Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TRAD'

'Trad.' is a collection of short stories and a critical essay that explores a number of issues involved in the adaptation of stories from one popular medium to another. Some problems of adaptation involve questions of the integrity or authenticity of both the original and adapted works. These problems are often made more difficult when the adaptation is made across different media forms. This thesis explores the transformation from popular song to short story in a popular mode in two ways. The first way is based on the recognition of the problems of determining authenticity when the processes of transmission are subject to such great variety as in popular song. The second way is to explore the question of the available popular forms of narrative for the adapted product. In each case, this thesis attempts its investigation in a practical mode through the variety of stories and the way in which they utilise contemporary narrative strategies.

'Trad.' is a collection of short stories and a critical essay that explores a number of issues involved in the adaptation of stories from one popular medium to another. Some problems of adaptation involve questions of the integrity or authenticity of both the original and adapted works. These problems are often made more difficult when the adaptation is made across different media forms. This thesis explores the transformation from popular song to short story in a popular mode in two ways. The first way is based on the recognition of the problems of determining authenticity when the processes of transmission are subject to such great variety as in popular song. The second way is to explore the question of the available popular forms of narrative for the adapted product. In each case, this thesis attempts its investigation in a practical mode through the variety of stories and the way in which they utilise contemporary narrative strategies.

More than a century has passed since Canada adopted the first antidumping law in 1904. Similar legislation in most of the major trading nations followed the Canadian legislation prior to and after the World War II. Antidumping provisions were later integrated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the said war. Today, nearly all developed and developing countries have this type of legislation in place within their municipal legal framework. The subject of antidumping has received growing attention in international trade policy and has become a source of tension between trading nations. This is evident in the substantial increase of antidumping actions since the establishment of the WTO. Antidumping policy has emerged as a significant trade barrier because of its misuse by both developed and developing countries. The primary instruments governing antidumping actions are GATT Article VI and the Antidumping Agreement (ADA). The ADA contains both the substantive and procedural rules governing the interpretation and application of the instrument. Its purpose is to ensure that the instrument is used only as a contingency measure judged upon merit and not as a disguised protectionist device. Given the growing number of countries participating more actively in the world trading system and the notorious misuse of antidumping provisions, there is a vital need to critically analyse the key provisions of the said instruments. This study is an attempt at that academic enterprise. It concludes by giving proposals for future reform of both real and potential future reform of the current WTO antidumping regime. Dumping, antidumping, antidumping regulation, antidumping duties, like products, dumping margin, zeroing, facts available, protectionism, ADA.

La présente thèse a pour objet de porter un regard traductologique sur l’œuvre protéiforme d’Antonin Artaud afin de dégager sa vision de l’acte traductif et du statut du traducteur. Le corpus à l’étude comprend non pas les textes traduits ou adaptés par Artaud, mais plutôt les paratextes qui les accompagnent (p. ex., préfaces, postfaces, notes, correspondance, manifestes). Nous partons du postulat qu’Artaud considère la traduction comme une forme de réécriture, c’est-à-dire un vecteur créatif dans lequel l’original et sa traduction sont deux entités interdépendantes. En guise de cadre théorique, nous faisons un survol de l’évolution du rapport entre l’original et la traduction. Il s’agit de montrer comment, dans le prolongement de la pensée poststructuraliste, ce rapport s’est inversé pour faire de l’original un texte dérivé dont le sens est tributaire du regard d’autrui. N’ayant pas laissé de « théorie » proprement dite sur la traduction, Artaud a pourtant largement écrit sur le théâtre et le cinéma. Ces deux domaines ont peut-être ceci de comparable avec la traduction qu’ils font appel à la représentation et mettent en jeu une triade quasi identique : le dramaturge/l’auteur, le metteur en scène/le traducteur et le spectateur/le lecteur. Dans Le théâtre et son double, Artaud souhaite mettre fin à l’assujettissement du metteur en scène à l’auteur et au texte, revendication qui s’apparente beaucoup à sa démarche traductive. Cet ouvrage nous sert donc d’appui pour brosser un portrait global de la vision « artaldienne » de l’acte traductif. Après y avoir puisé des notions transposables à la traduction, comme le double, le rapport subversif à l’auteur et le rôle central du spectateur, nous nous attardons sur le message qui ressort des paratextes, afin de mieux saisir comment Artaud s’approprie le texte traduit. La mise en parallèle entre les écrits d’Artaud sur le théâtre et ses paratextes sur l’acte traductif montre qu’Artaud était un poststructuraliste avant la lettre, ayant prévu certains des principaux concepts modernes liés à l’auctorialité. Notre analyse permet aussi de constater que le cas « Artaud » met en évidence le potentiel traductif de l’écriture.

Os efeitos clastogênicos de campos magnéticos de freqüência extremamente baixa (ELF) foram investigados usando o bioensaio Tradescantia pallida (Trad-MCN). Inflorescências expostas durante 8 horas a doses de ELF-416mG, 833mG, e 4160mG, prescritas para exposição do público e ocupacional, apresentaram freqüência de micronúcleos aumentada no grupo que recebeu a maior dose (10.32±7.31), comparado com os demais (p=0.00, Kruskal-Wallis). Foi demonstrado que a exposição à ELF, induz danos ao DNA de Tradecantia. Estes resultados encorajam o uso deste bioensaio para avaliar a utilidade do monitor em estudos de campo, auxiliando na caracterização da função do ELF como causa de neoplasmas<br>The clastogenic effects of the extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF) were investigated using Tradescantia pallida micronucleus assay (Trad-MCN). Inflorescences exposed during 8 hours to doses of ELF-416mG, 833mG, e 4160mG, prescribed for public and occupational exposures, showed increased frequency of micronuclei in the group receiving the highest dose (10.32±7.31), compared with others (p=0.00, Kruskal-Wallis). We demonstrated that an ELF exposure induces DNA damage in Tradescantia. This results encourages the use of this assay to evaluate the usefulness of this monitor in field studies, helping to characterize the role of ELF in causing neoplasm

Texte remanié de: Th. de doct.--Littérature française--Lyon 2, 2000.<br>Contient Les epistres de Diogenes, philosophe cynicque ([trad.] 1546), trad. de grec en francoys par Loys du Puys. Bibliogr. p. [267]-273. Notes bibliogr. Index.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para testar a viabilidade do Bioensaio Trad- MCN com Tradescantia pallida cv. purpurea Boom em situações naturais, ou seja, plantada em diferentes tipos de solo em sete Parques Urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Em cada Parque foi plantado um grupo de T. pallida na borda próxima a uma via de grande circulação de veículos e outro grupo de T. pallida no centro, com intuito de verificar possíveis gradientes de poluição, visto que o tráfego de veículos automotores é um dos principais responsáveis pela poluição do ar na cidade. Além da quantificação de micronúcleos em células-mãe de grão de pólen (Trad-MCN), foi analisado com a técnica EDX-RF o acúmulo de elementos traço nas folhas de T. pallida e no solo, tanto na borda e como no centro. Medidas de O3 e NO2 também foram realizadas nos diversos pontos amostrados. Foi verificada diferença estatística significante no Bioensaio de Trad-MCN entre borda e centro somente nos Parques Toronto t = 2,631; p = 0,020 e Guarapiranga t = 2,631; p = 0,019. O menor fluxo de veículos no entorno aliado a presença de grande extensão florestal no centro do Parque teve relação direta com as maiores médias registradas O3 que foi no Parque Guarapiranga. O intenso fluxo de veículos na região central da cidade pode ser um dos fatores para justificar altos índices de chumbo (Pb) acumulado, tanto nas folhas como no solo na borda do Parque Independência. Em conclusão o Bioensaio Trad-MCN em condições naturais necessita maiores estudos para verificar se além da poluição do ar, as condições de estresse climático podem induzir mutações genéticas em T. pallida, e as análises de elementos traços com técnica de EDX-RF mostraram presença de diversos elementos traços registrados nas folhas, sendo alguns deles com maior concentração na borda em relação ao centro dos parques estudados.<br>This current study was designed to test the viability of the Trad-MCN bioassay with Tradescantia pallida cv. purpurea Boom in natural situations, planted in different soil types in seven urban parks in the city of São Paulo. In each Park one group of T. pallida was planted on fringe, next to a path of movement of large vehicles, and another group of T. pallida in the center, aiming to investigate possible gradients of pollution, since the traffic of motor vehicles is a major driver of air pollution in the cities. Besides the quantification of micronuclei in mother cells of pollen grain (Trad-MCN), was analyzed with EDX-RF technique the accumulation of trace elements in the leaves of T. pallida and the soil, as both the fringe and the center. Measurements of O3 and NO2 were also performed in the various sampling points. Statistically significant difference was found in the Trad-MCN bioassay between fringe and center only in Toronto Park t = 2.631; p = 0.020 and Guarapiranga Park t = 2.631; p = .019. The highest averages recorded of O3 was found in the center of Chico Mendes Park, the lowest flow of vehicles in the vicinity ally the presence of large forest extension in the center of the park had a direct relationship with the major averages recorded O3. The heavy flow of vehicles in the central city can be a factor to justify high levels of lead (Pb) accumulated in both the leaves and soil at the edge of Independência Park. In conclusion, the Trad-MCN bioassay in natural conditions requires further studies to determine whether addition of air pollution, the conditions of environmental stress can induce genetic mutations in T. pallida, and the analysis of trace elements with EDX-RF technique showed the presence of several trace elements reported in the leaves and in soil, some of them with the highest concentration at the fringe from the center of the parks studied.

A poluição atmosférica já é considerada um caso de saúde pública nos grandes centros urbanos. Freqüentemente as emissões veiculares são as principais causas dessa poluição, principalmente as provenientes dos motores diesel, os quais, além da produção de material particulado (MP), em cuja superfície são adsorvidas substâncias carcinogênicas e mutagênicas, produzem poluentes como os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs). Contudo não existe uma avaliação direta dos riscos dessas emissões nos seres vivos. Plantas bioindicadoras podem dar idéia desses riscos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de risco mutagênico da exaustão proveniente de um motor diesel, utilizando o bioensaio Trad-SH (clone KU-20) como bioindicador da poluição do ar. Nos experimentos, a exaustão do motor diesel aspirado de 2.0 L de deslocamento volumétrico foi diluído com ar atmosférico de modo a atingir concentrações de uma atmosfera pesadamente poluída (aproximadamente 50, 100 e 150 ppm de CO). Obtidos estes níveis de diluição, as inflorescências foram expostas a esta mistura de poluentes por duas horas (doses agudas). A concentração de CO foi monitorada continuamente por meio de um analisador de gases Horiba Enda utilizando o princípio de absorção seletiva no infravermelho. Para se avaliar o efeito mutagênico foi feita uma comparação entre as inflorescências não expostas aos poluentes (grupo 1) e as inflorescências expostas (grupos 2, 3 e 4) com aproximadamente 50, 100 e 150 ppm de CO respectivamente. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente observando-se que, a freqüência média das mutações no grupo 1 (controle), foi significativamente mais baixa do que aquela dos grupos 3 e 4, porém foi similar à do grupo 2. Por sua vez, não houve diferenças significativas nas freqüências de mutações entre os grupos 3 e 4. Os resultados indicam que a exaustão do motor a diesel teve um papel significativo no desenvolvimento de mutações, mas somente quando diluída para concentrações de CO acima de 100 ppm.<br>Air pollution caused by vehicle emission has been considered as a major public health concern in the urban centers. Emission from diesel engine powered vehicles, in particular, are highly toxic, since carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds can adsorb on the expelled particles leading to the formation of the so-called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH\'s). A detailed investigation on the risks of those compounds on the living beings using the methodology applied in the work has not been carried out so far. This work is aimed at evaluating the mutagenic potential of the emission from a diesel engine using the Tradescantia stamen hair assay (TSH), by monitoring the stamen hair mutation in the clone KU-20. Experimentally, the inflorescence of the KU-20 clones was kept for 2 h under a simulated urban heavily polluted atmosphere, obtained by mixing the emission from a diesel engine and atmospheric air. The CO concentration in the atmosphere was monitored using a Horiba-Enda gas analyzer. The mutagenic effects of the atmosphere were analyzed by comparing a group of non-exposed control inflorescence (group 1) to inflorescences kept under polluted atmospheres containing 50, 100 and 150 ppm of CO, assigned to as groups 2, 3 and 4. The experimental data were analyzed using statistical methods. The frequency of mutations observed in the inflorescences from group 2 was slightly higher than that observed in the group 1. In the groups 3 and 4, however, the frequency of mutations was significantly higher than that exhibited by the control group. The latter suggests that the emission from a diesel engine plays an important role in the development of plants mutation, specially for atmospheres containing more than 100 ppm of CO.

As emissões veiculares constituem-se em uma das mais graves ameaças a qualidade de vida da população, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. Poluentes de origem veicular podem induzir alterações no material genético de organismos a eles expostos, pois nessas emissões, destacam-se entre outros, os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), que são substâncias consideradas carcinogênicas e mutagênicas. A utilização de indicadores sensíveis a ação de agentes genotóxicos serve para avaliar a presença destes compostos no ambiente. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar comparativamente o risco mutagênico das emissões provenientes da combustão dos combustíveis fósseis (gasolina e diesel) e renováveis (álcool e biodiesel), utilizando o bioensaio Trad-SH. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando veículos do ciclo Diesel (Citröen JUMPER 2.8 L, 2006) e do ciclo Otto (VW FOX 1.6 Flex, 2005 sem o conversor catalítico), em um dinamômetro de chassi, submetidos a um ciclo de condução urbano padronizado (FTP-75) modificado, para a coleta dos gases de escapamento. Os gases foram misturados com o ar ambiente e homogeneizados para simular o que ocorre no trânsito urbano. As inflorescências do clone KU-20 de Tradescantia foram expostas a mistura de poluentes, provenientes dos veículos, dentro de uma câmara de fumigação, por duas horas. Para a avaliação do efeito mutagênico foi feita uma comparação entre as inflorescências não expostas aos poluentes (grupo 1) e as inflorescências expostas as emissões do álcool (grupo 2), do biodiesel (grupo 3), da gasolina (grupo 4) e do diesel (grupo 5). Os dados obtidos dos experimentos foram analisados estatisticamente onde se observou que a freqüência média das mutações no grupo 1 (controle), foi significativamente mais baixa do que aquela dos grupos 2, 3, 4, e 5. Os resultados indicam que as emissões dos veículos abastecidos com combustíveis fósseis (gasolina e diesel), são mais mutagênicas do que as emissões provenientes da combustão dos combustíveis renováveis (álcool e biodiesel).<br>The vehicle emissions constitute a major serious threat to the population\'s quality of life, especially in the large urban areas. Pollutants from vehicle origin may lead to changes concerning the genetic material of some organisms that have been exposed to them, and within these emissions it is stood out among others the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH\'s), which are carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds. The use of sensitive indicators to the action of genotoxic agents is useful to prevent and to evaluate the presence of these compounds in the environment. Therefore, this work is aimed at evaluating comparatively the mutagenic risk of emissions from the burning of fossil fuel (gasoline and diesel) and renewable ones (ethanol and biodiesel) by the use of Trad-SH bioassay. The assays were carried out using vehicles from the diesel cycle (Citröen JUMPER 2.8 L, 2006) and the Otto cycle (VW FOX 1.6 Flex, 2005, without a catalytic converter), in a chassis dynamometer, submitled to a standard urban driving cycle (FTP-75) in order to collect the gases of exhaust. The gases were mixed up to the atmosphere air and homogenized to simulate what happens in urban traffic. The inflorescences of KU-20 clone of Tradescantia were exposed to a mixture of pollutants from vehicles, in a fumigation chamber for two hours. To evaluate the mutagenic effect it was necessary to establish a comparison between the inflorescences which were not exposed to pollutants (group 1) and inflorescences exposed to emissions of alcohol (group 2), biodiesel (group 3), gasoline (group 4) and diesel (group 5). Data obtained from experiments were statistically analyzed in which appears that the average frequency of mutations in group 1 (control) was significantly lower than that of groups 2, 3, 4 and 5. The results indicate that emissions from vehicles fueled by fossil fuels (petrol and diesel) are more mutagenic than emissions from the combustion of renewable fuels (ethanol and biodiesel).

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para verificar se o bioensaio Trad-MCN, desenvolvido com inflorescências de Tradescantia pallida cv. Purpurea pode discriminar riscos clastogênicos em diferentes locais e épocas na cidade de Santo André-SP, contaminada por diferentes tipos de poluentes, determinar se as variações da freqüência de micronúcleos podem ser explicadas por fatores ambientais característicos da região e verificar se o potencial acumulador de elementos químicos de T. pallida pode ser usado para mapeamento de fontes emissoras de poluentes contendo metais e outros compostos tóxicos. Vasos com a planta foram expostos em locais com alta contaminação por ozônio (Capuava e Escola), em locais com maior emissão veicular (Centro e Parque Celso Daniel) e em uma área supostamente pouco contaminada (Parque do Pedroso). Durante o período de setembro de 2003 a setembro de 2004, vinte inflorescências jovens foram colhidas quinzenalmente e a freqüência de micronúcleos (MCN) foi estimada. Durante o período de maio a junho de 2004, folhas em diferentes posições nas inflorescências da planta foram colhidas para determinação da concentração de elementos químicos, entre os quais metais pesados, pelo método da ativação de nêutrons. As condições ambientais observadas foram suficientemente estressantes para promover o aumento da freqüência de micronúcleos. O bioensaio Trad-MCN identificou forte risco clastogênico em áreas com maior emissão veicular. Entretanto, a freqüência de micronúcleos em Capuava e no Centro não foram preditas somente por poluentes atmosféricos da região. Condições climáticas extremas, como temperaturas mínima e máxima, baixa umidade relativa do ar e baixa precipitação contribuíram para a intensificação da formação de MCN. Para um sistema eficiente de biomonitoramento é recomendável minimizar os efeitos dos fatores climáticos. A análise por ativação de nêutrons identificou um evidente acúmulo foliar de elementos importantes para biomonitoramento da poluição aérea, tais como: Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, La, Rb, Sb, Sc e Zn. Verificou-se que a concentração dos metais nas folhas inseridas nas inflorescências não teve relação com a formação de micronúcleos, porém, eles foram marcadores de locais específicos, auxiliando no mapeamento das fontes poluidoras de cada região estudada. A concentração de Ba foi mais elevada nas folhas provenientes das áreas centrais, podendo ser considerado marcador de emissão veicular e La e Zn destacaram-se na área industrial da cidade, sendo considerados marcadores da emissão do pólo petroquímico. Considerando as condições em que foi desenvolvido o presente estudo, a análise das concentrações foliares de elementos tóxicos, foi mais adequada para mapear fontes de emissão de poluentes na atmosfera de Santo André.<br>The present study aimed at verifying if the Trad-MCN assay, developed with inflorescences of Tradescantia pallida cv. Purpurea might discriminate clastogenic risks among sites and periods at the Santo André city, contaminated by different air pollutants, determining if the variations in the frequency of micronuclei can be explained by environmental factors that characterize the stress situation in each site and verify if the accumulator potential of chemical elements of T. pallida may be used to indicate pollutant sources containing metals or other toxic compounds. Potted plants were exposed in sites characterized by high air contamination by ozone (Capuava and School) and in sites reached by high vehicular emissions (Downtown and C. Daniel Park). From September/2003 to September/2004, twenty young inflorescences were be-weekly collected from each site and the frequencies of micronuclei (MCN) were estimated. From May/2004 to June/2004, leaves of T. pallida inserted in different positions on the inflorecences were collected to determine the concentrations of chemical elements, by instrumental neutron activation analysis, among them heavy metals. The environmental conditions were stressing enough to promote an increase of chromosomal breakages in pollen mother cells of inflorescences of T. Pallida. The Trad-MCN assay identified strong clastogenic risks at the sites reached by vehicular emissions. However, the frequency of micronuclei at Capuava and Downtown could not be only predicted by pollutants that characterized the air contamination in both sites. More extreme climatic conditions, mainly low and high temperatures, low relative humidity and low rainfall, intensified the formation of MCN. Therefore, the biomonitoring system should be improved in order to minimize this negative influence of climatic factors. The neutron activation analysis identified an evident leaf accumulation of important elements for biomonitoring air pollution, such as: Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, La, Rb, Sb, Sc and Zn. There was no relation between the concentrations of metals in the leaves inserted in the inflorescences and the frequency of micronuclei, however, the metal accumulation could discriminate specific sites, contributing to the mapping of polluted sources in each region studied. Leaf concentrations of Ba were higher in central areas, so that they can be considered markers of vehicular emissions. La and Zn were evidently accumulated in leaves from the industrial areas of the city, being considered indicators of emissions from the petrochemical pole. Taking in account the conditions in which the present study was developed, the analysis of leaf concentrations leaves of toxic elements was more adequate to map emission sources of air pollutants in Santo André.

Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by preoccupation with muscularity. Although there is a growing body of research concerning MD, there is a lack of research concerning the potential role exercise training environment has on the clinical features of MD. The purpose of this study was to compare MD symptomology in traditional strength-trained (TRAD) individuals to individuals training in communal high intensity functional training environments (HIFT). Participants were recruited from both types of facilities. Participants (N=376) completed online (Qualtrics) demographics survey and Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI). One-way ANOVA compared the effect of training environment on MDI scores among HIFT, TRAD, both HIFT and TRAD (BOTH), home gym (HOME), and “OTHER.” Training environment significantly affected MDI for the 5 environments [F (4, 345) = 3.765, p = .005, d = 0.737]. Mean score for TRAD (M = 111.73, SD = 20. 39, [107.78, 115.68]) was significantly higher than HIFT (M = 102.20, SD = 19.59, [99.17, 105.23]). MDI for BOTH (M= 107.06, SD = 18.01, [100.77, 113.34]), HOME (M = 108.89, SD = 22.80, [99.86, 117.90]), and OTHER condition (M = 108.19, SD = 22.43, [97.97, 118.40]) did not significantly differ from HIFT or TRAD. Results suggest training environment is correlated with levels of MD symptomology. Specifically, males and females with higher levels of MD symptoms prefer to train in a traditional training environment, which is potentially more conducive to facilitating and perpetuating MD symptomology. The results of this study provide insight into the social physique anxiety associated with MD, as participants with higher levels of MD symptoms do not prefer to train in a HIFT environment where training occurs communally and other gym members provide extrinsic motivation. Additionally, the results of the present study further our understanding into the psychopathology of MD in that the motivating factors related to aesthetics (high level of body focus) associated with a TRAD environment take precedence over the motivating factors relating to selfimprovement and the desire to increase functional fitness that is associated with a HIFT environment. Results may provide knowledge for creating optimal treatment programs for individuals with clinical MD.

O lodo de esgoto gerado em estações de tratamento de esgoto pode conter substancias tóxicas ainda não regulamentadas nas legislações nacionais e internacionais. Dentre elas as genotóxicas tem recebido especial atenção. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a genotoxicidade de amostras de lodo de esgoto tratado de diferentes Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) do Estado de São Paulo com o teste de micronúcleo em Tradescantia e ampliar os conhecimentos sobre o potencial de utilização da Tradescantia pallida em substituição ao clone 4430. Todas as ETEs estudadas apresentaram pelo menos uma amostra positiva para o teste de micronúcleo em Tradescantia sendo necessários mais estudos para elucidar quais os compostos são responsáveis pelo efeito observado. Os resultados sugerem que a Tradescantia pallida pode substituir o clone 4430 no teste de micronúcleo, porém esse ensaio tem aplicabilidade limitada em programas de monitoramento.<br>The sludge produced in sewage treatment plants can contain toxic substances which are not yet regulated by national and international legislation. Among these, the genotoxic substances are of great concern. The present paper aimed at evaluating the genotoxicity of treated sludge samples collected in different Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) located in the State of São Paul, Brazil. The micronucleus assay in Tradescantia was the test chosen for this evaluation. Another objective of the study was to verify it Tradescantia pallida could replace the clone 4430 in the Trad-MN assay. All the STPs studied have presented at least one positive sample for the micronucleus assay in the Tradescantia. Further studies are required in order to determine which compounds are responsible for the observed effect. The results obtained suggest that T. pallida can replace clone 4430 in the micronucleus assay, however, this assay presents limited applicability in monitoring programs.

Orientador: Giovanni Antonio Pinto Alves<br>Banca: Ariovaldo Santos<br>Banca: Geraldo Poker<br>Resumo: A história da CUT conheceu seu mais recente capítulo com a vitória eleitoral da candidatura Lula em 2002. Esse segmento do movimento sindical brasileiro sempre esteve acostumado a relacionar-se com sucessivos governos que não apresentavam vínculos com setores do sindicalismo. Logo que assumiu o governo, Lula organizou um Fórum onde seriam discutidas reformas que iriam indicar o futuro da organização sindical no país. Este trabalho se propôs analisar as posições da CUT no processo de implementação da Reforma Sindical elaborada a partir das discussões realizadas no Fórum Nacional do Trabalho (2003-2004). Procurou-se investigar os conflitos que ganharam expressão dentro da CUT a partir dos debates sobre alteração na organização e estrutura sindical, financiamento dos sindicatos, direito de greve e legislação trabalhista.<br>Abstract: The history of the CUT knows his more recent capituly with the electoral vitory Lula's candidature in 2002. This segment of the brazilian trad unionism always relationship with successive government that don't presents link with sectores of the trad unionism. Immediately strike on pose, Lula organized on Forum where would talk over reforms that would indicate the future of the trad unionism in the country. This work had as proposition analyse the positions of the CUT over process from sophistication trad unionism's reform create of the discussions realiseds in Work's National Forum (2003-2004). Look for check up the conflits that makes expression inside of the CUT with the debates alteration in the trad unionism's structure and organization, sindicate's finance, straight of the strike and labor legislation.<br>Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanches_ma_me_mar.pdf: 723844 bytes, checksum: 388fff6493837e2a50731e2104817071 (MD5)<br>A história da CUT conheceu seu mais recente capítulo com a vitória eleitoral da candidatura Lula em 2002. Esse segmento do movimento sindical brasileiro sempre esteve acostumado a relacionar-se com sucessivos governos que não apresentavam vínculos com setores do sindicalismo. Logo que assumiu o governo, Lula organizou um Fórum onde seriam discutidas reformas que iriam indicar o futuro da organização sindical no país. Este trabalho se propôs analisar as posições da CUT no processo de implementação da Reforma Sindical elaborada a partir das discussões realizadas no Fórum Nacional do Trabalho (2003-2004). Procurou-se investigar os conflitos que ganharam expressão dentro da CUT a partir dos debates sobre alteração na organização e estrutura sindical, financiamento dos sindicatos, direito de greve e legislação trabalhista.<br>The history of the CUT knows his more recent capituly with the electoral vitory Lula’s candidature in 2002. This segment of the brazilian trad unionism always relationship with successive government that don’t presents link with sectores of the trad unionism. Immediately strike on pose, Lula organized on Forum where would talk over reforms that would indicate the future of the trad unionism in the country. This work had as proposition analyse the positions of the CUT over process from sophistication trad unionism’s reform create of the discussions realiseds in Work’s National Forum (2003-2004). Look for check up the conflits that makes expression inside of the CUT with the debates alteration in the trad unionism’s structure and organization, sindicate’s finance, straight of the strike and labor legislation.

This research explores the responses of eleven teachers, drawn from teaching, managerial, policy, and union levels, to their involvement in the development and implementation of Teacher Review and Development (TRAD) and Individual Development Plans (IDP). Through a case study methodology that uses a phenomenological approach, this research found that TRAD and IDP had little credibility as tools of teacher development or appraisal for teachers because of a range of complexities that included the politicisation of the processes, a lack of financial and resource support, and varied quality control measures. The research elicited a list of criteria for successful design and development of appraisal processes. These are detailed in Chapter Five of the thesis. They are rigorous monitoring and modelling of the processes, clear goals with stated end dates and recognition for involvement, appraisal that is integrated in existing work practices and based on shared understandings of work value, the provision of resources and time targeted at the appraisal process, a commitment to identifying and acting on inefficiencies, appraisal that is focused on teacher development and not directly linked to salary "reward". The research concludes that authentic teacher review and development will not take place until teachers themselves take on the responsibility, as a professional group, external to their employer, for the design of teacher review and development.

Face aux nouveaux problèmes relatifs aux barrières environnementales de nos jours, l'OMC se trouve dans une situation embarrassante : d'une part, elle est largement considérée comme le "centre de gravité" du contrôle des barrières environnementales, d'autre part, il existe encore de grandes lacunes dans la régulation relative à la valeur environnementale au sein de l'OMC, ce qui mettrait en cause l'efficacité du droit de l'OMC dans cette régulation. Sans un contrôle efficace, le système du libre-échange risque de se dégrader. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons choisi de consacrer une étude comparative aux barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC. Pour tenter de trouver des solutions aux problèmes qui se présentent aujourd'hui en matière de barrières environnementales, nous devons nous interroger sur deux questions majeures. D'une côté, les nouvelles barrières environnementales relatives au changement climatique dépassent le cadre de l'OMC, le droit actuel de l'OMC ne paraît pas en mesure de donner une réponse satisfaisante aux problèmes qui en résultent, et de l'autre, il existe un grand écart entre les pays développés et ceux en développement au niveau des barrières environnementales mises en place, ce qui provoque des déséquilibres dans le commerce international. Les analyse que nous avons effectuées dans cette étude portant à la fois sur les ACR et l'OMC nous permettent de conclure que l'OMC jour un rôle irremplaçable face aux problèmes de barrières environnementales, cela nous conduit à proposer des solutions permettant au droit de l'OMC de mieux concilier le commerce international et la protection de l'environnement à l'échelle mondial<br>Facing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale

2009/2010<br>Il crescente inquinamento sta deteriorando sempre più il mondo in cui viviamo. Per studiare l’alterazione ambientale in modo completo è importante analizzare le emissioni da un punto di vista chimico-fisico, ma anche valutare il danno arrecato all’intero ecosistema. Perciò si impiegano sempre più spesso gli esseri viventi quali biomonitor di danno subito da un ambiente poiché sono capaci di reagire a stimoli complessi, talvolta sconosciuti, e danno informazioni più complete sulla qualità di un ecosistema rispetto a quelle fornite dai metodi tradizionali. Tra le emissioni inquinanti un ruolo particolare è occupato dalle sostanze mutagene capaci di modificare in modo stabile l’informazione genetica sia a livello di geni che di struttura e numero di cromosomi. I test capaci di identificare rapidamente mutazioni geniche e cromosomiche sono detti test di mutagenesi a breve termine. Nel percorso di dottorato ho sperimentato l’applicabilità di due test di mutagenesi ambientale: Tradescantia micronuclei test (Trad-MCN) e Comet test o Elettroforesi su Gel a Singola Cellula (SCGE), approfondendo alcune problematiche metodologiche. Tradescantia micronuclei test (Trad-MCN) Con Tradescantia micronuclei test (Trad-MCN) è possibile rilevare la presenza di micronuclei come indice di avvenuto danno al DNA nelle cellule del polline in piante del genere Tradescantia. Il test utilizza il clone  4430, ottenuto dall’incrocio di Tradescantia hirsutiflora e Tradescantia subacaulis. Alcuni esemplari del clone mi sono stati forniti dalla dott.ssa Maddalena Casera del Laboratorio Biologico dell’Agenzia Provinciale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente e la Tutela del Lavoro di Laives (BZ). Il clone, nel periodo invernale, è conservato all’interno di una serra dell’Orto Botanico dell’Università degli Studi di Trieste, a una temperatura di 24°C sotto una lampada a che riproduce un fotoperiodo di 16 ore di luce e 8 di buio. Nel periodo estivo, invece, il clone viene mantenuto all’esterno. Con le infiorescenze ottenute dal clone ho effettuato alcune prove di Trad-MCN test per comprendere a quale stadio si avessero le maggiori probabilità di osservare le tetradi polliniche. Inoltre ho effettuato due esposizioni di 15 infiorescenze ciascuna in un sito con elevate concentrazioni di IPA aerodispersi. Tale sito è ubicato in Piazza Garibaldi nel centro di Trieste, in una zona interessata da intenso traffico veicolare. Esaminando il contenuto delle antere e dividendo il numero totale di micronuclei per il numero totale di tetradi osservate si è definita la frequenza dei micronuclei, espressa come micronuclei/100 tetradi (MCN/100 tetradi). Per ogni esposizione si osservano 5 preparati e in ognuno si contano almeno 300 tetradi. Confrontando la media delle frequenze ottenute dalle infiorescenze esposte nel sito potenzialmente inquinato (media =5.44; σ =10.66 per la prima esposizione e media =5.54; σ =3.38 per la seconda esposizione) con quelle ottenute dal controllo (media =0.22; σ = 0.38 per la prima esposizione e media =1.00; σ = 0.32 per la seconda esposizione) si è potuta avere una conferma della compromissione dell’area esaminata. Le problematicità nell’utilizzo di questo protocollo riguardano per lo più la moltiplicazione delle piante e la loro protezione dagli attacchi dei parassiti. In questo senso sarebbe necessario affidare la lunga fase di moltiplicazione e cura delle piante a una struttura esterna, o avere a disposizione personale specializzato. La mancanza di un finanziamento ha impedito di estendere l’indagine sul territorio, com’era stato originariamente programmato. Comet test o Elettroforesi su Gel a Singola Cellula (SCGE) Il Comet test consente di studiare gli effetti causati da agenti mutageni su materiale genetico, permettendo di valutare il danno al DNA che si rileva come rotture dello scheletro fosfodiesterico in nuclei isolati da cellule eucariotiche. Tramite una corsa elettroforetica si evidenzia la disgregazione del DNA che assume la tipica forma di una cometa. La lunghezza della coda della cometa è proporzionale al danno subito dalla cellula. Tale test può essere eseguito su un numero basso di cellule (da alcune centinaia a poche migliaia) e con tempi di esecuzione e analisi di poche ore. Il protocollo che ho sperimentato è stato messo a punto dalla dott.ssa Patrizia Cesaro presso il Laboratorio di Biologia Vegetale del Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita (Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”- Alessandria) al fine di verificare l’eventuale compromissione di alcuni terreni provenienti da siti contaminati della provincia di Alessandria. La specie biomonitor che ho utilizzato è Vicia faba cv lunga delle cascine poiché facile da riprodurre, largamente usata per analizzare la mutagenicità di pesticidi, sostanze cancerogene e composti cromati e in grado di tollerare suoli salini. I semi di V. faba sono fatti germinare in capsule Petri del diametro di 15 cm. Ogni capsula contiene 22.5 g di sabbia di quarzo come materiale inerte (o di terreno potenzialmente contaminato da analizzare), 1 disco di carta bibula, 20 ml di acqua distillata sterile e 8/10 semi di V. faba (protocollo UNICHIM Metodo 1651-2003). Le capsule sono conservate in un termostato a 20-22°C. Il test prevede l’estrazione di nuclei da apici radicali di V. faba della lunghezza di circa 2 cm. La soluzione contenente i nuclei, opportunamente filtrata, è miscelata con gel di agarosio a basso punto di fusione e poi depositata su vetrini portaoggetti preventivamente trattati con gel di agarosio a normale punto di fusione. I vetrini così preparati sono sottoposti a una corsa elettroforetica (300 mA, 15 V) che permette la migrazione del DNA, carico negativamente, verso il polo positivo. La velocità di migrazione dipende dal peso molecolare: le molecole di DNA più piccole e compatte passeranno attraverso la matrice di agarosio più rapidamente rispetto ai frammenti più grandi. Terminata la corsa elettroforetica e previa colorazione si passa all’osservazione dei vetrini al microscopio ottico a fluorescenza: in caso di frammentazione del DNA, dovuta alla presenza di agenti mutageni, i nuclei non si presentano in forma compatta e tondeggiante bensì mostrano una cometa di lunghezza più o meno estesa. Le immagini al microscopio sono analizzate con il programma Comet Score in grado di calcolare tutta una serie di parametri quali: lunghezza della coda della cometa (in pixel), % di DNA nella coda della cometa, Tail moment e Olive moment. Il metodo Unichim per le germinazioni non prevede il contatto diretto tra radichetta e terreno. Il seme germinante riceve l’acqua per capillarità. Queste condizioni espongono potenzialmente i risultati ad una serie di artefatti in quanto si può ipotizzare che le sostanze idrosolubili si concentrino, per evaporazione, a livello della carta bibula e quindi in prossimità del seme. Le sostanze idrofobe, invece, potrebbero non entrare in contatto con l’apice radicale. E’ da sottolineare, inoltre, che la parte apicale delle radici interagisce in modo molto complesso con la rizosfera, ad esempio con la secrezione di ioni e molecole, alcune delle quali hanno lo specifico compito di aumentare la solubilizzazione di alcuni minerali del suolo, migliorando la nutrizione minerale della pianta. Sulla base di queste considerazioni, si è ritenuto interessante verificare eventuali differenze tra i risultati di Comet test effettuati su apici radicali cresciuti su carta bibula (protocollo standard) e Comet test effettuati alle medesime condizioni sperimentali su apici radicali a diretto contatto con il terreno ed immersi in esso. Al fine di trovare un terreno idoneo ad essere usato come bianco, ho eseguito alcune prove del test su semi cresciuti su terricci di diversa composizione, con le due modalità di germinazione appena descritte: • terriccio universale commerciale (torba, fibre lignee e cellulosiche, ammendante, concime organico, N 9%, P 6%, K 14%); • terriccio per agrumi commerciale (torba, letame e miscela di materiali vegetali); • terreno argilloso proveniente dalla pedemontana pordenonese nei pressi di Budoia (PN); • composta da semi J. Innes formulata dall’omonimo istituto inglese (2 parti di argilla di Budoia, 1 parte di torba irlandese e 1 parte di sabbia di quarzo); • terreno flyshoide sottoposto a biorimedio proveniente dal Parco di San Giovanni (TS). Il terriccio per agrumi e la composta Innes non sono consoni all’utilizzo come controllo a causa dei valori elevati di lunghezza della coda e percentuale di DNA nella coda dei nuclei isolati. Sarebbe interessante effettuare delle analisi chimiche al fine di comprendere se i problemi riscontrati sono dovuti alla presenza di metalli pesanti e/o acidi umici. Il terreno argilloso, il terriccio universale e quello flyshoide sottoposto a biorimedio hanno dato risultati migliori e, tra questi, si è scelto di usare il terzo poiché di esso si possiede un’analisi chimica dettagliata che conferma l’assenza di contaminazioni significative, sia di metalli pesanti che di composti organici.. I terreni potenzialmente contaminati elencati di seguito, sono stati valutati con entrambe le modalità di germinazione, usando come controllo il terreno proveniente dal Parco di San Giovanni - Trieste. Il primo terreno considerato proviene da un carotaggio eseguito sul litorale di Muggia - Trieste (sito denominato “Acquario”) dal Centro Interdipartimentale di Gestione e Recupero Ambientale (CIGRA) di Trieste, nell’ambito di un progetto di caratterizzazione e messa in sicurezza di un terrapieno artificiale formato con materiale di incerta origine. I campioni sono denominati con le seguenti sigle: SC-12A, SC-12B, SC-12C dove ‘SC’ indica che il carotaggio è avvenuto in zona costiera, ‘12’ fa riferimento al sito campionato e le lettere ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ si riferiscono alle tre profondità di campionamento (‘A’: piano di campagna, ‘B’ un metro di profondità rispetto a ‘A’, ‘C’ livello medio del mare). Per quanto riguarda il campione A, i risultati delle analisi chimiche e del Comet test sono concordanti: tra i tre campioni di terreno questo campione è senza dubbio il meno compromesso. Emerge, tuttavia, una differenza tra i due protocolli: gli apici radicali cresciuti in capsule Petri mostrano un danno maggiore rispetto a quelli cresciuti a diretto contatto del suolo. Le analisi chimiche hanno evidenziato in questo la presenza di alte concentrazioni di Cobalto, Cromo e Nichel, tutti elementi idrosolubili. Queste sostanze si possono muovere, trasportate dall’acqua, fino a depositarsi tra le maglie della carta bibula quando il soluto è evaporato. Ne consegue una maggiore possibilità d’interazione tra queste sostanze e gli apici stessi. Il campione B mostra, da un punto di vista chimico, una compromissione maggiore rispetto al campione C. In entrambi i casi, la modalità di esposizione degli apici radicali influisce sui risultati: gli apici cresciuti a diretto contatto con il suolo mostrano maggiore compromissione rispetto a quelli cresciuti in capsule Petri. Dalle analisi chimiche emergono concentrazioni elevate di PCB e IPA che sono sostanze poco solubili in acqua, che non si muovono quindi per capillarità. Tali sostanze restano nel terreno e non si concentrano sulla carta bibula, che funge da barriera. Ciò non avviene per i semi che germogliano nei vasetti, con le radichette a diretto contatto del campione di suolo e delle sostanze in esso presenti. Sono stati esaminati anche altri campioni con analisi chimica nota: un terreno proveniente dall’area Caffaro di Torviscosa (UD) compromesso dalla presenza di metalli pesanti e un terreno proveniente dal Parco di San Giovanni (TS) con pesante contaminazione organica. In entrambi i casi si è avuta conferma del fenomeno: la crescita su carta bibula comporta una sovrastima della contaminazione da sostanze idrosolubili mentre porta ad una sottostima di quella indotta da composti scarsamente idrosolubili. Si può ipotizzare che le sostanze idrosolubili, come nel nostro caso gli ioni metallici, tendano ad accumularsi in prossimità degli apici radicali sulla carta bibula poiché questa agisce da superficie evaporativa. Ne consegue una sovrastima del danno rispetto alla reale biodisponibilità nel suolo. Al contrario, sostanze poco idrosolubili come PCB e IPA non sono traslocate e concentrate per cui la modalità espositiva sulla carta bibula comporta una sottostima degli effetti della loro presenza nel suolo. Inevitabilmente, lavorare con apici radicali che sono cresciuti a diretto contatto con il terreno comporta tempi di esecuzione del test più lunghi. Le particelle di terreno più grossolane devono essere allontanate, e gli apici attentamente lavati. Tuttavia si può affermare che questa metodica dà risultati più veritieri, a differenza di quella standard, comunemente impiegata in molte indagini di caratterizzazione ambientale, che sovrastima, o peggio, sottostima la reale compromissione della matrice analizzata.<br>XXII Ciclo<br>1974

Pendant les deux dernières décennies, les technologies de réseaux ad-hoc de véhicules (VANETs : Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks) ont été développées sous l’impulsion du monde de la recherche comme de l’industrie, étant donnés les liens des VANETs avec la sécurité routière, l’internet des objets (IoT/WoT : Internet of Things/Web of Things) pour les systèmes de transport intelligents (ITS : Intelligent Transportation Systems), les villes intelligentes et les villes vertes. Composant essentiel des VANETs, les protocoles de communication inter-véhicules (IVC : Inter-Vehicle Communication) font face à des défis techniques, en particulier à cause de la diversité des applications dans lesquelles ils sont impliqués. Dans cette thèse, après une présentation des VANETs et de l’état de l’art des IVC, nous proposons un protocole de dissémination de données, TrAD, conçu pour diffuser de manière efficiente des messages d’une source vers les véhicules présents dans la zone d’intérêt (ROI : Range of Interest). TrAD se base sur les états du trafic routier et du trafic réseau pour adapter localement la stratégie et les paramètres de transmission des données afin d’optimiser les performances des applications qui l’utilisent. De plus, un algorithme de classification des clusters locaux de véhicules est conçu pour permettre l’usage de TrAD sur autoroute aussi bien qu’en ville. Pour éviter l’encombrement des canaux de communication, un mécanisme illustratif de contrôle de la congestion reposant sur une approche distribuée est utilisé. Trois protocoles IVC de l’état de l’art ont été comparés à TrAD dans des scénarios réalistes de simulation, basés sur différentes villes réelles, différents trajets et densités véhiculaires. Les performances de TrAD surpassent celles des protocoles de référence en termes de taux de délivrance des paquets (PDR : Packet Delivery Ratio), nombre de transmissions et latence. De plus, nous montrons que TrAD est tolérant, dans une certaine mesure, aux erreurs sur les données GPS. Pour s’assurer de la qualité des simulations, nous avons étudié le modèle de déplacement employé dans le simulateur de trafic, puis couplé ce dernier au simulateur de réseau, afin que les deux s’échangent des informations en temps-réel. Grâce à la compréhension acquise lors de l’analyse du modèle de déplacement, nous avons pu développer un simulateur de conduite de tramway pour la T2C (Transports en Commun de l’agglomération Clermontoise). Des tests menés sur le matériel roulant nous ont permis d’élaborer des modèles de déplacement fidèles correspondants aux diverses situations rencontrées par le tramway. L’affichage de la simulation est assuré par un flux vidéo ajusté plutôt que des images de synthèse, ce qui permet de limiter le coût de développement tout en garantissant un certain réalisme dans l’affichage. Ce projet est soutenu par la T2C pour une durée de deux ans<br>In the last two decades, Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANETs) were developed significantly by both academic institute and industries association, since VANETs originate from traffic safety and are also an important application of Internet of Things / Web of Things (IoT/WoT) for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Intelligent Vehicles and Smart Cities. As an essential component of VANETs, Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) protocols face many critical challenges, in particular, because they relate to various specific applications. In this thesis, after elaborating on related knowledge of VANETs and state-of-the-art of IVC protocols, we propose a data dissemination protocol for vehicular networking, named TrAD, to disseminate efficiently warning messages from a source to vehicles in a range of interest (ROI). TrAD considers the status of road traffic and network traffic to adapt locally the strategy and the parameters of transmissions in order to optimize the global performance of IVC application. Moreover, a local vehicular cluster classification algorithm is designed to support TrAD to be performed in both highway and urban scenarios. In addition, an illustrative congestion control mechanism is used to avoid channel congestion using a distributed approach. Three state-of-the-art IVC protocols have been compared with TrAD by means of realistic simulations. The performance of all those protocols is evaluated quantitatively in various scenarios by taking into account different real road maps, trafic routes and vehicular densities. Compared with the reference protocols, TrAD gains an outstanding overall performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, number of transmissions and delay. Furthermore, TrAD also can tolerate a reasonable degree of GPS drift while achieving efficient data dissemination. In order to ensure the quality of simulations, we deeply investigated the mobility model of road traffic simulator, and then performed the bidirectionally coupled simulation in which the network simulator and the road trafic simulator can exchange information in real-time. Upon understanding of the mobility model, we obtained a chance to develop a low-cost tram simulator for the local public transportation provider, the T2C (Transports en Commun de l’agglomération Clermontoise). We attempt to design accurate mobility models from different scenarios for the specific type of tram used by T2C. Real world trials are carried out to explore the key parameters required by theoretical deduction for our mobility model. Moreover, the display GUI relies on a video stream, rather than 3D graphics, which can reduce the cost while guaranteeing the quality of service. This project was supported for two years by T2C

Syftet med denna studie är att utforska mitt egna lärande i processen med att appropriera den ornamentik som är en central del i den irländska folkmusikkulturen. Syftet stärks med följande forskningsfrågor: Med vilka redskap tillägnar jag som lärling mig ornament från den irländska folkmusiktraditionen? samt I vilken utsträckning har jag approprierat irländsk ornamentik efter en period på tio veckor? Arbetet är baserat på ett sociokulturellt perspektiv med stark betoning på mästarläran. Detta ingår i bakgrundskapitlet tillsammans med relevant litteratur med inslag av tidigare forskning på området. Exempel på vad som tas upp är förklaringar om specifika ornament samt en översiktlig beskrivning av den irländska folkmusiktraditionen. Studien baseras på videoobservation av mig själv samt genom egna loggboksanteckningar. Resultatet presenteras med hjälp av olika rubriker; exempelvis olika redskap under enskilda fiollektioner, tillägnande av yrkesidentitet samt jag och min mästare. Avslutningsvis diskuteras resultatet i förhållande till litteraturen samt tidigare forskning där bland annat min etniska tillhörighet och outtalade regler vid sessions nämns. Här diskuteras även variation och improvisation samt vilka redskap som tillfört mest till min lärandeprocess.<br>The purpose of this thesis is to explore my own learning in the process of appropriating the kind of ornamentation that is a central part of the Irish trad music culture. The purpose is supported with these following reserch questions: Which tools do I use as an apprentice to appropriate the ornaments from the Irish traditional music culture? and To what degree have I appropriated the Irish ornamentation after a period of ten weeks? The thesis is based on a sociocultural perspective with a strong emphasism on master – apprentice teaching. This is included in the background chapter together with relevant litterature and earlier studies on this area. Explanations about specific ornaments and a brief description about the Irish trad culture are examples of what is brought up in the background chapter. The thesis is based on video observations of myself and by a written journal. The result is presented with several themes, for example different tools during individual fiddle lessons, adopting of professional identity and me and my master. In the conclution the results are discussed compared to the litterature and earlier research where my ethnical background and unspoken rules during sessions are mentioned. The discussion also include variation and improvisation together with which tools that have contributed the most to my process of learning.

Guatemala, the most populous country in Central America, is haunted by the legacy of violence, political instability, poverty, corruption, and persisting, relentless inequality. Narco-trafficking routes through Central America became firmly established after air- and sea-based routes were disrupted by U.S. and Mexican drug enforcement efforts in the 1990s. Guatemala and its Central American neighbors were highly vulnerable to incursion by the drug trade, ideally-located between production sources and major consumers, its people and governments weakened by long-standing armed conflict. Evidence shows the drug trade disproportionately impacts Guatemala in comparison to the rest of the region. Its neighbors share similarly well-located geography and the legacy of armed conflicts, but Guatemala lacks the institutional strength and ability to combat the cartels. This paper posits that U.S. prohibitionist policies are ineffective and harmful to Guatemala’s people, based on a supply-reduction model and a review of previous literature and anecdotal evidence. Narco-trafficking and the United States’ drug enforcement efforts, strategies and policies, intensify existing violence, poverty, inequality and corruption within Guatemala, ensnaring its people in a recurring cycle of violence which reinforces barriers to escaping poverty and crime.

Face aux nouveaux problèmes relatifs aux barrières environnementales de nos jours, l'OMC se trouve dans une situation embarrassante : d'une part, elle est largement considérée comme le "centre de gravité" du contrôle des barrières environnementales, d'autre part, il existe encore de grandes lacunes dans la régulation relative à la valeur environnementale au sein de l'OMC, ce qui mettrait en cause l'efficacité du droit de l'OMC dans cette régulation. Sans un contrôle efficace, le système du libre-échange risque de se dégrader. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons choisi de consacrer une étude comparative aux barrières environnementales au commerce international dans le cadre de l'OMC. Pour tenter de trouver des solutions aux problèmes qui se présentent aujourd'hui en matière de barrières environnementales, nous devons nous interroger sur deux questions majeures. D'une côté, les nouvelles barrières environnementales relatives au changement climatique dépassent le cadre de l'OMC, le droit actuel de l'OMC ne paraît pas en mesure de donner une réponse satisfaisante aux problèmes qui en résultent, et de l'autre, il existe un grand écart entre les pays développés et ceux en développement au niveau des barrières environnementales mises en place, ce qui provoque des déséquilibres dans le commerce international. Les analyse que nous avons effectuées dans cette étude portant à la fois sur les ACR et l'OMC nous permettent de conclure que l'OMC jour un rôle irremplaçable face aux problèmes de barrières environnementales, cela nous conduit à proposer des solutions permettant au droit de l'OMC de mieux concilier le commerce international et la protection de l'environnement à l'échelle mondial<br>Facing the new problems about the green trade barriers today, WTO is actually in an embarrassing situation : one side, it is widely considered as the ''center of gravity' 'for controlling the green trade barriers ; on the other side, there is still an important lacuna in the regulation of the environmental values in the WTO, which questions the effectiveness of WTO's law in this regulation of green trade barriers. Without the effective control, the free trade system takes a risk to be degraded. That's the reason why we undertake a study comparative on the subject of the green trade barriers in the framework of WTO. Attempting to find the solution of the problems related to green trade barriers, we have to ask two questions. One side, the new type of green trade barriers about the climate change beyond the capacity of WTO, the current law of WTO does not appear to give a satisfactory response to the resulting problems ; on the other side, there is a big gap between the green trade barriers set up by the developed countries and developing countries, which causes absolutely an imbalance in the international free trade. The analyse that we did in this study relating both to the regional trade agreements and WTO allow us to conclude the WTO plays an irreplaceable role in face of challenges of the green trade barriers today. This conclusion leads us to propose the solutions which may offer a better balance between the international trade and the environmental protection on a global scale

The middle-income trap (MIT) theory has gained popularity amongst policy makers looking to avoid the trap since it first arose in 2005. Multiple studies discuss the possible existence of the trap, what it is caused by and what possible solutions it might have. We use the empirical definition of the trap presented by Aiyar et al. (2018) to test for the middle-income trap in order to analyze the effect that international trade, defined by import and export, may have on the MIT. The Arellano-Bond estimator and random-effects probit model are used on data from the Penn World Data Table 9.1 to carry out this investigation. Based on our dataset we generate results slowdowns that give evidence to the MIT and find that import has a negative effect on a country’s risk of landing in an MIT whereas export has a positive effect on the risk.

This thesis explores the effects of trade costs on international trade at macro and micro levels. It focuses on traditional and non-traditional sources of trade costs that imped trade flows at various phases of a typical export shipment: behind the borders, at the borders and beyond the borders. It initially examines the connection between trade costs and the composition of developing countries’ exports and then explores the responses of firms to additional costs associated with the security of supply chain imposed on Pakistan’s firms in the wake of events of 9/11. Following this, it investigates the differential effects of domestic and international transportation distance on the reactions of firm-level trade flows and multiple margins of trade. Finally, it considers the effects of exchange rate movement on agricultural exports. The thesis primarily uses micro-level information from administrative datasets of exports and intra-country trade (VAT dataset) from Pakistan. It also benefits from international data sources, such as the WB-UNESCAP trade costs dataset, WITS, WTO tariff profiles and the World Development Indicators (WDI). This thesis comprises four core chapters (2 to 5), excluding the introduction and conclusion. The analysis at a macro level (Chapter 2) finds the trade costs negatively affect the composition of developing countries exports in that the industries located in higher trade cost countries gain a relative smaller share of manufactured exports in the country’s overall exports. The effect is relatively greater for high trade cost sensitive industries (such as automobiles, electronics) and for high trade cost regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. The evaluation of trade effect of US security policy on Pakistan’s exports (Chapter 3) shows that following the implementation of Integrated Cargo Containers Control (IC3) programme, Pakistan’s exports to the US relative to the EU dropped by 15%, on average. Pakistan’s firms that were forced to switch from various export-processing stations to the one specific sea port equipped with the intrusive scanning and live monitoring technologies of the export cargos, experienced the largest decline. The subsequent policy interventions aimed at facilitating the process moderated this effect to some extent. The examination of differential effects of domestic and international distances on trade flows (Chapter 4) reveals that the marginal effect of inland distance to sea ports is much larger than that of international distance from sea ports to export markets. Moreover, both distances have heterogeneous effects along trade margins. Domestic distance impedes exports primarily through extensive margins (EM) of firms and product, whereas international distance restricts these mainly through quantity margins, in addition to constricting the EM. Although the trade-impeding effects of both components of distance have reduced over time, the drop has been relatively greater for the international leg. Finally, the investigation of response of agricultural exports to the exchange rate movement (Chapter 5) indicates that the domestic currency depreciation positively affects both intensive and extensive margins (IM and EM). The increase in the IM operates mainly through the channel of prices (75%), whereas the response of quantities is relatively smaller (25%). Similarly, the increase in extensive margins operates through widening of export basket and expansion of firms’ client base within existing markets. These responses however vary widely across products, markets, firms’ exporting experience, exchange rate regimes type and invoicing currency use. Four key policy implications emerge from the thesis. First, reducing trade costs could increase manufacturing exports from high trade cost regions, and the response would be larger in high trade cost sensitive industries. Second, improving access to trade-processing infrastructure could incentivise entry of more firms into exporting and encourage widening of export basket. Third, the unintended effects of response to potential threats to supply chain could offset the trade facilitating aspect of these scanning technologies and further restrict trade flows across national borders. Finally, the policy makers need to be cautious in using domestic currency depreciation as a policy tool to promote the growth of agricultural exports as the trade response might not be commensurate with the level of depreciation.

Topic modelling techniques are used to find the main themes in a collection of documents automatically. This thesis presents effective topic evaluation models to measure the quality of the discovered topics. The proposed techniques use human defined knowledge to solve the problems of evaluating topics in terms of semantic meaning of the topics. The thesis also proposed methods to modelling user interest based on the topic model generated from the user’s documents. The proposed techniques help to measure the quality of the topics and significantly improve the performance of text mining applications.

Evolution is an inevitable phenomenon during the life time of a long-lived software systems due to the dynamic of their working environment. Software systems thus need to evolve to meet the changing demands. A key point of evolution is its uncertainty since it refers to potential future changes to software artifacts such as requirements models. Thus, the selection of evolution-resilient design alternatives for the systems is a significant challenge. This dissertation proposes a framework for modeling evolution and reasoning about it and its uncertainty in requirements models to facilitate the decision making process. The framework provides evolution rules as a means to capture requirements evolution, and a set of evolution metrics to quantify design alternatives of the system. This enables more useful information about to what extent design alternatives could resist to evolution. Thus, it helps decision makers to make strategic moves. Both evolution rules and evolution metrics are backed up with a formal model, which is based on a game-theoretic interpretation, so that it allows a formal semantics understanding of the meaning of the metrics in different scenarios. The proposed framework is supported by a series of algorithms, which automates the calculation of metrics, and a proof-of-concept Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool. The algorithms calculate metric values for each design alternative, and enumerate possible design alternatives with the best metric values, i.e., winner alternatives. The algorithms have been designed to incrementally react to every single change made to requirements models in an efficient way. The proposed framework is evaluated in a series of empirical studies that took place over a year to evaluate the modeling part of the framework. The evaluation studies used scenarios taken from industrial projects in the Air Traffic Management (ATM) domain. The studies involve different types of participants with different expertise in the framework and the domain. The results from the studies show that the modeling approach is effective in capturing the evolution of complex systems. It is reasonably possible for people, if they are supplied with appropriate knowledge (i.e., knowledge of method for domain experts, knowledge of domain for method experts, and knowledge of both domain and method for novices), to build significantly large models, and identify possible ways for these models to evolve. Moreover, the studies show that obviously there is a difference between domain experts, method experts, and students on the “baseline" (initial) model, but when it comes to model the changes with evolution rules, there is no significant difference. The proposed framework is not only applicable to requirements model, but also other system models like risk assessment. The framework has been adapted to deal with evolving risks in long-lived software systems at a high level of abstraction. It thus could work with many existing risk-assessment methods. In summary, the contribution of this dissertation to the early phase of system development should allow system designers to improve the evolution resilience of long-lived systems.

The CARIFORUM States in signing the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Community on the 15the October, 2008 in Bridgetown Barbados have demonstrated a bold step by a group of Small Developing Island States (SIDS) on the trail of the emerging global trade regime because, notwithstanding the levels of economic disparity between the two sides, the Caribbean accepted the unequal nature of the partnership in a pragmatic and constructive sense. The region’s negotiators skilfully used the asymmetry of power dynamics of the European Community and the global trade inertia to craft a deal and carved a way forward for themselves which gave practical application to the realist theory of International relations in the context of international bargaining with domestic constraints. They have illuminated a paradigm shift towards a new era in which small vulnerable developing states can become proactive in order to protect their vital commercial interests. The CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership is one of the most innovative and farreaching Free Trade Agreement ever entered into in the context of North-South relations. So unique and innovative are the arrangements that they now evidenced the new paradigm and a model for future Free Trade Agreement, not just between Europe and the rest of the developing world but, among developing countries themselves. It also has implications for the multilateral system in the context of the Doha Round of negotiation. The research contributes to knowledge by illustrating the application of an adapted combination of the classical co-operative and non- cooperative models of coalition bargaining developed by John Nash and the Thomas Schelling’s model analyzed in the context of Robert Putman’s games theory are very relevant in explaining the Paradigms in Caribbean trade diplomacy and how the regions succeeded in leveraging concessions in negotiating the CARIFORUM–EC Free Trade Agreement. The work places the asymmetric problems of the CARIFORUM States in the context of their need for a specific outcome in light of their national interests and the EC’s desire to negotiate a new trade arrangement in keeping with the demands of its own domestic constituents and their wider international trade agenda. Finally, the work challenges the assertions that the EC in International Trade Negotiations uses its superior negotiating machinery and strength of its markets as secured vehicles to influence and impose its external trade policies on developing countries and further that the ACP States are reactive in character.

This thesis investigates the relationship between multilateral and preferential trade liberalisation, and also provides new empirical insights into the relationship between different trade policy instruments by analysing detailed HS 8-digit tariff and antidumping data. The first chapter provides a general introduction and motivation, as well as a brief outline of the thesis. Chapter two includes a short literature review of the current 'stumbling block' versus 'building block' debate, and introduces the reader to the theoretical and empirical work on external tariff setting in the presence of trade preferences. Chapter two is followed by four self-contained studies, which represent the core of this research project. Using micro-level trade and tariff data, we revisit in Chapter three existing empirical evidence in favour of the 'stumbling block' hypothesis, namely the hypothesis that regionalism discourages multilateral liberalisation. Analysing bound MFN tariff changes agreed upon during the Uruguay Round, Limao and Karacaovali (2008) find that the European Union's trade preferences have prevented larger external tariff cuts and thus represent a 'stumbling block' to global free trade. When considering different definitions of preferentially traded products, sector-level agreements, as well as initial tariff rates, our sensitivity analysis points to less robust support for the hypothesis in a European context.

The aim of the thesis is to clarify concepts regarding the Fair Trade system and to contribute to an objective debate about the viability of the model and its real effects. It analyses history and development of trade; trade institutions and major players, development theories and namely concepts of Free Trade and Fair Trade and the differences between them. It is not fair to blame the market for the poverty and hardships of the poor; but it is also unwise to expect things to be fixed alone. Fair Trade is an alternative; a choice. It must not be taken as something unquestionably beneficial, but it must not be demonized either: a sincere debate is necessary to assess the effectiveness of Fair Trade and other forms of help to combat poverty.

This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-à-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA “creates” or “diverts” trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting “freer” trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an “open trading bloc”. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA’s establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.

This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.

This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to design the extension of tram line no. 12 from the current terminal station Technologicky park to the city district Brno-Medlanky. The tram track is situated on the separate road bed outside the built up urban area. Directional and elevational solution of the track is designed in several variants, after the evaluation the best variant is selected and elaborated. The diploma thesis contains the design of the tram stop and the terminal station with baloon loop, including access paths. Adjustment of the crossed road and the drainage system solution is part of the thesis as well.

Many studies consider the potential for preferential trade agreements (PTAs) to have differing effects on trade. Kohl (2014) and Baier et al. (2019) show that some PTA’s promote trade while the majority of PTAs have no significant effect. Some even lower trade. Why do these differing cases arise? One possibility is that the effects of trade agreements depend on specific provisions – provisions that differ across agreements. Another possibility is the potential for PTAs to impact trade differently depending on the presence of certain bilateral characteristics between trading nations such as physical distance or metaphorical types of distance such as culture or language. In my dissertation, “Heterogeneous Effects of Trade Agreements on Trade,” we explore these two avenues separately.In the first chapter we consider if differences in the prevalence of corruption between members of a PTA make trade agreements more or less effective at boosting trade. Such differences could create more uncertainty that limits the potential for trade even if a trade agreement lowers barriers, implying that such agreements will not boost trade. On the other hand, trade agreements could be most effective in such disparate countries. Not only might trade agreements remove barriers used by corrupt officials to extort firms, but a trade agreement could reduce the uncertainty of operating in a different business environment by establishing rules and regulations. Results in this paper are allowed to differ across several dimensions, including extensive versus intensive margin, whether the exporter or importer is more corrupt, and between South-South and South-North trade. Using a gravity model of trade spanning a panel of countries from 1996 to 2017, we find that PTAs increase trade more along the intensive margin when importing countries are more corrupt but boost trade more along the extensive margin when exporting countries are more corrupt. Results are stronger for trade between South-South (S-S) countries than between North-South (N-S) countries. Chapter two examines how specific provisions within trade agreements – particularly, provisions regarding environmental standards – affect trade between members and non-members. While there is a rising trend to incorporate different types of environmental provisions in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), few studies took explicit steps to assess the trade consequences of environmental provisions in PTAs. This paper employs a gravity model over the period from 1984 to 2016 and uses a new detailed dataset on a broad range of environmental provisions in PTAs to fill the gap in the literature by looking at possible trade diversion effects from trade agreements with deep environmental clauses. We follow Mattoo et al. (2017) and construct an index that captures importers’ average depth of trade agreements with the rest of the world where depth is taken as the extent that environmental provisions are covered. The inclusion of this depth variable allows us to see if any trade diversion effect arises from trade agreements with deep environmental provisions. We specifically focus on exporters with low environmental standards, as those are the countries that are likely to “host” trade in environmentally unsustainable goods. We also differentiate between different types of environmental policies and concentrate on trade in “dirty” products. Our results suggest that environmental provisions in PTAs are an effective tool of promoting environmentally sustainable trade in the world, as these types of policies tend to reduce “dirty” trade even with non-member nations. Finally, the third chapter considers the heterogeneous design of PTA’s more broadly, looking at the trade effects of different policy areas within trade agreements, while differentiating their impact on trade in new product varieties of goods versus trade in existing products. We specifically focus on 18 “core” provisions that Hofmann et al. (2019) mark as most economically relevant policies. We further distinguish three types of policies within the “core” group of provisions, namely: i) provisions that directly liberalize trade through either reduction in tariffs or simplification of standards, ii) policies that enable signatory nations to compete on equal grounds, and iii) provisions that specify the rules of investment. Previous studies that consider the effects of trade agreements on the margins of trade have either focused on the effects of different types of PTAs, rather than specific policies, or used limited data and outdated methodologies. We are contributing to the literature by assessing the impact of different groups of policies on the margins of international trade using a highly disaggregated dataset covering a large number of countries and years. We also employ Factor Analysis to check robustness of our findings using regular count indices. Our results indicate that provisions that tend to reduce barriers to trade through either simplification of standards or reduction in monetary charges tend to increase trade in existing varieties of goods, while the effect of investment provisions is either insignificant or might actually lower trade.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:08:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2912011 bytes, checksum: 6f4105c7e25f3ff57d676e42a2ffada4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-01-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Esta investigación está centrada en la metodología y la tecnología educacional del dibujo técnico, con el objetivo de analizar la necesidade de los estudiantes de los cursos del Área de Construcción Civil del CEFET-PB de adquirir o no, durante el curso, conocimiento de dibujos técnicos a través del método tradicional (TRAD) y del ayudado por la computadora (CAD), buscando su completa formación profesional. Formulan las siguientes hipótesis: 1) la enseñanza del dibujo técnico, que se limita exclusivamente al uso de CAD, limita el aprendizaje; 2) el uso de TRAD en la enseñanza del dibujo técnico facilita el aprendizaje independiente del uso de la computadora. En esa perspectiva, utilizando la investigación bibliográfica describimos el origen y la evolución, del fenómeno dibujo técnico, determinando las características del (TRAD) y del (CAD) utilizados en los cursos Técnico de Construcciones, en la Universidad de Tecnología en la Dirección de Trabajos de Construcciones, y en el Superior de Tecnología en el Plan de Interiores en el área de construcción civil de la institución CEFET PB, se verificase la creatividad existente en el dibujo técnico, y la construcción del dibujo en la educación, todavía se verificándo la institucionalização y estructura de la enseñanza del dibujo y del dibujo técnico en Brasil. Esta investigación permita un análisis documentario de la estructura curricular en los cursos y asignatural del CEFET - PB, centrandose en las asignaturas de contenido totalmente compuesto por el dibujo técnico, así como, limitando los discursos de los discentes del curso de Plan, professores que ministram el dibujo técnico en los cursos del área de construcción civil, y los profesionales que hacen los dibujos técnicos a través de TRAD y CAD, además del análisis de los dibujos desarrollados en las clases de TRAD y en los laboratorios ejecutados en el CAD por los estudiantes y los profesionales expertos. Se concluye la investigación observando el aprendizaje del dibujo técnico está limitado cuando la ensenãnza se limita exclusivamente al CAD. Como también se nota que la enseñanza del dibujo técnico que usa TRAD facilita el aprendizaje independiente del uso del CAD.<br>Esta pesquisa versa sobre a metodologia e a tecnologia educacional do desenho técnico, objetivando-se analisar a necessidade de os alunos dos cursos da Área de Construção Civil do CEFET-PB adquirirem ou não, no decorrer do curso, conhecimentos de desenhos técnicos através do método tradicional (TRAD) e do auxiliado por computador (CAD), visando a sua completa formação profissional. Formulam-se as seguintes hipóteses: 1) o ensino do desenho técnico, que se restringe exclusivamente ao uso do CAD, limita a aprendizagem; 2) o uso do TRAD no ensino do desenho técnico facilita a aprendizagem independente do uso do computador. Nessa perspectiva, utilizando-se pesquisa bibliográfica descreve-se a origem e a evolução, do fenômeno desenho técnico, determinando as características do (TRAD) e do (CAD) utilizados nos cursos Técnico de Edificações, curso Superior de Tecnologia em Gerência de Obras de Edificações, e Superior de Tecnologia em Design de Interiores na área de construção civil da instituição CEFET-PB. Confere-se a criatividade existente no desenho técnico, e constata-se a construção do desenho na educação, verificando-se ainda a institucionalização e estrutura do ensino do desenho e do desenho técnico no Brasil. Consta nesta pesquisa uma análise documental da estrutura curricular dos cursos e disciplinas do CEFET-PB, atendo-se às disciplinas de conteúdos totalmente compostos por desenho técnico, bem como restringindo-se as falas aos discentes do curso de Design, docentes que ministram desenho técnico nos cursos da área de construção civil, e aos profissionais que efetuam desenhos técnicos através do TRAD e do CAD, além da análise dos desenhos desenvolvidos em salas de aula de TRAD e nos laboratórios executados no CAD por alunos e profissionais experientes. Ao se concluir a pesquisa percebe-se que a aprendizagem do desenho técnico fica limitada quando o ensino se restringe exclusivamente ao CAD. Também se percebe que o ensino do desenho técnico utilizando o TRAD facilita a aprendizagem independente do uso do CAD.

Mestrado em Economia Internacional<br>Este trabalho tem como objectivo analisar os desafios da competitividade internacional, colocados pela mudança estrutural nos fluxos de comércio internacional e pela evolução da estrutura de especialização internacional das economias, sendo a análise particularizada para o posicionamento de Portugal face à "Tríade" da economia mundial. Para tal efeito, começamse por aferir os principais contributos e validade, na actual envolvente da economia mundial, dos diversos quadros teóricos explicativos do comércio internacional, sendo em seguida analisado o comércio de natureza intra-ramo, dada a sua importância nas estruturas de comércio internacional, e abordada a questão da competitividade internacional, actualmente alvo de um generalizado interesse. A evolução do padrão de comércio externo português com os principais pólos dinamizadores da economia mundial, é analisada com o objectivo de avaliar as tendências a nível do posicionamento competitivo da economia nacional face à denominada 'Tríade" e para aferir quanto a eventuais tendências de periferização da economia nacional no seio da UE. A análise comparativa das especificidades da estrutura de comércio externo português face à denominada "Tríade" revela um comportamento para Portugal aquém do conjunto das economias consideradas, para além de esboçar uma tendência de divergência face ao padrão evidenciado pela UE. A determinação do tipo de comércio predominante na estrutura de comércio internacional portuguesa, com recurso a diferentes metodologias, permitiu concluir que apesar dos níveis de comércio intra-ramo (CIR) entre Portugal e a UE terem aumentado consideravelmente, os níveis extra-comunitários continuam a ser bastante diminutos, bem como, detectar um claro predomínio do CIR diferenciado verticalmente. A composição do CIR vertical de Portugal com a UE foi avaliada como predominantemente inferior vertical, indiciando desequilíbrios de competitividade entre Portugal e os respectivos parceiros comunitários (apesar do mesmo não ser tão visível no comércio extra-comunitário). Por último, a avaliação do potencial de sustentabilidade competitiva do perfil de especialização internacional da economia nacional revelou uma forte dependência de sectores que assentam na exploração de baixos custos salariais, sendo nítidas as carências da valorização de l&D, diferenciação de produto e economias de escala, e reconhece-se um predomínio de sectores com fraca intensidade tecnológica, o que pode produzir efeitos fracamente dinamizadores dos níveis de competitividade de Portugal no contexto internacional.<br>The major concern of this dissertation is to analyse the challenges of the international competitiveness imposed by the structural change of the international trade flows and by the evolution of the international specialisation pattern of national economies, taking into account the particular case of Portugars competitivo positioning in relation to the "Triad" countries. This dissertation begins by trying to identify the major contributions and validity of international trade theories in today's international competitivo environment. Further, taking into consideration the fact that intra-industry trade clearly constitutes an important segment of international trade, it studies the nature of this phenomenon, and then analyses the process of international competitiveness, which today is an important subject of interest. The analysis of the evolution of the portuguese international trade pattern together with the main driving forces of the world economy is structured in order to evaluate the competitive positioning tendencies of the portuguese economy in comparison with the "Triad" and to estimate possible "peripherysation" tendencies of the portuguese economy within the EU. The evaluation of the characteristics of the portuguese international trade structure compared to the "Triad" revealed Portugars inferior performance and demonstrated a divergent tendency when compared to the EU behaviour. The determination of the predominant nature of trade in the portuguese international trade structure, with the application of different methodologies, allowed to conclude that there was an increase in the Portugal's intra-industry trade (IIT) with the EU, though the importance of the IIT with the extra-EU countries continues to be very low. It has also detected a clear predominance of the vertical IIT and concluded that the vertical IIT with the EU countries is predominantly inferior vertical, which constitutes a scenery that indicates a disadvantageous competitive position for Portugal when compared to the other EU members (nevertheless, this scenery is not very expressive in what concerns the extra-EU trade). Finally, the evaluation of the competitive sustainability potential of the portuguese economy's international specialisation pattern revealed a strong dependency on industries focused in the exploitation of low labour costs, presenting evidence of a meaningful scarcity of industries that promote R&D, product differentiation and economies of scale. It was also identified a clear supremacy of industries with low technology intensity, which can produce strangling effects on the portuguese competitiveness in the international environment.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China have a long history of trading with each other. They are economic partners as well as competitors for many years. In order to push their economic relationship to a higher level, in November 2002, ASEAN and China signed the initial framework agreement, determined on establishing the ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) among the eleven countries by 2010 for the ASEAN-6 (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and by 2015 for the transitional economies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (the CLMV). There are fears that China’s rapid development recently will encourage ASEAN’s exports to flow into its giant domestic market instead of among the members countries. Also the benefits of the Free Trade Agreement are still unclear. The Thesis uses three gravity models and the panel data of 11 countries from 1992 to 2009 to test two hypotheses: trade diversion (that expanded trade with China will reduce intra-trade within ASEAN) and trade creation (that ACFTA will boost up bilateral trade between ASEAN and China).