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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade Measures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bojnec, Štefan, and Imre Fertő. "Complementarities of trade advantage and trade competitiveness measures." Applied Economics 44, no. 4 (2012): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.508725.

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2

Magee, Christopher S. P. "New measures of trade creation and trade diversion." Journal of International Economics 75, no. 2 (2008): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2008.03.006.

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3

Avsar, Veysel, Gultekin Gollu, and Nurgul Sevinc. "Strict trade measures, flexible financing." Southern Economic Journal 88, no. 4 (2022): 1431–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/soej.12570.

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4

Yu, Eden S. H., and Chi‐Chur Chao. "On Investment Measures and Trade." World Economy 21, no. 4 (1998): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00147.

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5

Barardehi, Yashar H., Dan Bernhardt, and Ryan J. Davies. "Trade-Time Measures of Liquidity." Review of Financial Studies 32, no. 1 (2018): 126–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhy012.

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6

Iwata, Nobuto. "World Trade Organization and the Recycling Trade: Trade Measures for Global Environmental Preservation." Japanese Economy 33, no. 4 (2006): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jes1097-203x330403.

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7

Zagel, Gudrun. "The WTO and Trade-Related Human Rights Measures: Trade Sanctions vs. Trade Incentives**." Austrian Review of International and European Law Online 9, no. 1 (2006): 119–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157365104x00044.

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8

Nielsen, Laura, and S. Charnovitz. "Trade & climate change: Limits for consumption based trade measures?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 50 (2009): 502007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/50/502007.

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9

Sankar, U. "Trade Measures in Climate Change Policies." Indian Economic Journal 57, no. 3 (2009): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220090308.

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10

Ranné, Omar. "More leeway for unilateral trade measures?" Intereconomics 34, no. 2 (1999): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02927838.

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11

Meyer, Wibke. "Global challenges and unilateral trade measures." Open Access Government 41, no. 1 (2024): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-041-10775-01.

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Global challenges and unilateral trade measures Dr Wibke Meyer from CropLife International, argues that unilateral agricultural trade measures are a misguided approach to addressing the global challenges of climate change, biodiversity, and food security. There is consensus that food systems must be more sustainable and resilient to respond to global challenges, ensure food security for a growing population, adapt to and mitigate climate change, and reverse biodiversity decline. The agricultural sector is essential to managing these challenges by providing farmers with a diverse and comprehens

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12

Nenadyshina, Tatiana S. "ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRAD EFACILITATION MEASURES." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-4-105-116.

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The article discusses some approaches to evaluation of trade facilitation measures developed by international economic organizations. The main benchmarks showing the effect of foreign trade policy conducted by public authorities have been identified. The author named the main evaluation criteria applied to the analysis of measures implemented in order to simplify trade procedures, and also considered the approaches (general, special) to the analysis of the effectiveness of public policy in this area. Using the results of the ranking of the EAEU member states as an example, a comparative analys

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13

Lazaro, Dorothea, and Aiken Tafgar. "Trade Facilitation Measures under FTAs: Are They Discriminatory against Nonmembers?" Global Trade and Customs Journal 5, Issue 10 (2010): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2010048.

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Are trade facilitation measures under free trade agreements (FTAs) discriminatory? This important question has yet to be sufficiently explored by the existing literature on trade facilitation. Despite the multilateral scope and nondiscriminatory objectives of trade facilitation measures, some trade facilitation measures under FTAs can be discriminatory, similar to those in preferential tariff elimination. Based on a review of FTAs in Asia and the Pacific, this study provides detailed empirical analysis on whether or not trade facilitation provisions in FTAs are exclusive to contracting FTA par

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14

Mazumdar, Rahul, Pravakar Sahoo, and Niloptal Goswami. "Trade Facilitation: Must for Indias Trade Competitiveness." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 2 (2017): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017012.

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Trade facilitation is a broad framework of practices that simplify and harmonize international trade procedures and domestic practices to reduce trade and transaction costs and time, and ultimately impact the competitiveness of the product and the producer. India aspires to sustain high growth rates and achieve a double-digit growth rate in the medium term to realise its potential demographic dividend. In this context, trade facilitation, along with other policy measures, assumes critical importance, and even more so as India’s exports have been experiencing negative growth for more than a yea

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15

Mingyuan, Kong, Salighehdar Amin, and Bozdog Dragos. "A Study on Brexit: Correlations and Tail Events Distribution of Liquidity Measures." Journal of Management Science and Business Intelligence 3, no. 1 (2018): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1250565.

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Liquidity describes the degree to which an asset or security can be quickly bought or sold in the market without affecting the asset's price. In this study, some of the existing liquidity measures are studied and analyzed during Brexit. We examine Utilities Select Sector SPDR Fund (Exchange-Traded Fund) components in this study. The time period covers June 16, 2016 to June 30, 2016 which includes Brexit event day. We use high-frequency tick level Trade data, Quote data, and Limit Order Book data. We study the sample of Trade and Quote liquidity measures (TAQL) and Limit Order Book liquidit

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16

Petty, Scott, Chengyan Yue, and Eric Watkins. "Investigating How Nontariff Measures Impact the Turfgrass Seed Trade." HortTechnology 34, no. 4 (2024): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05413-24.

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Turfgrass seed, a living organism, is facing more stringent trade regulations compared with nonliving products. We applied multiple empirical approaches to explore the impact of these regulations on trade flows in grass seeds. We constructed a series of novel variables to measure these regulations, such as environment regulation stringency, pre-shipment inspections, market conditions, and product requirements. Our results showed that nontariff trade measures had substantial impacts on the trade of grass seeds. These measures sometimes worked as barriers to trade and at other times worked as ca

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17

Dadwal, Shebonti Ray. "Energy-Related Border Trade Measures: Can They Lead to Trade Wars?" Strategic Analysis 34, no. 6 (2010): 872–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2010.512483.

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18

Hwang, Chae Won, and Song Soo Lim. "Effect of non-tariff measures on international tea trades." Journal of Korea Trade 21, no. 4 (2017): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-05-2017-0054.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of differences in sanitary and phytosanitary measures as non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the tea trade between importing and exporting countries. With the progress of trade liberalization, there has been a shift of focus to NTMs as alternative or potential trade barriers. Design/methodology/approach In order to quantify an NTM on tea trade and implement its empirical application, this study designed an index of differences in maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the pesticide endosulfan and introduced it into a gravity trade model. The est

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19

Pawlak, Karolina. "How Much Neoprotectionism is There in Contemporary World Trade?" Central European Economic Journal 11, no. 58 (2024): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2024-0003.

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Abstract Negative effects of globalisation and liberalisation of trade are countered using protectionist measures. Contemporary protectionism, typically termed neoprotectionism, is put into practice using a wide variety of non-tariff instruments, with a considerably lesser degree of transparency compared to tariffs, which are more difficult to identify and measure. The aim of this paper is to determine the dynamics of protection, as well as the category and geographical structure for the use of trade policy instruments in the world goods trade in the years 2010–2022. The study was based on sou

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20

SUVANNAPHAKDY, Sithanonxay. "Streamlining Non-tariff Measures for Agri-food Trade in ASEAN." East Asian Policy 13, no. 04 (2021): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930521000295.

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Streamlining non-tariff measures (NTMs) plays an important role in improving market access for trade in goods among ASEAN-10 countries. An assessment of the impact of NTMs in ASEAN reveals that the agri-food trade has been constrained by contingent trade protective measures, quantity-control measures, technical barriers to trade (TBT), and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. The proliferation of SPS and TBT measures, coupled with their severe effects, suggests the need to accelerate NTM reforms in ASEAN.

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21

Pawlak, Karolina. "NON-TARIFF DIMENSION OF NEOPROTECTIONISM IN WORLD TRADE IN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no. 1 (2022): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7473.

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The aim of this paper was to determine the scope of non-tariff measures used in the world agri-food trade in 2020. This study used data of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Global Trade Alert data. Applying the methodology developed by the UNCTAD and the World Trade Organization (WTO) three indexes were established to describe the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) to trade, i.e., the Frequency Index, the Coverage Ratio and the Prevalence Ratio. The number of trade preferences and trade restrictions used by the largest exporters and importers of agri-food p

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22

Signoret, José E. "On Cargo Security Measures and Trade Costs." Global Economy Journal 11, no. 3 (2011): 1850234. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1733.

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Can tighter cargo security measures lead to higher trade costs and increased trade frictions? This paper examines the impact of the Container Security Initiative (CSI), implemented by the United States in several foreign ports after the September 11 terrorist attacks. It analyzes monthly data for all containerized U.S. imports from 1999 to 2006, by foreign port and country of origin. The analysis exploits these longitudinal data at the port-level and the varying starting dates across CSI ports to identify the causal effect of the initiative. While higher import charges over time are observed,

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23

Messent, James, and Julien Gourdon. "How Government Procurement Measures Can Affect Trade." Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 5 (2019): 679–757. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019029.

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A number of countries used discriminatory government procurement policies as part of stimulus packages designed to alleviate the effects of the global economic crisis. This article collates and updates the evidence related to the size of procurement markets, the level of home bias they exhibit, and the effectiveness of multilateral and bilateral procurement agreements in reducing that bias. The share of procurement in GDP has been increasing gradually since 1995 with clear spikes during 2000–2002 and 2008–2010, the latter in response to the global economic crisis. The analysis presents evidenc

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24

Mathis, James H. "Trade Related Environmental Measures in the Gatt." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 18, Issue 2 (1991): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie1991006.

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25

Rossi, Francisco. "Free trade agreements and TRIPS-plus measures." International Journal of Intellectual Property Management 1, no. 1/2 (2006): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijipm.2006.011027.

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26

Griffith1, Robin. "International Trade Treaties and Environmental Protection Measures." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 1, no. 1 (1992): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1992.tb00008.x.

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27

Blythe, Jim. "Objectives and Measures at UK Trade Exhibitions." Journal of Marketing Management 16, no. 1-3 (2000): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/026725700785100488.

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28

Greenaway, David. "Trade Related Investment Measures and Development Strategy." Kyklos 45, no. 2 (1992): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1992.tb02111.x.

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29

Lloyd, P. J., and D. MacLaren. "Measures of trade openness using CGE analysis." Journal of Policy Modeling 24, no. 1 (2002): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(01)00096-5.

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30

Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano. "Agri-food trade and non-tariff measures." Agrekon 58, no. 4 (2019): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2019.1679478.

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31

Yampoin, Revadee, and William A. Kerr. "Can trade measures induce compliance with trips?" Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 3, no. 2 (1998): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547869808724643.

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32

Cohen, Harlan Grant. "Toward best practices for trade-security measures." Journal of International Economic Law 27, no. 1 (2024): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgad046.

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Abstract The global economy is increasingly being weaponized. Citing security concerns from traditional defence to economic competitiveness, health emergency, and climate crisis, states are turning to sanctions, tariffs, export controls, investment screening, and subsidies. But while economic statecraft is becoming common, rules remain scarce. Questions about notice, duration, proportionality, harm minimization, compensation, retaliation, and/or rebalancing lack clear answers and seem almost theoretical. Once, we might have hoped the World Trade Organization (WTO) would play a role in developi

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33

Johan, Eva, and Hanna Schebesta. "Religious Regulation Meets International Trade Law: Halal Measures, a Trade Obstacle? Evidence from the SPS and TBT Committees." Journal of International Economic Law 25, no. 1 (2022): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgac003.

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ABSTRACT The article studies the intersection of religious regulation and trade law. Specifically, it provides evidence about whether, when, and how domestic Halal measures are regarded as trade obstacles under World Trade Organization law. We conduct a systematic content analysis of Halal measures as a trade concern in the work of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Technical Barriers to Trade Committees, by analysing notifications of domestic Halal measures and Specific Trade Concerns raised. On this basis, we identify the five most pressing trade concerns relating to Halal measu

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34

Schultz, Jenny, and Rachel Ball. "Trade as a Weapon? The WTO and Human Rights-Based Trade Measures." Deakin Law Review 12, no. 1 (2007): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2007vol12no1art167.

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<p>Can the World Trade Organisation become a body for addressing human rights issues? As an international body the the WTO is growing in stature. However moves to encompass human rights concerns are unlikely to go unchallenged by developing nations, and the WTO’s internal rules add another layer of complexity. Trade sanctions can be a blunt weapon in human rights campaigns.</p>

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35

Duval, Y., T. Wang, C. Utoktham, and A. Kravchenko. "Next-generation Trade Facilitation for Asian Integration: Cross-border Paperless Trade." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 1 (2019): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684618821473.

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Reducing trade costs is essential to achieve Asian integration. Trade costs in the Asian and the Pacific region remain high, in particular, between different Asian subregions. Significant progress has been made in implementation of trade facilitation measures between 2015 and 2017, particularly those included in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). However, progress in implementing of next-generation digital trade facilitation measures, such as cross-border paperless trade measures, has been more limited. Simulation results suggest that full implementation of

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36

Losoncz, Miklós. "The probable impact of policies and policy measures on globalisation." Competitio 22, no. 1-2 (2024): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21845/comp/2023/1-2/4.

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This paper aims to identify the impact of the recent economic and non-economic shocks on the globalisation of trade in terms of trade policy and structural openness, and to take a side in the discussion about the reversal, the slowdown, and the continuation of trade globalisation. The report argues that geopolitical decisions based on pure political priorities and different macro- and micro-policies may harm trade globalisation temporarily. Nevertheless, in the long run, underlying economic factors, such as decreasing trade costs and expanding services trade remain the critical driving forces

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37

M., Chorna, and Shumilo O. "CREATING A PACKAGE OF MEASURES AIMED AT MANAGING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF RETAIL TRADE ENTERPRISES." ECONOMIC STRATEGY AND PROSPECTS OF TRADE AND SERVICES SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 2 (30) (January 9, 2020): 78–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3602147.

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<em>It is noted that improving the efficiency of economic security management of the enterprise contributes to the sustainable operation of the establishment in the market and its growth in the future and it should be based on the development and implementation of measures to ensure and guarantee economic security. It is also stated that the basis for the development and justification of measures which improve the enterprise economic security is to compare the enterprise with other enterprises in the competitive group in the market.</em> <em>A methodological approach to the formation of a pack

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38

Rai, Sheela. "A Study of Sunset Reviews of Anti-dumping Measures in India." Global Trade and Customs Journal 20, Issue 5 (2025): 345–54. https://doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2025063.

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Trade liberalization is based on the idea of competition. On the other hand, anti-dumping measures are about protecting the domestic industry. Therefore, theoretically, liberal trade and anti-dumping measures are opposite policies. However, trade remedy measures are needed only if a country follows a liberal trade policy. Trade remedy measures such as the anti-dumping measures provide respite to producers facing a tough market. These are part of a state’s industrial policy. However, scholars need to regularly examine the effectiveness of the measures in preventing dumping and protecting the do

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39

Nga, Le Thi Viet, and Doan Nguyen Minh. "Heterogeneity effect of technical measures: Evidence from the Vietnam seafood trade." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 7, no. 3 (2024): 1051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v7i3.3042.

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The free trade movement sweeping across the globe has destabilized the role of tariffs and emphasized the importance of technical measures as the main tool for regulating trade. The effect of technical measures on trade flow is both controversial and ambiguous despite their undeniable popularity in both theoretical and empirical literature. Empirical evidence shows both a positive and negative relationship between technical measures and trade volume which raises the question of “what determinants create and dictate the heterogeneity associating with the effect of technical measures on trade”.

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40

Sugathan, Mahesh, Carolyn Deere Birkbeck, Ronald Steenblik, and David Vivas Eugui. "A Review of Trade Policies and Measures Relevant to Trade in Plastics and Plastic Pollution." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 7/8 (2021): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021036.

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This article presents a first scholarly review of the trade policies and measures applied to trade in plastics, including those relevant to plastic pollution. It reviews existing tariff policies applied to plastics (section 1) and non-tariff measures applied to plastics (section 2). Section 3 provides a synopsis of environment-related trade measures relevant to plastic pollution. Analysis of the current state of play provides important insights that can inform both the United Nations ongoing discussions on intergovernmental cooperation to address plastic pollution and the dialogue underway at

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41

Asmelash, Henok. "The Turn to Safeguard Measures in the Solar Trade War." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 5 (2022): 803–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022033.

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The growing energy security and climate change concerns have created a huge demand and global market for renewable energy technologies such as solar panels. The race to capture a share of this lucrative global market and other political economy considerations have inspired a trade war. Much of this war has been fought with and against green industrial policy measures such as subsidies tied to local content requirements (LCRs) and trade remedy instruments such as antidumping and countervailing duties. Safeguard measures are the latest additions to the armoury of trade defence measures in this b

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42

Jordaan, André C. "Impact of Non-Tariff Measures on Trade in Mauritius." Foreign Trade Review 52, no. 3 (2017): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732516681873.

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Gains of international trade are largely based on the absence of trade restrictions among trading countries. The perceived advantage of a steady decrease in tariffs worldwide was unfortunately progressively replaced by non-tariff measures (NTMs) globally. The impact of these NTMs is, however, not exactly clear as it appears in sometimes a much disguised manner. NTMs seem to be very important in limiting the flow of imports to trading countries, although accurately measuring the effects of it is fairly difficult. The purpose of this article is to estimate the impact of NTMs on the volume of tra

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43

Pawlak, Karolina. "The evolution of the agricultural protectionism and its measures." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 11, no. 3 (2011): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2011.11.3.46.

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The aim of the article was to present the premises and evolution of protectionism in agricultural trade and to show the changes in significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers of intervention for the trade in agricultural products. The abolition of customs duties entails an increase in the number and the role of non-tariff barriers in trade policy applied by individual countries. The factors determining the degree of intensity in the use of protective instruments include the level of GDP per capita. In the agri-food sector, an intensified protectionism can be observed along with an increased

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44

Thorstensen, Vera, and Carolina Müller. "HOW DOES INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGULATION ADDRESSES EXCHANGE RATES MEASURES?" Revista Direito GV 10, no. 2 (2014): 379–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-2432201416.

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ABSTRACT This is study seeks to analyze the international trade regulatory framework regarding exchange rate measures that bear an impact on trade. The present article will explore how the exchange rate issue relates to the WTO and affects its instruments and principles and, in the following, will look for provisions under the WTO agreements that could address the exchange rate issue and rebalance the impacts caused by misaligned currencies on trade.

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45

Hartmann, Stephanie. "Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit (WTO)." International Legal Materials 58, no. 5 (2019): 899–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.40.

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On April 5, 2019, a World Trade Organization (WTO) panel (Panel) issued its decision in the dispute Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit. This decision is notable because it is the first instance in which a WTO panel has been called on to interpret the national security provision of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994), Article XXI.

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46

Ferreira, Carolina, and Jacqueline Silva. "Medidas contingentes de defesa e seus impactos no comércio agrícola." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 13 (February 3, 2025): e024007. https://doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2024.v13.e024007.

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This study analyzes the influence of contingent trade protective measures on agricultural trade between 2000 and 2016. We used a gravitational equation to evaluate the impact of antidumping (AD), countervailing (CV), and safeguard and special safeguard (SG+SSG) measures on worldwide bilateral imports. The findings indicate that antidumping measures exert a negative impact on imports, suggesting that their implementation leads to a reduction in trade between countries, potentially due to increased transaction costs. On the other hand, countervailing measures have a positive effect on trade as t

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47

Toshevska-Trpchevska, Katerina, Weng Chi (Florence) Lei, and Viktor Stojkoski. "Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation in Western Balkans Countries." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 13 (2024): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n13p46.

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After the COVID-19 pandemic crisis in international economic relations, it became evident that climate-smart aspects should be considered when re-establishing a new international trade order. International organizations have proclaimed that this momentum should be used to include climate-smart trade and investment provisions to enable sustainable development. It has been acknowledged that trade has an important role to play in the global response to climate change, providing economies with tools to draw on in their efforts to mitigate climate change and adapt to its consequences. In this paper

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48

Yilmaz, Müslüm. "The Legal Relationship between Special Safeguard Measures on Agricultural Products and General Safeguard Measures." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 3 (2009): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009011.

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The article addresses the question of whether a World Trade Organization (WTO) Member is permitted to simultaneously apply a special safeguard measure under Article 5 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AGA) and a general safeguard measure under Article XIX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 and the WTO Agreement on Safeguards on the same agricultural product. The author argues that such simultaneous application is possible as a matter of law and proposes that the text of Article 5.8 be amended in order to refl ect this. That said, the author also acknowledges that in p

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49

LUPIEN, JOHN R., and MARY F. KENNY. "Tolerance Limits and Methodology: Effect on International Trade." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 11 (1998): 1571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.11.1571.

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Microbiological contamination of foods with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and other pathogens and toxins and Chemical and environmental contaminants can cause serious health and trade problems in the international trade of foods. Consequently, a system of monitoring and surveillance of the quality and safety of imported foods can have a significant impact on food trade between two or more countries. The World Trade Organization (WTO) provides a framework for ensuring fair trade and harmonizing standards and import requirements on foods traded, through the Agreeme

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50

Cho, Sung Ju, Saera Oh, and Sang Hyeon Lee. "The Impact of Structure Similarity of Nontariff Measures on Agricultural Trade." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410545.

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Abstract:

This study quantifies the structure similarity of nontariff measures between countries and estimates its impact on bilateral agricultural trade using a structural gravity model. The findings show that a similar structure of technical barriers to trade (TBT) between countries is likely to expand their bilateral trade. However, a similar structure of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) is shown to have negative impacts on agricultural trade. We also discuss the effects of regulatory harmonization on sustainable development.

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