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Bohingamuwa, Wijerathne. "Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean contacts : internal networks and external connections." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0a4d5520-7bcb-458a-8935-83a131cedb95.
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This study reconceptualises Sri Lanka's external trade and interactions from the middle of the first millennium BC to the early second millennium AD. Unlike earlier analyses, mine draws on the excavated material culture from three port-cum-urban centres - Mantai, Kantharodai and Kirinda - which were linked to major urban complexes, interior resource bases and Indian Ocean maritime networks. The scale and intensity of their external trade and connectivity, crafts and industries varied greatly over time and location. My findings illustrate Sri Lanka's earliest cultural-commercial connections with India from the middle of the first millennium BC. By the beginning of the CE, islanders were trading with the Middle East and the Mediterranean in the west and Southeast Asia and China in the east. The Middle East was a particularly strong connection from about the mid-3rd century. Materials from Southeast Asia and China arrive by the late 7th/8th centuries, with the focus of external trade shifting away from the Middle East to the Far-East around the end of the 10th century, lasting until the 12th/13th centuries and beyond. My findings demonstrate that internal developments in irrigated agriculture, iron technology, crafts, industries and procurement-distribution networks were crucial for external trade and connectivity. Contrary to the traditional view, I identify local agency as an important driving force behind both internal and external trade in ancient Sri Lanka. The island's external connectivity did not depend on a single factor but was based on specific historical realities which were constantly redefined and reformulated in response to the changing dynamics within and outside Sri Lanka.
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Leroy, Pauline. "Contacts et échanges entre Haute-Mésopotamie, Syrie et Levant à l'époque amorrite." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/EDSHS/2019/2019LIL3H032.pdf.
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La thèse a pour objet d’étude les échanges à longue distance sur une vaste région géographique, qui comprend la Haute-Mésopotamie, la Syrie et le Levant, à l’époque amorrite, à partir des corpus de documents suivants : Tell Rimah/Qaṭṭarâ, Tell Leilan/Šubat-Enlil et Tell Chagar Bazar/Ašnakkum en Haute-Mésopotamie ; Tell Hariri/Mari et Tell Bi’a/Tuttul dans la région du Moyen-Euphrate ; Tell Açana/Alalakh, Tell Hazor et Tell Sianu au Levant. Les documents étudiés étant principalement issus d’archives palatiales, le sujet traite des échanges entre cours royales. Ils sont envisagés sous leurs diverses formes : échanges commerciaux et échanges dits de prestige, relevant du système du don et du contre-don, et qui englobent les présents diplomatiques et les dots constituées dans le cadre de mariages dynastiques. Après avoir établi une typologie des produits, des animaux et du personnel spécialisé qui se déplacent, permettant ainsi d’identifier les ressources et les besoins des régions étudiées, nous abordons la question du cadre des échanges, à savoir quels sont les itinéraires empruntés et le rôle joué par les villes-relais ; mais aussi qui sont les acteurs qui interviennent aux différentes étapes de la transaction. Enfin, nous revenons plus précisément sur trois types d’évènements qui engendrent des échanges et des contacts importants : les mariages, les voyages royaux et l’achat de domaines dans des régions étrangèresThis Phd is about the long distance exchanges between Upper Mesopotamia, Syria and Levant in the Old Babylonian Period from the study of different corpus: Tell Rimah/Qaṭṭarâ, Tell Leilan/Šubat-Enlil and Tell Chagar Bazar/Ašnakkum in Upper Mesopotamia, Tell Hariri/Mari and Tell Bi’a/Tuttul in the middle Euphrates region, Tell Açana/Alalakh, Tell Hazor and Tell Sianu in Levant.Since the reviewed documents are from palatial archives, it focuses mainly on the exchanges between royal courts. Our research highlighted different types of exchanges including trade and prestigious exchanges following gift/counter-gift dynamic, diplomatic gifts and dowries in case of marriage between royals.By establishing a typology of products, animals and personnel being exchanged, we managed to identify the resources and needs of each of these regions. In addition to analysing the reasons of these exchanges, the main routes and the role of relay-cities, we also investigated the key actors taking part in every step of the transaction. Finally, we studied three types of events where exchanges and relationships were numerous: weddings; royal travels; and purchase of lands in foreign regions
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Josephson, Hesse Kristina. "Contacts and trade at Late Bronze Age Hazor : aspects of intercultural relationships and identity in the Eastern Mediterranean." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, Umeå universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1816.
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Falck, Anna-Maria. "Seglets introduktion i Skandinavien : En undersökning kring indikationer för seglets uppkomst under bronsåldern." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323844.
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The first image depicted of sail are in Egypt and dated to the late fourth millennium BC. Around the third millennium BC the introduction of sail began in the eastern Mediterranean.Some researchers do not believe that sail have existed in Scandinavia until about 8th century AD. The reason for this is because of the lack of archaeological evidence. The question that may be asked is whether it is reasonable that it took about 3000-3500 years for the sail to getto Scandinavia from the eastern Mediterranean? The purpose of this essay is to examine and describe which indications that are available to support the occurrence of the sail in Scandinavia during the Bronze Age. Indications will be studied in trade contacts, rock art boats, and boat constructions.The study is relevant to gain a greater understanding of the Scandinavia´s movements on the open water, trade contacts and boat construction during the Bronze Age.The result reveals that Scandinavia probably had an indirect contact with areas that used sails. Indications for contact with areas in Europe are shown by imports and exports of amber,metals, artefacts and similarities between rock carvings depicting ships. Some of Scandinavia´s rock art boats seem to show attributes such as mast and sails, but it is difficult to get an understanding by looking at the pictures only. One idea is that a change is required in the keel of the boats for sailing. The result reveals that an alternative to keel may have been double steering oars. From an experimental archaeological survey of Bengtsson & Bengtsson (2011), it seems that Scandinavian Bronze Age boats have managed to get sailed.Den första avbilden av segel finns i Egypten och dateras till ca år 4000 f.Kr. Runt ca år 3000f.Kr. uppkommer segel i östra Medelhavsområdet, Persiska viken och möjligen Indien. I Skandinavien anser en del forskare att segel inte har existerat förrän ca 700 år e.Kr., då inga arkeologiska bevis för mast eller segel förekommer. Frågan som kan ställas är om det är rimligt att seglet har tagit omkring 3000-3500 år att nå Skandinavien från östra Medelhavsområdet? Syftet med studien är att undersöka och redogöra för vilka indikationer som finns för att seglet kan ha förekommit i Skandinavien under bronsåldern. Frågeställningarna har varit: Var Skandinavien i kontakt med områden som nyttjade segel eller hade kunskap om dem under bronsåldern? Vilka belägg finns för att kontakter med områden i Europa harförekommit? Kan hällbilderna från bronsåldern i Skandinavien tolkas ha mast och segel? Vad krävs i en båtkonstruktion för att den skall kunna segla? Har skandinaviska bronsåldersbåtar haft en båtkonstruktion som klarat av segling? Teorin som antagits i föreliggande uppsats har varit Bengtsson & Bengtssons (2011) som antar att segel kan ha uppkommit tidigare i Skandinavien, möjligtvis redan under bronsåldern. Studien utfördes genom en litteraturöversikt och metoden var empirisk och komperativ då forskares åsikter, antaganden och resultat från deras undersökningar jämfördes och presenterades utifrån frågeställningarnai analysen. En avgränsning har funnits genom att undersökningen främst berört områden därmast och segel kan tolkas ha förekommit samt på platser där tidigare forskning behandlat Skandinaviens hällristningar. Ytterligare avgränsning har funnits genom att en ingåendebeskrivning av hur båtkonstruktionen hos bronsåldersbåtarna såg ut, ej har angivits i detalj, utan i stället har de funktioner som ansetts viktiga för en möjlig introduktion av segel i Skandinavien främst undersökts. Resultatet visar utifrån analysen och diskussionen kring frågeställningarna att indikationerframkommer för att möjligheten finns för att segel förekom i Skandinavien under bronsåldern.
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Josephson, Hesse Kristina. "LATE BRONZE AGE MARITIME TRADE IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: AN INLAND LEVANTINE PERSPECTIVE." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-124045.
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This paper emphasizes the nature of trade relations in the EasternMediterranean in general and from a Levantine inland perspective inparticular. The ‘maritime’ trade relation of the ancient city of Hazor, located in the interior of LB Canaan is a case study investigating the Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery on the site. The influx of these vessels peaked during LB IIA. The distribution and types of this pottery at Hazorpoint to four interested groups that wanted it. These were the royal andreligious elites; the people in Area F; the religious functionaries of theLower City; and the craftsmen of Area C. The abundance of imports inArea F, among other evidence, indicates that this area might havecontained a trading quarter from where the imports were distributed toother interested groups.A model of ‘interregional interaction networks’, which is a modified world systems approach, is used to describe the organization of trade connections between the Levant, Cyprus and the Aegean and even beyond. The contents of the Ulu Burun and Cape Gelidonya ships, wrecked on the coast of south Turkey, show that luxury items were traded from afar through Canaan via the coastal cities overseas to the Aegean.Such long-distance trade with luxury goods requires professional traders familiar with the risks and security measures along the routes and with the knowledge of value systems and languages of diverse societies. These traders established networks along main trade routes and settled in trading quarters in particular node cities. The paper suggests that Hazor, as one of the largest cities in Canaan, located along the main trade routes, possessed such a node position. In this trade the Levantine coastal cities of Sarepta, Abu Hawam,Akko and possibly Tel Nami seem to have played important roles. These main ports of southern Syria and northern Palestine were all accessible to Hazor, although some of them in different periods of LB.
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Pydyn, Andrzej. "The social and cultural impact of exchange, trade and interregional contacts in the transition from the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age in central Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363733.
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Palisson, Aurore. "Rôles des contacts entre bovins dans la circulation d’agents infectieux. Importance respective du commerce et du pâturage pour la tuberculose bovine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS538/document.
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Bien que la France soit reconnue indemne de tuberculose bovine (TB) par l’Union Européenne depuis 2001, une centaine de nouveaux foyers sont déclarés chaque année. Deux des principaux mécanismes de propagation de l’infection entre troupeaux bovins sont l’introduction d’animaux infectés et les contacts au pâturage. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de quantifier les rôles respectifs des échanges commerciaux de bovins et des contacts au pâturage « par-dessus la clôture » dans la circulation de la TB en France entre 2005 et 2014. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des méthodes d’analyse de réseaux sociaux et de modélisation dynamique. Nos analyses ont montré que les contacts par le commerce étaient une origine probable pour 12% [5 - 18] des infections déclarées en France entre 2005 et 2014, contre 73% [68 - 78] pour la transmission locale. Cependant, nous avons pu observer que les contacts par le commerce permettaient à l’infection de coloniser de nouvelles zones. Puis nous nous sommes intéressés au risque structurel du réseau du pâturage. À partir d’une exploitation donnée, il était possible d’atteindre quasiment toutes les autres exploitations du territoire métropolitain. Il semble donc facile pour l’agent de la TB de se propager par les contacts de voisinage au pâturage. Enfin, afin de reconstituer la propagation de la TB en France entre 2005 et 2014, nous avons développé un modèle dynamique stochastique individu-centré, dirigé par les données et avec un pas de temps mensuel. Ce modèle reproduit une dynamique intra- et inter-élevages de l’infection, avec une transmission de l’infection entre élevages par le commerce et au pâturage. Il a permis de confirmer la facilité de propagation de l’infection via les contacts au pâturage. En conclusion, les mécanismes de propagation de la TB sont complémentaires : le commerce permet une diffusion sur de longues distances et le pâturage facilite la propagation locale. Le dispositif de lutte contre la tuberculose bovine doit donc s’appuyer combiner les mesures de contrôle afin de cibler plusieurs mécanismes de propagationAlthough France was declared free of bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) by the European Union in 2001, a hundred of outbreaks are reported every year. Cattle movements and contacts on pastures are considered the main between-herd transmission routes of bTB. The aim of this work was to quantify the respective roles of live cattle trade and “over the fence” contacts on pastures in the spread of bTB in France between 2005 and 2014, using social network analysis and dynamic modelling. Results showed that cattle movements may be the origin of 12% [5 - 18] of the French outbreaks between 2005 and 2014, versus 73% [68 - 78] due to the transmission on pasture. However, cattle movements appeared to allow the introduction of the bacteria into new areas. In a second step, the structural risk resulting from the French pasture network was studied. Almost all of the premises owning pastures were mutually connected by pastures neighbourhood relationships, on the territory. Thus, the spatial configuration of pastures appeared favourable to the spread of bTB in France. Finally, to mimic the spread of the infection in France between 2005 and 2014, a stochastic individual-based model was developed. It was driven by the data with a monthly time step. This model reproduced the within- and between-herd dynamic, with a between-herd transmission due to cattle movements and contacts on pastures. The easy spread of the bacteria through the network of French pastures was confirmed using the model. In conclusion, cattle movements and contacts on pastures are complementary paths for bTB spread: cattle movements allow the long-range spread, whereas contacts on pasture make easier the short-range spread. Hence, control programs must target several routes of transmission to be able to eradicate bTB
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Pydyn, Andrzej. "Exchange and cultural interactions : a study of long-distance trade and cross-cultural contacts in the late Bronze Age and early iron Age in Central and Eastern Europe /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37199814f.
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Soulat, Jean. "Les contacts transmanche aux Ve-VIIe siècles à travers la présence du mobilier de type mérovingien dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010699.
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Ce doctorat propose d’étudier les contacts transmanche à travers du mobilier de type mérovingien, provenant essentiellement de nécropoles, et rencontrés dans le sud-est de l’Angleterre entre le Ve et le VIIe siècle apr. J.-C. L’aire géographique ciblée se focalise sur le couloir transmanche intégrant ainsi le sud-est de l’Angleterre (Essex, Kent, Sussex, Hampshire et île-de-Wright) et le nord de la France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Picardie et Normandie). A la suite d’une historiographie du thème abordé, nous nous attacherons à comprendre comment et pourquoi du mobilier archéologique de type mérovingien, c’est-à-dire propres aux assemblages mobiliers de la Gaule des Ve-VIIe siècles, se retrouve dans les contextes funéraires anglo-saxons. Quelles problématiques pouvons-nous développer ? Quelles causes et conclusions pouvons-nous en tirer ? Oui, la présence de ce mobilier dit « exogène » est liée aux contacts transmanche, mais de quelles natures sont-ils ? s’agit-il d’échange, de commerce, de lien politique et/ou diplomatique, de migration, de circulation de personnes ? À travers la présence de ce mobilier funéraire et des témoignages qui montrent la circulation de ces objets, le but de ce doctorat est d’attester que cet espace maritime ne constitue pas une barrière naturelle empêchant les populations et les échanges qui interagissent mais permet plutôt de créer une zone privilégiée du commerce où s’entremêlent différentes cultures au cours du premier Moyen Âge. Le couloir transmanche est avant tout une zone maritime stratégique, pont entre le monde insulaire et le continentThis PhD proposes to study the Channel contacts through the study of the Merovingian grave-goods, mainly from cemeteries and found in south-east England between the fifth and seventh century AD. Geographical area focuses on the Channel corridor and integrating the southeast of England (Essex, Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and Isle-of-Wright) and northern France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Picardy and Normandy). Following a historiography of the topic discussed, we will endeavor to understand how and why Merovingian artifacts, specific to movable assemblies of Gaul in the fifth-seventh centuries, is found in the Anglo-Saxon funerary contexts. What issues can we develop ? What causes and conclusions can we draw ? Yes, the presence of this grave-goods called “exogenous” is linked to Channel contacts, but what kinds are they ? Is this exchange, trade, political ties and/or diplomatic, migration, movement of people ? Through the presence of the grave goods and testimonies that show the movement of these projects, the aim of this PhD is to certify that this maritime area is not a natural barrier preventing people who interact and exchanges but rather allows create a privileged area of trade where different cultures intermingle in the first Middle Ages. The Channel is primarly a strategic maritime area bridge between England and the continental area
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Johansson, Jeaneth. "Direct contacts between financial analysts and traded companies." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell Ekonomi, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18509.
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Mehdi, Ibrahim. "Från Ugarit till Uppland : En studie om kontakter mellan Skandinavien och Medelhavsvärlden under den skandinaviska bronsåldern." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385530.
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This thesis studies the contacts between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean area during the Scandinavian Bronze Age. These contacts have been the topic of controversy for a long time as one side of the debate believes in direct contacts between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean area, and the other side believes that contacts between the two areas could only have been by down the line trading contacts. This thesis then aims to see what evidence there is that the contacts would have been direct or otherwise. This is done by studying the archaeological evidence as well as the pictographic depictions on rock art in Scandinavia and painted pottery from the Mediterranean area, as well as ships and ship technology to understand if Scandinavian ships would have been able to travel to the Mediterranean in the first place. Further, this thesis also studies the urn burials introduced to Scandinavia during the Bronze Age from northern Italy to see the spreading of ideas, as well as isotope analysis of bronze from Sweden and Denmark together with strontium analysis of Bronze Age individuals to form a complete picture about these contacts and how they took place.
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Ito, Alec Ichiro. "Uma \'tão pesada cruz\': o governo da Angola portuguesa nos séculos XVI e XVII na perspectiva de Fernão de Sousa (1624-1630)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-03112016-152529/.
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Exercitando um escopo de análise histórico e eclético, a presente dissertação versará sobre o funcionamento de um sistema administrativo misto, arquitetado no formato de nodos interconectados, ou apenas rede, em prol da manutenção de um espaço jurisdicional ultramarino. Nessa empreitada, seremos guiados por duas traves-mestras: a primeira é o interesse nos fenômenos advindos dos contatos intersociais, a segunda é a análise perscrutada da documentação inserida nas Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVII, organizadas por Beatrix Heintze. Problematizando algumas das situações coetâneas pelas quais passavam a expansão portuguesa na África Centro-Ocidental, bem como nos debruçando sobre algumas das indagações levantadas por uma historiografia recente, defenderemos que havia uma série de movimentos ambivalentes e ambíguos no que tangia ao governo do domínio ultramarino da Angola portuguesa. Sucintamente, chamaremos atenção para a importância dos procedimentos e resoluções políticoadministrativas adotados naquele domínio, analisando as maneiras de arregimentação e condução de uma máquina de guerra portuguesa, destacando a importância da participação política de atores e sujeitos centro-africanos nos rumos políticos das chamadas conquistas e abordando as relações institucionais e econômicas entre Luanda e os entrepostos portugueses instalados no interior. Por excelência, as hierarquias internas e os contatos sociais e políticos luso-africanos foram gestados em um ambiente conflituoso, entrecortado por tensões sociais, atritos institucionais e embates políticos. Em ultima instância, concluiremos que ocorriam justaposições e aglutinações entre as formas de dominação e intermediação que faziam parte do funcionamento político e institucional da Angola portuguesa, contanto que duas precondições fossem atendidas: o engrandecimento da exploração economia através do tráfico transatlântico e a penetração institucional e política do continente.Considering an eclectic and historical scope of analysis, this dissertation will argue about the execution of a mixed administrative system, based on institutional nodes interconnected in a form of network system, operated on the behalf of an overseas jurisdictional space. Our efforts will be engaged with two mainstreams: the first is our interest in the phenomena related with some inter-social contacts, the second is the analytical research of the Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVIIs documentation, organized by Beatrix Heintze. Casting some questions related to the different situations concerned with the Portuguese Expansion in the West Central Africa, as well as reflecting some inquiries posed by the recent historiography, here we stand for a settle of ambivalent and ambiguous series of movements emerged from the Portuguese Angolas overseas domain, calling up for the importance of some political and institutional forms of proceedings. They were all managed in order to resolve some issues related with the Portuguese Angola, paying attention to the recruitment and mobilizations of the Portuguese war machine, elucidating how the local political actors interacted with the conquistas and how was carried out the institutional and economical relations between Luanda and the interior entrepôts. All the internal hierarchies and luso-african contacts was settled down in a conflictive environment, crossed through social tensions, institutional frictions and political shocks. Finally, we conclude that some forms of domination and intermediation in the Portuguese Angola were sustained by a correlation between juxtapositions and agglutinations, but only if two demands were attended: the enlargement of the economical exploitation through the transatlantic slave trade and the institutional and political penetration of the African continent.
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Saitowitz, Sharma Jeanette. "Glass beads as indicators of contact and trade in Southern Africa ca. AD 900 - AD 1250." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19418.
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Luxury goods, used in mediaeval long distance trade ca. AD 900-1250, found an important market among the Iron Age peoples of southern Africa. Indirect evidence of this trade can be seen in the form of archaeological collections of glass beads at sites throughout Africa and Southeast Asia. Thousands of beads have been found at Iron Age sites in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld and at inland sites along the Limpopo Valley and in Botswana. Similar looking types of beads, referred to as small seed beads, were also used in the Muslim mercantile networks and maritime trade in the Indian Ocean, and have been found at coeval sites throughout Southeast Asia, particularly at entrepot ports in India, eastern and western Malaysia and Thailand. At the commencement of the Iron Age occupation of southern African sites, glass beads of any kind were very rare. From ca. AD 900-1000, Islamic influences spread southward along the African east coast. This coincided with the marked increase of glass beads found in southern Africa. Their presence is direct evidence of foreign industry, external trade and contact. The beads are widely believed to have originated in India, and to have been distributed through Arab traders in the Indian Ocean. Exports would have included gold, possibly ivory, and other raw materials. Archaeology has much to contribute towards documenting these activities. The identity and location of the bead sources is important to an understanding of early contact and economic and political developments in southern Africa. The trade connection coincided with the beginning of a critical sequence of events in the cultural history of southern Africa, which culminated in the formation of an incipient state at Great Zimbabwe (AD 1250-1450) from precursors at Mapungubwe and related sites. This period corresponds in time with an important episode in Islamic history, when Muslims conquered Egypt and the Fatimids moved their capital eastwards, in AD 969, from Tunisia to al-Qahira (Cairo) next to the well-established cosmopolitan port entrepot of al- Fustat (now old Cairo). Texts, chronicles, glass weights, scribal notes and receipts confirm that it was already a successful industrial centre with a history of glass-making when the Fatimids gained control of Egypt. In this thesis I have addressed two aspects of research to investigate the trade networks associated with internal and foreign contact: (1) the manufacturing origins of the beads, and, (2) who brought them to southern Africa. Glass material from Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Southeast Asia was used for comparison, and as possible source material. Scientific techniques were used to confirm these operations. The beads were described, classified, and sampled selectively for physical and chemical analysis. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to determine the rare earth elements (REE) composition. The results show that a particular glass, used to make beads in Egypt, is the same as that used to make some of the beads found at sites in the northern and eastern Transvaal. They document the existence of a trade link with the Mediterranean via the Red Sea 1000 years ago. Until now, both the origin of this contact and the extent of indigenous responses were largely unknown. These findings cast a different light on maritime trade along the east coast of Africa from a millennium ago.
Bibliography: pages 175-190.
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Crull, Donald Scott. "The economy and archaeology of European-made glass beads and manufactured goods used in first contact situations in Oregon, California and Washington." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3460/.
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This thesis examines the role played by European-made glass beads and other manufactured goods in first contact of Europeans with Native American Indian populations in Oregon, California and Washington. Utilising both the historical and archaeological record, the activities of the Spanish in Alta California, the Russians in Northern California, the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Pacific Northwest Coast companies are examined, highlighting their use of beads in gift giving and exchange with the Indians. The sources of the large volume of glass beads are presented and their method of manufacture discussed. The way In which different European nationalities and organisations progressed geographically and in the intensity of their interactions with the native populations is reflected in the archaeological assemblages, whilst processes of exchange and the use of trinkets such as beads in subjugation and pacification are clarified by study of the historical sources. Different European groups used such materials through the mission system, by pacification of groups to ensure access and safe passage and by the fur companies use of the beads as items of exchange for pelts of otters and other animals. The native Indian groups showed different preferences for specific coloured beads which then became part of their own wealth base and exchange system. The effects of such transactions, whether used deliberately as a form of subjugation or inadvertently as barter items, was to transform the economic systems of the native populations and specifically the way In which conspicuous consumption was carried out in potlatch ceremonies. The effect of both the introduction of new material items and the novel form of economic transactions bolstered other effects of the Europeans which transformed Native American cosmology and society permanently.
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Schreibweis, Michael. "Essays on collusive agreements and monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/146252.
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The thesis deals with monitoring strategies designed to implement self-enforcing collusive agreements when individual choices remain hidden and firms use public information stemming from different sources. With imperfect public monitoring, market linkage allows exploiting slack enforcement power but also affects the precision of monitoring and the incidence of equilibrium punishment. The first two chapters focus on multimarket contact and information generated independently in distinct markets. Linkage becomes relevant even if the two markets are identical and may have pernicious effects. In heterogeneous markets, production quotas in each market can be preferable to market sharing agreements even if they imply productive efficiency losses. In the third chapter, firms interact in a single market and get information of varying degrees of precision at different frequencies. The combination of information enhances monitoring and makes collusion immune to a resolution of uncertainty and to aggregate fluctuations.La tesi analitza estratègies de supervisió que permeten mantenir acords col•lusoris de consentiment tàcit quan les decisions individuals no són observables i les empreses recorren a informació pública de diverses fonts. Amb supervisió imperfecta, la vinculació de mercats permet relaxar restriccions d'incentius, però també afecta la precisió de la supervisió i la penalització necessària a l'equilibri. Els dos primers capítols es centren en contactes multi-mercat i en informació generada independentment en mercats diferents. La vinculació esdevé rellevant també en el cas de mercats idèntics i pot tenir efectes perniciosos. Amb mercats heterogenis, quotes de producció en cada mercat poden ser preferibles a acords que assignen mercats sencers encara que les quotes impliquin pèrdues d'eficiència productiva. En el tercer capítol, les empreses interactuen en un mercat únic i disposen, de manera irregular, d'informació de graus de precisió diferent. La combinació d'informació millora la supervisió i immunitza la col•lusió davant d'una possible resolució d'incertesa i de fluctuacions agregades.
La tesis analiza estrategias de supervisión que permiten mantener acuerdos colusorios de consentimiento tácito cuando las decisiones individuales no son observables y las empresas recurren a información pública de diversas fuentes. Con supervisión imperfecta, la vinculación de mercados permite relajar restricciones de incentivos, pero también afecta la precisión de la supervisión y la penalización necesaria en el equilibrio. Los dos primeros capítulos se centran en contactos multi- mercado y en información generada independientemente en mercados diferentes. La vinculación se hace relevante también en el caso de mercados idénticos y puede tener efectos perniciosos. Con mercados heterogéneos, cuotas de producción en cada mercado pueden ser preferibles a acuerdos que asignan mercados enteros aunque las cuotas impliquen pérdidas de eficiencia productiva. En el tercer capítulo, las empresas interactúan en un mercado único y disponen, de forma irregular, de información de grados de precisión diferente. La combinación de información mejora la supervisión e inmuniza la colusión ante una posible resolución de incertidumbre y de fluctuaciones agregadas.
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Newby-Rose, Heidi. "Fanakalo as a trade language in Kwazulu-Natal." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18083.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the use of the pidgin Fanakalo as a trade language in rural
KwaZulu-Natal: its birth under certain historical circumstances; its spread; its
apparent growth, post-1990, as new immigrants continue to enter the country and
acquire and use Fanakalo out of expediency; and the reasons why Fanakalo
continues to thrive in certain contexts. It focuses specifically on similarities between
the relations between Gujarati traders and their customers in the 19th century and
the relations that exist between Gujarati and Pakistani traders and their Zuluspeaking
customers today. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured
interviews with nine Gujarati traders – two born in South Africa and the others
recent immigrants – five Pakistani traders and ten Zulu speakers, of which two were
employees of traders while the others were customers. The results of the data
analysis suggest the principles of expediency and non-intimacy may provide a space
where Fanakalo can continue to flourish. Pidgins are a neglected element in the
study of intercultural communication and the study endeavours to provide pointers
for further research in this field.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van die kontaktaal Fanakalo as ‘n handelstaal in nie-stedelike KwaZulu-Natal: die ontstaan daarvan onder sekere historiese omstandighede; die verspreiding daarvan; die waarskynlike groei daarvan, na 1990 met die arrivering van nuwe immigrante wat Fanakalo aanleer en gebruik uit gerief; en die redes waarom Fanakalo voortbestaan en floreer in sekere kontekste. Die spesifieke fokus is die soortgelyke verhoudinge tussen Gujarati-handelaars en hulle klante in die negentiende eeu, en tussen Gujarati- en Pakistani-handelaars en hulle Zoeloesprekende klante vandag. Inligting is hoofsaaklik deur semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude ingewin met nege Gujarati-handelaars – twee in Suid-Afrika gebore en die ander onlangse immigrante – vyf Pakistani-handelaars en tien Zoeloesprekendes, waarvan twee werknemers van handelaars en agt klante was. ‘n Analise van die gegewens dui daarop dat die beginsels van gerief of doelmatigheid, en ongemeensaamheid ‘n ruimte mag skep waarin Fanakalo sal voortbestaan. Die studie van kontaktale behoort meer aandag te geniet in die veld van interkulturele kommunikasie, en hierdie tesis poog om ‘n bydrae daartoe te lewer.
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Bernardo, Susana Sarmento. "O contacto pele-a-pele como estratégia promotora da vinculação da tríade no bloco de partos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16333.
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Mestrado, Enfermagem Saúde Materna e Obstetrícia, 2014, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de LisboaA gravidez é um processo fisiológico e natural, em que ocorrem várias modificações físicas e psicológicas comuns à transição para a parentalidade. Segundo Meleis, o EESMOG deve conhecer a mulher, a sua gravidez, a forma como a mesma a vivencia, para poder atuar em conformidade, permitindo à mulher ultrapassar esta transição da forma mais saudável possível. A relação de vinculação desenvolve-se progressivamente, havendo uma busca de conforto, de apoio e de proteção, vital para a sobrevivência. A manutenção do contacto pele-a-pele logo após o parto é de extrema importância para a relação de vinculação, assegurando-se assim a sua solidificação. O contacto pele-a-pele deve ser iniciado o mais precocemente possível (de preferência antes da avaliação do segundo Apgar) e continuado após o final do primeiro aleitamento materno para promover a autorregulação da criança, facilitar a adaptação à vida extra-uterina e facilitar uma correta transição para a parentalidade. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se no aprofundamento de conceitos chave e na mrealização de uma RSL com a questão PI[C]O: “Como sensibilizar os enfermeiros para a realização do contacto pele-a-pele imediato sem interrupção?”. Os objetivos passavam por sensibilizar os enfermeiros do serviço bloco de partos para a realização do contacto pele-a-pele imediatamente após o parto e também para a prestação dos primeiros cuidados ao RN em contacto pele-a-pele. Para que isso fosse possível sugeri a realização de uma norma interna, realizei 2 posters para a promoção do contacto pele-a-pele e duas sessões de formação para os enfermeiros do bloco de partos, nas quais apliquei um questionário aos mesmos sobre o contacto pele-a-pele. Por limitações de ordem temporal, não pude avaliar as estratégias aplicadas mas, no entanto, segundo o questionário aplicado, todos os enfermeiros reconhecem a importância e benefícios do contacto pele-a-pele imediato e, à exceção de um indivíduo, todos os enfermeiros equacionam utilizá-lo no dia-a-dia.
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Martinez-Soto, Eduan E. "Understanding the Role of Health Care Workers in a Trade-off Model between Contact and Transmission for Ebola Virus Disease." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1467993935.
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Rouby, Corinne. "Modélisation du contact bille-papier, de l'écoulement d'encre dans un systèmed 'écriture et simulation de la trace." Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENPC0833.
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Guéna, Pauline. "Entre Venise et l’Empire ottoman : administrer le contact en Méditerranée (1453-1517)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL087.
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De la prise de Constantinople en 1453 à la conquête ottomane des territoires mamelouks en 1517, l’ordre géopolitique de la Méditerranée orientale connaît une reconfiguration rapide. Face à l’expansion ottomane accélérée dans le sud des Balkans, le Stato da Mar vénitien se renforce et croît légèrement. Il en résulte la constitution de frontières et de zones de contact nombreuses entre ces deux puissances inégales mais que réunissent des intérêts économiques ainsi que le souci politique d’administrer des provinces voisines. Étudier les contacts entre ces deux puissances dans ces décennies de transition ne signifie donc pas observer les rapports entre des blocs politiques homogènes, mais au contraire comprendre comment s’organisent les échanges et les circulations entre des territoires où l’autorité impériale s’exerce de façon différenciée.Cette recherche navigue entre capitales et provinces. De la Dalmatie jusqu’à l’est de la mer Égée, on repère en effet des formes de diplomatie frontalière, permises par la relative autonomie des autorités et des sociétés locales, ainsi que l’existence de stratégies pour s’adapter à la présence croissante des marchands ottomans. Derrière les promesses des capitulations se dessine ainsi une histoire politique et sociale des contacts dont la gestion se met en place à différentes échelles, par un système de co-administration appelé à une certaine pérennité, ce qui permet d’évaluer à quel point les connexions impériales transforment aussi les sociétés qu’elles concernentFrom the capture of Constantinople in 1453 to the Ottoman conquest of Mamluk territories in 1517, the geopolitical order of the Eastern Mediterranean was quickly reconfigurated. Facing the accelerated Ottoman expansion in the South Balkans, Venice consolidated its power on the Stato da Mar and slightly extended its maritimes territories. As a result, large borders and contact zones were created between these two unequal powers who nonetheless shared economic interests as well as a political concerns for governing provinces often in neighbouring positions. Studying the contacts between these two powers in the years of transition is not a monolithic attempt to examine the relations between two homogeneous political bodies, but rather to understand how exchanges and circulations worked between territories where Imperial authority was unequally effective on the ground.This research navigates between the capital-cities and the provinces. The various forms of border diplomacy spread from Dalmatia to the East of the Aegean were enabled by the relative autonomy of local authorities and societies, while institutions were also adapting to the growing presence of Ottoman merchants. Behind the promises of the peace treaties emerges therefore a political and social history of contacts governed simultaneously at several levels, which fostered a long-lasting system of co-administration. This leads us to examine to what point Imperial connexions had an impact on the very societies they connected
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Feltrim, Fernanda. "Resistência à tração de um plástico mole em contato com lixiviado de RSU ao longo do tempo." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1823.
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CAPESA produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) aumenta a cada dia em razão da associação de uma série de fatores, tais como crescimento da população, aumento do poder aquisitivo, facilidade de acesso aos bens de consumo, etc. Em consequência, o gerenciamento e a disposição final tornaram-se um grande problema a ser encarado onde, atualmente, um dos principais meios de destinação final dos RSU é o aterro sanitário. Otimizar sua vida útil devido à ausência de terrenos adequados para este fim, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos, e exigências mais rígidas de órgãos controladores e reguladores, tornou-se um dos principais focos dos gestores tanto municipais quanto estaduais. Uma das formas de melhorar o aproveitamento das áreas de disposição de RSU é o aumento da altura do aterro, porém, se não for realizado de forma correta pode ocasionar danos significativos para o meio ambiente e para a sociedade. A presença de materiais com propriedades semelhantes às fibras existentes na massa de resíduos sólidos, como plásticos e têxteis, promovem um acréscimo na resistência ao cisalhamento da massa de RSU depositada em aterros, porém, esses materiais vão sofrendo decomposição e alterando suas propriedades e, consequentemente, podendo ocasionar mudanças na resistência ao cisalhamento ao longo do tempo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência do lixiviado na resistência à força de tração do plástico mole e como objetivos específicos avaliar a influência largura, distância entre as distância entre as ancoragens e taxa de carregamento, nas trações resultantes; verificar se há variação do pH, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo total presentes no lixiviado, ao longo do tempo e avaliar a estrutura e componentes do plástico mole com e sem imersão no lixiviado. Foram utilizadas sacolas plásticas de supermercado, cortadas em tiras de 0,5 e 1,0 cm de largura, estas ficaram em contato com o lixiviado coletado em um aterro sanitário da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR, e em seguida foram submetidas aos ensaios de força de tração, a cada quinze dias, variando a distância entre as ancoragens (0 cm, 7 cm e 21 cm) e a taxa de carregamento de ensaio (1 mm.min-1 e 4 mm.min-1). O estudo permitiu verificar que os ensaios realizados com largura de 1 cm resultaram em força de tração superior àquelas realizadas com largura de 0,5 cm. A distância entre as ancoragens e taxa de carregamento de ensaio interferem significativamente nos valores de força de tração obtidos, sendo que ensaios realizados com taxa de carregamento de 4 mm.min-1 resultaram em força de tração superior. Quando se leva em consideração o tempo de contato, não foi possível chegar a uma conclusão definitiva, pois o tempo de contato foi relativamente pequeno. Com a análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) foi possível verificar que há deposição de sólidos nas tiras plásticas após imersão no lixiviado e que há deposição de diferentes componentes químicos nas tiras plásticas como o alumínio, por exemplo.
The production of municipal solid waste (MSW) increases every day because of the association of a number of factors such as population growth, increased purchasing power, facility of access to consumer goods, etc. Consequently, the management and disposal have become a major problem to be faced where currently one of the main means of disposal of MSW is the landfill. Optimize its useful life due to ausence of suitable land for this purpose, especially in large urban centers, exigencies stricter controllers and regulators; it has become a major focus of both municipal and state managers. One way to improve the use of MSW disposal sites is increasing embankment height, but if not done properly can cause significant damage to the environment and society. The presence of materials with similar properties to existing fibers in the mass of solid waste such as plastics and textiles, promote an increase in mass of the shear strength of MSW landfill, but these materials are undergoing decomposition and changing its properties, consequently, may cause changes in shear strength over time. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the influence of the leachate on the tensile strength of the soft plastic and specific objectives to assess the width, distance between anchors and speed the resulting pulls, check for variation of pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), alkalinity, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, nitrogen and total phosphorus present in the leachate over time and to assess the structure and the soft plastic components with and without immersion in the leachate. Plastics grocery bags, cut into 0.5 to 1.0 cm wide strips were used. These were in contact with leachate collected in a landfill in the metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR, and then were sub- jected to tensile tests, every fifteen days, varying the distance between the anchors (0 cm, 7cm and 21 cm ) and the test speed (1 mm.min-1 and 4 mm.min-1) .The study showed that the tests performed with a width of 1 cm resulted in those made with superior traction width of 0.5 cm. The distance between the anchors and speed of test interfere significantly in tensile values, and tests performed at a speed of 4 mm.min-1 resulted in superior traction. When taking into account the contact time was not possible to reach a definitive conclusion as contact time was relatively low. With the analysis of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were unable to verify that there is deposition of solids in the plastic strips and that there are different chemical components present in the solid aluminum, for example.
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Davidson, Matthew J. "Interaction on the Frontier of the 16th-17th Century World Economy: Late Fort Ancient Hide Production and Exchange at the Hardin Site, Greenup County, Kentucky." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/20.
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This study assesses the organization and intensity of hide processing from sequential occupations at the Late Fort Ancient (A.D. 1400-1680) Hardin Site located in the central Ohio Valley. Historical and archaeological sources were drawn on to develop expectations for production intensification: 1) an increase in production tool quantity, 2) an increase in production debris quantity, and 3) an increase in tool utilization intensity. Many Native groups situated on the periphery of early European colonies intensified hide production to meet demand generated by an emerging global trade in hides. As this economic activity intensified in the 16th and 17th centuries it incorporated and ever greater network of native communities. By documenting production intensification at the Hardin Site, this study evaluates the degree to which global markets incorporated regions beyond the colonial periphery before A.D. 1680. This study also examines the social dimensions of economic activity by asking who processed hides, who may have benefited from the products of this labor, and whether or not either of these were influenced by participation in the tumultuous interaction sphere of the eastern North American Contact Period.
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Traore, Issiaka. "Etude et caractérisation des fonctions de réponse des détecteurs solides de traces nucléaires : applications à la dosimétrie radon et neutron." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067060.
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Cette thèse a été préparée en cotutelle entre l'Université de Strasbourg et l'Université des SciencesTechniques et Technologies de Bamako (Mali). Elle s'articule principalement autour de la caractérisation des Détecteurs Solides de Traces Nucléaires (DSTN) afin de les utiliser pour la métrologie du radon et des neutrons conformément aux nouvelles recommandations de la Commission Internationale de Protection Radiologique (CIPR-103). Les fonctions de réponse de PN3 et Neutrak, associés avec des convertisseurs adaptés, ont été étudiés en les irradiant par des neutrons du calibrateur Am-Be de l'IPHC (Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien), aux protons de 1 à 3 MeV de l'accélérateur Van de Graaff de l'INESS (INstitut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes) et par des neutrons de référence thermiques et rapides auprès des installations de l'IRSN (Institut de Radiologie et de Sûreté Nucléaire). En dosimétrie neutronique, nous avons pu reproduire les résultats d'un test d'intercomparaison pour des neutrons rapides organisé par l'IRSN qui a validé nos mesures expérimentales, ce qui a permis de les appliquer aux neutrons thermiques. Un prototype de dosimètre neutrons basé sur la détection des thermiques a été testé avec succès au calibrateur de l'IPHC. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer la faisabilité d'un dosimètre pouvant discriminer la contribution des neutrons thermiques des neutrons rapides par des convertisseurs chargés en bore BE10 et BN1. Les étalonnages de PN3 par des protons et des particules alpha permettraient de reconstituer le spectre en énergie des neutrons et de déterminer la dose associée.En métrologie radon, l'étalonnage de CR-39 dans une chambre à 222Rn a fourni une valeur de 0,12±0,02tr.cm-2.j-1.Bq-1.m3. Elle a été comparée à la valeur 0,13 tr.cm-2.j-1.Bq-1.m3 obtenue par simulation Monte Carlo à l'aide du code MCNPX. Comme application, la concentration et la dose effective annuelle du radon ont été déterminées pour la première fois dans des habitats de Bamako. Toutes les valeurs obtenues se trouvent dans les limites de sécurité recommandées par la CIPR. Également pour la première fois, des mesures par spectrométrie gamma et par contact radiographie ont été réalisées sur des échantillons de sol malien. Les activités massiques mesurées pour les régions de Ségou, Sikasso, Bamako et Kayes se trouvent dans la gamme de 19,9 à 132 Bq.kg-1.
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Trefný, M., and Benjamin R. Jennings. "Inter-regional contacts during the first millenium B.C. in Europe." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13526.
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Chang, Shih-Chung, and 張仕忠. "Trade Secret Management Strategy─A Case Study of The Innovative Contact Lens Industry." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u4e77j.
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碩士國立陽明大學
生技醫療經營管理碩士在職學位學程
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Contact lenses belongs to the Class II medical equipment in medical and biotech industry. In one hand, manufacturers must to obtain the marketing authorization for their all products. In other hand, they also need to get different GMP certification, which is based on different countries, for their medical equipments. It need a large amount o money and a long term, which is 3-5 years in average, to obtain all the certifications before the launch of new contact lenses. As a result, it becomes a high threshold when entering the industry. Nowadays, modern techs and 3C products are grow fast and ever-changing. The number of people with myopia increase extremely fast owing to the high using frequency of the products. According to the statistic report of WHO, the prevalence of myopia wii be approximately 50% in the whole world. Apart from vision correction, the circle (contact) lenses which can make pupils bigger, effects the viewpoint of fashion in the public. Moreover, in recent year, the new application of new material, silicone hydrogel, make the contact lenses become more competitive in the glasses market. Because it can be not only wear in a longer time and more comfortable but also can apply on medical monitoring, test and so on. The compound growth rate is around 6-7% per year. Thus, even for some large electronic technology firms invest in this industry. To develop a an innovate contact lenses firm, not only needs a large amount of money, but also has a great knowhow and knowledge accumulating from research and develop process. No matter it is success or fail in the end, all research results are trade secret which belong to the intellectual property of the company. However, it has happened that a lower price of product was launched and became a market disruption owing to steal the research results from other. The negative cases such as HL Biotech case in recently and the case of YUEN FOONG in decade. In the former case, the trade secret was disclosed by a leaving employee. In the latter case, the company stole others knowhow illegally. Therefore, base on the literature and practical case, to analyse and reveal the importance of trade secret in contact lenses industry is main point and purpose in this research. Second, the suggestions of manage strategy for each case will be provided. All devices are reasonable measures to protect secrecy under a consideration of a reasonable cost and equal benefit between labour and management. It’s expected to decrease the incidence rate of trade secret disclosure as well as protecting company’s trade secret by two methods. One is the clause of non-compete agreement of post-employment. The other is the efficient and reasonable manage strategy. By applying these, the trade secret of company can be protect firmly by law.
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Babušková, Štěpánka. "Revize dokladů dálkových kontaktů na území Čech a Moravy ve starší době halštatské." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-345076.
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: The theses deals with long-distance contacts in Bylany culture in the Early Iron Age (Ha C1-Ha D1). The research is based on detailed typological and chronological analysis of exogenous material artefacts and their comparation with other analogical european finds. The invisible evidence of long-distance contacts (technology, art, burial practices, life style) is also included.
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Sloan, William Alexander. "Contact and enlightened co-operation : a history of the fur trade in the Arctic drainage lowlands, 1717-1821." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/29932.
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Sibanyoni, July Johannes. "Food safety and quality assurance measures of the National School Nutrition Programme in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23238.
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Foodborne diseases are a major challenge to school feeding programmes because inadequate food safety knowledge and skills of staff can result in unsafe food handling practices and cross-contamination, thus causing foodborne disease outbreaks. The aim of this study was to investigate the food safety and quality assurance measures of the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The research design was cross-sectional quantitative in nature. A total of 300 NSNP food service managers/coordinators and 440 food handlers were selected to participate in the study. Data collection was by means of a selfadministered structured questionnaire and 192 food contact surface swap samples from 32 primary and secondary public schools.The majority of schools offering NSNP meals were located in informal settlements and most were found to lack basic resources such as electricity and potable tap water in their kitchens. 93% of
food handlers did not know about Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). The NSNP food service managers in some schools, especially in schools located in rural settlements, were found to have little knowledge or awareness of HACCP. No school was found to have
implemented the HACCP, and only a few staff had received food safety training. Inadequate food safety knowledge was worst in schools located in informal settlements due to a lack of training. Up to 60% of food handlers did not know the correct procedure for washing a cutting board after it had been used. In addition, just over 95% of the food handlers did not know how to sanitise utensils and cutting surfaces after cutting up raw meat. The lack of hygiene was confirmed by the presence of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli 015:H7, Salmonella and Shigella species on food contact surfaces. A total of 22 different bacteria genera were identified. It is essential to monitor NSNP kitchen hygiene practice to ensure the minimal contamination of food products and newly recruited food handlers should be trained on food handling practice and principles to ensure the safety of prepared food for school children.Health Studies
D. Phil. (Consumer Science)