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Loh, Chung-Ping A., and Russell E. Triplett. "International accreditation, linguistic proximity and trade in medical services." Social Science & Medicine 238 (October 2019): 112403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112403.
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Kshetri, Nir, and Nikhilesh Dholakia. "Offshoring of healthcare services: the case of US‐India trade in medical transcription services." Journal of Health Organization and Management 25, no. 1 (March 22, 2011): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777261111116842.
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Chugaiev, O. А. "FOREIGN TRADE STRENGTH OF COUNTRIES UNDER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 143 (2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2020.143.1.45-56.
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In 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic became the major event affecting the global economy. Both supply- and demand-driven recession and changes in consumption and investment behaviour became a new reality. The purpose of the paper is to estimate foreign trade strength and vulnerability of countries under the shrinking global demand for specific groups of goods and services as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures to contain it. The proposed foreign trade strength index under pandemic is based on exports of pharmaceutical products, medical equipment, food, IT and audiovisual goods and services etc. (+); tourism and transport services, oil, ores and metals, transport vehicles and most other types of machinery etc. (-); and imports of medical and related products (-) in comparison to a country’s GDP. The ranking is provided for the largest 100 economies. 90% of the countries have absolute trade vulnerability under the pandemic. There are 3 types of economies with relatively better trade soundness: exporters of medical products and ICT services (Ireland and Switzerland), food exporters and closed economies. The most vulnerable economies include small island countries which depend on tourism services exports, oil exporting countries and exporters of machines and equipment. Ukraine ranks 38th and has a standardized value of the index +0.4 mainly because of its food exports which help offsets the weakness due to the metal exports. Vulnerability of large economies is caused by their merchandise export structure, while vulnerability of small economies is due to their services export structure. Key words: foreign trade, economic resilience, demand for goods and services, dependence on global markets, pandemic, quarantine measures.
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Chaudhary, Manjula, and Arpita Agrawal. "Medical Tourism in the Framework of Trade in Health Services and GATS." FIIB Business Review 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455265820140103.
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Bhattarai, Nawaraj, Peter Mcmeekin, Christopher I. Price, and Luke Vale. "Preferences for centralised emergency medical services: discrete choice experiment." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e030966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030966.
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ObjectivesIt is desirable that public preferences are established and incorporated in emergency healthcare reforms. The aim of this study was to investigate preferences for local versus centralised provision of all emergency medical services (EMS) and explore what individuals think are important considerations for EMS delivery.DesignA discrete choice experiment was conducted. The attributes used in the choice scenarios were: travel time to the hospital, waiting time to be seen, length of stay in the hospital, risks of dying, readmission and opportunity for outpatient care after emergency treatment at a local hospital.SettingNorth East England.ParticipantsParticipants were a randomly sampled general population, aged 16 years or above recruited from Healthwatch Northumberland network database of lay members and from clinical contact with Northumbria Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust via Patient Experience Team.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAnalysis used logistic regression modelling techniques to determine the preference of each attribute. Marginal rates of substitution between attributes were estimated to understand the trade-offs individuals were willing to make.ResultsResponses were obtained from 148 people (62 completed a web and 86 a postal version). Respondents preferred shorter travel time to hospital, shorter waiting time, fewer number of days in hospital, low risk of death, low risk of readmission and outpatient follow-up care in their local hospital. However, individuals were willing to trade off increased travel time and waiting time for high-quality centralised care. Individuals were willing to travel 9 min more for a 1-day reduction in length of stay in the hospital, 38 min for a 1% reduction in risk of death and 112 min for having outpatient follow-up care at their local hospital.ConclusionsPeople value centralised EMS if it provides higher quality care and are willing to travel further and wait longer.
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Herranz-Sanmartín, Juán Pedro. "Academic training in the certification of medical facilities in mexico." HORIZONTE SANITARIO 14, no. 2 (September 14, 2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19136/hs.a14n2.994.
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The certification of healthcare facilities in Mexico is a established government program, depending of the Presidency of the Republic, as well as global need of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed by Canada, the US and Mexico, that aligns our country with the progress and development towards a better
quality in medical services and with other countries that have developed the accreditation and certification of medical services as a general policy.
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Herranz-Sanmartín, Juán Pedro. "Academic training in the certification of medical facilities in mexico." HORIZONTE SANITARIO 14, no. 2 (September 14, 2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19136/hs.v14i2.994.
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The certification of healthcare facilities in Mexico is a established government program, depending of the Presidency of the Republic, as well as global need of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed by Canada, the US and Mexico, that aligns our country with the progress and development towards a better
quality in medical services and with other countries that have developed the accreditation and certification of medical services as a general policy.
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Henry, Mark S. "Agriculture's Stake in Rural Economic Development." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 15, no. 2 (October 1986): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001069.
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This paper considers the effect of economic progress in the nonfarm sectors of urban-industrial areas on the viability of the current farm structure in the United States. These urban-industrial areas may be located in nonmetropolitan counties that are often considered part of “rural America” (Bender, et al.) Furthermore, they are best defined as those areas of nonmetropolitan America that have clusters of employment opportunities. These clusters are increasingly dominated by an array of trade and service activities although they are of lower order in the central place hierarchy than found in metropolitan areas. For example, basic medical services may be provided but there is an insufficient local market to justify many specialized medical services.
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Wahidin, Mugi, Syarifah Nuraini, and Ady Iswadhy Thomas. "Kesiapan Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Indonesia Dalam Perdagangan Bebas Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN." Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan 22, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/hsr.v22i2.965.
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The ASEAN Economic Community (MEA) is a form of ASEAN economic integration, including the free trade of goods and services in health sector, which one of them is health services facilities. The study aimed to determine the readiness of health service facilities in Indonesia in dealing with free trade in health goods and services within the framework of the ASEAN Economic Community (MEA). This was qualitative study with descriptive analysis. The data used was secondary data from the Ministry of Health, health professionals, health-related associations, research reports and other data sources. The steps of the study were data searches, in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion with related parties. The facilities were specialist hospitals, specialistic clinics (medical specialist, dentistry specialist, medical and ambulatory evacuation clinics, specialist nursing clinics), acupuncture service facilities and primary clinics. Readiness was justifi ed by the availability of the health services facilities and supported regulation. The results of the study indicated that health service facilities in Indonesia are quite ready to face the free trade in health-related goods and services, except residential health facility. This study recommended the preparation of related regulation, fulfi llment of health service equipments, providing data of spscialistic clinic, collaboration with Capital investment coordination board (BKPM), promortion and advocacy of foreign investment, acreditation for all health services fasilites, and monitoring and evaluation for health services.
Abstrak
Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) merupakan sebuah bentuk integrasi ekonomi ASEAN, termasuk dalam halperdagangan bebas barang jasa di bidang kesehatan, dan salah satunya adalah fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan. Kajian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesiapan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia dalam menghadapi perdagangan bebas barang dan jasa kesehatan dalam kerangka Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA). Kajian ini adalah kajian kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data sekunder yang bersumber dari Kementerian Kesehatan, profesi, asosiasi yang berkaitan, hasil penelitian maupun sumber data lainnya. Langkah kegiatan adalah melakukan penelusuran data, wawancara mendalam dan focus group discussion (FGD) dengan pihak yang berkaitan. Fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan meliputi rumah sakit spesialistik, klinik utama (kedokteran spesialis, kedokteran gigi spesialis, klinik evakuasi medik dan ambulatory, klinik keperawatan spesialis), fasilitas pelayanan akupunktur dan klinik pratama. Kesiapan dilihat dari ketersediaan fasyankes dan peraturan yang mendukung. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan Indonesia cukup siap dalam menghadapi perdagangan bebas barang dan jasa kesehatan, kecuali fasilitas kesehatan jasa pemukiman. Saran yang diberikan adalah penyiapan regulasi terkait, pemenuhan sarana danprasarana, pendataan klinik utama, kerja sama dengan Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal, sosialisasi dan advokasi tentang investasi asing, akreditasi seluruh fasyankes, dan monitoring dan evaluasi pelayanan kesehatan
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Tsvetkova, A. B., B. V. Musatov, L. A. Danchenok, and Zh B. Musatova. "Researching the Importance of Atmosphere Parameters in the Medical Institution for Younger Audience." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 4 (July 29, 2018): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-4-142-151.
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In order to attract the attention of customers and build their loyalty the trade enterprise should stand out at the background of others. One factor promoting attainment of this goal is the shop atmosphere. This category is essential for the service sector. The idea of atmosphere is also topical for medical institutions as enterprises of the service sector. What are its components in the field of public health and how can they be used? Can the atmosphere of the medical institution influence patients’ mood? You can find answers to these questions in this article. Analysis of the degree of this problem development in Russian and overseas publications allow us to speak about insufficient attention to its marketing component. In overseas literature the atmosphere of medical institutions is discussed only from the point of view of its therapeutic effect for patients and medical personnel, while Russian publications have not considered this issue. The list of atmosphere parameters consists of well-known elements. Traditionally it is investigated in the field of retail trade, as it makes possible to create and strengthen communication with clients in places of goods selling, to increase sales of the product range and profit. Is the list of parameters the same in medical institution? This question is still topical. The authors identify important parameters of the atmosphere in the medical institution influencing the younger generation – customers of medical services.
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Ile, Florența Larisa, and Gabriela Țigu. "Medical tourism market trends - an exploratory research." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 1111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0114.
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Abstract Medical tourism is a modern concept, but not a new tourism practice. Even there is still no international consent on the definitions and measurement of this trend, its importance in the development of a tourism destination started to be taken into consideration. In accordance with tourism segment classification depending on journey reasons recommended by World Tourism Organization, one of the main groups is for “medical treatment/health”. Being part of health tourism, medical tourism is often called medical travel because it includes the act of travelling to different countries for medical reasons. An increasing significant element in medical service trade is patient circulation at cross-border level with a view to obtaining necessary health services; this circulation generated a new phenomenon, namely medical tourism. Studying the scientific literature we find new medical tourism trends in connection with globalization and liberalization. The countries that decided to promote this niche tourism are aware of the huge economic benefits brought by this. Analyzing published data by tourism medical organizations associated to indicators of economic development, we find two aspects: the success of a medical tourism destination is influenced by the economical level of the receiving countries, but, at the same time, it is also a growth factor for developing economies if it is included in their national strategy. We intend to find the answer of several questions: trends in medical tourism development are involving only medical service trade, or a combination of specific activities of many sectors? Is the medical tourism acting in favor of developing economies? This study aims to notice the development trends of the medical tourism based on the published figures and on the experience of major destinations and to highlight the importance of the medical tourism for the developing economies.
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Sulym, Borys. "Ukrainian-Polish trade and economic relations in modern conditions." Grani 23, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172091.
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The main directions of development of Ukrainian-Polish trade relations are considered in the article. The positive and negative effects of cross-border cooperation in trade and investment are substantiated, as well as a number of recommendations for building mutually beneficial relations on the basis of national interests.The purpose of this article is to assess the Ukrainian-Polish trade and economic relations in modern conditions in order to form scientifically sound recommendations for the development of mutually beneficial cross-border cooperation, taking into account national interests.Research methods. Methods of scientific analysis are used in the critical assessment of the concept of free market and free trade; comparison in the study of the dynamics of Ukrainian-Polish trade relations; graphical method for displaying and comparing trade in goods and services and investment between Poland and Ukraine; method of generalization in the development of proposals to improve the efficiency of cross-border trade and investment between countries, taking into account national characteristics and interests.Results. An assessment of Ukrainian-Polish trade and economic relations over the past ten years is given. It is proved that Ukrainian-Polish relations in the field of trade in goods do not have significant benefits for the Ukrainian economy, as their balance is negative during the period under study. Emphasis is placed on mutual exits in the field of trade in services, where the Polish side actively uses Ukrainian enterprises to order services for processing material resources through cheap labor, which stimulates the inflow of funds into Ukrainian business, job creation and more. There is a significant predominance of Polish investment in the national economy over Ukrainian investment in the Polish economy, due to the higher development of the Polish economy and interest in building branches and subsidiaries of Polish enterprises.A number of measures have been proposed to increase the economic complexity of the domestic economy in order to increase technological exports to Poland and equalize the trade balance between the countries; the directions of development of trade in services (in particular medical services in the conditions of COVID-19), as well as measures to increase the volume of Polish investment are substantiated.
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Brebner, J. A., E. M. Brebner, H. Ruddick-Bracken, and R. Wootton. "The development of a pilot telemedicine network in Scotland: Lessons learned." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 7, no. 2_suppl (December 2001): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633011937254.
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A pilot telemedicine network was established in 11 sites using funding provided by the Department of Trade and Industry in the UK. The main purpose of the project was to develop and evaluate clinical and educational links between central and peripheral sites in Scotland. The results were very encouraging, and clinical services were established in accident and emergency medicine, tele-ultrasound and clinical psychology. An undergraduate medical teaching service was also successfully established. All of these services are to be continued after the completion of the project. Many lessons were learned during the establishment of this network which will be useful in future projects. These included the importance of training for telemedicine users, the importance of identifying a telemedicine champion, the pitfall of health economics and the fact that services must be needs driven.
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Xu, Richard Huan, Lingming Zhou, Yong Li, and Dong Wang. "Doctor’s Preference in Providing Medical Service for Patients in the Medical Alliance: A Pilot Discrete Choice Experiment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072215.
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This cross-sectional survey study explored whether doctors in Guangdong, China preferred to provide extra healthcare services within the context of their medical alliances (MAs). Specifically, a discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted to investigate whether doctors preferred to provide extra services at low-tier hospitals within their MAs. A literature review, focus group interview, and expert group discussion resulted in three main attributes (i.e., working time, income, and hospital location) and corresponding levels, which were combined to create 24 profiles that were randomly presented to participants. A conditional logit model was then employed to calculate utility scores for all profiles. A total of 311 doctors completed the DCE questionnaire. The coefficients for each level within the three attributes were ordered and found to be statistically significant. Working time had the greatest influence on utility scores, increasing by one hour per week (beta = 1.4, odds ratio (OR) = 4.07, p < 0.001), followed by income, which increased by 30% per month (beta = 1.19, OR = 3.3, p < 0.001). The utility scores for all profiles ranged between −0.27 and 3.07. Findings indicated that participants made trade-offs with respect to providing extra services within their MAs. Furthermore, utility varied between different subpopulations.
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Clingan, Sara E., Dennis G. Fisher, Kholoud Hardan-Khalil, Grace L. Reynolds, Loucine Huckabay, Christine Costa, William C. Pedersen, and Mark E. Johnson. "Health implications of sex trading characteristics in Long Beach, California, USA." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419828138.
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This study examined the comparative health risk behaviors of women who (a) traded sex for money, (b) traded sex for drugs, (c) traded sex for both drugs and money, or (d) did not trade sex. Self-report data were collected from 2369 women who received services through HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing programs and a subset were tested for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis. Results revealed those women who traded sex only for money used condoms, were tested for HIV, and received the HIV test results more often than the other women. Women who traded sex for both drugs and money reported a significantly higher prevalence of gonorrhea, hepatitis B, and syphilis; were more likely to test positive for hepatitis B, syphilis, and HIV; engaged more often in sex acts without condoms; and were incarcerated for significantly more days. Based on these findings, the targets with greatest potential for STI prevention interventions are female sex workers who trade sex for both drugs and money.
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Langran, Irene. "Challenges to Global Health Governance from the International Trade in Organ Transplants." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 27, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02701002.
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Abstract The internationalization of medical services—including organ transplantations—is driven by advances in technology and integration of trade. Patients in need of organ transplants began to seek these services outside their countries of origin in the 1980s and 1990s, and this practice expanded in the ensuing decades. While these transplants yielded benefits to some, abuses included human trafficking, preying on vulnerable populations, and negative outcomes in health equity. This case study of efforts to regulate the international transplant trade yields important findings for our understanding of global health governance. First, it provides support to the “globalization reformers” who maintain that if globalization’s benefits are to be widely distributed, institutional mechanisms must be enacted. Second, it provides another example of the externalities that occur when health concerns are absent, poorly represented, or weakened in trade negotiations. Finally, it demonstrates limits of a global health regime that lacks a centralized authority.
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Manderson, Lenore. "Health Services and the Legitimation of the Colonial State: British Malaya 1786–1941." International Journal of Health Services 17, no. 1 (January 1987): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/j56k-hpbe-9h1k-xnqq.
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This article is concerned with the establishment and extension of health care and medical services in British colonial Malaya. Initially, medical care was provided for the colonial elite and those in their direct employment. With the expansion of colonial control beyond trade centers into the hinterland and with the growth of agriculture and mining, Western medicine was extended both to labor involved in these export industries and to others whose ill health might jeopardize the welfare of the colonists. Public health programs in the twentieth century continued to focus on medical problems that had direct impact on the colonial economy, but programs were extended to ensure the reproduction as well as the maintenance of the labor force. This article develops the notion of a legitimation vacuum, and the role of the state provision of social services, including medical services, in legitimizing colonial presence and control.
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Peng, Chun, Erick Delage, and Jinlin Li. "Probabilistic Envelope Constrained Multiperiod Stochastic Emergency Medical Services Location Model and Decomposition Scheme." Transportation Science 54, no. 6 (November 2020): 1471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2019.0947.
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This paper considers a multiperiod emergency medical services (EMS) location problem and introduces two two-stage stochastic programming formulations that account for uncertainty about emergency demand. Whereas the first model considers both a constraint on the probability of covering the realized emergency demand and minimizing the expected cost of doing so, the second one employs probabilistic envelope constraints that allow us to control the degradation of coverage under the more severe scenarios. These models give rise to large mixed-integer programs, which can be tackled directly or by using a conservative approximation scheme. For the former, we implement the branch-and-Benders-cut method, which improves significantly the solution time when compared with using both a recently proposed state-of-the art branch-and-bound algorithm and the CPLEX solver. Finally, a practical study is conducted using historical data from the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service and sheds some light on optimal EMS location configuration for this region and on necessary trade-offs that must be made between emergency demand coverage and expected cost. These insights are confirmed through an out-of-sample performance analysis.
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Gola, Swati. "Medical tourism in India – in whose interest?" Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 15, no. 2/3 (June 20, 2016): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-01-2016-0005.
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Purpose The present paper aims to analyse who actually benefits from the policies to promote international trade in healthcare services through medical tourism in India. It also assesses the implications of unfettered and unchecked medical tourism for public health policy-making. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology adopted in this paper is inter-disciplinary (socioeconomic and legal) and includes a mix of doctrinal and empirical qualitative research. Findings The present paper argues that in the absence of any baseline data in the public domain on inbound traffic of tourists visiting India on medical tourism, it is difficult to assess and evaluate the private sector claims and that the absence of any format for data collection, management and analysis results in questionable accountability and institutional fragmentation and non-coordination. Furthermore, it results in asymmetrical policy-making in areas like international trade, which may have unintended negative effects for public health. Research limitations/implications The research findings of the present paper will also assist other developing countries considering to promote medical tourism to learn lessons from India’s experiences. Originality/value The present paper uses the qualitative empirical research conducted by the author to analyse the state of affair of medical tourism in India.
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Şemin, Semih, and Dilek Güldal. "The Growing Dependency in Health Care: Recent Changes in Medical Technology Imports and Exports in Turkey." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 12, no. 4 (1996): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230001103x.
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AbstractThis study investigates recent changes related to the import and export of medical technology and their results in Turkey. Between 1980 and 1993 the number of medical technology imports in Turkey rose, and there was a parallel rise in its ratio to total imports and health expenditures. In contrast the ratio of medical technology exports to total exports decreased significantly in the same period. The liberalization of foreign trade and the changes of health services toward free market policy has caused growing import of medical technology in Turkey.
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Suhail, Anwar Mazhar, and Ghassan Qasim Dawood Al – Lami. "Aggregate Planning of Human Resource." Iraqi Administrative Sciences Journal 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 327–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33013/iqasj.v2n1y2018.pp327-365.
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The research is beginning due to the importance or necessity to find Solution about the Variable demand for medical services preparation& diagnosed the suitable strategies for human Resource Aggregate planning in teaching Al-kadhimyiah hospital as a result of spreading specialist doctors. So that the research tried to limit alternatives of aggregate planning strategies. For determination distributing of the most important Medical staffs in every parts of researched hospital depending on Trade- of between Aggregate planning Strategies even if concluded strategy ( Tracking strategy b; settlement strategy ; Mixed strategy ). In order to achieve the suitable strategy & application done in one of the health sector institution in teaching Al-kadhimyiah hospital. The research was reached to many conclusions as limited efforts of Khrakh Baghdad institute (in Kadhiymiah hospital in demanded , work force planning .which lead negatively upon it's ability to face shortage clearly for medical staffs in order to meet the growing demand upon medical service , so the suitable strategy is work force Guarding presented as Employment & Dispending ) for it's low cost The most prominent recommendation of the research is the necessity accreditation upon suitable means and methods . the importance of the availability of the broader wide data base in order to deal with it when needed to provide medical staff according to aimed medical services needs.
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Kuzyshyn, A., and I. Poplavska. "Analysis of Territorial Differences of the Social Sphere elements in the Areas of the Carpathian-Podillia Region." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111852.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the social sphere functioning of the areas in the Carpathian-Podillia region, in particular the emphasis is placed on the differ- entiation of the levels of its individual components, the dynamics of their changes and the complex analysis of functionality. The state of this sphere directly influences the economy and culture of the country and the region, and therefore the sectors of education, health care, culture, housing and communal services, etc. play a significant role in the economic development of the territory. Territorial boundaries of the research are defined within Transcarpathian, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Vinnytsia, Khmelnytskyi and Ternopil regions, among which there are established economic, labor-resource and informational-communicative connections, which also should be considered as the strong side of such cooperation. Several basic components of the social sphere (education, culture, medicine, housing and communal services, trade and mass catering, communication) were selected for studying the differentiation of the social sphere elements of the areas of the Carpathian-Podillia region, for each several criteria were chosen (in general over 20). All suggested criteria represent a qualitative component of functioning: in education. They are the amount of preschool institutions for children, the number of pupils / listeners / students per number of inhabitants. Medical sphere includes the providing the population with doctors, middle medical personnel, hospital beds, planned capacity of outpatient clinics. The sphere of culture deals with the provision of population with cultural institutions and their attendance. The housing and communal services sector embraces the level of equipped apartments and indicator of residential space. Retail and catering services cover the indicators of trade turnover for main groups of goods and providing a decent number of trade areas, the field of communication includes access to communication facilities for different variants of their activity. This allowed analysing the level of formation and functionality of the social sphere individual components of the region in general and in its individual areas. On this basis, the ranking of the areas of the Carpathian- Podillia region was carried out in terms of the social infrastructure elements formation. In addition, a comparative analysis of the social sphere development level to the indicators of the Western Ukrainian region and Ukrainian is provided. Official statistics from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, as well as regional statistical offices, were used for the survey.
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Krasavina, Vera A. "Digital Single Market: Europe in the race for IT services market leaders." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-4-679-692.
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The paper considers the process of digital transformations within the framework of creating a Digital Single Market in the European Union. The author uses standard tools to identify strategic areas in which the transformation of the European market takes place. The importance and relevance of the development of the digital economy for the countries of the European Union in the context of the deepening globalization process and the rapid development of information technology is emphasized. In the framework of stimulating the economies of the EU countries, as well as with the aim of improving the quality of educational, medical services and solving other social problems - creating a single information market without geographical barriers, simplifying and standardizing Internet trade laws throughout the EU, ensuring a favorable legal and tax environment to expand the electronic trade in goods, services, technologies, become paramount tasks. The paper analyzes the key areas on which the creation of Digital Single Market is based: facilitating the access of consumers and businesses to goods and services via the Internet throughout the European Union; creating favorable conditions for the development of digital networks and services and promoting the maximum growth of the potential of European digital economics. It is shown that during the transformations in some areas, certain successes have already been achieved: the abolition of roaming, the increase in the volume of online trade in goods and services, the cross-border portability of digital content, including the successful coordination of the use of the 700 MHz band for the large-scale implementation of 4G broadband communications, which will further facilitate the deployment of networks 5G in 2020.
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Jain, Vineet, and Puneeta Ajmera. "Modelling the factors affecting Indian medical tourism sector using interpretive structural modeling." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 5 (July 2, 2018): 1461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-03-2017-0045.
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Purpose Medical tourism encourages the traveling of patients, expert healthcare professionals and promotes cross-border trade in healthcare services. The Indian medical tourism sector is facing new challenges as well as certain ethical and legal issues because of continuous market changes and patient’s requirements while at the same time advancements in current health services have also been observed. It is therefore very important to understand and address the issues of the medical tourists. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the important factors which can make India an affordable medical tourism destination. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the factors influencing Indian medical tourism sector have been explored by conducting literature review, they are ranked according to the results of a questionnaire-based survey and further analyzed by using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach. The mutual relationships between these factors were identified to develop an ISM model so as to find out the important factors which can make India an affordable place for medical tourism. Findings The results of the survey and the model show that cost of medical procedures, facilitation, and care, the infrastructure of Indian hospitals, clinical excellence and the competence of doctors and staff are the top level factors. Practical implications It is very important to address the concerns of the patients coming to a developing country like India for availing medical services. This research has evaluated the important factors which can make India an affordable medical tourism destination. Originality/value This research assesses the effects of globalization on delivery of healthcare services in India by conducting critical analysis of the medical tourism industry by collecting original data from the international patients coming to India for different types of medical procedures so that a comprehensive model can be prepared which will help the hospitals and policymakers to improve the processes related to medical tourism.
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Cumpsty, Richard, S. Makin, and J. Woodhouse. "Can a weight management conditioning course help with armed forces recruitment?" BMJ Military Health 166, E (May 24, 2019): e70-e72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2019-001189.
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British Armed Forces are facing the most significant recruitment crisis since 2010. An important contributing factor to the recruitment crisis is the rise in obesity of the UK population. At Army Training Centre Pirbright, a weight management programme (WMP) has been established for recruits who have failed their initial medical assessment (IMA). To determine the proportion of recruits who entered the WMP and passed basic and initial trade training, allowing entry into the British Army. Retrospective service evaluation of recruits entering WMP from inception in April 2015 to August 2018. Medical records were used to assess whether recruits completed initial training. 72.3% of recruits included in the WMP who would have previously failed their IMA because of a high body mass index (BMI) passed basic and initial trade training. This evaluation demonstrates potential for candidates otherwise excluded based on BMI. This WMP delivers structured nutritional support and encourages physical training. Once a BMI enters the accepted range, recruits could enter basic training. This WMP would deliver structured nutritional support and encourage physical training, with the aim of promoting healthy lifestyles. Neither the Royal Navy nor the Royal Air Force currently have a WMP. There is potential for WMPs to be introduced to all three services. UK Armed Forces face a recruitment crisis and need to be adaptable with a population where obesity is prevalent. At Pirbright 72.3% of candidates in the WMP passed basic and initial trade training.
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Kelly, Karla. "Nurse Practitioner Challenges to the Orthodox Structure of Health Care Delivery: Regulation and Restraints on Trade." American Journal of Law & Medicine 11, no. 2 (1985): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800008686.
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AbstractUntil recently, physicians have been the primary health care providers in the United States. In response to the rising health care costs and public demand of the past decade, allied health care providers have challenged this orthodox structure of health care delivery. Among these allied health care providers are nurse practitioners, who have attempted to expand traditional roles of the registered nurse.This article focuses on the legal issues raised by several major obstacles to the expansion of nurse practitioner services: licensing restrictions, third party reimbursement policies, and denial of access to medical facilities and physician back-up services. The successful judicial challenges to discriminatory practices against other allied health care providers will be explored as a solution to the nurse practitioners’ dilemma.
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Kajihara, Chisato, Masahiko Munechika, Masaaki Kaneko, Masataka Sano, and Haizhe Jin. "A Matrix of the Functions and Organizations that Ensure Continued Healthcare Services in a Disaster." Quality Innovation Prosperity 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/qip.v20i2.747.
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<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> Japan is one of the most natural disaster-prone countries in the world. In the case of a natural disaster or mass casualty incident, a large number of injured people are likely to go to hospitals, which need to provide more services at such times. Thus, it is necessary for various bodies – such as hospitals, municipalities, medical associations, pharmaceutical associations, and trade associations – to collaborate. For example, coordination among multiple hospitals is important when transporting patients to another hospital if they cannot be examined at the first one. There is a pressing need to establish an Area Disaster Resilience Management System for Healthcare (ADRMS-H) to increase medical resilience. In order to develop an ADRMS-H and ensure that continuous healthcare is provided during calamities, it is necessary to clarify the functions (which we have already explained) and coordination that organizations must perform. Since medical care needs change by the hour during disasters, so do the functions that guarantee ongoing healthcare. This study aims to create a matrix of functions ensuring continued healthcare services in a disaster and relevant organizations to understand each one’s role and how they relate to each other.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> We used the case of Kawaguchi city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan as an example to illustrate related organizations needed to fulfill the functions for ensuring continued healthcare services. Next, we created a matrix of the functions and organizations.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> This study identified related organizations such as municipalities, hospitals, medical associations, and trade associations in Kawaguchi city. Since functions for ensuring ongoing healthcare change by the hour, so do the organizations, whose transformations we analyzed by the hour.</p><p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> The results of this paper can help people understand how related organizations work together during disasters; in light of this, it will be possible to develop a model for an ADRMS-H in terms of coordination among organizations.</p>
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Mandal, Biswajit, Soumyadip Chattopadhyay, and Alaka Shree Prasad. "Effects of Trade Reform on Health and Tourism Sectors of the Reforming Country." Review of Market Integration 11, no. 3 (December 2019): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974929220969680.
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Health trade and related tourism have become prevalent in recent times, particularly in countries where quality medical services are provided at a relatively low cost. Therefore, using a competitive general equilibrium trade model, this article theoretically attempts to find possible complementarity between the health sector and the tourism sector in a small open developing economy. While exploring the results, this article also finds the effect of trade reform on factor prices, per unit factor requirement and output of different sectors of the economy. Capital owners are seen to lose with trade reform, while labours and doctors gain. Eventually, both health and tourism sectors are found to be complementary in nature. However, expansion of these sectors is conditional on factor intensity assumption. Following this, we briefly touch upon the possible effects of deglobalisation in such an economy. We find that capitalists gain, whereas both doctors and labours suffer loss. Complementarity between health and tourism sectors persists, and the size of different sectors is again found to depend on factor intensity.
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Flamme, Gregory A., David G. Goldfarb, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Charles B. Hall, Brandon M. Vaeth, Theresa Schwartz, Jennifer Yip, et al. "Hearing Loss Among World Trade Center Firefighters and Emergency Medical Service Workers." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61, no. 12 (December 2019): 996–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000001717.
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Caroline, Dommen. "The Right to Health." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tydu-ljk1-wf5m-bpec.
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Does the global trading system operate to the detriment of human rights? Some people think so. Many argue that trade policy interferes with a nation's capacity to develop its own human rights policies in the areas of health, nutrition, and medical services. This article examines that contention by studying how World Trade Organization (WTO) rules limit a country's ability to uphold the right to health for its citizens and suggests ways that human rights norms and mechanisms can be employed as counterweights to socially harmful WTO polices. The author concludes that most commentators agree that human rights are inalienable and thus would prevail in a judicial setting and that human rights mechanisms have been underused by proponents of public health.
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Ahrens, Fred, David Dobrzykowski, and William Sawaya. "Addressing mass-customization trade-offs in bottom of the pyramid markets." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 49, no. 5 (June 14, 2019): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-02-2018-0048.
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Purpose Manufacturers find bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets challenging to serve due to low margins and highly localized needs. As such, residents in BOP markets often go without products commonly available in developed countries. Going without medical equipment may negatively affect healthcare services. This study develops a supply chain design strategy that supports the production of medical equipment by preserving variety flexibility at low volumes that stands to create new market opportunities for manufacturers and improve healthcare for residents in BOP markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors introduce a mass-customization model called options-based planning (OBP) which offers a framework to both leverage the efficiencies of high volume production models and provide products that are customized to local market needs. An empirical simulation, grounded in data collected from a large international manufacturer of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment, illustrates how an OBP production strategy will likely perform under BOP conditions and facilitate the delivery of healthcare equipment to BOP markets. Findings OBP provides a means for manufacturers to provide the customization necessary to serve fragmented BOP markets, while enabling higher production volume to make serving these markets more feasible. The empirical simulation reveals the relative benefits of OBP under conditions of forecast uncertainty, product complexity (number of design parameters) and different levels of responsiveness. Social implications Increased access to modern medical equipment should improve healthcare outcomes for consumers in BOP markets. Originality/value The MRI context in BOP markets serves to illustrate the value of the OBP model for manufacturers.
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Liverani, Marco, Por Ir, Bart Jacobs, Augustine Asante, Stephen Jan, Supheap Leang, Nicola Man, Andrew Hayen, and Virginia Wiseman. "Cross-border medical travels from Cambodia: pathways to care, associated costs and equity implications." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 1011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa061.
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Abstract In low- and middle-income countries, patients may travel abroad to seek better health services or treatments that are not available at home, especially in regions where great disparities exist between the standard of care in neighbouring countries. While awareness of South–South medical travels has increased, only a few studies investigated this phenomenon in depth from the perspective of sending countries. This article aims to contribute to these studies by reporting findings from a qualitative study of medical travels from Cambodia and associated costs. Data collection primarily involved interviews with Cambodian patients returning from Thailand and Vietnam, conducted in 2017 in the capital Phnom Penh and two provinces, and interviews with key informants in the local health sector. The research findings show that medical travels from Cambodia are driven and shaped by an interplay of socio-economic, cultural and health system factors at different levels, from the effects of regional trade liberalization to perceptions about the quality of care and the pressure of relatives and other advisers in local communities. Furthermore, there is a diversity of medical travels from Cambodia, ranging from first class travels to international hospitals in Bangkok and cross-border ‘medical tourism’ to perilous overland journeys of poor patients, who regularly resort to borrowing or liquidating assets to cover costs. The implications of the research findings for health sector development and equitable access to care for Cambodians deserve particular attention. To some extent, the increase in medical travels can stimulate improvements in the quality of local health services. However, concerns remain that these developments will mainly affect high-cost private services, widening disparities in access to care between population groups.
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Cao, Xuebing. "The Chinese Medical Doctor Association: A New Industrial Relations Actor in China’s Health Services?" Articles 66, no. 1 (June 28, 2011): 74–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005106ar.
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This research marks a new attempt to examine the development of new industrial relations actors in contemporary China. It appears that the CMDA has the potential to convert members’ common pursuit into action, albeit with different strengths and patterns compared with its Western counterparts. However, the process of mobilizing doctors is likely to be challenged by China’s unitary industrial relations system. For Chinese doctors, the question is how to convert constant work-related discontent and conflict into an institutional response, and how much freedom the CMDA can be given. Follow-up observation is needed to assess the impact of the CMDA’s continuous expansion in the industrial relations system in China’s health services. Findings suggest that currently the CMDA is neither an independent union organization, nor a new industrial relations actor within Chinese health services due to its structural weakness and political limitations. Unlike its Western counterparts, the CMDA does not have high levels of social and economic power to control licenses and access to the medical profession. However, the prospect remains that the CMDA may be more active within the industrial relations system if doctors’ social capital and group identity can be further strengthened. This paper examines possibilities and difficulties for the Chinese Medical Doctor Association (CMDA) to become a new industrial relations actor in China’s health services. It attempts to provide evidence on whether the CMDA functions in similar ways as its Western counterparts in mobilizing members. Aiming at filling the research gap in Chinese professional organizations’ involvement in the industrial relations process, this paper discusses the CMDA’s potential and the challenges of becoming a union organization. Data were collected through 39 semi-structured interviews with supplementation of documentary evidence from the government, doctors’ professional societies, hospitals and trade unions.
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Kihong Kim. "Neo-Service Industry, Medical Tourism as an International Trade Product in 21st Century." E-Business Studies 11, no. 2 (June 2010): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15719/geba.11.2.201006.189.
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Shamaeva, Tatyana. "Industrial construction of the late XIX-early XX centuries: barracks for workers of the Moscow region manufactories." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128102024.
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In this paper, the objects of research are barracks for workers of industrial manufactories of the late XIX - early XX centuries, situated in the Moscow region. Recommendations for the functional purpose of these buildings: Residential function with apartments of 1 comfort category, improved design; colivings. Guesthouses, hotels. Public function: offices, exhibitions, museums, medical institutions, food facilities, trade, beauty salons, hairdressers, household services and minor repairs can be located on the first floors of the building. Leisure centers for different age groups, clubs for children and young people, fitness centers.
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Zavyalova, O. G., and L. V. Menshchikova. "LONGITUDINAL “BUDGETARY” RESEARCHES OF RURAL FAMILIES IN THE KURGAN REGION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 29, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2019-29-4-504-514.
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The article considers the problems of the relationship between the time budgets and expenditures of the rural population of the Kurgan region for the post-Soviet period in a long time section (1989 - 2011) based on statistical and sociological methods. At present, the main trends in visits to service facilities by families of different types living in different rural settlements have changed little, but the role of large villages has increased significantly. Shops and post offices account for the largest share in the frequency of visits. In rural areas, the network of service enterprises (educational, medical and domestic) has significantly decreased; the share of trade services enterprises and, to a lesser extent, catering has multiply increased. The relationship between the accessibility of a number of service facilities and migration of the population from rural areas has been established (educational and transport services were the most important for villagers). The analysis shows that the working hours of villagers remained at the same level, but there were profound changes in the forms of ownership and management; The time spent on domestic affairs has decreased slightly. Unemployment in rural areas has increased significantly in recent years. The cash expenditure of villagers on food has increased markedly. Survey data show a very tangible "compression" of the rural socio-economic space, so the identification of priority clusters in the service sector is a real way to manage the shrinking rural space of the region. 121 rural local service sector clusters have been allocated in the territory of Kurgan region.
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Rossmaier, Leon. "Commercial Mhealth Apps and Exploitative Value Trade-Offs." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.98.
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"Mobile health (mHealth) apps are becoming progressively important for primary care, disease prevention, and public health interventions. They promise to empower its users by offering them more independence, better access to health services, and more insight into their health status resulting in better informed medical decision-making and lifestyle changes. Disadvantages of mHealth apps often include a lack of privacy protection, a decrease in personal attachment, and the acceptance of a normative conception of health challenging the user’s self-determination. Privacy, attachment, and self-determination are, alongside health, linked to fundamental dimensions of human well-being. Users of mHealth apps can either accept those disadvantages or abstain from using this technology entirely. Users, therefore, have to trade-off fundamental dimensions of well-being to gain a certain health benefit if they want to use commercial mHealth apps. This presentation will clarify the values most relevant in this context, focusing on privacy, self-determination, and attachment. I claim that these values imply fundamental conditions of well-being that should not be undermined, especially in the context of health care. I will argue that the value trade-offs users must engage in are an instance of mutually advantageous agreements by which the provider of the app takes unfair advantage of the user. This renders such agreements exploitative. I will discuss the notion of exploitation that I think applies in this case and explain under what circumstances exploitative agreements that come with the use of commercial mHealth apps oppose the empowerment narrative. "
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Liu, Rong Duo, Wei Wu, Jia Dong Du, Wei Xin, and Da Cheng Yang. "A Tree-Structured Traffic Model of Mobile POS Service Applied in Cellular Network." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 3155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.3155.
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The user number of mobile point of sale (POS) service is growing rapidly. The market potential is attractive to the mobile network operators, while the traffic challenges caused by heavy mobile POS service is becoming a critical issue to the operators. In order to evaluate the impact on the network and make best use of the existing network, it is important to model the traffic of mobile POS service. A tree-structured modeling method is presented in the paper, which can be used to model the traffic of mobile POS service as well as other interactive M2M services, such as remote medical services. The modeling method is a combination of the layered modeling method used in traditional H2H communications and the transaction tree modeling method used in bank trade. As another main point, a specific traffic model of mobile POS service is given in the paper. There are five parameters in the traffic model, including request packet size, response packet size, the interval between request and response, the interval between two requests, and the transmission probability. After counting the packet length of each message, calculating the average length, analyzing the effect of difference between the actual and average length on the cellular network, we find that all the request type of mobile POS service could be simplified as the average length. Further on, a curve-fitting method is used to obtain the distribution of the intervals. All the data used in the modeling are collected from the traffic of real network. The specific model of mobile POS service can be applied directly in simulation of cellular network to evaluate the impact of mobile POS service on it.
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González Bernaldo de Quirós, Fernán, Carlos Otero, and Daniel Luna. "Terminology Services: Standard Terminologies to Control Health Vocabulary." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 27, no. 01 (April 22, 2018): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641200.
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SummaryHealthcare Information Systems should capture clinical data in a structured and preferably coded format. This is crucial for data exchange between health information systems, epidemiological analysis, quality and research, clinical decision support systems, administrative functions, among others. Structured data entry is an obstacle for the usability of electronic health record (EHR) applications and their acceptance by physicians who prefer to document patient EHRs using “free text”. Natural language allows for rich expressiveness but at the same time is ambiguous; it has great dependence on context and uses jargon and acronyms. Although much progress has been made in knowledge and natural language processing techniques, the result is not yet satisfactory enough for the use of free text in all dimensions of clinical documentation. In order to address the trade-off between capturing data with free text and at the same time coding data for computer processing, numerous terminological systems for the systematic recording of clinical data have been developed. The purpose of terminology services consists of representing facts that happen in the real world through database management in order to allow for semantic interoperability and computerized applications. These systems interrelate concepts of a particular domain and provide references to related terms with standards codes. In this way, standard terminologies allow the creation of a controlled medical vocabulary, making terminology services a fundamental component for health data management in the healthcare environment. The Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires has been working in the development of its own terminology server. This work describes its experience in the field.
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Johnson, Tricia J., Jaymie S. Youngquist, Andy N. Garman, Samuel Hohmann, and Paola R. Cieslak. "Factors influencing medical travel into the United States." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-02-2013-0004.
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Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the potential of 24 country-level measures for predicting the number of outbound international medical travelers into the USA, including health and healthcare system, economic, social and diplomatic and travel pattern factors. Medical travel is recognized as a growing global market and is an important subject of inquiry for US academic medical centers, hospitals and policy makers. Few data-driven studies exist to shed light on efficient and effective strategies for attracting international medical travelers. Design/methodology/approach – This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of the 194 member and/or observer countries of the United Nations. Data for medical traveler volume into the USA between 2008 and 2010 were obtained from the USA Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, Survey of International Air Travelers. Data on country-level factors were collected from publicly available databases, including the United Nations, World Bank and World Health Organization. Linear regression models with a negative binomial distribution and log link function were fit to test the association between each independent variable and the number of inbound medical travelers to the USA. Findings – Seven of the 24 country-level factors were significantly associated with the number of outbound medical travelers to the USA These factors included imports as a per cent of gross domestic product, trade in services as a per cent of gross domestic product, per cent of population living in urban areas, life expectancy, childhood mortality, incidence of tuberculosis and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus. Practical implications – Results of this model provide evidence for a data-driven approach to strategic outreach and business development for hospitals and policy makers for attracting international patients to the USA for medical care. Originality/value – The model developed in this paper can assist US hospitals in promoting their services to international patients as well as national efforts in identifying “high potential” medical travel markets. Other countries could also adapt this methodology for targeting the international patient market.
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Bassan, Sharon. "Fair Trade as an Instrument for the Regulation of Risks in the Cross-Border Surrogacy Market." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 4 (December 2016): 750–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00010175.
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AbstractCross-border surrogacy transactions [CBST] entail several risks for the participants and the resulting child and, consequentially, for their states. In the absence of clear standards or coherent legal rules, the global industry depends on private contracts, the result of negotiations between parties from different countries with unequal bargaining power, which distributes risks and benefits unfairly. In this article I suggest a Fair Trade model as an instrument for the regulation of these transactions.The Fair Trade model addresses market failures and the externalization of risks. The basic principles of Fair Trade include trading process according to proper standards of quality and ethics based on a certification mechanism, a minimum price to producers, direct purchasing, transparent rules and fair distribution. In addition to quality and ethics, Fair Trade is a developmental tool, ensuring more of the economic benefits to producers in the global south.Applying these elements on the cross-border surrogacy market can be fruitful for the regulation of risks entailed in CBST. Certification of surrogacy services can ensure proper medical standards and fundamental rights, and decrease health risks; direct purchasing through democratically elected surrogates’ co-operatives could improve the surrogates’ power of negotiation and decrease contractual risks; a minimum price could guarantee a greater income to surrogates, and social premium could be used to fund communal projects and help surrogates to improve their social position. Finally, transparency can address administrative risks and ensure that children’s rights are not violated.
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Kahveci, Ata, and Ercüment Okutmuş. "A Qualitative Research on Medical Tourism Potential of Alanya/Turkey in the Concept of International Service Trade." Economic Themes 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2017-0024.
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AbstractReverse movement of patients in search of cheaper medical treatment from developed countries to undeveloped countries caused the birth of new phenomenon called medical tourism. Moreover, increasing value of medical tourism market each year draws attention of countries that are aiming to increase their economic growth. In this regard, the potential of Alanya as a medical tourism destination has been tried to determine in this paper. Therefore, it can be said that, the main objective of this research is to determine medical tourism potential of Alanya by taking into account the strengths and weaknesses of the destination as well. For this purpose, face-to-face interviews were conducted with an expert from each hospital and the county health department in Alanya, then these were transcripted into word documents and analyzed with NVivo 8.0. Consequently, it has been found that medical tourism potential of Alanya consist of thirteen sub-factors, which are respectively “Workforce”, “Climate”, “Central Asian Countries”, “Geographic Location”, “Incentive Policies”, “Price”, “Facilitators”, “Service Quality”, “Accessibility”, “Hospital Investments”, “Technological Equipment”, “Conjectural Situation” and “Vacation”. It can be said that, Alanya can benefit from job creation potential, decreasing foreign currency deficit because of service export and spillover effect to other sectors like in other destinations by using its potential to take part in medical tourism.
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Wagner, Judith L. "Cost Containment and Computerized Medical Imaging." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 3, no. 3 (July 1987): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300001161.
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AbstractToday, computers are used in several important and fast-growing medical imaging modalities, such as digital subtraction angiography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic ultrasound. The ultimate test for the computer in medical imaging will be its ability to replace traditional film-based radiography as the mechanism for displaying, communicating, and storing imaging information. This transition will require radiologists and other imagers to accept information in digital form. The speed of that acceptance depends on the economic incentives of the health care system. These are changing as a result of cost containment, which is moving away from fee-for-service toward bundled payment. The increase in capitated health plans will encourage the development of digital radiography systems that realistically trade-off the perceived quality needs of radiologists with the costs of producing and operating such systems.
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Pakravan, Amir H., Richard J. West, and David W. Hodgkinson. "Suffolk Show 2011: Prehospital Medical Coverage in a Mass-gathering Event." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 5 (August 28, 2013): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x13008819.
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AbstractIntroductionDespite their popularity and unique characteristics, county shows, also known as agricultural fairs, are amongst the least-studied mass-gathering events. Suffolk Show is one of the biggest such events in the UK, attracting tens of thousands of people annually over a 2-day period. In addition to trade stands and livestock displays, the 2011 show included top international show jumping and other sport activities.ProblemDue to the range of activities and large number of attendees of different ages and medical backgrounds, combined with a lack of objective data about medical contacts made during these events, medical officers and local emergency services find planning an appropriate level of medical coverage for county shows particularly challenging. This study involved analyzing the characteristics of medical contacts during a major county show and assessing the level of medical coverage provided.MethodsData collected from St John Ambulance (SJA) and British Red Cross standard medical records of all contacts on the show ground over the two days were analyzed in terms of demographics, presenting complaints, medical history, and discharge destination. The Event Safety Guide by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) was the agreed standard for the level of medical coverage.ResultsMore than 90,000 people visited the show, with a total of 180 medical contacts recorded. Patient presentation rate (per 1,000 attendees) was 2.0 and the transport to hospital rate (per 1,000 attendees) was 0.1.Of the 112 cases handled by SJA, 74 (66%) were women and 49 (44%) were 18-64 years of age. Wounds, lacerations and abrasions made up 26 (23.2%) of all presentations to SJA, followed by foot and lower limb blisters at 20 (17.8%). Hypertension was the most common medical history in presentations to SJA (11 cases, 10%), followed by asthma in 7 (6%).ConclusionThe majority of presentations were due to minor injuries or ailments. An understanding of the event characteristics, demographics, and nature of medical contacts will provide organizers, medical officers, and local emergency services with information about the level of coverage and resources required. This data can further help advance knowledge of mass-gathering medicine across the various types of events.PakravanAH, WestRJ, HodgkinsonDW. Suffolk Show 2011: prehospital medical coverage in a mass-gathering event. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-4.
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HONG, Shu-Quan, and Yue-Jun, HUANG. "Relationship among Reverse Logistics, Corporate Image and Social Impact in Medical Device Industry." Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala 72 (March 15, 2021): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/rcis.72.7.
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Along with rising awareness of social welfare and environmental protection, corporate social responsibility becomes an internationally emphasized topic. The implementation of corporate social responsibility could effectively promote social impact and brand value as well as present the competitiveness of long-term competitive advantage and sustainable management. From the aspect of environmental protection, medical products with use value should not be disposed in the recovery channel. In this case, the maintenance of medical products and the activity to maintain waste medical products, recycle resources, and reuse parts are the environmental protection issues stressed by the government and the public. Aiming at the mass society in Fujian Province, total 360 copies of questionnaire are distributed, with random sampling, and 274 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 76%. The retrieved data are analyzed with statistics software. The research results show significant correlations between reverse logistics and corporate image, corporate image and social impact, as well as reverse logistics and social impact. Suggestions, according to the results, are proposed, expecting to help medical device industry effectively combine green strategies, include the concept of environmental protection into corporate culture, provide the society with valuable goods or services, master green business opportunities, and precede differentiation competition in the same trade in order to win in the fierce competition.
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Joyce, Pauline, Saifullah Syed, Richard Arnett, Seamus Sreenan, and Roderick S. Hooker. "Willingness of medical students to refer patients to a physician associate or a doctor based on clinical scenarios when time is a trade-off." International Journal of Healthcare 7, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v7n1p1.
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Background: The Physician Associate (PA) role was introduced in Ireland in 2015 in an effort to bolster medical services. From the perspective of the patient and staff they have been well received. However, the attitude of medical students about PAs is not known.Objective: To investigate the willingness of medical students to refer patients to a PA or a doctor.Methods: A quantitative study was undertaken using an online survey with a sample of 1,909 undergraduate and graduate entry medical students. Based on three outpatient scenarios, they were asked, in their role as future intern (PGY1), to choose a referral to a PA or a doctor, with six time trade-off options offered. Year of study, country of residence and working or treatment experience with PAs and Nurse Practitioners were recorded. Descriptive statistics, and logistic regression models were used.Results: In 2019, in Dublin, 177 medical students took part in the survey. Those surveyed were international and domestic nationals. Overall the PA option was chosen where the patient’s wait time was shorter and the clinical condition was perceived more serious. The doctor option was selected more readily when the wait time difference was less significant. Respondents from countries with established PA roles may have had experience to choose PAs than naïve ones.Conclusion: This study confirms that medical students’ willingness to refer a patient is influenced by familiarity with the PA role and severity of the medical condition. In addition wait time is a primary motivator for selecting the PA over doctor option. These findings suggest a need to improve communication about the PA role among Irish medical students.
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Liu, Rong Duo, Wei Wu, Jia Dong Du, Wei Xin, and Da Cheng Yang. "QoS Oriented Traffic Modeling of Mobile POS Service in Cellular Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 2841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.2841.
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The market potential of mobile point of sale (POS) service is attractive to the mobile network operators, while the traffic challenges caused by heavy traffic is becoming a critical issue to the operators. In order to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) and make best use of the existing network, it is important to model the traffic of mobile POS service. A tree-structured modeling method is presented in the paper, which can be used to model the traffic of mobile POS service as well as other interactive M2M services, such as remote medical services. The modeling method is a combination of the layered modeling method used in traditional H2H communications and the transaction tree modeling method used in bank trade. As another main point, a specific traffic model of mobile POS service is given in the paper. There are five parameters in the traffic model, including request packet size, response packet size, the interval between request and response, the interval between two requests, and the transmission probability. After counting the packet length of each message, calculating the average length, analyzing the effect of difference between the actual and average length on the cellular network, we find that all the request type of mobile POS service could be simplified as the average length. Further on, a curve-fitting method is used to obtain the distribution of the intervals. All the data used in the modeling are collected from the traffic of real network. The QoS attributes assumption of mobile POS service including the maximum accessing user number, the packet loss rate and the end-to-end delay is given in the article and is validated by the simulation using the specific model of mobile POS service provided in the paper. The assumption is consistent with the simulation result, and is proved to be reasonable. The results can be used as a reference when implementing mobile POS service in cellular network.
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Ershova, I. V. "Health Resorts: A Unique Phenomenon in the Tourist Market." Lex Russica, no. 10 (October 24, 2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.155.10.016-029.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides a brief insight into the history and reviews the current state of the health camps and health resorts in Russia. The conclusion is drawn that over the centuries Russia has developed traditions of health and resort recreation. The author suggests that some elements of the Soviet model of the relationship between the State and health resorts be extrapolated to the modern legal ground. The paper expresses the opinion about the possibility of using the legal mechanism of health resorts self-regulation. The legal status of health resorts is considered, the spectrum of functions and services performed by them is described. The author has classified services provided into basic (medical, temporary accommodation, nutrition) and supplementary (tourist, household, entertainment, sports and recreational, trade services) services. It has been proved that the specificity of the sanatorium-resort tourist product involves the complexity of the services it includes. Their integration and merger gives a synergistic effect, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of recreation and recovery as the main goal of tourism. The paper describes the system of requirements applied to regulate the work of health camps and health resorts. The paper demonstrates the importance of health resorts, determines their place in the tourist market, dwells on the specifics of health resorts in the sphere of tourism. The author focuses on the problems and contradictions of the legal regulation of activities of health resorts, ways of their minimization. Empirically, the research is founded on statistical data and the results of the author’s questionnaires used to question different parties involved . Analysis of the results of the survey showed that most respondents do not associate health resorts with tourism. However, under Russian and international regulations, health camps and health resorts are referred to medical tourism, the main specificity of which is that it involves medical treatment. The author provides arguments in favor of the necessity of systematic work aimed to explain obvious advantages of health tourism. Attention is drawn to the role of health camps and resorts in achieving the program goals of the State.
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Battula, Bhanu Prakash, and Duraisamy Balaganesh. "Medical Image Data Classification Using Deep Learning Based Hybrid Model with CNN and Encoder." Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle 34, no. 5 (November 20, 2020): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ria.340516.
Full textAbstract:
Healthcare sector is one of the prime and different from other trade. Society expects high priority and highest level of services and care irrespective of money. Presently medical field suffers from accurate diagnosis of diseases and it create huge loss to society. The prime factor for this is due to the nature of medical data, it is a combination of all varieties of data. Medical image analysis is a key method of Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) frameworks. Customary strategies depend predominantly on the shape, shading, and additionally surface highlights just as their mixes, a large portion of which are issue explicit and have demonstrated to be integral in medical images, which prompts a framework that does not have the capacity to make portrayals of significant level issue area ideas and that has poor model speculation capacity. In this paper we are attempting a medical image data classification technique using hybrid deep learning technique based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and encodes. What's more, we assess the proposed approach on two benchmark clinical picture datasets: HIS2828 and ISIC2017. The proposed algorithm is applied on the considered 2 datasets for performing data classification using deep learning based CNN and encoders. The proposed model is compared with the traditional methods and the results show that proposed model classification accuracy is better than the existing models.
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Acta Naturae. "Made in Russia." Acta Naturae 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2012-4-4-11-16.
Full textAbstract:
By the end of 2012, the Government of the Russian Federation is to approve the State Program Development of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Industries for 20132020, which includes the current Federal Target-Oriented Program Pharma-2020. One of the objectives within the State Program prepared by the Ministry of Industry and Trade is to increase the share of domestically produced drugs and medicinal products in overall consumption by the public healthcare services of the Russian Federation by 48%. However, the term domestically produced drug still remains to be legislatively defined. According to the draft resolution issued by the Ministry of Industry and Trade in May 2012, a domestic drug should mean a drug whose production cycle in the territory of the Russian Federation starts from a substance or a ready-toconsume formulation. Until 2014, the Ministry was ready to regard even those drugs whose packaging was made in Russia as Russian ones. However, no further steps followed. Therefore, the question pertaining to which drugs and which produced by which pharmaceutical companies should be regarded as domestic drugs remains open. Actors of the Russian pharmaceutical industry share their opinions.