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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade contractor'
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Owusu-Manu, De-Graft, Gary D. Holt, David J. Edwards, and Edward Badu. "Determinants of trade credit supply among the Ghanaian construction sector." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 4, no. 4 (September 2, 2014): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-11-2013-0057.
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Purpose – Trade credit (TC) provides access to capital for construction contractors globally and is an important source of finance in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to explore key factors underpinning construction suppliers’ decisions to provide TC to Ghanaian construction firms. Design/methodology/approach – Primary data from a structured survey of 75 construction suppliers are analysed. Principal component (factor) analysis explores complex structures among suppliers’ decision-making variables. Findings – Underlying constructs of decision criteria exist among seven key factors: financial profile of the contractor; parties’ profit margins; asset portfolio and project particulars; TC quantum and repayment terms; age and experience of the contractor; contractor corporate image; and parties’ cash flows. Originality/value – This is a new decision criteria framework for suppliers and contractors, who utilise TC.
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Gray, Colin, and Salam Al-Bizri. "Modelling Trade Contractor Information Production." Architectural Engineering and Design Management 3, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2007.9684628.
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Andruškevičius, Algirdas. "EVALUATION OF CONTRACTORS BY USING COPRAS - THE MULTIPLE CRITERIA METHOD." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2005.9637694.
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Some methods allowing for the selection of the most suitable contractor based on 26 criteria are offered. The bidding procedures of FIDIC, the international organization of consulting engineers are assessed. Contractors are evaluated by a multicriteria decision method COPRAS. The significance of the contractor evaluation criteria is determined by ranking. A description of the criteria and their rankings according to 100‐point scale are provided. A case study of selecting the contractor for the construction of a trade and entertainment centre out often bidders is also described.
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., Manish Kumar Sharma. "QUALITY – COST TRADE OFF (QCT) FOR CONTRACTOR SELECTION." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 04 (April 25, 2015): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0404054.
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Susowake, Yuta, Hasan Masrur, Tetsuya Yabiku, Tomonobu Senjyu, Abdul Motin Howlader, Mamdouh Abdel-Akher, and Ashraf M. Hemeida. "A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach towards a Proposed Smart Apartment with Demand-Response in Japan." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010127.
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In Japan, residents of apartments are generally contracted to receive low voltage electricity from electric utilities. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of high voltage batch power receiving contracts for condominiums. In this research, a high voltage batch receiving contractor introduces a demand–response in a low voltage power receiving contract, which maximizes the profit of a high voltage batch receiving contractor and minimizes the electricity charge of residents by utilizing battery storage, electric vehicles (EV), and heat pumps. A multi-objective optimization algorithm calculates a Pareto solution for the relationship between two objective trade-offs in the MATLAB ® environment.
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Madani Hosseini, Mahsa. "A Decision Support Contract for Cost-Quality Trade-Off in Projects under Information Asymmetry." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 4 (March 15, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n4p112.
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The three key drivers of a project success include cost, completion time, and scope, the interplay of which have a significant impact on the decision making in project management. In this study, we propose a theoretical framework to be used as a Project Management Decision Support System for understanding and balancing the interplay between the project cost and quality, which is a key component of the project scope. To this end, we develop a Decision Support Contract (DSC) for a project manager when outsourcing to a contractor whose delivery outcome is subject to quality risk. On the one hand, to reduce the risk of project failure, the contractor can invest in a quality improvement effort, the cost of which is the contractor’s private information. On the other hand, the contractor’s decision on quality improvement is unobservable to the project manager. In designing the DSC, we consider both problems resulting in information asymmetry between the project manager and the contractor. We first obtain the first-best solution assuming that the cost efficiency of the contractor is publicly known, and then solve for the second-best optimal cost plus incentive fee (CPIF) contract under information asymmetry. Our comparative study between the first- and second-best contracts reveals that the project manager may prefer to incur efficiency loss due to underinvestment decision by the high-cost contractor to reduce the information rent demanded by the low-cost contractor. Finally, we compare the effectiveness of CPIF contract to that of fixed-price contract, which enables us to characterize the value of incentive fee term for the project manager. This latter analysis reveals that incentive-fee term is more valuable when the improvement effort is more likely to reduce the quality failure risk.
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Arashpour, Mehrdad, Ron Wakefield, Nick Blismas, and E. W. M. Lee. "Framework for improving workflow stability: deployment of optimized capacity buffers in a synchronized construction production." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 12 (December 2014): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0199.
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Construction sites are dynamic environments due to the influence of variables such as changes in design and processes, unsteady demand, and unavailability of trades. These variables adversely affect productivity and can cause an unstable workflow in the network of trade contractors. Previous research on workflow stability in the construction and manufacturing domains has shown the effectiveness of ‘pull’ production or ‘rate driven’ construction. Pull systems authorize the start of construction when a job is completed and leaves the trade contractor network. However, the problem with pull systems is that completion dates are not explicitly considered and therefore additional mechanisms are required to ensure the due date integrity. On this basis, the aim of this investigation is to improve the coordination between output and demand using optimal-sized capacity buffers. Towards this aim, production data of two Australian construction companies were collected and analyzed. Capacity and cost optimizations were conducted to find the optimum buffer that strikes the balance between late completion costs and lost revenue opportunity. Following this, simulation experiments were designed and run to analyze different ‘what-if’ production scenarios. The findings show that capacity buffers enable builders to ensure a desired service level. Size of the capacity buffer is more sensitive to the level of variability in contractor processes than other production variables. This work contributes to the body-of-knowledge by improving production control in construction and deployment of capacity buffers to achieve a stable workflow. In addition, construction companies can use the easy-to-use framework tested in this study to compute the optimal size for capacity buffers that maximizes profit and prevents late completions.
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Jiang, Wen, Wenfei Lu, and Qianwen Xu. "Profit Distribution Model for Construction Supply Chain with Cap-and-Trade Policy." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 25, 2019): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041215.
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Cap-and-trade has become one of the most widely used carbon emission limitation methods in the world. Its constraints have a great impact on the carbon emission reduction decisions and production operations of supply chain enterprises, as well as profit distribution. In the construction supply chain, there are few studies on the profit distribution and emission reduction decisions considering cap-and-trade policy. This paper investigates the profit distribution model of a two-echelon construction supply chain consisting of a general contractor and a subcontractor with cap-and-trade policy. Using game theory and Shapley value method, the optimal emission reduction decisions and profit distribution under three cooperation modes of pure competition, co-opetition, and pure cooperation are obtained, respectively. The research shows that the profits of the construction supply chain are increasing in pure competition, co-opetition, and pure cooperation scenarios, and the emission reduction amount of the construction supply chain in the case of pure cooperation is greater than that of pure competition and co-opetition. The carbon emission reduction amount under the co-opetition scenario is not always greater than that under the pure competition scenario, which depends on the emission reduction cost coefficient relationship of general contractor and subcontractor. When the cost coefficient of emission reduction of the general contractor is less than that of the subcontractor, the emission reduction amount under pure competition is larger than that under co-opetition. A numerical study is carried out to verify the conclusions and illustrated the profits of the supply chain decreased with the increase of carbon emission reduction cost coefficient, and had nothing to do with the emission reduction efficiency of enterprises.
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Fernandes, Daniel Soares, and George Joseph. "Organisational Strategies for Competitive Advantage in the Construction Industry: Chinese Dominance in Southern Africa." Journal of Construction in Developing Countries 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jcdc2020.25.2.1.
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Chinese enterprises are presently dominating various sectors of businesses abroad, offering a wide range of low to high-end quality products and services. The construction sector in Africa is now being dominated by Chinese multinational contractor companies, who find in Africa their next preferable market to grow. The available literature on the field has serious gaps in explaining which organisational strategies increase the competitive advantage and the market dominance of Chinese multinational contractors, especially in the Southern African region. This research aims to uncover the organisational strategies, implemented by Chinese multinational contractors operating in the Southern African region, who have paved the way and consolidated their success in the region. Through a mixed methods process, qualitative and quantitative data are obtained. The construction markets of the Southern African region are analysed (environmental analysis) and the main multinational Chinese contractors are identified, through a literature review and organisational analysis. Several organisational strategies are shortlisted and, finally, through an online questionnaire, the opinions of the participants to rank the organisational strategies previously identified in terms of contribution to the actual success, copying capability, etc., are carried out. The findings revealed that the capability to offer a lower price for construction services, the easy access to loans and funds from the organisation's home government and the capability to trade debt for local resources, such as wood, land and minerals are the organisational strategies that mostly contributed to the recent Chinese contractor dominance in the Southern African construction market.
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Hatipkarasulu, Yilmaz. "Project level analysis of special trade contractor fatalities using accident investigation reports." Journal of Safety Research 41, no. 5 (October 2010): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2010.08.005.
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Si, Tongguang, Hong Xian Li, Zhen Lei, Hexu Liu, and SangHyeok Han. "A Dynamic Just-in-Time Component Delivery Framework for Off-Site Construction." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9953732.
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Off-site construction entails various advantages compared with the traditional construction method; however, the fragmentation of the prefabrication and assembly results in a complex supply chain. Both general contractors and factories often encounter production deviation, making the original component delivery plan nonoptimal. Traditionally, both parties tend to rely on internal resources or third-party resources to manage schedule changes, paying little attention to the optimisation of the component delivery process. The static compensation mechanisms reported in existing literature require factories to manage demand fluctuations but fail to encourage general contractors to control schedule deviations. Therefore, a dynamic compensation mechanism is proposed to achieve just-in-time component delivery, with which a factory shares possible changes for each component’s delivery date to its clients on an inverse Kanban system. First, unfavourable changes for the factory schedule are allocated with surcharges, and the general contractor should compensate the factory if it accepts the date changes; secondly, schedule changes that are beneficial for the factory are assigned as incentives, and the general contractor receives the factory’s incentive upon agreeing to the changes. Based on these two scenarios, genetic algorithm-based optimisation models are developed to achieve optimal delivery planning solutions. General contractors can obtain an optimal component delivery date to reduce the additional cost when they have changed the assembly schedule. General contractors can also optimise their component delivery schedule to trade their duration flexibility for incentives offered by factories. The models can help both parties to reduce component delivery waste when either side has the motivation to change the original component delivery schedules.
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Lim, Tae-Kyung, Won-Suk Jang, Jae-Ho Choi, and Dong-Eun Lee. "STOCHASTIC QUALITY-COST OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM HYBRIDIZING MULTI-OBJECTIVE GENETIC ALGORITHM AND QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 21, no. 4 (March 30, 2015): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.890647.
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This paper introduces an automated tool, the stochastic quality-cost optimization (SQCO) system, that hybridizes multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD). The system identifies the optimal trade-off between a construction owner’s satisfaction and a contractor’s satisfaction. It is important to reconcile the project participants’ conflicting interests because the construction owner aims to maximize the quality of construction while the contractor aims to minimize the cost of construction. MOGA is used to optimize resource allocation when owner satisfaction and contractor satisfaction are pursued at the same time under a limited budget. Multi-objective optimization is integrated with simulation to effectively deal with the uncertainties of the QFD input and the variability of the QFD output. This study is of value to practitioners because SQCO allows for the establishment of a quality plan that satisfies all of the multi project participants. The study is also of relevance to researchers in that it allows researchers to expeditiously identify an optimal design alternative of construction methods and operations. A test case implemented with a curtain-wall unit verifies the usability and validity of the system in practice.
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Deng, Haoran, Zhenyu Zhu, and Jianghui Wang. "Research on support mode of Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAS based on the mode of military trade." MATEC Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 10017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818910017.
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The Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) is more and more widely used in modern warfare, and its problem of support mode is becoming more and more prominent. The support mode of UAS refers to the standard mode to ensure the operation and maintenance of UAS which mainly composed of maintenance level, organization structure and contractor logistical support system. In most cases the support mode of UAS draws lesson from manned vehicles’. For the research and application of support model of UAS is relatively lagging, for example, the division of maintenance level is not clear; the allocation of support resources is redundant; military force lacks maintenance support capability; logistical support professional setting is not reasonable; the contractor logistics support system is not normative. So, there is no a set of effective, reasonable and normative support mode to support the operation and maintenance of UAS, resulting in the operational readiness of UAS is not high and maintenance process wastes a lot of manpower and material and money, which greatly restricts the operation and development of UAS. Combined with the UAS support requirements and features under the military trade, this paper analyses the status of the redundant and inefficient support mode. Aiming at these problem, a new support model of UAS will be researched from three aspects including the allocation of maintenance level, the adjustment of military maintenance organization structure, and the establishment of contractor logistical support system. By applying the new support mode to user, the operation and support of UAS will be more effective and reasonable which will greatly promote the development of UAS.
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Biruk, Sławomir, Piotr Jaśkowski, and Agata Czarnigowska. "Modelling contractor’s bidding decision." Engineering Management in Production and Services 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2017-0007.
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AbstractThe authors aim to provide a set of tools to facilitate the main stages of the competitive bidding process for construction contractors. These involve 1) deciding whether to bid, 2) calculating the total price, and 3) breaking down the total price into the items of the bill of quantities or the schedule of payments to optimise contractor cash flows. To define factors that affect the decision to bid, the authors rely upon literature on the subject and put forward that multi-criteria methods are applied to calculate a single measure of contract attractiveness (utility value). An attractive contract implies that the contractor is likely to offer a lower price to increase chances of winning the competition. The total bid price is thus to be interpolated between the lowest acceptable and the highest justifiable price based on the contract attractiveness. With the total bid price established, the next step is to split it between the items of the schedule of payments. A linear programming model is proposed for this purpose. The application of the models is illustrated with a numerical example.The model produces an economically justified bid price together with its breakdown, maintaining the logical proportion between unit prices of particular items of the schedule of payment. Contrary to most methods presented in the literature, the method does not focus on the trade-off between probability of winning and the price but is solely devoted to defining the most reasonable price under project-specific circumstances.The approach proposed in the paper promotes a systematic approach to real-life bidding problems. It integrates practices observed in operation of construction enterprises and uses directly available input. It may facilitate establishing the contractor’s in-house procedures and managerial decision support systems for the pricing process.
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Tower, Marcus, and David Baccarini. "Risk Pricing in Construction Tenders - How, Who, What." Construction Economics and Building 8, no. 1 (November 23, 2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v8i1.2997.
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Construction projects are most commonlyprocured in Australia by means of a traditionaldesign–tender–build model, whereby design islargely completed then contractors submittenders in a competitive environment.Construction contractors must consider riskswithin their tenders. This paper reports theresearch findings into pricing for risk incompetitive tenders by constructioncontractors. The research is based onstructured interviews with 10 contractingpersonnel; supplemented by 23 responses ofconstruction personnel from an online survey.Two common methods to price for risk are atrade-by-trade basis or an overall percentageor lump sum addition to the base estimate.Experience and intuition plays a significant rolein pricing for risk in tenders and the numberand type of people involved varies with projectsize, with greater involvement as project sizeincreases. The most significant risks priced intenders were: availability of resources; designor documentation errors; incomplete design;buildability issues; and inclement weather. Themost significant project factors considered bycontractors when pricing for risk in tenders are:value of liquidated damages; type ofcontract/procurement; completeness ofdocumentation; project complexity; and currentworkload. These risks and project factors areprimarily those over which the contractor haslimited or no control.
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Ramalingam, Shobha. "Subcontractor Selection Process Through Vendor Bids: A Case of An Outsourcing Service in Construction." IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review 9, no. 2 (July 2020): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277975220942078.
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Subcontractors handle a large portion of the work in construction projects. The ability of the general contractor to deliver projects on time, within budget and with the expected level of quality are significantly dependent on the performance of subcontractors. Thus, selecting the right subcontractor for the right task is a determining factor for project success. Literature has identified several criteria for subcontractor selection that predominantly includes financial capacity, ability to complete on time and reputation and quality of workmanship. However, as projects are becoming more global and complex, ensuring selection and award through a fair and competitive formal process becomes imperative. Nevertheless, an understanding of a formal process, backing the selection criteria, seems to be lacking; more so in the context of engineering outsourcing services. Vendor bid analysis is one such service, wherein the general contractor packages the bids received from several subcontractors to a team in a different country who evaluate and enable the general contractor to select and award the subcontractors for project tasks. To this end, an exploratory case study was conducted in an outsourcing firm in India that provide services to general contractors in the USA to understand the formal process of subcontractor selection across organizational boundaries along with its inherent risks and challenges. Data was collected through a participatory research approach, supplemented with participant observation and team interviews which were analysed through inductive reasoning and cross-case comparison methods. The findings showed a formalized 5-phase process across the organizational interface that included assess, identify, evaluate, negotiate and optimize phases. Further, delving into the evaluate, negotiate and optimize phases, the nuances in outsourced projects and the firms strategy to overcome them were evident, such as selection criteria and negotiation strategy adopted in the case of a single bidder with high pricing to mitigate probable bid-rigging practices or ensuring constant training to overcome the challenges due to lack of trade and country specific know-how. In addition, through a reflective approach, the value addition services provided to the general contractor aimed to optimize the process and improve project governance. These findings are expected to provide practical implication for firms in similar business and act as a steppingstone to conduct further robust research.
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Seng, Ng Weng, Norlena Hasnan, and Shahimi Mohtar. "ORGANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS: CAN THEY INFLUENCE THE CONSTRUCTION INNOVATION?" Journal of Technology and Operations Management 15, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jtom2020.15.1.6.
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Heavy constructions are increasingly becoming more complicated, demanding increased innovative methods, and greater technological advancement. The complexity of the industry, generally has been described as multi-faceted and highly fragmented with significant problems such as communication breakdown, conflicts, and disputes. The lack of organization characteristics can apparently limit the effort of the construction industries to adopt the technology and innovation. Hence, this paper aims to investigate to the influence of organization characteristics namely construction type, presence of trade unions, and professional and trade association affiliation towards the construction innovation. In order to achieve the research objectives, mail surveys have been conducted among the construction companies in Malaysia. A total of 703 questionnaire surveys were mailed to randomly selected construction companies that operating in Malaysia and registered as G7 contractor with CIDB. The number of returned usable surveys totaled 383, yielding an effective response rate of 54.4%. All the organizational characteristics proposed have been found to be positively correlated with construction innovation. Apart from suggesting the direction of future construction industry study, this paper is valuable in providing insights for the contractors in implementing innovative construction technologies that can be used to devise strategic marketing plans and ultimately for enjoyment of competitive advantages.
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J., Locke. "Contracting Out, Grievance Procedure and Union Liability." Jurisprudence du travail 15, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022036ar.
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Summary Though the preferential wiring clause did not apply to an independant contractor, the union could not put him off the job, the matter beeing one which should have been dealt with accordingly under the grievance procedure clause. The union a legal entity, by the use of illegal means, caused damage to the respondent and is liable in damages for its wrongful acts, through the act of the union was not done in connection with a trade dispute.
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Ditzian, Jan L., George R. Purifoy, Gregg K. Sullivan, and Marilyn Sue Bogner. "Embedded Training: Lessons from System Development Programs." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 10 (September 1986): 1014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603001017.
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The objective of the ARI-PM TRADE-TRADOC program in embedded training (ET) is to make ET considered systematically as a part of the systems acquisition process such that it is always considered as an option for the training system when appropriate to do so and developed such that it provides the maximum benefits. This objective requires that we develop methods and guidelines for determining if and how the ET component should be developed for any particular system during the acquisition process. ET has, up to now, been a very systematic process. PM-TRADE, TRADOC, ARI, and our contractor team intend to change this such that ET is a systematic part of the Life Cycle Systems Management Model (LCSMM) process.
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Feng, Kailun, Weizhuo Lu, Shiwei Chen, and Yaowu Wang. "An Integrated Environment–Cost–Time Optimisation Method for Construction Contractors Considering Global Warming." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 4207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114207.
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Construction contractors play a vital role in reducing the environmental impacts during the construction phase. To mitigate these impacts, contractors need to develop environmentally friendly plans that have optimal equipment, materials and labour configurations. However, construction plans with optimal environment may negatively affect the project cost and duration, resulting in dilemma for contractors on adopting low impacts plans. Moreover, the enumeration method that is usually used needs to assess and compare the performances of a great deal of scenarios, which seems to be time consuming for complicated projects with numerous scenarios. This study therefore developed an integrated method to efficiently provide contractors with plans having optimal environment–cost–time performances. Discrete-event simulation (DES) and particle swarm optimisation algorithms (PSO) are integrated through an iterative loop, which remarkably reduces the efforts on optimal scenarios searching. In the integrated method, the simulation module can model the construction equipment and materials consumption; the assessment module can evaluate multi-objective performances; and the optimisation module fast converges on optimal solutions. A prototype is developed and implemented in a hotel building construction. Results show that the proposed method greatly reduced the times of simulation compared with enumeration method. It provides the contractor with a trade-off solution that can average reduce 26.9% of environmental impact, 19.7% of construction cost, and 10.2% of project duration. The method provides contractors with an efficient and practical decision support tool for environmentally friendly planning.
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Al‐Shihabi, Sameh, and Mohammad M. AlDurgam. "The contractor time–cost–credit trade‐off problem: integer programming model, heuristic solution, and business insights." International Transactions in Operational Research 27, no. 6 (January 2, 2020): 2841–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/itor.12764.
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Shojaei, Abdorreza. "Validity of Open Contract in International Trade Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n2p241.
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Open contracts are agreement whereby parties of the contract can insert terms and conditions in the contract, delete them, or revise them. Some contracts for the supply of goods or construction are examples of such contracts. One party (usually a contractor or seller) can have many initiatives by increasing and decreasing the price or by changing elements of the contract. Certainly, there are many reasons, motives, and important goals in creating this type of conventions and its acceptance by the legal community. Discovery of these reasons and the goals leads to fundamental changes and definition of this type of contract could be a major driver of reform in Iranian contract laws, as Iranian community prefers to use example or pre-specified forms of contracts. Therefore, referring to the Principles of European Contract Law and implementation of the legal provisions, legal doctrines, and jurisprudence, presentation of new concepts such as open contract as well as analysis of its nature, validity, and effects leads to establishment of grounds for accepting new contractual frameworks and its localization of contractual rights in Iran because it has been rejected due to traditional perspectives. It may result in legislation to pave the way for solving many legal problems in specialized issues such as oil contracts. In this regard, in addition to genealogy of open contract, this article aims to examine its types and its effects legally in the laws of countries like Iran and European countries.
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Nag, Bodhibrata, Jeetendra Singh, and Ved Mani Tiwari. "Choosing the appropriate project management structure, project financing, land acquisition and contractual process for Indian railway mega-projects: a case study of the Dedicated Freight Corridor project." Journal of Project, Program & Portfolio Management 3, no. 2 (May 13, 2013): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pppm.v3i2.2791.
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A large number of railway mega-projects are planned or are under implementation for capacity augmentation, for serving the needs of trade, specific regions or industry sectors. Since transport capacity is one of the main levers of economic progress, it is essential that augmentation of transport capacity is not held up. It is therefore essential to choose the appropriate project management structure, project financing, land acquisition and contractual process to ensure design, construction and commissioning of projects without cost and time overruns. These choices have to be made keeping in view the context of the organisational technical capacity, financial capability, contractor capacity, and industry and trade growth pattern. This paper examines the various project management structures, methods of project financing, land acquisition and contractual processes along with their advantages and disadvantages. The paper takes the specific case of the Dedicated Freight Corridor project to examine the appropriateness of options.
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Maity, Arijit. "STUDY OF FUTURE PROSPECTS OF ONLINE CEMENT RETAILING." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i3.2015.3027.
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The project focuses on exploring the problems arises from traditional purchase of cement and the future prospects of online cement retailing instead of going through traditional retail channel or non-trade and its future adoption potential in Indian cement market. Exploratory research was done initially with sample size 10 in which customers include individual home builder, masons, engineer/architect, contractor and builders to find out the present problem associated in traditional purchase of cement. The questionnaire listing factors which helps in finding potential adoption of online purchase of cement is administered with a sample of 50 customers.
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Hillman, Sharon O., James E. McHale, Steve D. Hood, Richard C. Long, John C. Klepper, and Gary P. Bader. "WORLD-CLASS OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND RESPONSE FOR THE ALASKAN: TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM TANKER TRADE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-287.
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ABSTRACT Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, Ship Escort Response Vessel System (SERVS) is the primary response action contractor for Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) laden tankers within Prince William Sound and an oil spill removal organization for the Gulf of Alaska. During the past five years, SERVS has implemented a world-class spill prevention and response organization for this region. The activities of the SERVS prevention and response organization include escort prevention service, spill prevention activities, response equipment, contingency planning, nearshore response, community involvement, fishing vessels program, citizen oversight, and training. Plans have been made for dispersant use, in-situ burning, waste management, coastal resource and sensitive environment inventory, wildlife protection and rehabilitation, and other response strategies. Response equipment and strategy updates are closely coordinated with ship operators/charters (planholders), agencies, and the public, including the Prince William Sound Regional Citizen Advisory Council.
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Fachrurrazi, Fachrurrazi, Mahmuddin Mahmuddin, and Cut Yuniati Anas. "TIME-COST TRADE-OFF MODEL FOR TIE BEAM ACTIVITY." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 7, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v7i1.9163.
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Abstract: Crashing project duration is conducted when the project experience schedule delay. The consequence of this crashing is needed the additional cost to anticipate the delay. Choosing the right activity for the reduction will provide additional cost efficiency. The purpose of this research is to develop time-cost trade-off (TCTO) model for tie beam activity. The model was developed based on the respondent's perception through the questionnaire, and collecting the Budget Plan Report. Respondents in this study are director, estimator, and project manager at contractor who is domiciled in West Aceh District. The results showed that the tie beam can be broken down into sub activities such formwork, rebar and concrete that have different characteristics in tie beam activities based on TCTO model. Based on these conditions, the sub activities activities can be accelerated from the normal duration of the project are 60%, 50% and 60% respectively and the required additional cost is 2.88% per day, 2.93% per day, and 3.88% per day.Keywords : Project Crashing, Crash Duration, Additional cost, Model TCTO, Tie beam, West of Aceh, Formwork, Rebar work, Concrete workAbstrak: Percepatan schedule sering dilakukan ketika kemajuan proyek dinilai mengalami keterlambatan terhadap rencana awal. Konsekuensi dari percepatan schedule tersebut dapat memberikan peningkatan biaya proyek. Pemilihan aktifitas yang tepat akan memberikan efisiensi biaya tambahan. Penelitian mengkaji hanya pada aktifitas sloof sebagai aktifitas yang dipilih untuk di percepat sebagai obyek tinjauan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan model Time-cost trade-off (TCTO) aktifitas pekerjaan sloof dalam sebuah proyek. Model tersebut dikembangkan berdasarkan persepsi responden melalui pengisian kuesioner dan data RAB. Responden dalam penelitian ini yaitu direktur, estimator, dan manajer proyek pada badan usaha kontraktor yang berdomisili di Kabupaten Aceh Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaan sloof dapat dipecah kedalam sub aktifitas seperti sub aktifitas bekisting sloof, pembesian sloof dan beton sloof memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dalam pekerjaan sloof berdasarkan TCTO model. Berdasarkan kondisi ini, sub-aktifitas pekerjaan sloof tersebut dapat dipecepat dari durasi normal proyek secara berturut-turut adalah 60%, 50% dan 60% dan biaya tambahan yang diperlukan adalah 2.88% per hari, 2.93% per hari, dan 3.88% per hari.Kata kunci : Percepatan schedule, Durasi crash, Biaya tambahan , Model TCTO, Pekerjaan sloof, Aceh Barat, Pekerjaan bekisting, Pekerjaan pembesian, Pekerjaan pengecoran
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Seng, Ng Weng, Norlena Hasnan, and Shahimi Mohtar. "ORGANIZATIONCHARACTERISTICS:CAN THEY INFLUENCE THE CONSTRUCTION INNOVATION?" Journal of Technology and Operations Management 15, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jtom2020.15.1.5.
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Heavy constructions are increasingly becoming more complicated, demanding increased innovative methods, and greater technological advancement. The complexity of the industry, generally has been described as multi-faceted and highly fragmented with significant problems such as communication breakdown, conflicts, and disputes. The lack of organization characteristics can apparently limit the effort of the construction industries to adopt the technology and innovation. Hence, this paper aims to investigate to the influence of organization characteristics namely construction type, presence of trade unions, and professional and trade association affiliation towards theconstruction innovation. In order to achieve the research objectives, mail surveys have been conducted among the construction companies in Malaysia. A total of 703 questionnaire surveys were mailed to randomly selected construction companies that operating in Malaysia and registered as G7 contractor with CIDB. The number of returned usable surveys totaled 383, yielding an effective response rate of 54.4%. All the organizational characteristics proposed have been found to be positively correlated with construction innovation. Apart from suggesting the direction of future construction industry study, this paper is valuable in providing insights for thecontractors in implementing innovative construction technologies that can be used to devise strategic marketing plans and ultimately for enjoyment of competitive advantages.
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Mwangi, Isaiah Gichohi, and Dr Johnbosco Mutuku Kisimbi. "Critical Success Factors Influencing the Performance of Infrastructure Projects in The Aviation Industry in Kenya; A Case of Moi International Airport." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 5, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jepm.498.
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Purpose: Aviation sector in Kenya facilitates both international and domestic trade, promotes tourism and foreign investment thus contributing to government revenue and employment opportunities. Therefore, improving airport infrastructure would help reduce travel time, improve connectivity. The high rates of project failure have become a major concern for stakeholders hence the need to identify key factors that promote project success or failure. This study seeks to assess the critical success factor influencing the performance of construction projects in Kenya.Methodology: The study adopted quantitative method to examine critical success factors for the performance of aviation construction projects in Kenya. Descriptive case study research design was adopted and self –administered questionnaires were used to collect quantitative for analysis. The variables of interest include timely financing project activities, competency of contractors, participation of stakeholders, and management skills. Descriptive analysis and inferential tests were conducted with the aid of IBM SPSS version 23 software.Results: The study found that timely financing, contractor competency, stakeholder participation, and management skills have positive and significant influence on the performance of aviation construction projects. Descriptive results suggest that tractors competency, timely financing, management skills, and stakeholders’ participation have a strong positive influence on project performance. The study has also established a significant contribution of contractor competency to the successful performance of aviation construction projects. It was also noted that participation of key stakeholders in projects identification, decision making, and resource mobilization can enhance the success of aviation construction projects. It was observed that these factors account for over 54.9% of changes in project performance.Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: In light of these results, the study recommends industry players to put measures in place that would allow timely provisions of finance for all project activities. It is also important to source for competent and experienced contractors, engage key stakeholders in decision making about the project, and recruit a competent and skilled project manager. The study results have a significant contribution to practitioners in the aviation construction sector in Kenya. The study provides the practitioner with the most critical variables likely to influence the performance of aviation construction projects. It further acknowledges that external factors also influence the success of these projects. In light of this, the practitioners can institute contingency plans to mitigate the risks to ensure successful completion of their projects. To the academic, the current study has filled literature gap on critical success factors for aviation project performance. Given the upcoming mega project in aviation sector around the world, these factors provide the basis for future research in this area to ensure these projects are executed successfully within budget and schedule
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Mkrttchian, Vardan, and Yulia Vertakova. "Digital Sharing Economy." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 10, no. 2 (April 2019): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2019040103.
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The modernization of traditional manufacturing industries and service industries, organization of trading and purchasing procedures, related financial and logistics operations, changes in consumption patterns in the presence of thorough penetration of information technologies and digitalization of economic processes creates the basis for forming new markets and new conditions of their operation. One of the effects of global technological changes and digitalization of consumer experience was the development of a new form of trade and property relations – a share economy. Reorientation of consumer behavior from purchasing to sharing, exclusion of intermediaries from a “client – contractor” chain, strengthening the role of online reputation and self-regulation of the community to ensure the quality of services revolutionize a business model in many areas. Digital share economies will evolve and transform over the next few years. In this regard, it becomes important to study the essence, principles of functioning, and development of new business models.
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Tam, Vivian W. Y., C. M. Tam, and William C. Y. Ng. "On prefabrication implementation for different project types and procurement methods in Hong Kong." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 5, no. 1 (April 3, 2007): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17260530710746614.
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PurposeThe use of prefabrication has been considered as one of the most effective waste minimization methods in the construction context; however, the industry has found difficulties to implement it. Contractors lack experience in using prefabrication and they do not know how to implement prefabrication to their projects effectively. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a study on the implementation of prefabrication in the context of different project types and procurement approaches.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines possible project types and procurement methods to maximally gain benefits of using prefabricated building components. A questionnaire survey and structured interviews have been conducted.FindingsFrom the results, it should be noted that residential projects and design and build procurement methods are the most effective project types and procurement methods, respectively, in using prefabrication. In the interview discussion, one of the governmental employees highlighted that about 65 percent of projects are residential projects. The high supply of residential housing suits fast population growth in Hong Kong. The interviewee also explained that shortening construction period is one of the main goals in their projects. Furthermore, an interviewed main contractor highlighted that the involvement of contractors at the early design stage in a project can bring advantages in considering construction methods before project commencement on site and to improve project constructability. An interviewed subcontractor also explained that the involvement of construction organizations in the design stage can effectively improve the use of prefabrication in major activities including concreting, plastering and formworking, rather than wet‐trade construction activities. Therefore, the use of standardized designs and prefabricated building components are highly encouraged.Originality/valueThis brings early considerations and suggestions to project parties to improve prefabrication implementation. The effects of prefabrication implementation are also considered.
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Bohorquez, J., and Maximiliano Menz. "State Contractors and Global Brokers: The Itinerary of Two Lisbon Merchants and the Transatlantic Slave Trade during the Eighteenth Century." Itinerario 42, no. 3 (December 2018): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115318000608.
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The Portuguese Empire was the stage for one of the largest movements of enslaved people during early modern times. Almost two millions enslaved humans were violently carried from Africa in Portuguese vessels in the eighteenth century alone. Yet, in contrast to British or French slave traders based in Europe, for which a vast literature is available, little is known about the Lisbon traders. This paper aims at filling this gap by paying attention to the trajectory of two Lisbon slave traders: Domingos Dias da Silva and José António Pereira. In recounting their biographies and their business in Africa, Brazil, and Asia, we draw attention to the active role Lisbon-based slave traders played in the financing, organisation, and carrying of slave traffic, as well as the different institutional conditions they confronted when profiting from the commerce in humans. Domingos Dias da Silva became a key state contractor in spite of his poor origins, while Pereira featured as a global broker, connecting different markets in four continents. These two agents and their diverse characteristics help shed light on the slave trade, the context in which it expanded, and on the people who conducted this infamous commerce.
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Josserand, Emmanuel, and Sarah Kaine. "Different directions or the same route? The varied identities of ride-share drivers." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 4 (June 9, 2019): 549–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619848461.
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In this article we draw on personal narratives to study the identity work conducted by ride-share drivers to make sense of their occupational identity that is made problematic by the ambiguity of their legal classification and the precarious nature of their material conditions. Our contribution is twofold. First, we reveal the specificity of the identity work conducted by gig workers in comparison to other groups of workers such as employees and independent workers. We uncover the narratives that gig workers use to construct a coherent discourse that accommodates the trade-offs that their occupation involves. Second, we provide an understanding of the experience of gig workers. We adopt the term ‘sub-entrepreneur’ to refer to a type of independent contractor who experiences less freedom than those with true entrepreneurial scope and autonomy in their work. This definition assists in our reflection on our findings in relation to the future of gig workers, gig work and gig platforms.
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Sharma, Sushmita, and Sachin Upadhayaya. "MARKETING OF MANDARIN ORANGE IN JAJARKOT DISTRICT: A VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS." Malaysian E Commerce Journal 4, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 05–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mecj.01.2020.05.08.
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The study was conducted to analyze the value chain of mandarin orange in Jajarkot district with the objective of drawing value chain map, defining linkage and value governance and finding major constraints. Total 82 respondents were interviewed by a semi-structured questionnaire including 60 farmers, 5 retailers, 5 collectors, 10 consumers, and 2 processors. EXCEL 2019 and SPSS 20 were used to enter and analyze data. Grading and sorting were major value-adding activities while processing was done at the retailer level in end markets. Grading fetched 4.188% and 3.94% more profit in contractor and consumer level respectively. The Most dominating channel was farmer-local consumer (46%) where farmers sold produce to Jajarkot fair. The Average price at farmgate, retailer, collector and contractor were 39.08/kg, 61.2/kg, 46.75/kg, and 49.75/kg respectively. Productivity of mandarin was found 8.54 mt/ha and B/C ratio was found 2.56. Margin in farmer-collector-retailer-consumer channel was 29.25 and in farmer-retailer-consumer channel was 23.08. Producer share was found highest in channel 5 (60.13%) and market efficiency was found higher in channel 3 (4.88%). Similarly, price spread in channels 3,4 and 5 were 34.33%, 64.19%, and 66.75% respectively. Vertical Integration included farmer and nurseries in backward linkage and farmer and farmer collector in the forward linkage. High transport cost was the reason for the high price of mandarin. Overall, the trade of mandarin in Jajarkot was found buyer-driven. Major problems related to marketing were poor storage (0.877) and processing facilities (0.833). The study revealed that mandarin production is profitable and potential in Jajarkot.
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Прохоров, Михаил, and Mikhail Prokhorov. "Service activities of peasants in Moscow in the middle of XVIII century." Servis Plus 9, no. 1 (March 6, 2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7580.
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The author examines the role of the serfs in the provision of services to Muscovites in the middle of the eighteenth century. This topic is insufficiently developed in the national historiography, although some issues have been raised in the literature. Source base of the study is represented by assembly records, contractor papers, residential papers, loans, petitions, letters, properly inventories of the time. Sources allow to analyze the leading forms of services for citizens in manufacturing, construction, small commodity production, monetary operations, catering, trade and everyday life. The paper clarified the basic features and characteristics of the service activities of peasants, the extent of supply of consumer services, profitability. The facts indicate the focus of the individual counties and villages on specialization in services and delivery to Moscow sutlers, gardeners, textile workers, bricklayers.
Particular attention is paid to the formation of large, medium and small businesses among peasants, active use of family and hired labor. Subjected to analysis are activities in the field of service and wholesale trade of rich peasants as Sezemov and Belousov.
Particular emphasis is placed on clarification of Moscow life and everyday way of life of peasant entrepreneurs, how they developed their ethical conduct and public demands for power, how they adapted to city life.
The study shows that participation of peasants in services for Muscovites had both consumer and entrepreneurial nature. In its activities, peasants used various forms of service: custom work and to the market, provision of individual and collective services, participation in a stationary, wholesale trade and retail, etc. Evidences suggest that business cooperation gradually blured the line between castes of merchants, burghers and peasants, who were united by a partnership, success and profit.
The results may be useful for the formation of an information base of research on the history of service and business in Russia.
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Stabler, D. Scott. "Shipbuilding’s Supplier Base: Outlook for the ’90s and Beyond." Marine Technology and SNAME News 30, no. 03 (July 1, 1993): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1993.30.3.148.
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A review of the outlook for American shipbuilding and its supplier base as both enter the '90s is presented. The inexorable link between demand at shipbuilder level and revenue for suppliers mandates analysis of both macro and micro economic conditions. Included is a review of the shipbuilding industry, factors determining contracting levels and direction as well as the resultant impact upon domestic suppliers. As a focus for future action, the current status of the supplier base is presented, including projection of what fallout can be anticipated in light of the anticipated reduction in funding levels for naval shipbuilding. Recommendations for mitigating these impacts, including philosophical change in DOD contractor management strategies, development of a more commercially-oriented Navy and a revised focus for U.S. trade policy on shipbuilding, are presented. The paper concludes that the Government must work directly with shipbuilders and their suppliers to ensure that America maintains her capability to produce the warships necessary for defense and reestablishes her ability to maintain economic well-being via production of her own link to worldwide commerce.
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Setiawan, Lucy, and Jane Sekarsari Tamtana. "ANALISIS PERCEPATAN DURASI PEKERJAAN BASEMENT SEMI TOP DOWN DENGAN METODE TIME COST TRADE OFF." JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmts.v3i1.6974.
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Contractor gets a penalty for a delayed project. A stipulation of penalty is stated on Perpres No. 16 Tahun 2018. Indonesia One project was selected for research because the project was applying semi Top Down Method for its basement and the project was facing a delay on South Tower Basement that could cause a penalty. The applied method to speed up the implementation is time cost trade off; strategy:to increase the number of workers and to prolong the working time. The purpose of the research is to analyze the acceleration, and to compare which can result in minimum cost. The research shows that the excavation work at C Zone can be accelerated from normal duration 44 days to 37 days by increasing the number of workers; this results in lower crash cost in the amount of Rp 11.927.090 compare to prolong working time in the amount of Rp 45.796.186. The column reinforcement work at C Zone can be accelerated from normal duration 54 days to 37 days by increasing the number of workers; this results in lower crash cost in the amount of Rp 15.271.375 compare to prolong working time in the amount of Rp 65.019.330. AbstrakKeterlambatan durasi akan menyebabkan kontraktor dikenakan denda keterlambatan. Perihal tentang denda keterlambatan tertulis dalam Perpres No.16 Tahun 2018. Proyek Indonesia 1 dipilih sebagai objek penelitian karena menggunakan metode semi Top Down pada pelaksanaan basement dan proyek tersebut mengalami keterlambatan durasi pada pekerjaan basement Tower Selatan. Metode percepatan yang digunakan untuk mempercepat durasi proyek adalah metode time cost trade off. Strategi yang digunakan ialah dengan menambah jumlah pekerja dan menambah jumlah jam kerja. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis percepatan dan mendapatkan strategi dengan biaya percepatan yang lebih murah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pekerjaan galian Zona C dapat dipercepat sebanyak tujuh hari dengan penambahan jumlah tenaga kerja; menghasilkan biaya percepatan yang lebih murah dengan nilai Rp 11.927.090 dibandingkan dengan menambah jumlah jam kerja dengan biaya percepatan sebesar Rp 45.796.186. Pekerjaan penulangan kolom Zona C dapat dipercepat dari durasi normal 54 hari menjadi 47 hari dengan penambahan jumlah tenaga kerja; menghasilkan biaya percepatan yang lebih murah dengan nilai Rp 15.271.375 dibandingkan dengan menambah jumlah jam kerja dengan biaya percepatan debesar Rp 65.019.330.
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Ghalehkhondabi, Iman, and Reza Maihami. "Sustainable municipal solid waste disposal supply chain analysis under price-sensitive demand: A game theory approach." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 3 (November 21, 2019): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19886650.
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The impacts of price and sustainability on municipal waste disposal demand have largely been ignored by waste management researchers. This paper considers a waste disposal supply chain that includes a disposal facility and a contractor. Both parties try to improve source sorting for waste collection to reduce the recycling cost at the disposal facility. Improving source sorting requires investment that would increase the price of the waste disposal service, thereby affecting the price-sensitive demand. The relationship between the service price and investments in waste sorting motives is analyzed in this paper via studying the trade-off between the optimal source sorting and the waste disposal service prices. Different scenarios based on the various players’ power structures are developed. Nash and Stackelberg games have been applied in order to find the optimal decision values in each scenario. The impact of cost sharing on optimal supply chain decisions is also studied. The numerical results show that the waste supply chain is more profitable when it is working under an integrated management structure. Moreover, reducing the required investment motivates supply chain players to select higher levels of waste sorting at the source. A numerical example is provided, followed by some managerial insights.
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Barkhatov, Viktor, Daria Bents, Elena Silova, and Elena Kozlova. "PHENOMENON OF A TRANSACTIONAL RENT IN AGRARIAN BUSINESS." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 24, 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1128.
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The phenomenon of a transactional rent in agrarian business in Russian regions is studied in the presented paperwork. The authors have found such phenomenon while they were analyzing contractual relations in regional agrarian branches. The research was supported by the state grant for young scientists in 2015-2016. The authors gathered a set of qualitative and quantitative results exploring the problem of agrarian contractual relations.The article’s purpose is to research the nature and forms of transactional rent, to develop a technique of the quantitative assessment of contractual relations’ efficiency, and to evaluate that level.Transactional rent is understood as the income gained by one subject (contractor) while there are reasons to suppose that this income shall belong to the other subject of a transaction (if the market is perfect). Transactional rent is a result of imperfection in the market mechanism. The authors consider inefficiency of the contractual relations as the main problem of agrarian market functioning. That is shown by the presence of high market barriers, discriminating conditions, multiplicity of subjects of a contractual chain, and lack of regulation of contractual relations in business practice. The high prices of food for customers, monopolization of markets at the level of retail trade, high level of shadow operations in this market and, respectively, imperfection of monitoring over food quality are the consequences of similar inefficiencies of contractual relations. Threat of food security and regional economic stability in general can arise as the result of a high level of transactional rent. The research is based on neoinstitutional methodology. Key methods of research are statistical and econometric as a method of economic modeling. For carrying out empirical research, authors have access to the paid database (FIRA PRO) where a huge number of statistical information on the agrarian market is available. For the analysis of the level of transactional rent in agrarian business, the authors use a technique with such indicators as effectiveness ratio of the contract relations and coefficient of opportunism. In the conducted statistical research, it is established that the greatest transactional rent is formed at the third element of an agrarian contract chain (wholesale trade).
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Jaya, Adi Aprian, Kusnul Yakin, and Maulidya Octaviani Bustamin. "Kajian Pengaruh Percepatan Waktu Pekerjaan Konstruksi Terhadap Biaya Proyek Bess Mansion Apartement Surabaya." Ge-STRAM: Jurnal Perencanaan dan Rekayasa Sipil 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jprs.v2i2.1930.
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In the implementation of construction project activities there are thre things that influence the success and failure of the project: time, cost and quality. The success of a project is usually seen from the timing of completion which is relatively short but without neglecting the quality of the project work. Appropriate and targeted project management and management are required to ensure the time, cost, and quality of the project. This is certainly to avoid a variety of undesirable things such as late settlement, swelling costs, quality failures, and so on that could have an impact on project failure and the emergence of the cost of fines. The purpose of this study is to calculate changes in cost and time of project implementation with alternatives to additional working hours (overtime) comparing the results between normal and cost changes after the addition of working hours (overtime). The data used in this research is secondary data obtained from contractor implementing. Arrow diagram The results program are critical paths and cost increases due to the addition of working hours (overtime) while the result of the time cost trade off method is the acceleration of duration and the increased cost due to the acceleration of duration in any accelerated activity. The results of this study indicate that the total project time and cost under normal conditions is 508 days at a cost of Rp 22.240.655.701 with the addition of 3 hours of overtime work in the duration of crashing 485 days and at a cost of Rp 23.252.220.373,34
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Walker, M. J. "ADVANCES IN WIRELINE DATA ACQUISITION IN SYNTHETIC-BASED MUD SYSTEMS AND STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED FORMATION EVALUATION." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98028.
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With the growth in popularity of synthetic-based mud (SBM) systems in Australia, and the emergence of more advanced wireline logging tools, there is an expectation that better hole conditions will give rise to better value- for-money evaluation programs. This is certainly true from the drilling cost perspective, where a logging job can be completed without need for 'wiper' trips to recondition the hole. However, in order to extract maximum value from the latest generation of logging tools, careful attention needs to be applied to the formation evaluation program.There have been some unexpected results from the wireline data quality viewpoint, with some positive results mixed with outcomes that fell below expectation, both linked to the complex nature of the synthetic-based mud recipes. Contrary to intuition, good quality electrical images may be obtained in synthetic-based muds, and some mud additives used to stop filtrate loss can seriously degrade the quality of acoustic images that are traditionally run in SBMs. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance works well in SBMs, especially where invasion is kept to a minimum. Holes drilled with SBMs do not normally display borehole ellipticity, which may be used to infer tectonic stress directions. However, oriented cross dipole shear-weave logging is able to detect azimuthal anisotropy, which may be related to tectonic stress, in holes with a circular profile.There are trade-offs using different SBM recipes, which will impact on formation evaluation programs. Close consultation with the logging contractor and mud company, as far ahead of the drilling of the well as possible is recommended to ensure a satisfactory outcome.
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Kareem, Mohammed Majeed. "The Intermediation as Alternative Mean to Settle Crisis of International Trade Contracts." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 7406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr2020559.
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Theong, Maychuan, Rosli Abd Rashid, and Changsaar Chai. "Implication of Industrialised Building System (IBS) : The Case of Trade Contractors in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.14253.
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To further enhance the efficiency, capacity and capability of the Malaysian construction industry, the government has been aggressively championing the use of Industrialised Building System (IBS). However, several studies have pointed out that the trade contractors are very concern with the increasing use of IBS in the country because it will reduce their business opportunities. Therefore, the research is dedicated to address issues faced by the trade contractors with the adoption of IBS. The objectives of this paper are to uncover the impact of IBS to the trade contractors and to suggest solutions to address issues faced by the trade contractors with the implementation of IBS. A fundamental of the methodology is to adopt multiple case studies approach. These projects adopted both conventional and IBS construction method. A number of 8 projects were selected. Interview sessions are conducted with trade and main contractors. Collected data is then modelled by using the combination of fuzzy theory set and simple multi-attribute rating technique. Main contractors’ input on several success factors that lead to the penetration of trade contractors in IBS is evaluated. Some degree of involvement of trade contractors in IBS projects is recommended. It is significant for the trade contractors to obtain skills for IBS approach besides their existing crafts. Furthermore, the trade contractors are suggested to register themselves as IBS components installer as this does not involve high investment capital or they can join the other companies to increase their technical and financial capacity. These findings will inform on numerous policy initiatives to manage the business sustainability of the domestic trade contractors, to improve construction methods, then to modernise and upgrade the construction industry within the country.
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GASTAÑAGA, MELVIN, ROSS MACLEOD, BENNETT HENNESSEY, JOAQUIN UGARTE NÚÑEZ, EDEVALY PUSE, ANITA ARRASCUE, JOHANA HOYOS, WILLY MALDONADO CHAMBI, JIMMY VASQUEZ, and GUNAR ENGBLOM. "A study of the parrot trade in Peru and the potential importance of internal trade for threatened species." Bird Conservation International 21, no. 1 (May 26, 2010): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270910000249.
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SummaryDuring a period of 12 months in 2007 and 2008, a study of the parrot trade within Peru was carried out. In this study, 20 main wildlife markets were visited in eight cities in order to estimate the number of parrot species and individuals traded legally and illegally within a year. The study also gathered extra information from vendors and customers through informal interviews about the trade process. Additionally we contracted one person in two markets between February and May 2008 to monitor how many species and individuals entered the trade. During the study, four threatened species (the ‘Endangered’ Gray-cheeked Parakeet Brotogeris pyrrhoptera, the ‘Vulnerable’ Military Macaw Ara militaris, the ‘Vulnerable’ Yellow-faced Parrotlet Forpus xanthops and the ‘Near Threatened’ Red-masked Parakeet Aratinga erythrogenys) and one additional species listed in CITES Appendix 1 (Scarlet Macaw Ara macao) were found being traded. Thirty-four species were recorded in total, 33 of which are native to Peru (representing 63% of the 52 known Peruvian parrot species) and one of which (Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus) is native to Bolivia and Argentina. Our results show that even for the seven species which can be legally traded in Peru, the number of individuals being traded can greatly exceed the numbers that can officially be traded legally. We directly counted 4,722 parrots for sale and using a measured detection rate of 3% we estimate a total market size in the cities surveyed of between 80,000 and 90,000 individuals. As our surveys sampled only 8 out of Peru’s 24 departmental capitals and there are also other large cities, these numbers are likely to represent only a part of the total trade in Peru. To the best of our knowledge this is one of the first detailed studies of the internal trade in a source country for the international parrot trade. Our results suggest that such internal trade is likely to be a significant conservation issue that has previously been largely overlooked.
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Kirby, Simon, Ray Barrell, and Nathan Foley-Fisher. "Prospects for the UK Economy." National Institute Economic Review 211 (January 2010): F43—F62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950110364094.
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The preliminary estimate of GDP confirms that the UK economy finally stopped contracting in the fourth quarter of 2009, bringing to an end six quarters of continuous contraction (figure 1) but 0.1 per cent growth is disappointing. The estimate suggested that the economy contracted by 4.8 per cent in 2009. Growth was driven by the distribution and government sectors. The main contributors from the distribution sector were the retail and motor trades. This is consistent with the impact of the cut in the standard rate of VAT and the car scrappage scheme, both of which should have brought durables purchases forward into the last quarter of 2009. It also highlights the risk that, as the fiscal stimulus ends, the UK economy could stall and possibly even contract for a quarter or two. As figure 1 shows, we do not expect this to happen. We expect growth of 1.1 per cent per annum this year; stronger growth is inconsistent with a household sector undergoing a period of retrenchment and increased savings. Contributions to economic growth are expected to be the result of the inventory cycle and the influence of net trade.
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Stegney, M. "Внесок київських ветеринарних лікарів другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. у світову науку і практику." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 82 (October 11, 2017): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8202.
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Scientific researches on the activity of veterinary doctors of Kyiv in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were conducted. It was established that no attention was paid to the veterinary and sanitary organization of the Kyiv province until the end of the nineteenth century. It was confirmed by a small number of veterinary staff in the province. A small number of veterinarians in the province until 1882 could not organize veterinary and sanitary activities at the proper level. Their activities were of a purely organizational nature. During that period, the Sanitary Commission, which included medical doctors, but none veterinarian, operated in Kyiv. Only in 1885 the veterinary doctor V.K. Ponomariov was introduced into the commission (from 1886). After the liberation of V.K. Ponomariov, that post was occupied by P.M. Genevsky, who previously worked as a senior veterinarian of slaughterhouses.With the opening of urban slaughterhouses, veterinary and sanitary activities were not limited to that work, and the veterinary doctor, as a member of the Sanitary Commission, conducted an autopsy of animals, which died from infectious diseases; took measures in case of epizootics; treated urban fire horses; supervised the activities of the contractor for the disposal of dead animals and the catching of stray dogs; oversaw dairy cattle, horse's trade on fair grounds, as well as watering place and urban pastures. After creating the Kyiv city slaughterhouses, the task was to provide people with benign meat and, moreover, to prevent the pollution of water, soil and air by slaughter waste.In order to clarify the issues of veterinary and sanitary affairs in urban slaughterhouses in 1899, a special subcommittee was appointed, headed by a member of the Sanitary Commission A.K. Stolpchevsky. The subcommittee was tasked with developing an instruction for veterinarians responsible for the veterinary and sanitary condition of the Kyiv city slaughterhouses, which was conducted by the Sanitary Commission. Only in 1899 a distinction was made between purely veterinary supervision and sanitary supervision.
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Mitov, Emil, and Albena Vutsova. "PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTION IN INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRINCIPAL – AGENT ISSUE." Knowledge International Journal 26, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij26061619m.
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In the development process of the economic theory, the focus is shifted from the market, being the only form of coordination of economic activity, to the personal behavior and its impact on economic processes. This reveals the importance of human habits and how they shape the socio-economic behavior. Social relations and interaction become more and more important and are seen as a factor influencing not only the daily decisions, but also the economic behavior of the personality. "Economics is seen by them as an open evolutionary system, experiencing a constant impact by the external environment through culture, political environment, nature, etc."In the development process of the economic theory, the focus is shifted from the market, being the only form of coordination of economic activity, to the personal behavior and its impact on economic processes. This reveals the importance of human habits and how they shape the socio-economic behavior. Social relations and interaction become more and more important and are seen as a factor influencing not only the daily decisions, but also the economic behavior of the personality. "Economics is seen by them as an open evolutionary system, experiencing a constant impact by the external environment through culture, political environment, nature, etc."Neoclassical theory assumes that fully rational, decision-making individuals, through their absolute awareness and using the exchange of goods on the market, strive for equilibrium and actually achieve it. New institutional economy rejects one of the most important postulates of neoclassical theory - the economy's quest for equilibrium, accepting it only as short-term (if at all possible) and uncharacteristic state. The public interest seeks to build more efficient structures/institutions, and by better defining property rights and maximizing the usefulness of each individual, to achieve greater public welfare. The most important concepts of the new institutional economy are the theory of transaction costs, the theory of property rights and the principal-agent problem theory.The problematic area of the present study is the conflicts, arising from the interaction and cooperation between different business partners, united in inter-organizational networks. The subject of this research is the theory and practice of these inter-organizational networks, reflected through the prism of "principal-agent".The expansion of the markets by counterparties and traded goods, as well as by geographic scope, leads to a de-personalization of the exchange, thus an increase in the uncertainty for the participants and consequently the cost of limiting it. The possibility of long-term reiteration of deals with the same contractor is negligible, while at the same time partners become increasingly distanced, virtual and abstract. This stimulates market participants to look for mechanisms to curb the negative effects of expanding markets - commercial contracts, bank guarantees, warranties, betting and trade codes. Their introduction is aimed at reducing the cost of obtaining information about the counterparty, the traded commodities, as well as providing guarantees to prevent opportunistic behavior after the conclusion of the agreement.
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Чернякова, Светлана, and Svetlana Chernyakova. "Contract enforcement for the contract for government needs." Services in Russia and abroad 8, no. 9 (December 24, 2014): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10808.
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The article investigates the problems in the legal regulation of relations in the field of contract work for state needs. Served as the basis for studies, the Federal Law № 44-FZ "On the contract system in the procurement of goods, works and services for state and municipal needs", which significantly changes the procedure for determining the contractors for the contract to perform works for the needs of the Russian Federation and its subjects . An exhaustive list of the types of trades that can be divided according to the following criteria: possible involvement in the definition of contractor: competition may be open, closed, competition with limited participation and closed tender with limited participation; as the form of the auction for the legislator directly calls only closed auction; in the form of placement: unlike the competition, the auction is possible in electronic form, depending on the number of stages of the competition can be carried out in two stages (two-stage competition) auction is always one step. Described in detail is the mechanism of bidding and auctions, and the author focuses attention on the selection of contractors performing work of good quality and others. Main factors that enable customers of construction works to ensure proper quality refer to the possibility of establishing additional requirements for the qualification of the contractor, the ability to perform work due to specification, material and technical base. Described are general requirements for all participants of the state order.
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KAO, Chih-Han, Cheng-Han HUANG, Mark Shu-Chien HSU, and I.-Hung TSAI. "SUCCESS FACTORS FOR TAIWANESE CONTRACTORS COLLABORATING WITH LOCAL CHINESE CONTRACTORS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 17, no. 6 (December 21, 2016): 1007–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1137486.
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Regional trade cooperation has become an important component of construction industry due to the Free Trade Agreement. This segment of the market presents many challenges for construction firms. Establishing suitable international partnering relations is an effective strategy for adapting to the additional unpredictability of international markets. This research integrates the Balanced Scorecard system with Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process for comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of the relevant bilateral cooperation. Commercial cooperation across the Taiwan Strait is selected as a case study for determining the evaluating methodology. After examining data from Chinese firms, 12 factors for partner selection are identified. The factors are compared with practical conditions of worldwide and local markets to establish their viability. The methodology provides a framework for evaluating potential partners when attempting to enter foreign markets. Additionally, it identifies critical factors for developing optimal market entrance strategies, contracts, and risk management; results can also be golcally (globally and locally) tailored to promote the efficiency of international cooperation.
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Biruk, S., P. Jaskowski, and M. Krzemiński. "Model of Construction Subcontractors Selection with Time Windows for their Availability." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0061.
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AbstractMost construction projects involve subcontracting some work packages. A subcontractor is employed on the basis of their bid as well as according to their availability. A viable schedule must account for resource availability constraints. These resources (e.g. crews, subcontractors) engage in many projects, so they become at the disposal for a new project only in certain periods. One of the key tasks of a planner is thus synchronizing the work of resources between concurrent projects. The paper presents a mathematical model of the problem of selecting subcontractors or general contractor’s crews for a time-constrained project that accounts for the availability of contractors, as well as for the cost of subcontracting works. The proposed mixed integer-binary linear programming model enables the user to perform the time/cost trade-off analysis.
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Rautenbach, Christa. "Editorial." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2427.
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This edition of PER consists of eight articles, four notes and two book reviews covering a range of topics. The first article is by Oliver Fuo, a postgraduate student of the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus). His contribution deals with the status of executive policies and the basis for their judicial enforcement in a constitutional and socio-economic context. He demonstrates that "executive" policies may be perceived to have the force of law, especially where their enforcement may be imperative for the realisation of socio-economic rights. Secondly, Ig Rautenbach of the University of Johannesburg considers empirical data on the effectiveness of the Constitutional Court during the period 1995 to 2012. He focuses on the following three questions: "How did the cases reach the court", "why did the court refuse to consider some of them", and "how often did the court invalidate laws and actions". In the third article, Magda Slabbert and Hendrik Pienaar, follows a multi-disciplinary approach to discuss the legal position of the locum tenens that is often used by medical practitioners in private practice. They recommend that a locum tenens be appointed as an independent contractor rather than an employee, and argues that the onus to ensure that he or she is registered and fit to practice rests on the principal. The fourth article by Carika Keuler deals with the "pay now, argue later" rule in terms of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011. She is of the opinion that the Act fails to address the imbalance between the duties of the South African Revenue Services and the right of the taxpayer to access the courts. JC Knobel, the author of the fifth article, gives an overview of the conservation status of eagles in South Africa. He discusses the existing legal framework and makes a number of recommendations to improve their legal status. Two authors, Laurence Juma and James Tsabora, both from Rhodes University, discuss the possibility of South Africa enacting a new law regulating private military and/or security companies, which they refer to as PMSC's. The seventh article by Johan Kruger and Clarence Tshoose gives a South African perspective on the impact of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 on minority trade unions. In the eight place, Dave Holness offers an analysis of compulsory "live client" clinical legal education as part of the LLB course as a means of improving access to justice for the indigent.