Dissertations / Theses: 'Trade in medical services'

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Gola, Swati. "The impact of international trade in healthcare services under GATS on the right to health : a study of medical tourism in India." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-impact-of-international-trade-in-healthcare-services-under-gats-on-the-right-to-health-a-study-of-medical-tourism-in-india(e5e87fe8-b008-4cc2-8a42-2ad95bdde591).html.

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Healthcare services, traditionally provided by the government in a welfare state, have become a tradable commodity in the era of globalisation. Indeed, globalisation has led to the creation of a new international healthcare market with increased participation of the private sector, assisted with enhanced mobility of health professionals, service providers and patients across borders. Soon after its inception, the 1995 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has come under fire from critics, especially for its broad scope and inclusion of basic services like healthcare, water or education that fulfil social objectives. In establishing a multilateral legal framework, GATS mandates progressive liberalisation of trade in services among the WTO members through successive rounds of negotiations. Since GATS applies to the measures by WTO Members affecting trade in services (whether taken at central, regional or local government level), inclusion of health services therein has raised concern regarding a government's ability to regulate health-related services. Availability and accessibility of healthcare services is crucial from the right to health perspective. The International Convention on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) obligates its Member States to respect, protect and realise progressively and to the maximum of its available resources 'the right to the highest attainable standard of health.' When a WTO Member is also a signatory to the ICESCR, the question arises whether the legislative framework regulating healthcare services under GATS conflicts with the said Member's obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health. The present thesis attempts to answer this question through an analysis of GATS and the right to health norms within the framework of conflict of norms in international law. Although norm conflicts are generally assessed in terms of a legal relationship between a given State with another State, the present thesis focuses on a single State bound by both sets of rules where compliance with both obligations may/does lead to a legal, social or factual conflict.

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Shankar, Jay Eriah. "Providers choices in web-medical records: An analysis of trade-offs made by physicians in San Bernardino County." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2210.

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Wiss, Johanna, and Almina Kalkan. "Rättvis värdering av hälsa : En kvantitativ jämförelse mellan Person Trade Off- och Time Trade Off- metoden." Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Linköping University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56577.

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One must consider cost effectiveness when deciding how resources within the health sector should be distributed. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) are used to measure the value of different medical treatments. QALY is based on utility maximization theory, which suggests that a QALY is always a QALY regardless of who receives it. Therefore, a produced QALY is worth the same regardless of the age or the initial health of the patient. Previous research has shown that these assumptions do not seem to fit the real preferences of individuals. Further, there are different methods of acquiring QALYs that give different outcomes. Two of these methods are Time Trade Off (TTO), in which respondents are confronted with a valuation of health change in time, and Person Trade Off (PTO), where respondents are confronted with a valuation in persons. Arguably, PTO is the preferred method that takes greater account of how individuals wish to allocate the resources of the society. From a distribution perspective focusing on age and initial health status, this paper aims to empirically identify the differences between TTO and PTO considering the measurement of preferences for life quality. The aim is also to examine whether the results obtained are consistent with the theoretical assumptions that are required for the preference to be accepted as a cardinal utility. A quantitative survey was carried out with 58 medical and 61 economics students. Half of the students received PTO and the other half TTO questions. The data collected was analyzed comparing the methods, the two student groups and men against women.

The results from the survey show that, both with TTO and PTO, respondents on average believe that patients who are at a lower initial health level should be given priority over patients who are at a higher initial health level, and younger patients should be given priority over older patients. No significant differences were seen between PTO and TTO when it came to the age of the patient. Conversely, there was a significant difference between the methods for the valuation based on initial health status of patients. Measured with PTO a treatment for patients who are at a lower initial level is valued 28% higher than a treatment for those patients who are at a higher initial level, while the corresponding figure for TTO was 8%. Between medical students and economic students, there were significant differences in the question of age in the PTO. Between men and women differences were found in both methods.

Kostnadseffektivitet är en av faktorerna som ska tas i beaktande vid beslut om hur resurser inom hälso- och sjukvården ska fördelas. Kvalitetsjusterade levnadsår (QALY) används för att mäta effekten av olika insatser. Måttet baseras på nyttomaximeringsteori vilket leder till att en QALY alltid är en QALY oavsett vem den tillfaller - med andra ord är en QALY som produceras hos en patient lika mycket värd oavsett exempelvis patientens ålder eller initiala tillstånd. Dessa antaganden har i tidigare undersökningar visat sig stämma dåligt med individers preferenser men olika metoder för att ta fram QALY verkar ta olika mycket hänsyn till dem. Två av flera metoder är Time Trade Off (TTO), där respondenter ställs inför en värdering av hälsoförändringar i tid och Person Trade Off (PTO) där respondenter ställs inför en värdering i personer. PTO har påståtts vara en mer rättvisande metod som tar större hänsyn till hur individer vill att samhälleliga resurser ska fördelas. Denna uppsats syftar till att, utifrån ett fördelningsperspektiv med fokus på ålder och initialt hälsotillstånd, empiriskt kartlägga förekomsten av skillnader i preferenser för livskvalitet mätt med PTO respektive TTO, samt att undersöka om de erhållna resultaten överensstämmer med de teoretiska grundantagandena som krävs för att preferenser ska accepteras som kardinala nyttor. För att svara mot syftet utfördes en kvantitativ undersökning på 58 läkar- samt 61 ekonomistudenter. Hälften av studenterna fick PTO-frågor och den andra hälften TTO-frågor. En statistisk bearbetning av insamlad data har gjorts där svaren har jämförts mellan metoderna samt mellan läkar- och ekonomistudenter och kvinnor och män.

Resultaten från undersökningen visar att både med TTO och PTO anser respondenterna att patienter som befinner sig på en lägre initial nivå ska prioriteras framför patienter som befinner sig på en högre initial nivå samt yngre patienter ska prioriteras framför äldre patienter. Vad gäller hänsyn till patienters ålder uppmättes inga signifikanta skillnader mellan PTO och TTO. Däremot uppmättes en signifikant skillnad mellan metoderna vad gäller hänsyn till initialt hälsotillstånd hos patienter. Mätt med PTO värderas en behandling för de patienter som befinner sig på en lägre initial nivå 28 % högre än en behandling för de patienter som befinner sig på en högre initial nivå medan motsvarande siffra för TTO var 8%. Mellan läkare och ekonomer fanns signifikanta skillnader i frågan gällande ålder i PTO och mellan kvinnor och män återfanns skillnader i båda metoder.

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Lukas, Daniel. "Individual decisions and efficiency in health care demand." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-127098.

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Individual decision-making and the generation of medical demand are crucial subjects in healthcare economics. The following scientific discussion can be classified into these threads. The demand for health care services is typically connected to characteristic imperfections reflecting a bias between an objective and a subjective assessment of a specific demand situation or externally caused frictions. For that reason, the realized demand is not necessarily connected to an efficient allocation of resources. Hence, it is a crucial objective to analyze individual decision-making related on the one hand to specific treatment alternatives and on the other hand to the specified decision framework. This framework is characterized by both the attributes of the individual as well as by the external conditions in which the decision takes place. Theirby, the analysis focuses specifically on potential sources of demand inefficiency and their effectiveness. The following discussion broach the issue of two significant objectives within health economics: 1. Trade in medical care and patient migration, 2. Patient autonomy and education. Both fields find their analytical basis in a micro-economic discussion of individual decision behavior. The first field analyzes the decision between medical provision at home or abroad. This subject is specifically related to a potential efficiency gain due to the existence of cross-border price and quality gradients, usually a source of gains in trade. In the focus of the analysis is the impact of the specific characteristics of these gradients as determinants of cross-border medical demand. The second field discusses the investment decision in measures of patient education and prevention in a framework of a common consultation and self-care as imperfect treatment alternatives due to imperfect competences of self-diagnosis and medical self-supply. This subject is related to the commonly acknowledged positive correlation between health and education. Education is able to improve the quality of health production and, therefore, has a specific impact with respect to increasing autonomous behavior of the individual in issues of health production. The specific environment of these decisions significantly influences the mechanism of decision-making and the final outcome; this must be assessed according to the effect on the allocative efficiency of medical demand. The role of price and quality gradients between alternatives, the differentiation of illnesses, as well as subjective factors, are crucial to the results. Moreover, the individual's ability to appraise his or her own health stock and demand decisions is itself risky. Therefore, the form of the insurance coverage is another important element when analyzing individual decisions. The following discussion will clarify the decision-making mechanisms and their impact on efficient resource allocation. Since the focus is on demand behavior, the interaction with, and therefore the behavior of, the supply side is not explicitly formulated.

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Wiebel, Eva. "Probleme einer multilateralen Liberalisierung des Luftverkehrs im Rahmen der GATS (WTO) /." Hamburg ; Münster : Lit, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015435415&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Shingal, Anirudh. "Three essays on trade in services : exploring tradability, regional trade and government procurement of services." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496852.

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This thesis comprises three essays on trade in services that explore the issues of tradability, trade and market access. The essays are also empirical case studies of the form that liberalization may take. The first essay examines the role of regional trade agreements (RTAs) in services trade using a gravity model. It adds to this literature by (i) distilling trade effects of RTAs into those emanating from services and "only goods" agreements thereby confirming complementarities between the two; (ii) studying the impact of goods trade on services trade more directly than done hitherto; (iii) studying relationships between RTAs and services trade disaggregated by the economic status of the partner countries and by the nature of the relationship; and (iv) treating the RTA explanatory variable as endogenous in estimating the trade effect. Finally, it uses its results to estimate the trade effect of an India-EU RTA.

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Romo, Labisch Rodrigo. "Liberalization of trade on legal services." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111183.

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Memoria (magister en derecho internacional)
The work will analyze the provisions relating to legal and professional services contained in each of them, as well as their approach to liberalization. After that, it will point out the implications of each of these approaches, adopted by the two types of agreements: positive list approach, adopted by the GATS-like agreements, and the negative list approach, adopted by NAFTA-like agreements. Chapter II will use an example of each of these agreements that Chile has signed: the Free Trade Agreement between Chile and the United States, and the Protocol on Trade in Services between Chile and Mercosur. The first one adopts the NAFTA model and the second one the GATS model. In both cases the Chapter will analyze the specific provisions related to legal services contained in them, and afterwards it will review the commitments that in the case of the Protocol signed with Mercosur each if its countries have made towards Chile, and in the case of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, will analyze the Annexes I and II, containing reservations on the obligations. Both agreements are just examples of agreements that adopt one model or the other. The Free Trade Agreement with the United States is a landmark in the international commercial relations of Chile, and a good example of the policies adopted by Chile in the context of its international insertion. In the case of Mercosur, it is an agreement Chile has recently negotiated for trade in services. It has not been approved yet by the Congresses of the countries involved. The first section of Chapter III will review the main obstacles to trade on legal services. These obstacles are related with national treatment, market access and domestic regulation. The next section will show the results of a series of interviews made to lawyers who form part of different Chilean well known legal firms. Guided by certain questions, the interviews look to build a point of view on how the international Chilean legal services market works: what are the types of services traded, to which countries these services are being provided, in which modes are they being supplied, etc. Finally, the work will assess if the agreements signed by Chile to liberalize services, are useful for the Chilean legal services providers, namely big national law firms. Knowing the characteristics of the Chilean legal services market, and the obstacles that usually trade in legal services faces, it will intend to assess if the agreements are useful, and eventually what provision should be revised to get the most out of them.

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Herman, Lior. "International trade in services and services co-production : an investigation into the nature of services and their political economy consequences on international trade." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2382/.

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Goods and services are bundled together in economic analysis, which largely considers them to be similar despite contrary empirical evidence. Services have been largely absent from international political economy literature, so current explanations of international trade in services liberalisation and integration leave a lot to be desired. Using the WTO framework of the four modes of service supply, this thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of international trade in both healthcare and accountancy services. This empirical investigation sheds light on services' patterns of internationalisation and the relationships between different modes of trade. It finds that services differing from each other in many aspects are nevertheless intemationahsing following similar patterns and particularly through commercial presence. The empirical findings of this study are supported by an enquiry into the nature of services. They form the basis of the development of the theory of services coproduction, whereby the services output is jointly created by producers and consumers and/ or goods under their control. Co-production creates an inherent proximity constraint between producers and consumers, which is explained through the Services Production Trap (SPT). Co-production and the SPT have significant consequences for international political economy. Examination of firms' response to the SPT shows that accountancy firms developed a particular organisational model based on a network of partnerships that has been highly successful for internationalisation. In addition, this model furthered accountancy firms' economic and political influence in shaping and leading the exceptional case of an international private governance regime in financial and reporting standards. Further political economy implications which are considered in this study include international trade in services liberalisation and protection, multilateralism and preferential trade, as well as European integration.

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Boyens, Claus. "Privacy trade-offs in web-based services." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974120251.

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Ononaiwu, Chantal. "Regulation and trade liberalization in banking services." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496622.

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Boyens, Claus. "Privacy trade-offs in web-based services." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15192.

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Rapide Fortschritte in der Netzwerk- und Speichertechnologie haben dazu geführt, dass Informationen über viele verschiedene Quellen wie z.B. Personal Computer oder Datenbanken verstreut sind. Weil diese Informationen oft auch sehr heterogen sind, wurde gleichzeitig die Entwicklung effektiver Softwaretechniken zur Datensammlung und -integration vorangetrieben. Diese werden beispielsweise in Online-Katalogen von Bibliotheken oder in Internetsuchmaschinen eingesetzt und ermöglichen eine breitgefächerte Suche von Informationen unterschiedlichster Art und Herkunft. In sensiblen Anwendungsgebieten kann der Einsatz solcher Techniken aber zu einer Gefährdung der Privatsphäre der Datenhalter führen. Bei der Erforschung häufig auftretender Krankheiten beispielsweise sammeln und analysieren Wissenschaftler Patientendaten, um Muster mit hohem Erkrankungspotenzial zu erkennen. Dazu werden von den Forschern möglichst präzise und vollständige Daten benötigt. Der Patient hat dagegen großes Interesse am Schutz seiner persönlichen Daten. Dieser Interessenkonflikt zwischen Datenhaltern und Nutzern tritt auch in anderen Konstellationen wie beispielsweise in Internetdiensten auf, die die Eingabe von persönlichen Finanz- und Steuerdaten erfordern. Oft kann ein qualitativ höherwertiger Dienst angeboten werden, wenn persönliche Informationen preisgegeben werden. Über die hierzu notwendige Abwägung von Datenschutz und Dienstqualität sind sich nicht alle Datenhalter im Klaren und neigen zu Extremverhalten wie der Übermittlung aller persönlicher Daten oder gar keiner. Diese Dissertation erforscht den Grenzbereich zwischen den scheinbar konträren Interessen von Datenhaltern und Dienstnutzern. Dabei werden insbesondere die technischen Möglichkeiten zur Modellierung und Beschreibung dieses Bereiches betrachtet. Die erarbeiteten Techniken sollen den beteiligten Parteien ermöglichen, den bestehenden Konflikt unter Einbeziehung ihrer Präferenzen zur beiderseitigen Zufriedenheit zu lösen. Die Beiträge dieser Dissertation sind im Einzelnen: - Eine Klassifizierung von Dienstarchitekturen im Hinblick auf Datenschutzprobleme Verschiedene Dienstarchitekturen werden nach ihrer Datenschutzproblematik klassifiziert. Für jede Kategorie werden praktische Anwendungen erläutert. - Entwurf, Analyse und Implementierung einer verschlüsselungsbasierten Dienstarchitektur in einer nicht vertrauenswürdigen 2-Parteien-Umgebung Es werden Gründe für Vertrauen von Datenhaltern in Anbieter von netzbasierten Diensten dargestellt. Für Fälle, in denen dieses Vertrauen alleine nicht ausreicht, wird eine Datenschutz garantierende Dienstarchitektur abgeleitet, die auf einem modifizierten Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus basiert. Wichtige Datenbankoperationen und arithmetische Elemente werden auf die verschlüsselten Daten übertragen und in beispielhaften Diensten zum Einsatz gebracht. - Entwurf, Analyse und Implementierung einer aggregationsbasierten Dienstarchitektur in einer nicht vertrauenswürdigen 3-Parteien-Umgebung Am Beispiel eines den Datenschutz verletzenden Gesundheitsberichts wird gezeigt, wie Methoden des Operations Research dazu eingesetzt werden können, aus veröffentlichten Statistiken enge Intervalle für vertrauliche numerische Daten abzuleiten ("Intervallinferenz"). Zur Lösung des Interessenkonflikts zwischen Datenhaltern und Dienstnutzern wird die Verwendung eines sogenannten Datenschutzmediators vorgeschlagen. Dessen Kernkomponente ist die "Audit & Aggregate" Methodologie, die das Auftreten von Intervallinferenz aufdecken und verhindern kann. - Quantifizierung der Datenschutzabwägungen und Schlussfolgerungen für den elektronischen Handel Es werden verschiedene Ansätze zur Quantifizierung der Datenschutzabwägungen betrachtet und Schlussfolgerungen für den elektronischen Handel gezogen. Zusammengefasst versucht diese Arbeit, (a) die Wahrnehmung von Datenhaltern und Dienstnutzern für den bestehenden Interessenkonflikt zu erhöhen, (b) einen Rahmen zur Modellierung der Datenschutzabwägungen bereitzustellen und (c) Methoden zu entwickeln, die den Interessenkonflikt zur beiderseitigen Zufriedenheit beilegen können.
Recent developments in networking and storage technology have led to the dissemination of information over many different sources such as personal computers or corporate and public databases. As these information sources are often distributed and heterogeneous, effective tools for data collection and integration have been developed in parallel. These tools are employed e.g. in library search catalogues or in Internet search engines to facilitate information search over a wide range of different information sources. In more sensitive application areas however, the privacy of the data holders can be compromised. In medical disease research for example, scientists collect and analyze patient data for epidemiological characterizations and for the construction of predictive models. Whereas the medical researchers need patient data at the highest level of detail, patients are only willing to provide data when their privacy is guaranteed. This conflict of interest between the data holders and the users occurs in many different settings, for example in the use of web-based services that require confidential input data such as financial or tax data. The more accurate and rich the provided private information, the higher the quality of the provided service. Not all data holders are aware of this trade-off and for lack of knowledge tend to the extremes, i.e. provide no data or provide it all. This thesis explores the borderline between the competing interests of data holders and service users. In particular, we investigate the technical opportunities to model and describe this borderline. These techniques allow the two opposing parties to express their preferences and to settle the conflict with a solution that is satisfactory to both. The specific contributions of this thesis are the following: - Privacy classification of service architectures We present a privacy classification of different service architectures after the number of involved parties and the reactivity of the data provision. For each class, we provide examples of practical applications and explain their relevance by discussing preceding cases of real-world privacy violations. - Design, analysis and implementation of an encryption-based service architecture in an untrusted two-party environment We analyze the foundations of trust in web-based services and point out cases where trust in the service provider alone is not enough e.g. for legal requirements. For these cases, we derive a new privacy-preserving architecture that is based on an adapted homomorphic encryption algorithm. We map important database and arithmetic operations from plain data to encrypted data, and we present sample services that can be carried out within the framework. - Design, analysis and implementation of an aggregation-based service architecture in an untrusted three-party environment Using a privacy-compromising health report as a running example through the thesis, we show how mathematical programming can be used to derive tight intervals for confidential data fields from non-critical aggregated data. We propose a new class of privacy mediators that settle the conflict between data holders and service users. A core component is the "audit & aggregate" methodology that detects and limits this kind of disclosure called interval inference. - Quantification of the privacy trade-off and implications for electronic commerce and public policy We analyze several frameworks to quantify the trade-off between data holders and service users. We also discuss the implications of this trade-off for electronic commerce and public policy. To summarize, this thesis aims to (a) increase data holders'' and service users'' awareness of the privacy conflict, (b) to provide a framework to model the trade-off and (c) to develop methods that can settle the conflict to both parties'' satisfaction.

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Van, der Marel Erik. "On trade, productivity and regulation in services." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0035.

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Cette thèse se penche sur les liens entre la productivité des services, le commerce des services et la réglementation à la fois du côté des importations et du côté des exportations. Pour ce qui concerne l’export, les différences de productivité se reflètent dans une structure d’avantage comparatif de l’économie à la fois au niveau des services et des biens. Les importations comptent également. La hausse des importations de services a pour effet d’accroître la productivité de ces services, elle permet une allocation optimale des ressources nouvelles et existantes ainsi qu’une plus grande concurrence externe sur le marché intérieur. Les trois Chapitres de cette thèse représentent quelques-unes des premières contributions à la littérature sur le commerce des services avec une approche ancrée dans enjeux politiques d’aujourd’hui. Ils contribuent à une compréhension plus précise de la manière avec laquelle les pays développés principalement peuvent tirer avantage d’un accroissement des exportations de services en capitalisant sur des structures intérieures favorables et en exploitant donc les différences de productivité sectorielle. Par ailleurs, cette thèse fournit également une compréhension plus claire de la façon dont la réglementation nationale ciblant l’import, l’export et la production peut avoir un impact sur la productivité des services intérieurs dans le cadre de la Productivité Globale des Facteurs (PGF)
This dissertation examines the links between productivity in services, services trade and services regulation for both the import and export side. On the export side, productivity differences are reflected in an economy’s comparative advantage structure in services. Imports matter too. Increased services imports have productivity enhancing effects because these services allow for an optimal allocation of existing and new resources, and also facilitate increased external competition within the domestic economy. The three chapters in this dissertation represent some of the first contributions to the services trade literature with an approach rooted in today’s policy concerns. In particular, they contribute to a more precise understanding how mainly developed countries can take advantage of higher services exports capitalizing on favourable domestic country structures and hence exploiting sectoral productivity differences. In addition, this dissertation provides a clearer understanding how domestic regulation targeted to imports and production can affect domestic services productivity in the form of Total Factor Productivity (TFP)

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Djiofack, Zebaze Calvin. "Effect of services trade liberalization in Africa." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF10005.

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Atthakor, Platima. "The liberalization of trade in telecommunications services." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446045/.

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Trade in services is central to the world economy today. Telecommunications services, in particular, can be traded directly as well as providing a medium through which goods and other services can be traded. They are therefore critical to development and the expansion of world trade. This thesis provides a legal analysis of the liberalization of trade in telecommunications services through the multilateral framework of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). More specifically, it examines the interplay of multilateral rules and the domestic regulation of telecommunications in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the US, and India. The telecommunications industry has until recently been heavily regulated. Even in the US, the movement towards deregulation began only in the 1970s. An in depth examination of the US telecommunications industry in Chapter 2 provides a background analysis of the origin of policies on liberalization of telecommunications domestically and internationally. Chapter 3 examines the current importance of the service economy and the decision of the developed countries, in particular the US, to expand trade in services through liberalization. Chapters 3 and 4 illustrate the extent to which developed countries were the driving force for a multilateral framework within the WTO to govern trade in services, including telecommunications. Chapter 5 shows that developing countries, such as India, although demonstrating their recognition of the benefits of telecommunications liberalization through autonomous regulatory reforms, have so far been restrictive in their WTO services commitments. From this study, it is clear that the movement in both developed and developing countries is towards liberalization and competition. More specifically, the thesis demonstrates the extent to which trade liberalization together with domestic regulatory reform are necessary in order to achieve the liberalization of trade in telecommunications services.

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Lanz, Rainer. "Services trade liberalisation and patterns of trade in intermediates: determinants, comparative advantage and intra-firm trade." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-139627.

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Smith, Leanne. "Modelling Emergency Medical Services." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/47743/.

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Emergency Medical Services (EMS) play a pivotal role in any healthcare organisation. Response and turnaround time targets are always of great concern for the Welsh Ambulance NHS Trust (WAST). In particular, the more rural areas in South East Wales consistently perform poorly with respect to Government set response standards, whilst delayed transfer of care to Emergency Departments (EDs) is a problem publicised extensively in recent years. Many Trusts, including WAST, are additionally moving towards clinical outcome based performance measures, allowing an alternative system-evaluation approach to the traditional response threshold led strategies, resulting in a more patient centred system. Three main investigative parts form this thesis, culminating in a suite of operational and strategic decision support tools to aid EMS managers. Firstly, four novel allocation model methods are developed to provide vehicle allocations to existing stations whilst maximising patient survival. A detailed simulation model then evaluates clinical outcomes given a survival based (compared to response target based) allocation, determining also the impact of the fleet, its location and a variety of system changes of interest to WAST (through ‘what-if?’ style experimentation) on entire system performance. Additionally, a developed travel time matrix generator tool, enabling the calculation and/or prediction of journey times between all pairs of locations from route distances is utilised within the aforementioned models. The conclusions of the experimentation and investigative processes suggest system improvements can in fact come from better allocating vehicles across the region, by reducing turnaround times at hospital facilities and, in application to South East Wales, through alternative operational policies without the need to increase resources. As an example, a comparable degree of improvement in patient survival is witnessed for a simulation scenario where the fleet capacity is increased by 10% in contrast to a scenario in which ideal turnaround times (within the target) occur.

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Islyami, Aidan [Verfasser]. "Trade in Services and Market Structure / Aidan Islyami." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1023249545/34.

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Sichei, Moses Muse. "South Africa-US intra-industry trade in services." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09262005-124632.

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Nadakavukaren, Schefer Krista. "International trade in financial services : the NAFTA provisions /." The Hague [u.a.] : Kluwer Law International, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/306304910.pdf.

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Gari, Gabriel. "The liberalisation of trade in services in MERCOSUR." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1521.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the legal framework for the liberalisation of trade in services in MERCOSUR with a view to identifying the obstacles that stand against it and shed light on the best course of action for securing a realistic degree of liberalisation. The thesis argues that the Protocol of Montevideo on Trade in Services, the rounds of negotiations of specific commitments on Market Access and National Treatment and the secondary rules for specific service sectors adopted so far, have failed to make any significant contribution to ensuring effective market access conditions for MERCOSUR service suppliers and levelling the playing field to compete against domestic incumbents. It claims that for advancing the liberalisation of trade in services, it is necessary for State Parties to look beyond the negotiation of reciprocal concessions for the removal of existing restrictions, and engage on a long-term strategy aimed at bringing about the gradual convergence of domestic legislation affecting trade in services through regulatory co-operation. It also refers to the need for streamlining the operation of the current institutional system by adopting measures aimed at encouraging existing institutions to exercise their power in a more rule-oriented, transparent, accountable and efficient way, without compromising domestic sovereignty to a level unacceptable for State Parties. However, the thesis suggests that the absence of a matrix of converging national interests on MERCOSUR, and the existence of parallel forums for similar purposes at bilateral, regional and multilateral level, compromises its chances for success and wonders whether the effective integration of service markets could ever be achieved.

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Hodge, James. "Understanding world and South African trade in services." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17237.

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Bibliography: pages 86-90.
Services trade has become a signiﬁcant component of world trade and has been given more academic proﬁle since its inclusion in the Uruguay Round of GATT trade talks. However, the paucity of academic work means that services trade is still poorly understood and lacks signiﬁcant statistical analysis. This research begins by analysing the characteristics of different service types using South African output, capital, employment and wage data. This demonstrates that consumer services tend to be labour-intensive while producer and community/social services tend to be capital- and skill- intensive. Then IMF balance of payments data and World Bank output data for all world regions is used to calculate the cause of growth in services trade, the product structure of traded services and the export and import performance of countries from different regions and development stages. It is found that producer services account for almost 2/3's of traded services followed by consumer services with around 30%. Industrial countries dominate services trade to a far greater extent than goods trade yet this dominance is diminishing due to the growing share of the Asian developing economies. Further analysis of service trade patterns ﬁnds that although traditional trade theory and its extensions account for much of what is observed, it needs to be augmented by the strong inﬂuences of geographical proximity, policy distortions and the level of other trade and investment that a country engages in. A mix of IMF and SARB data is used to construct a service trade data set for South Africa which complies with the new IMF BPM5 deﬁnitions. This data reveals the poor performance of South African service exports which have been stunted to a large degree by sanctions and geographic isolation from the large growth regions of the world. A closer inspection of the product mix reveals that exports are dominated by the labour-intensive travel sector with particularly poor performance within the business services sector. Imports are dominated by the capital-intensive transportation sector. A regional breakdown of trade reveals the dominance of trade with the African and European regions - signs of the importance of regional proximity and trade and investment links in services trade.

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Makki, Fadi A. "Financial services in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) : development towards the rule of law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245225.

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Clark, Jace, and Grant Skrepnek. "Student Assessment of Risk and Return of Publicly Traded Companies Providing Accident and Health Insurance and Medical Service Plans." The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614601.

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Class of 2011 Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk and return of publicly traded health insurance companies from 1986 through 2010. METHODS: Risk and return was assessed on these companies by identifying them with SIC 6231 and 6234 (Accident and Health Insurance and Medical Service Plans) along with their presence on the CRSP database. Risk and return was analyzed via alpha and beta for SIC 632x, which were calculated utilizing the CAPM, Fama-French 3 Factor and Carhart 4 Factor econometric models. Risk and return was further assessed by calculating a Sharpe ratio along with determining annualized mean excess return and volatility for SIC 632x and the overall market. Lastly, cumulative price paths for both SIC 632x and the overall market were calculated and a Monte Carlo simulation analysis in Matlab and Microsoft Excel was run to simulate 6500 portfolios to compare risk to return ratios for SIC 632x over the time period of 1986-2010 versus the time period of 2006-2010. RESULTS: Overall, 110 companies were identified with SIC 6321 and 6234 and 7938 observations were made. The results were reported in a cross sectional format with five time periods of five years each (1986-1990, 1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005, and 2006-2010 respectively). The descriptive statistics showed that SIC 632x had a higher rate of return than the overall market (1.21±14.15 compared to 0.88±4.49; however, they also had greater risk (0.89±14.15 vs 0.57±4.48). The CAPM model captured an overall alpha value of 0.44 while the 3 Factor model provided an overall alpha of -0.20 and the 4 Factor model provided an overall alpha of 0.31. The 4 Factor model had the highest overall r-squared value of 0.16. The overall annualized mean excess return was greater for SIC 632x than the overall market (10.71% vs 6.80%) while the volatility was also greater (20.30% vs 16.17%). Additionally, the Sharpe ratio was calculated and was greater overall for SIC 632x than the overall market (0.53 vs 0.42). Graphically, cumulative asset price paths were illustrated for both SIC 632x and market-based portfolios along with a mean variance efficient frontier for the SIC 623x portfolio set during the time periods of 1986-2010 and 2006-2010. These figures showed increased return for SIC 632x compared to the overall market while illustrating increasing risk and return rate trends for SIC 632x within the sector itself. CONCLUSION: Publicly traded companies providing accident and health insurance and medical service plans possess securities that have potentially higher returns but potentially higher risk relative to the overall market. Furthermore, the findings via the alpha, Sharpe ratio and Efficient Frontier simulation illustrated that the overall market provides a similar risk to return ratio compared to that of the analyzed companies in this study.

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Silva, Luís António Bastião. "Medical imaging services supported on cloud." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7245.

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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
Hoje em dia, as instituições de cuidados de saúde, utilizam a telemedicina para suportar ambientes colaborativos. Na área da imagem médica digital, a quantidade de dados tem crescido substancialmente nos últimos anos, requerendo mais infraestruturas para fornecer um serviço com a qualidade desejada. Os computadores e dispositivos com acesso à Internet estão acessíveis em qualquer altura e em qualquer lugar, criando oportunidades para partilhar e utilizar recursos online. Uma enorme quantidade de processamento computacional e armazenamento são utilizados como uma comodidade no quotidiano. Esta dissertação apresenta uma plataforma para suportar serviços de telemedicina sobre a cloud, permitindo que aplicações armazenem e comuniquem facilmente, utilizando qualquer fornecedor de cloud. Deste modo, os programadores não necessitam de se preocupar onde os recursos vão ser instalados a as suas aplicações não ficam limitadas a um único fornecedor. Foram desenvolvidas duas aplicações para tele-imagiologia com esta plataforma: repositório de imagens médicas e uma infraestrutura de comunicações entre centros hospitalares. Finalmente, a arquitetura desenvolvida é genérica e flexível permitindo facilmente a sua expansão para outras áreas aplicacionais e outros serviços de cloud.
Healthcare institutions resort largely, nowadays, to telemedicine in order to support collaborative environments. In the medical imaging area, the huge amount of medical volume data has increased over the past few years, requiring high-performance infrastructures to provide services with required quality. Computing devices and Internet access are now available anywhere and at anytime, creating new opportunities to share and use online resources. A tremendous amount of ubiquitous computational power and an unprecedented number of Internet resources and services are used every day as a normal commodity. This thesis presents a telemedicine service platform over the Cloud that allows applications to store information and to communicate easier, using any Internet cloud provider. With this platform, developers do not concern where the resources will be deployed and the applications will not be restricted to a specific cloud vendor. Two tele-imagiologic applications were developed along with this platform: a medical imaging repository and an interinstitutional communications infrastructure. Lastly, the architecture developed is generic and flexible to expand to other application areas and cloud services.

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Anderson, Mindi S. "Integrating Emergency Medical Services Into the Patient-Centered Medical Home." Thesis, Capella University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10288192.

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Abstract Emergency medical services (EMS) for nonemergent or low-acuity calls is a new normal. EMS agencies spend a majority of time providing primary care services through the 911 system. They are utilized currently to fill the primary care gap subconsciously. The EMS system is activated as a patient navigator for primary care services. EMS agencies in the state where the research occurred have responded to the gap in care management by creating innovative programs such as community health emergency medical services (CHEMS). Creation of CHEMS programs have become one of the most monumental concepts for change in the field on both a state and national level. EMS has sought ways to meet the goals of the Triple Aim by exploring CHEMS as the state transitions to value-based care. Leaders are searching for innovative ways to close the gap in the primary health care system through a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model. The action research study stimulated innovative thinking to support coordinated care across the evolving continuum of the health care system. The study captured the current awareness from community health care leaders who have had a recent opportunity to explore the idea of integrating EMS into the PCMH model through semi-structured interview sessions. Major findings in the thematical analysis discovered the current way both EMS and a PCMH function in a silo system that could potentially utilize each other to effectively provide managed care. Joint efforts could offset overutilization of EMS services for calls that have no apparent life threats. EMS would allow for a PCMH to conform to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act standards of care management, contributing to the integration of Triple Aim objectives. Collaboratively, EMS and an established PCMH will impact the delivery of preventative, quality and cost-efficient care. The theory of organizational culture change is based on three common characteristics: culture is shared, is intangible, and affects human behavior. The conceptual framework of the research study was based on the chronic care model. Patients with comorbidities potentially utilize the health care system more than a healthy patient to seek reassurance that their health is managed.

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Lanz, Rainer [Verfasser], and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Egger. "Services trade liberalisation and patterns of trade in intermediates : determinants, comparative advantage and intra-firm trade / Rainer Lanz. Betreuer: Peter Egger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1020143681/34.

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Engman, Michael Olavi. "North-South trade in services : temporary migration of skilled labour." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0079.

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Depuis quelques générations, la libéralisation des échanges et des marchés facilite considérablement les mouvements transfrontaliers de biens, de services, de capitaux et d’informations. Ce processus d’intégration est porteur de gains de bien-être inédits pour la population mondiale. Des perspectives importantes s’ouvrent aussi pour les pays en développement, dont la croissance pourrait tirer de nouvelles stimulations de la mise en œuvre de réformes favorables aux échanges et à l’ouverture des marchés. Mais un pan de l’édifice de la mondialisation est demeuré en grande partie étranger à ce processus de libéralisation : les mouvements de capital humain, qui restent soumis à un contrôle et à des restrictions sévères. Il y a lieu de le déplorer, car la libéralisation des migrations temporaires de main-d’œuvre pourrait constituer un moteur de croissance économique et de développement plus efficace que tout autre levier d’action politique. Nombre de pays en développement sont doués d’un important capital humain. C’est un facteur de production et un mode de prestation de services où ils sont nombreux à jouir d’un avantage comparatif. Nous avons circonscrit notre champ d’étude à la migration temporaire de main-d’œuvre qualifiée des pays pauvres vers les pays riches. Notre exposé est axé sur trois études de cas poussées, celui de pays figurant parmi les principaux exportateurs de main-d’œuvre au monde – l’Égypte, l’Inde et les Philippines – dont nous examinons quelques-unes des activités de services les plus saillantes, à savoir respectivement : l’éducation, la santé et les technologies de l’information
More than half a century of trade and market liberalisation have greatly facilitated the movement of goods, services, capital and information across borders. This integration process has brought unprecedented welfare gains to the wor1d's population and there is much scope to stimulate further economic growth in developing countries through market and trade friendly reforms. One piece in the globalisation puzzle has largely been excluded from the liberalisation process: the movement of human capital remains highly controlled and restricted. This is regrettable since the liberalisation of temporary labour movement could have a greater impact on economic growth and development than any other single policy. Many developing countries are well endowed with human capital and it is a factor of production and a mode of service delivery in which many developing countries enjoy a comparative advantage. This dissertation focuses on temporary migration of skilled workers from poor to rich countries. The underlying assumption-based on economic models and empirical findings-is that a more liberal environment for temporary labour mobility would bring substantial welfare gains by stimulating economic growth and development. Consequently, the focal point is on trade rather than immigration (or so called 'brain circulation' rather than 'brain drain'). The dissertation is centred on three in-depth studies of some of the world's leading labour sending countries: Egypt, India and the Philippines; and some of their most prominent services sectors: education, IT, and health services

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Pang, Xi. "Trade-off analysis of forest ecosystem services – A modelling approach." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet, utvärdering och styrning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-216432.

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Forest is a resource that is increasingly utilized for multiple purposes. The balance between energy demands and the long-term capacity of ecosystems to support biodiversity and other ecosystem services is crucial. The aim of this project was to increase the knowledge on and to develop methods and tools for trade-offs and synergies analysis among forest ecosystem services based on different forest management policies. Paper I provides an overview of existing models for integrated energy-environment assessment. A literature review was conducted on assessment models and their ability to integrate energy with environmental aspects. Missing environmental aspects concern land use, landscapes and biodiversity. In Paper II a modelling framework was set up to link a landscape simulator with a habitat network model for integrated assessment of bioenergy feedstock and biodiversity related impacts in Kronoberg County. In Paper III we continued with the same management scenarios, while the analysis was expanded to five ecosystem services by developing the Landscape simulation and Ecological Assessment (LEcA) tool: industrial wood, bioenergy, forest carbon stock, recreation areas and habitat networks. In Paper IV we present two heuristic methods for spatial optimization – simulated annealing (SA) and genetic algorithm (GA) – to find optimal solutions for allocating harvest activities, in order to minimize the impacts on habitat networks. In Paper V, as response to the findings in Paper I, we linked the energy model MESSAGE with our LEcA tool for forest bioenergy demand assessment while applying environmental and transport restrictions, in a study of Lithuania. We found trade-offs between industrial wood production and bioenergy on one side, and recreation values, biodiversity, and to some extent carbon storage on the other side. The LEcA tool integrated forest simulation and management with assessment of ecosystem services, which is promising for integrated sustainability assessment of forest management policies.

QC 20171023

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Rugema, Ivan Kairu. "Balancing domestic regulation and trade liberalisation under the World Trade Organisational's multilateral rules on trade in services: a look at South Africa's telecommunications sector." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2482.

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Magister Legum - LLM
The aim of this work is to analyse the current provisions on domestic regulation contained in the GATS, as well as to examine the negotiations on future disciplines currently being worked on by WTO members. In particular it aims to see what impact these rules will have on the licensing of telecoms services. In addition the study seeks to investigate whether, on a proper analysis and understanding of the legal texts on domestic regulation, the claims made by some civil society organisations and NGOs are valid.
South Africa

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Baldridge, Kenan S. "Emergency medical services in the Rochester region of New York state organization, services and systems /." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1177640876.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Public Affairs and Urban Studies, 2007.
"May, 2007." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 05/06/2008). Advisor, Raymond Cox, III; Committee members, Ralph Hummel, Nancy Grant, Lawrence Keller, Dena Hanley; Department Chair, Sonia Alemagno; Dean of the College, Ronald F. Levant; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

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Stern, Matthew. "The determinants of trade in services and the implications for South Africa of multilateral services liberalisation." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426314.

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Mburu, Emily Njeri. "Energy related services in Kenya: Implications of unbundling the electricity sector on trade in services negotiations." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27087.

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Electricity is a basic infrastructural service necessary for the achievement of developmental outcomes. The use of electricity, specifically, serves economic as well as social needs. It is universally accepted that electrification enhances quality of life at the household level and stimulates the economy at a broader level. Given its substantial benefits, electrification together with other sources of modern energy such as renewable energy, has been identified as essential for fulfilling the Millennium Development Goals (UNDP, 2005). In most cases, the main challenge in the achievement of these goals is the bundled nature of the electricity supply chain in majority of developing countries. This necessitated the need for policy reforms with the aim of unbundling the sector in Kenya. The literature review sets out to consider the main features of the electricity sector to better understand the legal and regulatory reforms that have taken place in the electricity sector and the impact of the liberalization on rural electrification and the poor in society. It takes note of the changing role of government in the sector with the liberalization and privatization, which has entailed the unbundling of the vertically integrated state-owned utility that has led to the introduction of competition in some segments of the electricity sector value chain such as generation and distribution. In addition, the review considers the classification related issues arising from the reforms that have taken place in the electricity sector and the regulatory imperatives for a competitive electricity services sector. Finally, a review of the reforms in the electricity sector in Kenya is assessed together with the impact of the reforms. Furthermore, the necessary regulatory disciplines instrumental in cross-border trade in electricity services are identified. The rationale of the study focuses mostly on the phenomenological (qualitative) and positivistic (quantitative) types of research. The focus was on identifying, analyzing and reporting patterns (themes) within data to facilitate a clear understanding of the electricity services sector in Kenya. Furthermore, the chapter on methodology presents the research population, sampling strategy, data collection, frame of analysis and a summary of how the data was analysed. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the questions. The findings and discussion sections of the study are focused on the reforms in the electricity services sector in Kenya, the pro-competitive regulations for an effectively liberalized electricity sector, and the resultant electricity-related services. Due to the complexity of the issues in the sector, interviewees preferred to be provided with the questionnaire instead of face-to-face or telephonic interviews. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, namely the respondent's demographics and reforms in the electricity sector in Kenya. The questionnaire targeted key stakeholders in the sector and was sent to eighteen potential respondents, and of these, only fourteen were responsive. The study concludes that reforms in the electricity sector in Kenya have brought about clarity in terms of the services that are embedded in the sector and identified the key regulatory elements necessary to enhance competition in the sector. The new services that have surfaced in Kenya, include geothermal exploration, grid connectivity through KENTRACO, generating electricity from crude oil, and ensuring that more households are connected to the national grid through the rural electrification project.

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Akcali, Gur Berna. "Limits on state autonomy in regulating services trade : regional and international trade liberalization commitments and public morals." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/limits-on-state-autonomy-in-regulating-services-trade(49153f2c-a32e-4594-bfe3-268ce5f30a8f).html.

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This thesis explores the scope of the autonomy of the states in regulating services trade in areas that concern their public morals and analyses whether the indeterminacy of the public morals exceptions in supranational trade regimes reveals fundamental flaws in the design of those regimes as they apply to trade in services with reference to their experiences with cross-border provision of online gambling services. This interplay and tension between the scope of autonomous areas of the states and organizations since World War II has received considerable scholarly attention. Most of the academic discourse consists of supporting claims for and critical analysis of the constitutionalisation of the supranational legal order and the goals of supranational constitutionalism which typically aim for universality of rules and coherence. The persistent diversity of public morals at the national level is among those national circumstances often perceived as a threat to the constitutionalisation project and thought of as discrediting the achievability of the constitutionalist ideal. On the other hand, proponents of legal pluralism often emphasize the importance of preserving public morals. This thesis finds that, in both the WTO and EU context even if national laws regarding public morals are incoherently pluralistic, it may be possible for supranational regimes to bridge the structural divide between international laws and national laws effectively by developing doctrinal rules and practices that enable them. The analysis based of the online gambling example shows that both organizations have been able to accommodate these divergences without undermining their treaty objectives, mostly owing to their effective judicial review mechanisms which are complemented by, more in the case of EU, other conflict resolution mechanisms be including dialogue and negotiation. Within this framework, this credits constitutional pluralism perspective appears as the appropriate choice both for descriptive and normative purposes.

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Garcia, Nieto Ana Paula. "Ecosystem services around the Mediterranean Basin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0450.

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Le changement global, à travers l'impact des activités humaines sur les processus qui régulent le fonctionnement du système terrestre, pose des défis pour la société. L'accélération de multiples types de pressions humaines a eu des répercussions sur les systèmes socio-écologiques méditerranéens, notamment la réduction des contributions de la nature au bien-être humain, appelées services écosystémiques (SE). Un enjeu d’avenir est de comprendre comment les pressions sur les systèmes socio-écologiques (l'urbanisation, les pratiques de gestion des terres et les politiques de conservation de la nature) affectent l’approvisionnement des SE dans le bassin méditerranéen. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'analyser comment les flux de SE du bassin méditerranéen et les compromis entre eux sont affectés par les facteurs de changement. Une évaluation multidisciplinaire, couvrant de multiples échelles spatiales allant du bassin local au bassin méditerranéen a été utilisée pour analyser les changements dans l’offre et la demande de SE. Les impacts de l'urbanisation et des systèmes de gestion agricole couramment appliqués ce sont révélés négatifs sur l'offre de SE, ce qui pourrait entraver les progrès dans le cadre des objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Une meilleure gestion des systèmes d’utilisation des terres le long du gradient rural-urbain et l’engagement des acteurs pourraient donc contribuer à assurer les progrès des ODD. Les méthodes et les données choisies affectent les tendances des SE, les synergies et les compromis identifiés. Je conclus sur la nécessité d'appliquer une évaluation intégrée des SE pour fournir une estimation des tendances
Global change, through the impact of human activities on the processes that regulate the functioning of the earth system, poses important challenges to society. The acceleration of human pressures during the last decades has had profound impacts on mediterranean socio-ecological systems including the reduction of important contributions from nature to human well-being, referred to as ecosystem services (ES). There is growing concern about how pressures of social-ecological systems, in particular urbanization, land management practices and nature conservation policies, will affect the supply of ES in the mediterranean basin.The main goal of this thesis is to analyze how ES flows in the mediterranean basin area, and the trade-offs between them, are affected by drivers of change. To this end, a multidisciplinary assessment perspective, covering multiple spatial scales from the local to the mediterranean basin has been used to analyze changes in ES supply and demand. The revealed impacts of urbanization and commonly applied agricultural management systems negatively impact the supply of ES which may hinder the progress mediterranean countries strive for within the frame of the SDGs. Better management of land use systems along the rural-urban gradient and the engagement of stakeholders could help to assure progress towards the SDGs. The chosen methods and data affect the results with regards to ES trends, synergies and trade-offs detected. In this thesis I recognize the need to apply integrated ES assessment to provide the estimation of trends, and the existence of shared knowledge within stakeholder groups that can provide the much needed link between theory and practice

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So, Ping-cham, and 蘇炳湛. "Development of medical services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43780556.

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So, Ping-cham. "Development of medical services in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43780556.

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Mansman, Robert William II. "Oral Health Services in a Medical Setting." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/753.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the baseline oral health status of infants and the level of their caregiver's oral health knowledge for families who received preventive oral health services in a medical setting. Methods: Using a prospective cohort study, children 0-3 years of age received an oral health screening, risk assessment, caregiver education, and a fluoride varnish treatment in an ambulatory pediatric medical clinic. A 16-item oral health knowledge and socio-demographic questionnaire was delivered to the caregiver of child. This questionnaire included knowledge, behavior and opinion items on risk factors for dental diseases, care of child's teeth, and socio-demographic characteristics of the family. Six-months after the medical visit, dental claims were examined to see if children had made a dental visit. Results: One hundred and ninety-five children received preventive oral health services in this clinic. Of these, 103 caregivers agreed to complete the oral health knowledge and socio-demographic questionnaire. Twenty-percent of children screening had visible signs of tooth decay, according to risk-assessment 72% were categorized as high-risk for tooth decay, and 83% received a fluoride varnish treatment. At 6-months, 9% of children were found to have had a dental visit. According to the caregiver questionnaire the likelihood of having a dental visit was correlated with the caregiver's knowledge of when a child should have their first dental visit and having been told by a medical professional when their child should be going to the dentist. Conclusion: Children are more likely to have a dental visit when caregivers are aware of the age 1 dental visit, or when advised to seek care by a medical professional. With increased education of medical providers, starting in medical residency training, more children can be seen for preventive oral health care resulting in an earlier establishment of a dental home.

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Dipholo, Thabo. "The potential impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement on a regional service provider." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74834.

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The advent of trade in services theory has been a developing research topic since 1980, where various factors are in place to determine trade flows and the impact of regulatory frameworks and policies. Services trade is an important contributing factor towards economic objectives and continues to drive development. With growth in services trade across the globe there is increased value in understanding the impact of the services sector on the African continent. The evolving reliance on services towards globalisation in low-income economies is proven to contribute significantly to gross domestic product. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement was instituted to integrate economies by creating ease of access for the intra-trade of goods and services across the continent. This study aimed to explore the impact of the AfCFTA agreement on a regional financial services provider. The research followed a semi-structured interview methodology, which measured and tested the impact of the agreement on trade in services for this qualitative study. The results indicated that the service provider would adopt the AfCFTA agreement’s requirements in the expansion of its operations, to establish services across the continent. Although the minimum number of countries required supported the ratification process, a lot of work is needed to develop and understand the effect of international trade, on the back of reformative policy changes such as the AfCFTA agreement.
Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MPhil
Unrestricted

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Milot, Catherine Alexandra. "Three Essays on Low-skilled Migration, Sustainability and Trade in Services." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22859.

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Chapter 1 Low-skilled Migration and Altruism: Population ageing has become a common concern among welfare states, including Canada and most of the OECD countries. Immigration has been identified as a solution to help sustain labour-force growth in industrialized countries, and as the factor most able to mitigate dire predictions of future fiscal imbalances. This chapter examines the impact of low-skilled immigration in a host country where households are altruists with a pay-as-you-go pension system to support the elderly. It demonstrates that low-skilled immigration does not harm the welfare of the domestic population. We use an overlapping-generations model similar to the work of Razin and Sadka (2000) but introduce paternalistic altruism into the life-cycle framework. Within this context of inter-generational altruism and pay-as-you-go pension systems, the initial negative fiscal impact of low-skilled migrants is compensated, thus, all income groups (high and low) and all age groups (young and old) benefit from migration. // Chapter 2 Growth and Sustainability: In light of the major environmental issues experienced by several countries in the last decades, several papers have advocated the rethinking of the role of governments in environmental preservation. This chapter develops an overlapping-generations model of environmental quality and production and investigates the potential role of governmental participation in the preservation of the quality of the environment so as to achieve both economic growth and environmental sustainability. The analysis suggests that long term economic growth and environment sustainability can be maintained with tax-funded environmental programs in a context of a negative production externality on the quality of the environment. // Chapter 3 The Incidence of Geography on Canada’s Services Trade: We estimate geographic barriers to export trade in nine service categories for Canada's provinces from 1997 to 2007 using the structural gravity model. Constructed Home, Domestic and Foreign Bias indexes capture the direct plus indirect effect of services trade costs on intra-provincial, inter-provincial and international trade relative to their frictionless benchmarks. Barriers to services international trade are huge relative to inter-provincial trade and large relative to goods international trade. A novel test confirms the fit of structural gravity with services trade data.

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Lee, Man-yiu, and 李民耀. "Implementation of government related electronic trade document services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268092.

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Lee, Man-yiu. "Implementation of government related electronic trade document services in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18831242.

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Ustyuzhanina, Polina. "In Goods We Trust : Trade Barriers in Services - Should We Care?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-65630.

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Paradza, Taapano. "The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and energy services liberalisation in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): issues and prospects." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8062_1367481197.

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Increasing energy needs globally have recently led to an interest in effectively bringing energy services in the trading system. Energy services were part of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, whose main achievement was the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The objective of the GATS is to achieve progressive liberalisation and reduction or elimination of trade barriers of all services sectors, including energy services. The GATS has made commendable progress in liberalising many service sectors, however it has not made meaningful progress with energy services. Furthermore though the SADC region engages in energy services trade through bilateral and regional agreements, a variety of
barriers inhibit major successes from being achieved. Effective energy services trade and liberalisation has therefore proved problematic both at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level. This study, seeks to investigate why energy services liberalisation and trade at the multilateral, regional and bilateral level is problematic, with a particular focus on
the SADC region.

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Jacobs, Abdul Karriem. "The emergence of trade in services as an emerging, international trading commodity from a South African perspective." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The reason for highlighting the difference between GATT and GATS is to focus on the impact of these agreements on the developing countries and in particular the latter will be the main focus of this paper. The economies and governments of the developing states are struggling to generate sustainable capitol growth and maintain financial stability to enhance economic growth. This is due to dictators who rule in such a manner to maintain power irrespective of the future economic viability of their state. Thus the environment for sustainable economic growth is wrath with political instability, lack of proper financial control and eagerness to attract foreign investment and allowing market access to developed states.

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Messenger, Laura C. "World trade and higher education the United States' experience with development of trade policy in higher education under the general agreement on trade in services /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6824.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Education Policy, and Leadership. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Epp, Michael J. "The implications of direct billing for medical services." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq24129.pdf.

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Haroon, Arshad. "A medical sensor services framework for home healthcare." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590091.

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Advances in technology and the increased use of home medical devices, such as blood glucose meters, blood pressure monitors and heart monitors are revolutionising the way public healthcare is administered. Homes and their associated networks in conjunction with such devices will take over many mundane healthcare tasks and manage new and enriched lifestyle choices that are at present dramatically affecting our overall quality of life. The combination of wireless and fixed networking infrastructures will form explicit links between the home and its devices and external entities such as gymnasiums, hospitals and general practitioner surgeries. Through these interconnected networks new real-time healthcare management systems will emerge that continually provide information and react to adverse or unusual medical conditions received from occupants within the home. Each home user will be empowered to influence all aspects of their health where healthcare practitioners are continually informed and only used for more specialised treatments. We can see obvious benefits such a system would bring. For example, we can make decisions about actions under consideration and influence this may have on long-term health. Whether this is through real-time monitoring or trend analysis, a better understanding of health and lifestyle choices will gain which at present is not possible. Movement towards this vision is already evident. For example, pacemaker technology is well understood and a natural progression would be to make such devices wireless, allowing easy connectivity to home, hospital and healthcare practitioner networks. This will undoubtedly lead to the development of a multitude of other similar devices designed to carry out some medical function to proactively monitor and act upon adverse factors that may threaten the health of a person. Healthcare practitioners will have direct access to these devices where they could be controlled or queried allowing data to be stored, accessed, and used in assessments. Given this use of networked devices home users could even pose questions about their health will gain to millions of networked sensors either insider or outside the body, with each sensor providing information about a particular aspect of a person's health. Much work has been

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Thor, Danielle Claire. "Ethics in Emergency Medical Services: A Contextual Analysis." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/592304.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
The modern concept of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) has grown from its humble volunteerism origins to a multidisciplinary enterprise, outstretched into the realms of both healthcare and public service. As the American EMS community continues to assume greater responsibilities and further develop its professional standards, the moral foundations of this field open themselves to more thorough scrutiny. Upon examination, the major deficit in the ethical structuring of EMS becomes glaringly obvious: it exists as a piecemeal collection of its medical and militaristic counterparts unified by theoretical generalizations that avoid its inherently unique structure. If EMS wishes to matriculate into complete professionalism, or even continue its assumption of critical responsibilities surrounding the health and safety of others, then it must also develop and maintain its own individual ethical framework from which it operates. In doing so, an urban bioethical approach rooted in context-driven analysis and pragmatic solutions may provide the best guidance and protections for all those who interact with the EMS system while respecting the values of this distinctively prideful service.
Temple University--Theses

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Bryan, Cornelia. "Gender Pay Disparities Within the Emergency Medical Services." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1299768239.

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Crosthwaite, David. "The internationalisation of construction professional services : consulting engineers overseas." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250694.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trade in medical services'

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