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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade contacts'
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1
Robinson, Kenneth R. "Organizing Japanese and Jurchens in Tribute Systems in Early Chosòn Korea." Journal of East Asian Studies 13, no. 2 (August 2013): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800003969.
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In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the Chosòn Korea government designed and utilized hierarchical tribute systems for managing interactions, in particular, trade, with Japanese and Jurchen elites. Korean officials separated maritime and overland contacts, divided the contacts further into carefully delineated reception grades and diplomatic statuses, and designed detailed procedures for interaction. More specifically, diplomatic status determined the regulations by which the court provided reception and then trade to a contact.
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Sobolev, Vladislav. "Trade contacts of the population of Kotorsk." Archaeological news 28 (2020): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2020-28-366-376.
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This article presents a review of the long-distance trade goods found in the west of the Novgorod Land. The finds include domestic items, parts of armament, objects of male and female decoration, ornaments, and textiles. The artefacts that occurred at Kotorsk Pogost during trade operations were recovered both from the cultural level of the settlement and from burials dated to the 10th — late 12th century.
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Marsh, David, and Heather Savigny. "Changes in Trade Union–Government Relations 1974–2002." Politics 25, no. 3 (September 2005): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2005.00241.x.
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Even if the role of unions is less than it was, they are still an important aspect of civil society in a democracy like the UK, so that changes in the relationship between the TUC and the government are an important aspect of changing patterns of governance in the UK. Here, we analyse this relationship during the period between 1974 and 2002 based upon the reports of the General Council of the TUC to each TUC Annual Conference. The analysis shows that the contacts between the TUC and government have fluctuated significantly over this period. They did decline in the Thatcher years although, interestingly, contacts were greater under Thatcher than under Major. The election of a New Labour government in 1997 was accompanied by an initial increase in contacts, but contacts declined subsequently. These fluctuations clearly reflect policy changes so, for example, contacts decreased when incomes policies became a thing of the past. However, they also reflected changes of personnel in government; so the replacement of Pym by Tebbit in 1982 was quickly followed by a fall in contacts. As far as New Labour is concerned, their historical links with the trade unions still mean that contacts are greater now than they were under the Conservatives. However, the initial surge in contacts probably reflected a broader pattern, with New Labour delivering on a promise of greater consultation made in opposition.
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Chaney, Thomas. "The Network Structure of International Trade." American Economic Review 104, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 3600–3634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.11.3600.
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Motivated by empirical evidence I uncover on the dynamics of French firms' exports, I offer a novel theory of trade frictions. Firms export only into markets where they have a contact. They search directly for new trading partners, but also use their existing network of contacts to search remotely for new partners. I characterize the dynamic formation of an international network of exporters in this model. Structurally, I estimate this model on French data and confirm its predictions regarding the distribution of the number of foreign markets accessed by exporters and the geographic distribution of exports. (JEL D85, F11, F14, L24)
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SCHIRMANN, Sylvain. "Regards croisés et contacts entre syndicalistes français et allemands (1945-1962)." Journal of European Integration History 26, no. 1 (2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2020-1-9.
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The animosity which often prevails among French and German trade unionists in the wake of World War I disappears in the aftermath of the Second conflict. The meetings are more numerous, certain positions converge and the demands related to specific workforces often meet. Despite this, the two union worlds find it hard to understand each other. French and German union models seek to adapt to the evolution of capitalism. Undeniably German trade unionism seems to have better coped with this transformation. His weight, influence and co-management allowed him to achieve the highest standard of living for German labour forces, and gave them often better social protection in comparison with their French or British counterparts. Divided, folded over ideological identities and marked by the strategies of confrontation, French trade unionism has obviously greater difficulties. Favourable developments can be seen, however. The number of union members for instance is increasing and innovative thinking is emerging. European integration represents a challenge for these organizations, even if most of the organizations are in favour of it. It obliges trade unionists (as well as politicians, senior civil servants etc.) to take new approaches. Due to the contacts generated between French and German unionists, this period 1945-1962 prepares the two major developments of trade unionism during the next decade: the birth of a European trade unions’ confederation and that of the first Interregional Trade Union Council on Lorraine, Saarland and Luxembourg-level. Contacts and crossed views between French and German trade unionists were thus essential to establish a Europe of trade unions.
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Houthuys, Jef. "De verhouding ACV-ABVV in de jaren 1970-1985." Res Publica 30, no. 4 (December 31, 1988): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v30i4.18893.
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Trade Union Mouvement in Belgium has never been an enduring structured entity. In pluralistic political systems, trade unions develop rather pragmatic relations and act as competitors. Economic recession determined the trade union strategy in the seventies : focus of the policy switches towards employment (instead of income and wages). ABVV (socialist trade union) and ACV (Chrisian trade union) cultivated different viewpoints concerning the solution of crisis, which resulted in a tense relationship.In the early eighties, relations sunk to the ultimate point of rare contacts, none or few common statements and many accusations. From 1982 on, cooperation grew again: contacts intensified and common actions got higher frequency again.
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Kennet, D. "Pottery as Evidence for Trade in Medieval Cyrenaica." Libyan Studies 25 (January 1994): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006427.
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The use of pottery distributions to identify trade contacts is one of the most important tools in the archaeologist's repertoire. Recent examples of such studies, concentrating on the classical period in Cyrenaica, have produced evidence which provides valuable new insights into changing trade patterns for which there is precious little historical information. There is, at present, a debate over Cyrenaica's trading contacts during the classical period in which Fulford has proposed a definite bias towards trade with the eastern Mediterranean (Fulford 1989) whilst Lloyd has challenged the lack of emphasis given to Italian imports (Lloyd forthcoming). Abulafia's reassessment of the Pisan bacini has likewise stimulated debate on the development of trade contacts, this time in the medieval period (Abulafia 1985). Such studies rely upon two points; the first is a well-documented corpus of material and the second is a detailed background knowledge of the wares and fabrics in general circulation to which the corpus can be related. On both points medieval archaeologists are clearly still at a disadvantage to those working on the classical period, and an attempt to understand Cyrenaica's medieval trade contacts from its ceramic assemblages cannot therefore achieve the same detail as, for example, Fulford's work (1989) has done. Nonetheless, an examination of the material which is available, and a discussion of its significance, is the intention of this paper.
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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 6/2 (February 1, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.
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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and transhipment of goods, payment transfers for purchased goods and services. This has led to increased trade between the European Union and Azerbaijan. The most important trade partners of Azerbaijan in the years 2000-2017 were the following members of the European Union: Italy, France and Germany. The exports were dominated by Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain. The opening of the oil and gas sector to foreign companies has contributed to a significant inflow of foreign direct investment. More than 80% of the incoming investment is in the oil sector and the main activities are focused the construction of new gas and oil pipelines. The leading investors in this group in the years 2000-2013 were the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, France and Cyprus.
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Zubkov, V. "Russia–Canada Trade and Economic Relations." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2010): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-9-91-94.
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The state of the Russia–Canada trade and economic relations in 2009–2010 is analyzed, the bottlenecks of cooperation are educed, perspectives of further intercommunications extension are outlined. The implementation of large joint projects in the agro-industrial sphere allows to elevate contacts between the two countries to higher standarts.
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Han, Bing. "The Emergence of the Russian-Chinese Pidgin as a Reflection of Language Contacts." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 5 (October 2020): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-5-94-98.
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Scientists have accumulated considerable experience in the study of the concept of “linguistic contacts”. Multidimensionality and multifunctionality of this phenomenon, its research in various fields of scientific knowledge determine the existence of various interpretations of this concept, each of which reflects its different points. The analysis of scientific works by Chinese, Russian, Western scientists in which the understanding of the concept of “linguistic contacts” is presented, made it possible to identify the following aspects in the interpretation of this concept: an emphasis on linguistic interaction and interaction in the process of linguistic contact; definition of linguistic contacts as an interaction between languages as a result of the interaction of communities speaking these languages; the study of linguistic contacts in the aspect of the existing variety of linguistic phenomena caused by the contact of languages. The paper defines the essential characteristics of the pidgin, identifies the factors of occurrence and features of the Russian-Chinese pidgin. Based on the analysis of scientific approaches to the study of pidgin, the reasons for their appearance, conditions of functioning, it was concluded that the main factor in the emergence of the Russian-Chinese pidgin was border trade, which occupied a special place in relations between Russia and China.The research materials can be applied in studying the features of language contacts, the interaction between Russia and China. Keywords: language, dialect, language contacts, pidgin, Russian-Chinese pidgin
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Dobler, Gregor. "From Scotch Whisky to Chinese Sneakers: International Commodity Flows and New Trade Networks in Oshikango, Namibia." Africa 78, no. 3 (August 2008): 410–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972008000259.
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After the end of the colonial period, international commodity flows into Africa at first continued to reproduce patterns of colonial domination. In the last ten years, however, important shifts have become visible. New commodity chains bypassing the old colonial powers have developed and are changing the way Africa is integrated into the global economy. This article looks at four trade networks that converge in Oshikango, a small trade boom town in northern Namibia. It describes how trade in Scotch whisky, Brazilian furniture, Japanese used cars and Chinese sneakers into Oshikango is organized. Whisky trade follows old colonial patterns; furniture trade relies on new South-South business contacts backed by political lobbying; in the used car trade, goods from the North are traded by networks of Southern migrant entrepreneurs; Chinese consumer goods are brought into Africa by Chinese migrants who bridge the cultural gap between the markets. Trade in Oshikango highlights the importance of new trade routes for Africa. Migrant entrepreneurs play an important role in these trade routes. A closer look at them shows, however, that their importance is largely due to opportunities arising from their place in the international system, not to a group's inherent cultural or social characteristics.
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Morgan, Catherine. "Corinth, The Corinthian Gulf and Western Greece During the Eighth Century BC." Annual of the British School at Athens 83 (November 1988): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400020785.
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The nature of 8th century Corinthian contact with sites in Phokis, Ithaka and Epirus is discussed, and archaeological evidence from these areas re-examined. It is suggested that early exchange activity is more complex than has hitherto been recognised, and should be regarded as independent of subsequent colonisation. A change in the pattern of contacts is distinguished from c. 725, and it is argued that Corinthian western trade was redirected in the wake of colonisation. Possible motivation for contact is assessed, and it is suggested that metal, especially copper, may have been the main commodity exchanged. The nature and mechanisms of early exchange are discussed, and their implications for Corinthian state formation outlined. Evidence for Corinthian contacts elsewhere in the gulf region is assessed with particular reference to Achaia.
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Darlap, Bettina. "Das Partherreich als Bindeglied der Seidenstraße zwischen China und Rom." historia.scribere, no. 11 (June 17, 2019): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.11.841.
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This paper analyses the role of the Parthian Empire in the Silk Road trade between China and the Roman Empire. It examines Parthian, Roman and Chinese sources to achieve a better understanding of its importance for trade contacts along the Silk Road. As the analysis will show, Roman and Chinese sources differ greatly in their interpretation of the role the Parthians played within these trade networks, and they shed light on different aspects of the relationships, be it trade or otherwise.
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Lucas, Tim C. D., Emma L. Davis, Diepreye Ayabina, Anna Borlase, Thomas Crellen, Li Pi, Graham F. Medley, et al. "Engagement and adherence trade-offs for SARS-CoV-2 contact tracing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1829 (May 31, 2021): 20200270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0270.
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Contact tracing is an important tool for allowing countries to ease lockdown policies introduced to combat SARS-CoV-2. For contact tracing to be effective, those with symptoms must self-report themselves while their contacts must self-isolate when asked. However, policies such as legal enforcement of self-isolation can create trade-offs by dissuading individuals from self-reporting. We use an existing branching process model to examine which aspects of contact tracing adherence should be prioritized. We consider an inverse relationship between self-isolation adherence and self-reporting engagement, assuming that increasingly strict self-isolation policies will result in fewer individuals self-reporting to the programme. We find that policies which increase the average duration of self-isolation, or that increase the probability that people self-isolate at all, at the expense of reduced self-reporting rate, will not decrease the risk of a large outbreak and may increase the risk, depending on the strength of the trade-off. These results suggest that policies to increase self-isolation adherence should be implemented carefully. Policies that increase self-isolation adherence at the cost of self-reporting rates should be avoided. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.
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ERDEM, ESRA, VLADIMIR LIFSCHITZ, and DON RINGE. "Temporal phylogenetic networks and logic programming." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 6, no. 5 (August 2, 2006): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068406002729.
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The concept of a temporal phylogenetic network is a mathematical model of evolution of a family of natural languages. It takes into account the fact that languages can trade their characteristics with each other when linguistic communities are in contact, and also that a contact is only possible when the languages are spoken at the same time. We show how computational methods of answer set programming and constraint logic programming can be used to generate plausible conjectures about contacts between prehistoric linguistic communities, and illustrate our approach by applying it to the evolutionary history of Indo-European languages.
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Oh, Jinhwan, Bekzod Yuldashev, and Soo Hyun Moon. "Where is Uzbekistan’s trade and where should it be directed? Gravity analyses for being doubly landlocked." International Area Studies Review 21, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865917745959.
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This study applies the gravity model to describe Uzbekistan’s trade pattern, based on which several policy implications are made. We find that Uzbekistan’s estimated trade flows with Ukraine, Russia, China, and South Korea are much more than the actual flows, while the country’s economic contacts with its neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Azerbaijan) are far less than expected. This suggests that Uzbekistan should strive to increase trade with neighboring countries, through taking part in a free trade agreement between countries of Central Asia, or strategically using neighboring countries bordering the Caspian Sea and Arabian Sea.
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Şahin, Mustafa. "Hellenistic braziers in the British Museum: trade contacts between ancient Mediterranean cities." Anatolian Studies 51 (December 2001): 91–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643029.
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One of the more important collections of Hellenistic terracotta in the British Museum is the selection of brazier attachments. These were added to the Museum at various dates from the mid-19th century onwards. What adds enormously to the value of the British Museum attachments is that they come from cities in different regions and that for each one its location has been systematically recorded in the Museum inventory. This information in conjunction with the type of attachment and the composition of the clay should make it possible to work out where they were made. Not only will the main centres of production for braziers then become evident, but at the same time, by looking at the towns where they were found, we shall be able to get some idea of Hellenistic trade routes between Mediterranean cities.These Hellenistic braziers characteristically consist of a fire bowl with pierced bottom and three raised supports, carried on a stand with two loop handles and a large vent. The raised supports, conventionally known as attachments, are roughly rectangular in shape, with a spur below projecting towards the centre of the fire bowl. They characteristically have relief decoration on the inner face and sometimes on the reverse (outer side) as well. These braziers are light and portable. The fuel used was charcoal, which was placed in the bowl, and a draught was maintained through the holes at the bottom of the bowl and the vent in the stand. The stand is made of coarse, gritty terracotta, and is generally undecorated, but in a few cases we observe applied relief as decoration (fig 1).
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Penrose, G. L. "Inner Asian Influences On the Earliest Russo-Chinese Trade and Diplomatic Contacts." Russian History 19, no. 1-4 (1992): 361–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633192x00181.
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Ariyasajsiskul, Supaporn. "The So-called Tin Monopoly in Ligor: The Limits of VOC Power vis à vis a Southern Thai Trading Polity." Itinerario 28, no. 3 (November 2004): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300019859.
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That which the Dutch called Ligor is the present-day southern province of Nakhon Si Thammarat in Thailand. It was one of the oldest city-states and flourishing entrepôts in Southeast Asia. Dutch East India Company (VOC) documents reveal that the Company traded tin in Ligor and had a small office there for more than a century from around 1640 until 1756. In fact, the relationship between the VOC and Ligor had already been established a few decades earlier when Ligor was still enjoying much autonomy with respect to self-governance, trade, and foreign contacts.
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Ray, Himanshu Prabha. "Early Maritime Contacts Between South and Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 20, no. 1 (March 1989): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400019834.
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An analysis of the archaeological data available in recent years indicates the development of local maritime networks both in peninsular Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent by the middle of the first millennium B.C. By the second-first centuries B.C. these networks formed a part of the larger regional sailing circuit in the Bay of Bengal. Tangible indicators of this are carnelian and glass beads and bronze bowls with a high tin content. A demarcation of these networks is essential, before questions like the organization of trade or the channels through which religious ideology spread, can be explained.
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Tureha, Jurij. "Biecz – Brody – Bila Cerkva: Trade Contacts against the Backdrop of Everyday Life in the Seventeenth Century." Studia Historyczne 61, no. 4 (244) (June 1, 2021): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.04.05.
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Biecz – Brody – Bila Cerkva: Trade Contacts against the Backdrop of Everyday Life in the Seventeenth Century
This study examines the report of the death of the Jewish merchant Rubin Josefowicz (9.02.1663). This study uses the report to fulfil three goals. First, it sheds light on Brody’s Jewish past. A copy of documents from the town of Biecz is for the moment the earliest complete source which describes in detail the trade activity of a Jew from Brody. Secondly, the report reveals additional evidence of the trade history within the borders of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth. Finally, the investigation reveals aspects of merchants’ everyday life in the town of the Carpathian foothill region.
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Zeman-Wiśniewska, Katarzyna. "Re-evaluation of Contacts between Cyprus and Crete from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age." Electrum 27 (2020): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.20.001.12791.
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This article argues that it is possible to distinguish certain stages of development of the contact between Cyprus and Crete, from Early Bronze Age up to the LBA/EIA transition period. To thoroughly do that, areas in which the connections are most clearly expressed: written sources, pottery, copper trade and cult practice influences are discussed. Possible sea routes between two islands, direct and as a part of a major route between Aegean, Levant and Egypt are described. Discussed written sources include possible place-names connected with Cyprus/Alasia in linear scripts and usage of the so-called ‘Cypro-Minoan’writing. Examples of pots and sherds both Cypriot found in Crete and Cretan found in Cyprus are examined and possible copper trade (including lead isotope analysis) is considered. Further, alleged Minoan cult practice influences are thoroughly discussed. Finally all the above are chronologically reviewed and a course of development of contacts between Crete and Cyprus is proposed.
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Hanson, William S. "Roman relations with Ireland: a Scottish perspective." Scottish Archaeological Journal 42, no. 1 (March 2020): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2020.0123.
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The nature of Roman contact with Ireland has long been a matter of debate. This paper first examines why a Roman invasion of Ireland was never a realistic option, primarily because of the failure to complete the conquest of Scotland. It then considers the evidence and parallels for the various mechanisms by which Roman artefactual material found its way to Ireland, concluding that the most important were trade contacts with Roman merchants, continued kinship links with western Britain and financial subsidies from Rome to help maintain peace on the northern frontier.
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Hall, Kenneth R. "Commodity Flows, Diaspora Networking, and Contested Agency in the Eastern Indian Ocean c. 1000–1500." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 4, no. 2 (July 2016): 387–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2016.21.
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AbstractRecent revisionist approaches to early pre-1500 eastern Indian Ocean history draw from and cross-reference epigraphic, archaeological, art historical, literary, cultural, textual, shipwreck, and a variety of other primary and secondary sources as these document the evolution of Southeast Asia from roughly 300 to 1500, before significant European regional presence became a factor. This study's focus is the transitional importance of c. 1000–1500 Indian Ocean international maritime trade and transit from the South Asian shorelines of the Bay of Bengal to the South China and Java Seas, which is conceived to have temporarily produced an inclusive eastern Indian Ocean zone of contact. In this then ‘borderless’ region there were a variety of meaningful contacts and material, cultural, and knowledge transfers that resulted in synthesis of Indian, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asian cultures and populations made possible by enhanced international maritime trade connections before European presence became a factor, a period often dated from the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese in 1511.
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Haydu, John J., and Alan W. Meerow. "Profiling Buyer Opinions in Industry Trade Exhibitions." HortTechnology 4, no. 2 (April 1994): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.2.163.
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A major objective of trade-show organizers and exhibitors is to increase the number of prospective buyers attending the shows. To better understand the attendee profile, to seek their opinions on the show, and to gain insight into ways of improving the exhibitions, a survey was mailed to the majority of registered attendees at the 1991 Tropical Plant Industry Exhibition (TPIE) trade show in Florida. Results indicate that the primary reason people attended the show was not to make purchases, but to obtain information about new materials and to make business contacts. Of those who did purchase items at the show, sales were skewed towards large businesses. Representing only one-quarter of the sample, the very largest firms (>$1 million) constituted 48% of all sales at TPIE. When asked how the show could be improved, the most common response (38%) was that more educational programs were needed.
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Nijsingh, Niels, Anne van Bergen, and Verina Wild. "Applying a Precautionary Approach to Mobile Contact Tracing for COVID-19: The Value of Reversibility." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10004-z.
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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic presents unprecedented challenges to public health decision-making. Specifically, the lack of evidence and the urgency with which a response is called for, raise the ethical challenge of assessing how much (and what kind of) evidence is required for the justification of interventions in response to the various threats we face. Here we discuss the intervention of introducing technology that aims to trace and alert contacts of infected persons—contact tracing (CT) technology. Determining whether such an intervention is proportional is complicated by complex trade-offs and feedback loops. We suggest that the resulting uncertainties necessitate a precautionary approach. On the one hand, precautionary reasons support CT technology as a means to contribute to the prevention of harms caused by alternative interventions, or COVID-19 itself. On the other hand, however, both the extent to which such technology itself present risks of serious harm, as well as its effectiveness, remain unclear. We therefore argue that a precautionary approach should put reversibility of CT technology at the forefront. We outline several practical implications.
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Chernyavskiy, Stanislav. "AT THE BEGINNINGS OF THE RUSSIAN-SPANISH RELATIONS." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2017-1-73-84.
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Official contacts between Spain and Russia began in 1519. 11.08.1723 Russian Emperor Peter I ordered to establish direct trade relations with Spain and send to Cadiz three Russian spacecraft with cargo. Ships loaded lard, hemp, rope, wool, linen, canvas, linen and caviar. Court arrived safely in Cadiz, and the
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Bakker, Peter, and Hein van der Voort. "Malamuk – A (West) Frisian loanword in Greenlandic." Note de recherche hors thème 35, no. 1-2 (October 23, 2012): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1012845ar.
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During the 17th and 18th centuries the Frisians and the Dutch were dominant in the whaling fisheries of the Davis Strait. They also traded with the Inuit and contributed to the Greenlandic pidgin that both parties used as a trade language. Despite intensive interethnic contacts, there are no traces of the Frisian or Dutch languages in modern Greenlandic, with the exception of the word malamuk ‘fulmar.’ In addition, similar forms are also attested in various Germanic languages. Although the exact etymological origin of this word and the precise route by which it ended up in Greenlandic have not been resolved completely, it is beyond doubt that Frisian and Dutch whaling crews were its point of entry.
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Newlove, Tracey, Kelly R. Atkinson, Laura O. Van Dorn, and Matthew H. J. Cordes. "A Trade between Similar but Nonequivalent Intrasubunit and Intersubunit Contacts in Cro Dimer Evolution†,‡." Biochemistry 45, no. 20 (May 2006): 6379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi052541c.
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Tripati, Sila, and Rudra Prasad Behera. "Did Romans Have Direct Maritime Trade Contacts with Odisha on the Eastern Indian Littoral?" Current Science 116, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v116/i8/1391-1397.
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Davis, Peter. "Co-operative Development as a Trade Union Strategy." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 2, no. 3 (January 1988): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x8800200302.
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This article argues that trade union and other progressive bodies in Britain, Europe and North America need to use their membership and broader labour movement contacts as a resource for financing worker co-operative development, not as a simple act of altruism, but out of self-interest. The author argues that such a strategy, properly regulated and managed would help to defend wages, extend trade union membership and organization, and could help promote majority shareholding in conventional companies by Trade Union Trusts. The author seeks to demonstrate that working people have the means from their own resources to eliminate unemployment. The figures quoted in the text are based on U.K. Sources, however similar figures have been produced for North America by Caftel, B. in “The Billion-Dollar Low Income Neighborhood” in Co-op Magazine, Sept/Oct 1980, Ann Arbor, USA.
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C, Muthuvelayutham, and Karuppasamy R. "Implications of intermediaries in global logistics of foreign trade." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2012.15.
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The world towards traveling in integrated phenomena which require more needs. That it is fulfilling by the trade between the countries. Because of each country continuously transferthe goodsto other country as same as another country transferring to that country. That make as a global logistics belongs to foreign trade. Also it clears from the past literatures. Being a shipper or buyer can export or import the goods as directly they meet more complexity like business contacts, forwarding, transportation arrangements and customs clearanceetc.By those reasons, a shipper and buyer can export and import using indirect involvementmeans that the firm participates in worldwidecommerce through an intercessor and does not deal with foreign customers or markets. In that situation, the intermediaries get the huge place of contribution in global logistics belongs to foreign trade.
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Beuving, J. Joost. "Cotonou's Klondike: African traders and second-hand car markets in Bénin." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 4 (November 3, 2004): 511–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000382.
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This article addresses the theme of entrepreneurship in Africa by focusing on second-hand car markets in Cotonou, Bénin. At first glance this booming business seems to confirm neo-liberal and institutional models of entrepreneurship, in which entrepreneurial behaviour constitutes rational calculation in a situation of economic opportunity. The universe in which African car traders operate, however, is characterised by significant capital scarcity, dramatic losses and widespread bankruptcies. The article argues that viewing entrepreneurs as economic calculators is not the proper way to understand the Cotonou car trade. Based on case analysis of a Béninese car trader, it shows that the outcome of car trading in Cotonou is determined by the manipulation of social contacts, characterised by self-interest and distrust among business partners. Analogous to the Klondike gold rush, it appears that the car trader's engagement with the trade is to a large extent motivated by the dream of making a fortune. Thus, even though entrepreneurial failure is widespread among African car traders, most of them remain convinced that car trading can yield significant profits.
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Gyul’verdiev, Ramu Beyukhanovich. "Linguo-legal convergence: foreign trade discourse." Юридические исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.2.31376.
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The expansion of international contacts and integration policy of Russian mainstream the question of development of linguistic grounds for effective interlingual communication, thus special attention is given to the problem of building nominative field of frame-scenario of linguo-legal convergence as a type of linguocultural concept, which main purpose consists in systematization and substantiation of a set of translation strategies. Based on the analysis of the models of representation of knowledge, it would contain the results of identification of national-cultural and mental specifics of language structures. Multi-aspect examination of the problems of legal translation justifies utilization of complex methodology that includes linguo-legal, linguo-culturological and comparative analysis. The author also applies statistical, comparative-legal and comparative methods in studying the foreign practice, scientific works, business documentation, which allow formulating and introducing recommendations aimed and increasing effectiveness and optimization of activity in the indicated sphere. The conclusion is made that the frame-scenario may significantly assist in translation of contracts as a results of time-consuming and detailed work of the translators-interpreters, which would integrate the ontological properties of the meaning of text. The author determines the key trajectories of cognitive study of linguo-legal convergence in the foreign trade discourse.
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Kobayashi, Yusuke, Shinsuke Harada, Hiroshi Ishimori, Shinji Takasu, Takahito Kojima, Keiko Ariyoshi, Mitsuru Sometani, et al. "3.3 kV-Class 4H-SiC UMOSFET by Double-Trench with Tilt Angle Ion Implantation." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.974.
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A 3.3 kV trench MOSFET with double-trench structure was demonstrated. The deep buried p-base regions were fabricated using tilt angle ion implantation into the sidewalls of the trench contacts. The distance between the trench gate and trench contact was determined through simulation, in order to optimize the trade-off between on-resistance (RonA) and the electrical field in the oxide (Eox). A tapered trench was located in the connective area between the edge termination and the active area, in order to maintain breakdown voltage. We achieved a RonA of 10.3 mWcm2 and a breakdown voltage of 3843 V and the maximum Eox at breakdown voltage was estimated to be 3.2 MV/cm.
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Fox, James J. "Re-Considering Eastern Indonesia." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 2 (2011): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x565850.
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AbstractEastern Indonesia has been a region of international interest since its identification as a source of spices and rare woods. This paper considers ideas of sovereignty held by both Portuguese and Dutch at the time of European contact. It traces the consequence of the application of these ideas to the development of forms of governance in eastern Indonesia: in particular, the concept of indirect rule that began with contracts of trade fostered by the Dutch East India Company. Such contacts with local rulers or community representatives provided the basis for later colonial rule and contributed to specific social identities that remain prominent to the present. These historically established social identities continue to underpin various efforts at establishing local autonomy.
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Seshan, Radhika. "Intersections: Peoples, ports and trade in seventeenth-century Surat and Madras." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 1 (February 2017): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871416679118.
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The article discusses the ways in which, in the seventeenth century, as India drew the attention of more Europeans, both as private traders and as part of larger east India companies, networks of contacts were established. Two ports in particular, Surat and Madras (now Chennai), became points of intersection of Europeans and Asians, through the multi-pronged trade networks that linked these two ports to other ports in the Indian Ocean world, through traders from across regions. Focus is on the English in particular, as their main port of trade for Mughal North India was Surat, and Madras, their first fortified establishment on the coast of India.
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Vandeputte, Robert. "De werkgevers in het politiek beslissingsproces voor economische aangelegenheden." Res Publica 30, no. 4 (December 31, 1988): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v30i4.18891.
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The employers, although small in size, dispose of an important influence in economic decision-making.Before the second world war, economic problems were exclusively dealt with by the government and the employers. After world war II, trade unions came more into relief. They were involved in consultations as athird partner. Consequently the impact of the employers faded somewhat.Currently the employers dispose of various channels to influence economic decision-making; e.g. contacts with civil servants, consultations in study centres of political parties, international relations, etc.Nevertheless the efficacy of employers's power is hindered by internal quarrel, strong individualism, and by the position of trade unions.
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Phillipson, David W. "TRANS-SAHARAN GOLD TRADE AND BYZANTINE COINAGE." Antiquaries Journal 97 (September 2017): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581517000336.
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It is often argued that northward trade in gold from sub-Saharan West Africa began after the establishment of Islamic control late in the seventh centuryad. This paper questions that conclusion, and suggests that minting at Carthage of the Byzantine gold coins known as globular solidi was related to the acquisition of metal through developing trans-Saharan contacts. Political developments in the late sixth century may have interrupted the supply of gold to Byzantine Carthage; this problem intensified during the following decades when production of globular solidi began. It is suggested that trans-Saharan imports comprised gold that was cast, for export and apparently also for local circulation, at Tadmekka in north-eastern Mali and perhaps elsewhere, into lumps of standardised weight calculated to meet the needs of the Byzantine mint at Carthage. Preliminary archaeometallurgical investigations provide some degree of support for this hypothesis, and further analyses are planned that may identify the sources of the gold minted in seventh-century Carthage. If and when such detail becomes available, it may have major implications for our understanding of the nature and instigation of ancient trans-Saharan connections.
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Doncova, Olesya, and V. Zas'ko. "Institutional Framework for Cross-Border Commodity Trade." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 9, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2020-43-48.
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The article analyzes the basic strategies and business models of international commodity trade. The success factors of the organization of an effective system of commodity sales are highlighted: 1) a reliable network of global communication, which is provided by highly qualified personnel; 2) the ability to attract resources in international financial markets; 3) control over the objects of the basic logistics infrastructure of cross-border trade; 4) timely digital transformation of business. The article concludes that the current organizational mechanism for cross-border commodity trade is based on the following key success factors: an effective network of global business contacts, access to Bank financing and risk hedging tools, qualified personnel, and effective digitalization of business processes. The intersection of the competencies that lie in these planes allows us to obtain a stable competitive advantage in the most important commodity markets for the world economy. From a practical point of view, the greatest synergy of the key success factors of cross-border trade is achieved in the main hubs, which is important to take into account when implementing projects to build organizations that are competitive in foreign markets.
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Nazayer, Mohammad, Samaneh Madanian, and Farhaan Mirza. "Contact-tracing applications: a review of technologies." BMJ Innovations 7, no. 2 (April 2021): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2021-000669.
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BackgroundUsing different technologies for healthcare-related purposes has been significantly accelerated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This outbreak highlighted the need for digital contact-tracing applications to effectively manage the pandemic by identifying positive case close contacts that might be the virus carriers.ObjectiveThe objective of this review is to examine design decisions related to COVID-19 contact-tracing applications and the implications of these decisions. This review can be a useful aid in navigating the existing approaches in COVID-19 digital contact tracing and their different aspects including the potential supported functions, privacy and security.MethodA narrative review was conducted using Google Scholar database from August to October 2020, limited to English language articles and reports published after 2010.Main outcomeDifferent technologies have been used for digital contact tracing. The choice of these technologies and their software architectures could influence different factors such as data collection accuracy and effectiveness of an application in identifying possible virus spread. Furthermore, different technologies require different levels of user interaction and have different security and privacy concerns which could potentially impact application adoption.ConclusionDigital contact tracing has been introduced as one of the easy and efficient methods to trace people in close contact with infected COVID-19 cases. This tracing could be an effective strategy to break the chain of infection transmission among people. However, based on the used technology and the software architecture, different contact-tracing applications offer different possible trade-offs that should be taken into account based on government’s objectives on contact tracing.
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Namsaraeva, Sayana. "Border Language." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 116–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340006.
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The conceptual framework of this paper is to view Mongolia as a ‘contact zone’ which geographically bridged the gap between two rapidly growing Eurasian empires—Russia and China. It allows a rethinking of the historical and social circumstances that led to the formation of Chinese Pidgin Russian (cpr)1 by highlighting the lexical and grammatical influence of the Mongolian language on contact languages in the China–Russia border area. In particular, it discusses Mongolian language in various encounters in Russian–Chinese interactions, such as the use of Mongolian as mediation language during the initial stage of Qing–Russian diplomatic relations and aslingua francain caravan trade and border relations between Russia and China, as well as its influence on the formation of Transbaikal dialect (orZabaikal’skoe narechie), which was widely spoken by Russians in Mongol-speaking colonial frontiers of Russia in Eastern Siberia. Moreover, the paper highlights the Mongolian elements in the firstcpr, questioning a common scholarly perception that Kiakhta (or Maimacheng)2 pidgin consisted primarily of Russian and Chinese borrowings. Therefore, unique language hybridisation of these three languages continues to be noticeable in Russia–China trade hubs in Inner Mongolia nowadays, where transborder ethnic and economic contacts between Russia, China and Mongolia are becoming more complicated and diverse.
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Smith, Monica. ""Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42, no. 1 (1999): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520991445588.
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AbstractThe idea that Indian "influence" was responsible for the socio-political development of early Southeast Asia is now largely discredited, but the question of the actual impact of early trade between India and Southeast Asia remains. Prior to the fourth century C.E., Indian trade activities with Southeast Asia appear to have been relatively infrequent, when assessed through the number of items of Indian origin recovered, and the incentives for such trade from the Indian point of view. After the fourth century, the adoption of subcontinental traditions - religious iconography, Sanskrit terminology, coinage, and terms identifying leaders - is seen throughout the area of Southeast Asia, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand as well as the larger Indonesian islands. Subcontinental traditions became attractive at this time because of the advent of strong political entities in the Indian subcontinent, notably the Guptas, which produced coherent models of political, social and religious organization. Although such models were also available from neighboring China, apprehension about Chinese expansion led the rulers of emergent chiefdoms in Southeast Asia to prefer the adoption of Indian political and religious iconography.
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Kutsaeva, Marina V. "Mari-Tatar language contacts as reflected in the language biographies of Moscow Region Mari." Ural-Altaic Studies 39, no. 4 (2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2500-2902-2020-39-4-7-23.
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The article deals with a narrow, yet important from the linguistic point of view aspect of the language biographies of representatives of the Mari Diaspora in the Moscow region — the issue of language contacts that the respondents in the sampling or senior members of their family used to maintain in the past with Tatars, and, accordingly, the Mari-Tatar bilingualism and Mari-Tatar-Russian trilingualism that existed among them. Basing herself on the testimonies and recollections of the respondents in the sampling, the author examines the prerequisites for these types of language contacts, on the one hand, and on the other hand, studies the causes that led to the extinction of Mari-Tatar language interactions and the gradual washing out of the Tatar component from the language biographies of Mari people. Among the extralinguistic factors that contributed to the development and maintenance of these language contacts, the following ones were identified: historical and geographical (the alternating location of Mari and Tatar villages or one common village); economic (close trade and economic relations between Mari and Tatars, common labor activities on a collective farm in the Soviet period); cultural (joint cultural and leisure activities). Despite the fact that Tatar was hardly ever used by Mari people outside their day-to-day communication, it performed a number of functions, though: communicative, symbolic, emotional, and that of a secret language. A possible reason for the decline of the language contacts was, according to the data obtained, the weakening of trade and economic ties: the gradual replacement of horse-drawn transport by automobile; poor welfare in rural areas in the 1990s and, as a result, the outflow of population to city areas, the collapse of collective farms and the extinction of a great number of villages. Mari-Tatar language contacts that developed at school (at various stages of school education) or in intra-family communication were equally considered in the paper.
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Droli, Maurizio, Ting Fa Margherita Chang, Luca Iseppi, and Livio Clemente Piccinini. "Managing Trade Contacts in HotRest Intermediate Markets: A Resource-Based View Analysis in EU Countries." Tourism Economics 20, no. 4 (August 2014): 757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0311.
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Vlasenko, Lev. "History of Ukraine-China Bilateral Trade." Modern Economics 25, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v25(2021)-06.
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Annotation. Introduction. During the years of Ukrainian independence, China has risen from a relatively insignificant country in Asia to the biggest trade partner of Ukraine surpassing even Russia and other post-Soviet republics both in amount and the importance of bilateral trade. To fully understand the current dynamics of bilateral trade between Ukraine and China, it is necessary to explore the history of these relations from ancient times to the current stage to improve the strategy for cooperation between Ukraine and China. Purpose. To study the history of bilateral trade relations of Ukraine and China from first diplomatic contacts to contemporary relations, to identify patterns and trends that affect the dynamics of trade, to outline mistakes and shortcomings of Ukrainian diplomacy, and to provide recommendations for improvement. Result. The revealed pattern of diplomatic and trade relations between Ukraine and China may be considered as an indicator s that China has been viewing Ukraine as a political entity even before the declaration of independence in 1991. International relations between Ukraine and China have a deep and strong historical tradition with a wide range of forms and methods of cooperation in the fields of politics, economics, and culture. Conclusions. The revealed dynamics of bilateral trade prove that the negative trends in trade between Ukraine and China are not always related to the competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy or global market conditions and may have resulted from the mistakes and failures of Ukrainian diplomacy. To prevent these mistakes in the future, it is necessary to have qualified specialists trained to work with China and conduct effective negotiations at the highest level and monitor their correct coverage in the official documents and press. Keywords: international trade; bilateral trade; Ukraine-China trade; Soviet-China trade.
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Niemeijer, Hendrik E. "MARITIME CONNECTIONS AND CROSS-CULTURAL CONTACTS BETWEEN THE PEOPLES OF THE NUSANTARA AND THE EUROPEANS IN THE EARLY EIGHTEEN CENTURY." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v1i1.11856.
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In this paper, I would like to discuss two extraordinary tales of two rather ordinary individuals in the service of the Dutch East India Company (henceforth: VOC), the first a Dutchman, Jacob Janssen de Roy, and the second a German, Georg Naporra (1731-1793). It is important to understand that all cross-cultural contacts between the peoples in the archipelago and westerners depended on seaborne trade and the vessels which plied the maritime routes. This was the only means of transportation and communication. As a consequence, cross-cultural contacts took place mainly in the port cities and coastal trading outposts. This can be clearly seen in the cases of our two ordinary Europeans: Jacob de Roy and Georg Naporra.
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Prokhorov, Ruslan. "Pakistani-American Relations: Current State and Perspectives." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015900-7.
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The article examines the political cooperation of Pakistan with the United States of America. The importance of maintaining dialogue is emphasized at all levels of interstate contacts, even in the most difficult conditions. Military and military-technical cooperation is highlighted as a traditional direction of Pakistani-American relations. Trade and economic relations between the two states are analyzed, including an analysis of the economic indicators of US-Pakistan cooperation in comparison with the traditional economic partners of Pakistan. The article covers the implementation of educational and ethnocultural programs by US government and public organizations. Summing up, it is concluded that bilateral contacts between the United States of America and Pakistan will continue and be predominantly of a partnership nature.
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De Tena Ramírez, Carmen. "El comercio de antigüedades en España a comienzos del siglo XX: el caso de José Gestoso y Pérez (1852-1917) = The Trading of Antiques in Spain at the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Case of José Gestoso y Pérez (1852-1917)." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia del Arte, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfvii.6.2018.22305.
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Este artículo presenta la actividad desarrollada por el erudito sevillano José Gestoso y Pérez en el comercio de antigüedades en España a principios del siglo XX. Para su estudio y análisis hemos recurrido a documentación inédita presente en el epistolario de Gestoso que acredita su intervención en distintos episodios de compra-venta de objetos artísticos, así como la amplia red de contactos establecida entre él y conocidos marchantes europeos, anticuarios, comunidades religiosas y el Arzobispado de Sevilla. Con este trabajo tratamos de acrecentar el conocimiento sobre el comercio de antigüedades en España a principios del siglo XX.This paper presents the activity developed by the Sevillian scholar José Gestoso in the antiques trade in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century. For its study and analysis we have used unpublished documentation belonging to Gestoso’s collection of letters. These documents accredit his intervention in various episodes of purchase and sale of artistic objects, as well as the extensive network of contacts established between him and known European dealers, antiquarians, religious communities and the Archbishopric of Seville. With this work we try to increase the knowledge about the antiques trade in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Sarmento, Maria, and Cláudia Simões. "Trade fairs as engagement platforms: the interplay between physical and virtual touch points." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 1782–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-10-2017-0791.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the association between physical and virtual trade fairs under the conceptual lens of engagement platforms. The authors build on the idea of business trade fairs (i.e. physical and/or virtual customer touch points) as learning and engagement platforms in service ecosystems. Design/methodology/approach The empirical study combines qualitative interviews (n = 16) with trade fair organizers, exhibitors and visitors and a survey (n = 263) comprising open-ended questions administrated to visitors of an international trade fair. Findings Findings highlighted the general role that trade fairs have in facilitating companies’ interactions with existing and potential customers. The trade fair develops in physical and virtual platforms, where companies advance business relationships and generate learning experiences and customer engagement. Participants look for solutions to problems and frequently innovation is a consequence of the engagement and learning processes. Yet, while the physical trade fair is instrumental for human personal interaction, namely, to establish informal networks of contacts and face-to-face interactions, virtual trade fairs are highlighted as a catalyst to foster interactivity and connectivity before and after the physical trade fair. Research limitations/implications The study endures limitations that may be addressed by future research. For example, studies in similar contexts and in other settings (e.g. different industries) are warranted. Practical implications The study offers wide-ranging implications for the principal agents from the trade fair industry: trade fair organizers, exhibitors and visitors. Originality/value This research constitutes a preliminary attempt to understand the association between physical and virtual trade fairs and contributes to the discourses on customer engagement and the underlying notion of service ecosystems in the trade fair environment. In particular, the study looks at the role and connections that each platform plays for organizers and participants providing important insights into improving physical and virtual trade fair participation strategies.