. "Stability Analysis of Light Tractor and Semitrailer Combination When Trailer Wheels Are Steered." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 62, no. 597 (1996): 1739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.62.1739.

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36

Keymasi Khalaji, Ali, and Mostafa Jalalnezhad. "Control of a tractor-trailer robot subjected to wheel slip." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 233, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419319839848.

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Tractor-trailer wheeled robots (TTWRs) are highly nonlinear and underactuated dynamical systems. It is necessary to use nonlinear control methods, for the control of wheeled robots. Back-stepping method is a Lyapunov-based systematic technique for designing nonlinear control algorithms. In this paper, an adaptive back-stepping controller is proposed for the TTWRs. The proposed algorithm uses an adaptive layout for the compensation of the system wheel slips, which updates controller parameters based on a combination of error signals and estimated uncertainties. This paper is one of the firsts to propose a control algorithm for off-axle TTWRs in the presence of wheel slips. The control algorithm is designed to track the reference trajectories and make the robot asymptotically stable around the reference trajectories. The stability of the method is proved using Lyapunov theory. In order to compensate the sliding of wheels as the system uncertainties, appropriate adaptive rules have been investigated. Obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The results for the tracking control of the TTWR in the presence of wheel slips show that the slip effects are effectively compensated using the proposed adaptive back-stepping control algorithm.
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37

Radzajewski, Paweł, and Marek Guzek. "Braking of the tractor-semi-trailer set in a rectilinear motion." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 133 (June 1, 2021): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6499.

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Because of the increasing share of cargo movement using road transport, the issue of safety hazards related to the movement of trucks and road sets remains an essential element of the overall road safety system. Braking is the primary defensive maneuver in accident situations. The main purpose of this work is to present a simulation method for assessing potential hazards occurring during the braking of an articulated vehicle (tractor-semitrailer combination). A relatively simple, quasistatic mathematical model of road vehicle set braking was presented. Several qualitative and quantitative criteria for safety evaluation were proposed, and a series of exemplary calculations illustrated with time characteristics of the quantities describing the road vehicle set movement. These calculations show that the proposed method may be helpful for the assessment of braking safety depending on the selected factors relating to the operational condition (the way the trailer is loaded, failure of the brake system, road surface condition).
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38

SYSENKO, N. G., A. I. PONOMAREV, V. V. BULYCHEV, and S. V. SIDOROV. "DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGICAL MODULAR UNIT BASED ON A ALL-WHEEL WHEELED TRACTOR." World of transport and technological machines 5(82), no. 3 (2023): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2023-3-5(82)-34-42.

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The modular structure of an agricultural technological unit, consisting of an energy-saturated wheeled tractor, aggregated by a trailer with an individual drive of the leading propellers and a technological machine (disk harrow) when performing agrotechnological operations, is con-sidered, using the example of tillage with disks. A mathematical model of the transmission of a four-wheel drive tractor in combination with a trailer equipped with an individual drive of propellers is presented. A possible algorithm for the control system of this unit is described. A general structural model of an agricultural technological unit is proposed.
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Sengupta, Raja, Jeremy Beedy, and Kevin Horrigan. "Combined Analysis of Cooling Airflow and Aerodynamic Drag for a Class 8 Tractor Trailer Combination." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 4, no. 1 (September 13, 2011): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2288.

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40

Kumar, Rajeev, and Hifjur Raheman. "Design and development of a variable hitching system for improving stability of tractor trailer combination." Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 8, no. 3 (July 2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2014.12.003.

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41

Assadi, Mohammad Ismaeel, Behrooz Mashhadi, and Saleh Kasiri Bidhandi. "Implementation of a Semi-active Auxiliary Axle for Lateral Stability of Articulated Heavy Vehicles at Extreme Loss of Control Limit." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 21, no. 2 (June 20, 2024): 11235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.2.2024.5.0868.

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Articulated heavy vehicles (AHVs) play a vital role in the economy of freight transport. Lateral stability control of AHVs during the immediate vicinity to loss of control (LOC) is a significant issue that has not been effectively addressed in the literature. This paper presents a novel approach to the lateral stability control of tractor semi-trailers under conditions leading to LOC. An active auxiliary axle is proposed to prevent trailer swing and snaking during severe lane change maneuvers. A linear 3-DOF model was developed to represent the effectiveness of the active auxiliary axle and tire cornering stiffness in yaw-rate control to provide an analytical basis. Nonlinear modeling of the axle and vehicle system was performed in TruckSIM. A Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) was developed to identify the required rate (magnitude per unit time) of actuation force, and a PID controller was introduced to regulate the magnitude of actuation force at the axle-wheel interface. Co-simulation was performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK in combination with TruckSIM. To simulate an LOC on a dry road with a coefficient of friction of 0.85, a double lane change (DLC) maneuver at 90 km/h was conducted. This resulted in a combined state of relative roll-over and trailer swing, facilitating the evaluation of the semi-active auxiliary axle's performance in regaining stability and eliminating transient overshoots in the vehicle combination's lateral response. Yaw rate rearward amplification was effectively controlled, and articulation angle oscillations were significantly diminished. This approach suggests a systematically minimal yet practicable retrofit to the trailer, contributing to a remarkable improvement in the traffic safety of AHVs.
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42

Waltzer, Sam, Dennis Johnson, Kuang Wei, and Jonathan Wilson. "Fuel-Savings from Aerodynamic Efficiency Improvements for Combination Tractor-Trailers Relative to Vehicle Speed." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 9, no. 2 (September 27, 2016): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-8133.

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43

Koszałka, Grzegorz, and Andrzej Zniszczyński. "A SIMULATION STUDY ON THE MANOEUVRABILITY OF A LARGE SIZE SEMITRAILER." TRANSPORT 31, no. 4 (July 13, 2015): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1057224.

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As part of a research project aimed at designing the structure of a new special-purpose multi-axle semitrailer for transporting large machines and equipment, a simulation study on the manoeuvrability of the semitrailer during its passage through a tight corner was performed. The aim of this study was to determine whether the semitrailer would meet the legal requirements regarding manoeuvrability after it has been implemented for production. The simulations were carried out using a specially designed spreadsheet. The spreadsheet enabled analysis of the movements of the wheels of the tractor-trailer combination, with the assumption that they roll without skidding; it also described changes in the steering angles of trailer wheels, as well as off-tracking and corner-cutting during turning. When the geometrical parameters of the tractor and trailer were changed, the spreadsheet allowed tracing their impact on the manoeuvrability of the whole combination. This paper presents the results of the simulations and points to the desired features of a semitrailer steering system that facilitate negotiating tight corners.
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44

Scurtu, I. L., and M. I. Gheres. "Numerical evaluation of vehicles aerodynamics in platoon using CFD simulation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012024.

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Abstract Due to increased traffic and new technologies developed to improve road safety, a new vehicle driving technique is being studied. The vehicles’ platooning driving method has as objective to minimize the aerodynamic drag and therefore the fuel consumption. The aim of this study is to evaluate the distance between platoon traveling vehicles and to propose an optimal travel distance. The CFD evaluation is performed for two categories of vehicles at a given velocity and distance between them for two cases: in the first simulation scenario, a tractor-trailer is represented, followed by a SUV positioned at a given distance from the rear of the vehicle combination; in the second simulation, two tractor-trailers at the same boundary condition as for the first case are simulated. The vehicles models are made by using a CAD modelling environment, respecting the overall dimensions of an existing vehicle. The numerical evaluation of a distance between vehicle models is performed using the CFD method based on the Navier-Stokes equations averaging. The last part of the paper presents the interpretation of CDF simulation results, establishing the recommended travel distance between vehicles and conclusions of this study.
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45

Adamchuk, V. V., V. M. Bulgakov, V. T. Nadykto, V. P. Kuvachov, Ye І. Ihnatiev, and Juri Olt. "Theory of sustainable movement of disk harrow." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 14(113) (2021): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2021-14-1.

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Annotation Purpose. Establishment of theoretical regularities that make it possible to make such a choice of parameter values for a trailed disc harrow, which provides it with the desired directional stability, which, in turn, ensures a high-quality performance of the technological process for the disc-type machine-tractor unit. Methods. The methods of the theory of agricultural machines were used for the research, analytical mechanics, higher mathematics, and methods of numerical calculations using a PC. Results. According to the results of the study, it has been established that sufficient directional stability of a trailed disc harrow can be ensured with the correct choice of its width of capture, distance from the point of attachment to the center of resistance and the speed of the working movement. The optimal combination of these parameters of the disc harrow determines the maximum performance of the harrow machine-tractor unit with a satisfactory stability of its movement in the horizontal plane, which is provided after their determination using the obtained new analytical dependencies. Soil disking is one of the methods of soil cultivation, which ensures its effective crushing, loosening, partial mixing and wrapping. Despite numerous researches of the disc harrow operation process, insufficient attention is still paid to the research of the motion stability of harrow machine-tractor units, especially trailed ones. Conclusions 1. Satisfactory directional stability of the trailed disc harrow can be ensured with the correct choice of its working width, distance from the point of hitch to the center of resistance and the speed of the working movement. 2. The optimal combination of the design parameters of the disc harrow and the speed of the harrow machine-tractor unit, which determines its maximum productivity with satisfactory stability of the disc harrow movement in the horizontal plane, is ensured when they are determined using the new analytical dependencies. 3. The obtained theoretically mathematical dependencies can be used to solve a similar problem with respect to any other symmetric machine-tractor unit with a trailed technological part. Keywords: harrow, tillage, trailed machine-tractor unit, motion stability, differential equations.
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46

Anderson, Jeffery, and Ryan Pawlowski. "Objective Analysis of the Stability of an Extralegal Weight Tractor-Trailer Combination during a Rapid Air Loss Event." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420103.

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ABSTRACT In the California Transportation Permits Manual, the minimum overall tire-to-tire axle width (overall width) of a vehicle in the extralegal weight configuration is 2.44 m. Commercial truck tractor and trailer tandem 1.82-m-wide axles fitted with new-generation wide base single (NGWBS) tires measure 2.34 m in overall axle width; thus, they are not compliant with the current California Department of Transportation requirement. Because of the growing application of NGWBS tires in the market, it is important to understand the vehicle stability characteristics of a tractor-semitrailer fitted with both dual and NGWBS tire configurations. In this research, a comparison of dual to NGWBS with both a 50.8-m outset wheel and a 25.4-mm outset wheel is presented. A rapid air loss (RAL) event was initiated to represent a severe scenario in each of the three following maneuvers: straight line, steady-state curve, and lane change. The data were evaluated, and differences between NGWBS and dual tire–fitted vehicles were compared. While a tire RAL event can be perceived as a dramatic event, previous studies and driver-training events have shown that such an RAL event is manageable. The conclusion of this work is that an RAL event with NGWBS tires is as manageable as a dual tire–fitted vehicle and does not make the system unstable.
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Nesterenko, Mykola, Maksum Skoryk, Mykola Shapoval, and Mykola Nesterenko. "Air velocity modeling velocity of the air around the trunk road train with installed rolling roof fairings." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 1, no. 52 (July 5, 2019): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2019.52.1673.

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The new rolling roof fairing installed in the tractor non-bonnet cab main train layout constructing are given. After analyzingexisting exhausting elements installed on the tractor highway trailer and a large number of roof rails, it has been substantiatedthe expediency of installing a movable rope on the tractor roof, which can change the angle of the trailer airflow link with thecombination of two movements - vertical and horizontal. The combination of these movements enables to change the parametersof streamline. For this purpose, the basic hydraulic control scheme is designed, which has a number of advantages:the starting units movements smoothness, the ability to continuously adjust the speed in a wide range, low inertia, simplicityof management and automation, high operational reliability and resistance to overload. Due to the modern capabilities anddevelopment of sophisticated electronic control systems through the introduction of such a system in the control process ofhydraulic cylinders can ensure the system reliability, efficiency, ergonomics and safety equipment.
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48

Shetty, Mithun, and Marius-Dorin Surcel. "Evaluation of the Influence of Stakes on Drag and Fuel Consumption for a Tractor-Logging Trailer Combination." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2447.

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49

Esmaeili, Naser, and Reza Kazemi. "Development of the active disturbance rejection control method for increasing the stability of the long articulated vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 13 (February 8, 2019): 3554–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019827731.

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Today, with the increasing growth in road traffic, many countries are welcoming long articulated vehicles because of their economic and environmental benefits and the positive effects on the problem of traffic congestion and the reduction in fuel consumption and environmental pollutants. The major problem with such vehicles is poor maneuverability at low speeds and inappropriate lateral performance at high speeds, resulting in accidents and financial losses. Therefore, in order to improve their safety, they need a control system that can improve the performance of the long articulated vehicles. In this article, a 19-degree of freedom dynamic model of the long articulated vehicle has been developed in MATLAB software. This vehicle consists of a tractor and two semi-trailer units. To adjust the articulated vehicle lateral dynamics, a robust control method based on the combination of active disturbance rejection control and back-stepping sliding mode control is introduced. Four control variables such as yaw rate and lateral velocity of the tractor and also first and second articulation angles are regulated by steering the axles of the tractor and two trailers. Furthermore, in order to measure the state variables of the long articulated vehicle, the extended Kalman filter is used. The results of the simulation in high-speed lane change and low-speed steep steer maneuvers indicate the superiority of this method over linear-quadratic regulator and sliding mode controllers. Finally, the robustness of this controller than conventional sliding mode and active disturbance rejection sliding mode controllers have been shown in the presence of noises.
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Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal H. "Stability and Computer Simulation of Trailed Implement under Different Operating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 826 (February 2016): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.826.61.

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The mechanics of a trailer system moving up and down sloping ground under different operating conditions was theoretically simulated. A computer program was developed to analyze the system to predict the effect of both the trailer loading weight and the slope angle on the off-road vehicle stability, traction ability, and drawbar loading. The results of this analysis showed that the off-road vehicle becomes unstable when towing a 3750 kg trailer uphill at 28° slope angle. Insufficient traction occurred at slope angles ranging from 15° to 18° corresponding to trailer weight of 3750 to 750 kg. The parallel component of drawbar pull reached a maximum value of (17318) N when the trailer was pushing the off-road vehicle downhill at 30° slope angle. The normal component (normal to the tractive surface) showed similar maximum values for both uphill and downhill motions of the system. The use of computer analysis in this study provided a significant improvement in predicting the effect of different parameters on stability and control of off-road vehicle-trailer combination on sloping ground.Keywords: Stability, Traction, Sloping ground, Drawbar.
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