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1
Stoll, Hans R., and Christoph Schenzler. "Trades outside the quotes: Reporting delay, trading option, or trade size?" Journal of Financial Economics 79, no. 3 (2006): 615–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.03.006.
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Holmes, Peter. "Global Monopolies: No Longer Outside Trade Rules?" Business Strategy Review 6, no. 3 (1995): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8616.1995.tb00099.x.
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Chen, Ying-Ju. "Risk–incentives trade-off and outside options." OR Spectrum 35, no. 4 (2012): 937–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00291-012-0309-0.
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Lei, Qin, Murli Rajan, and Xuewu Wang. "Can traders beat the market? Evidence from insider trades." China Finance Review International 4, no. 3 (2014): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-02-2014-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how insiders’ trades are executed and whether and how outside investors can mimic outperforming insiders and reap substantial portfolio returns that withstand the erosion from adjustments for both the standard factors and stock characteristics in the asset pricing literature. Design/methodology/approach – The authors design a metric for measuring insiders’ trade execution quality: the trading alpha. The authors run regression analysis to control for trade difficulty, insider reputations and the corporate role ranks of insiders and document the existence of the abnormal trading alpha. The authors further form portfolios based on the abnormal trading alpha and document a significant abnormal return that is robust to both standard asset pricing factors model and the stock characteristics adjustments. Findings – Outperforming insiders at the aggregate level resemble value investors who trade on long-term fundamental information, trade patiently and earn rents from providing liquidity. Outside investors can mimic the outperforming insiders and reap significant abnormal portfolio returns. Research limitations/implications – Data limitations on insider trades and their association/interaction with their brokers prevent us from having a conclusive investigation of the trading skill hypothesis. The authors hope to further research along the lines of the trading skill hypothesis as compared to investment style hypothesis with more detailed data about the brokers used by insiders. Practical implications – The findings can be applied for money management profession in that outsider investors can monitor the trading execution and construct portfolios based on the adjusted abnormal trading alpha. The resulting portfolio has been documented to be highly profitable after risk adjustments using standard asset pricing factors as well as stock characteristics. Social implications – Professional money managers and outsider investors should be able to benefit from the findings in this paper and use the proposed trading alpha metric to construct and rebalance real-time investment portfolios. Originality/value – Outperforming insiders at the aggregate level resemble value investors who act on long-term fundamental information, trade patiently and earn rents from providing liquidity. From the perspective of investment implications, outside investors can mimic the outperforming insiders and reap substantial portfolio returns that withstand the erosion from adjustments for both the standard factors and stock characteristics in the asset pricing literature.
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Martins, Fernanda de Castro Brandão. "hegemon’s outside option: mega-regional trade agreements and United States trade policy." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 8, no. 1 (2019): 142–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2019.v8n1.08.p142.
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The United States is facing growing challenges to the advancement of its interests in the World Trade Organization. The assertiveness of emerging countries in advancing their interests in the Doha Round made the achievement of a deal almost impossible. Slow progress is being made (the Trade Facilitation Agreement, for example), but no broad and significant trade deal has been reached so far. There are ongoing suggestions that the Doha round should be abandoned for good. The TPP and TTIP represented two shots the United States has taken to advance its trade interests outside the scope of the WTO, escaping possible challenges imposed by emerging countries. The irony behind this is that the trade regime in force was created by the United States at the height of its hegemony. The questions driving this paper are: Is this option for trade agreements related to American hegemonic decline? And to what extent does this option weaken the weaken the multilateral trade regime embodied in the WTO? There is a brief discussion about the future of this strategy under Trump’s presidency, who has a different stance regarding regional trade agreements.
 
 
 Recebido em: maio/2018.Aprovado em: janeiro/2019.
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Afontsev, S. "Trade Liberalization and Trade Balance." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 20, 2005): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-7-19-36.
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The paper estimates the impact of import tariffs on Russia's trade balance. Empirical model analyzes Russian trade by industries and partner countries, taking into account import tariffs on both industrial output and intermediate goods. It is shown that the aggregate impact of import duties on trade balance is negative in all industries outside the fuel and energy sector. Decrease in import tariffs is likely to improve market positions of Russian non-fuel exports, especially in such industries as machine building and metal works, agriculture and forestry, chemistry and light industry.
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Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence. "WTO and Non-Trade Issues: Inside/Outside WTO." Journal of International Economic Law 19, no. 2 (2016): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgw029.
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Lohi, Julie. "The Implications of HO and IRS Theories in Bilateral Trade Flows within Sub-Saharan Africa." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 2 (2013): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2012-0020.
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Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries tend to trade less among themselves. This article analyzes the driving forces of bilateral trades within the SSA region. To do so, I use the gravity equations from Evenett and Keller (2002) and study what trade theories, the Heckscher–Ohlin theory of factor abundance or the increasing return to scale theory of product differentiation, account for the bilateral trade flows within this region. My results indicate that trades within this region do not arise from factor abundance or product differentiation. Trade policies that are aimed to promote trade within the region (i.e. FTA, custom unions) are likely to fail, because SSA countries produce similar homogeneous products. The key factor for economic success from international trade for the SSA region relies on how to manufacture products in different varieties and how to export their comparative advantage goods outside the region.
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Nam, Yoonsung, Tae-Joong Kim, and Wonyong Choi. "The moderating effect of international trade on outside director system in Korean firms." Journal of Korea Trade 23, no. 1 (2019): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-05-2018-0038.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating effect of international trade on outside director system in Korean firms. The authors expected that Korean firms highly depending on international trade would mitigate the resource provision function of outside director system in order to reduce information asymmetry among global business partners. In addition, the authors tried to find out the functions of outside director system: the control function based on agency theory and resource provision function based on resource dependence theory. Design/methodology/approach The authors tested the hypotheses by Poisson regression with 2011 and 2002 Korean-listed manufacturing firms. The dependent variable is the number of excessively appointed outside directors and independent variable is CEO type: family CEO or professional CEO. The moderating variable is the dependency on international trade measured by export proportion out of total sales. Findings The authors found that not control but resource provision function was a main role of outside director system in Korean firms. The authors also found negative moderating effect of dependency on international trade, which means that firms highly depending on global market tended to consider outside director system as control function, namely “global standard.” Originality/value This paper is the leading study that tries to analyze empirically the relationship between international trade and the function of governance mechanism; outside director system in Korean firms. It also confirms that Korean firms adopted outside director system on the basis of the resource dependence theory.
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Ahmad Khan, Sabaa. "Clearly Hazardous, Obscurely Regulated: Lessons from the Basel Convention on Waste Trade." AJIL Unbound 114 (2020): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.38.
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As an internationally-traded commodity, plastic waste has long followed the profitability dynamics of the global waste and recycling market, leaving in its trace a disproportionate environmental and health burden on the world's most vulnerable populations. East Asian and Pacific countries, where most globally generated plastic waste has been exported since the late 1980s, are marked by underdeveloped, inefficient, or non-existent waste management infrastructures. Despite the highly visible environmental and human health impacts of plastic pollution, the global plastic waste trade has predominantly operated outside the scope of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. In 2019, however, this treaty was amended to explicitly bring all but a narrow stream of plastic waste within the category of wastes controlled as “hazardous waste,” or “waste requiring special consideration.” This essay explains the international legal implications of the amendment and discusses potential challenges related to its implementation and enforcement. It argues that in order to be effective, the new plastic waste trading rules will require further legal clarity, greater transparency in plastic waste trade that is not regulated under the Convention, and stronger law enforcement cooperation between customs and environmental protection authorities, both within and between countries. Since controlling all plastic waste trade at point of export is, in practice, impossible given the state of global shipping infrastructures and container traffic volume, the most effective approach to curbing plastic waste pollution and illegal trade lies outside the mandate of the Basel Convention, notably, in assigning financial and environmental responsibility for plastic waste within plastic product supply chains.
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London, Daniel Hart. "Outside the World of Tomorrow." Journal of Urban History 40, no. 6 (2014): 1011–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144214536867.
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This paper analyzes the 1939–1940 New York World’s Fair as a conflicted site of public-sphere formation, and the repercussions of these conflicts on organized labor in New York. Conceived within the liberal administration of Mayor La Guardia and dedicated to the principles of social cooperation, this “closed-shop exposition” granted American Federation of Labor (AFL) trade unions an unprecedented degree of workplace benefits and rhetorical support by the Fair administration. This was undermined, however, by the trade unions’ limited public activities within the fair itself and their refusal of city offers to establish outreach and educational programs through events, rallies, and pavilions. As a result, the public space and discourse of a fair nominally devoted to social interdependence was appropriated by a variety of other interests, particularly those of corporate America. This marginalization would ultimately contribute to delegitimization, as allegations of graft and racketeering by visitors, exhibitors, and the national media framed labor as a direct threat to the “World of Tomorrow” and its visitors. Millions of Americans found their visits marred by exorbitantly inflated prices, delayed by strikes, and disappointed by cancelled exhibits. In the face of outside pressure, and with labor groups unable to address hostile critiques within the fair itself, the exposition administration withdrew its public support for unions while dramatically restricting their workplace rights. In this way, the “business-union” principles of the AFL not only undermined their legitimacy in the eyes of the public, despite the efforts of liberal municipal officials to promote them, but ultimately served to undo those very workplace gains such principles were meant to secure.
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Lardy, Nicholas R. "Chinese Foreign Trade." China Quarterly 131 (September 1992): 691–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000046336.
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China's opening to the outside world was perhaps the most visible of its reforms of the 1980s. China's international trade volume grew dramatically, it attracted tens of billions of dollars of foreign direct investment and it became an active borrower in international financial markets. In contrast to the pre-reform era, foreign trade grew more rapidly than the domestic economy and in some regions of the country it appeared that it had become a powerful engine of growth, accelerating not only the speed of domestic development but the pace of structural and technical transformation as well.
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Gippet, Jérôme M. W., and Cleo Bertelsmeier. "Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 14 (2021): e2016337118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016337118.
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The pet trade has become a multibillion-dollar global business, with tens of millions of animals traded annually. Pets are sometimes released by their owners or escape, and can become introduced outside of their native range, threatening biodiversity, agriculture, and health. So far, a comprehensive analysis of invasive species traded as pets is lacking. Here, using a unique dataset of 7,522 traded vertebrate species, we show that invasive species are strongly overrepresented in trade across mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. However, it is unclear whether this occurs because, over time, pet species had more opportunities to become invasive, or because invasive species have a greater commercial success. To test this, we focused on the emergent pet trade in ants, which is too recent to be responsible for any invasions so far. Nevertheless, invasive ants were similarly overrepresented, demonstrating that the pet trade specifically favors invasive species. We show that ant species with the greatest commercial success tend to have larger spatial distributions and more generalist habitat requirements, both of which are also associated with invasiveness. Our findings call for an increased risk awareness regarding the international trade of wildlife species as pets.
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HOEKMAN, BERNARD. "Strengthening the global trade architecture for development: the post Doha agenda." World Trade Review 1, no. 1 (2002): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745601001008.
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Despite recurring rounds of trade liberalization under GATT/WTO auspices, complemented by unilateral reforms, many developing countries have not been able to integrate into the world economy. This paper argues that, from the perspective of the poorest countries, a multi-pronged strategy is required to strengthen the global trading system and that much of the agenda must be addressed outside the WTO. The most important contribution the WTO can make from a development perspective is to improve market access conditions – for goods and services – and ensure that trade rules are useful to developing countries. Enhancing trade capacity requires concerted action outside the WTO (‘aid for trade’) as well as unilateral actions by both industrialized and developing countries to reduce anti-trade biases.
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da Conceição-Heldt, Eugénia. "The Clash of Negotiations: The Impact of Outside Options on Multilateral Trade Negotiations." International Negotiation 18, no. 1 (2013): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341247.
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Abstract While the number of preferential trade agreements (PTA) has increased rapidly in recent years, the Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations has been deadlocked since 2006. Most PTAs were even concluded after the start of the Doha round. Does the shift to PTAs “marginalize” the multilateral system? And is there a clash between preferential and multilateral trade liberalization? To answer these questions, we build upon negotiation analysis literature, arguing that the proliferation of PTAs draws negotiating capacity away from the multilateral level and thus reduces the incentives to agree on multilateral trade agreements. The willingness of actors to move from their initial bargaining positions and make concessions at the multilateral level depends on their outside options, that is, their best or worst alternatives to a negotiated agreement. The more credible an actor’s argument that he has a good alternative to multilateralism, the greater his bargaining power will be. In order to support the argument we will analyze the negotiation process at the multilateral level and link it to PTAs under negotiation by the EU, US, Brazil, Australia, and India.
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Urbatsch, Robert. "A Referendum on Trade Theory: Voting on Free Trade in Costa Rica." International Organization 67, no. 1 (2013): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818312000355.
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AbstractResearch on mass opinion in international political economy overwhelmingly relies on survey data. This poses problems of external validity, especially for a frequently low-salience issue such as trade policy. To examine whether survey findings about attitudes toward economic openness apply outside of surveys, this note considers patterns of voting in the 2007 Costa Rican plebiscite about joining the Central American Free Trade Area. Several extant theories appear to explain voting patterns, but the results are less in line with traditional economic models based on locally important economic sectors.
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Alberti, Gabriella, and Davide Però. "Migrating Industrial Relations: Migrant Workers’ Initiative Within and Outside Trade Unions." British Journal of Industrial Relations 56, no. 4 (2018): 693–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12308.
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Dubey, Pradeep, and John Geanakoplos. "Inside and outside fiat money, gains to trade, and IS-LM." Economic Theory 21, no. 2-3 (2003): 347–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00199-002-0296-5.
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Francois, Joseph F., and Ganeshan Wignaraja. "Economic Implications of Asian Integration." Global Economy Journal 8, no. 3 (2008): 1850139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1332.
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The Asian countries are once again focused on options for large, comprehensive regional integration schemes. In this paper we explore the implications of such broad-based regional trade initiatives in Asia, highlighting the bridging of the East and South Asian economies. We place emphasis on the alternative prospects for insider and outsider countries. We work with a global general equilibrium model of the world economy, benchmarked to a projected 2017 sets of trade and production patterns. We also work with gravity-model based estimates of trade costs linked to infrastructure, and of barriers to trade in services. Taking these estimates, along with tariffs, into our CGE model, we examine regionally narrow and broad agreements, all centered on extending the reach of ASEAN to include free trade agreements with combinations of the northeast Asian economies (PRC, Japan, Korea) and also the South Asian economies. We focus on a stylized FTA that includes goods, services, and some aspects of trade cost reduction through trade facilitation and related infrastructure improvements. What matters most for East Asia is that China, Japan, and Korea be brought into any scheme for deeper regional integration. This matter alone drives most of the income and trade effects in the East Asia region across all of our scenarios. The inclusion of the South Asian economies in a broader regional agreement sees gains for the East Asian and South Asian economies. Most of the East Asian gains follow directly from Indian participation. The other South Asian players thus stand to benefit if India looks East and they are a part of the program, and to lose if they are not. Interestingly, we find that with the widest of agreements, the insiders benefit substantively in terms of trade and income while the aggregate impact on outside countries is negligible. Broadly speaking, a pan-Asian regional agreement would appear to cover enough countries, with a great enough diversity in production and incomes, to actually allow for regional gains without substantive third-country losses. However, realizing such potential requires overcoming a proven regional tendency to circumscribe trade concessions with rules of origin, NTBs, and exclusion lists. The more likely outcome, a spider web of bilateral agreements, carries with it the prospect of significant outsider costs (i.e. losses) both within and outside the region.
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Strezhneva, M. "Evolution of EC Trade Policies." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2012): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-8-39-48.
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Research presented in this article highlights the place and significance of the Common trade policy in determining the role of the EU as an actor of the international scene. According to the existing forecasts, by the year 2015 up to 90% of growth in global economy will be generated outside Europe – in Asian markets first of all. In order to keep up with their competitors and to successfully use the new global opportunities, European firms need an access to these markets where they can, however, meet substantial obstacles.
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Gregoriou, Andros. "Modelling non-linear behaviour of block price deviations when trades are executed outside the bid-ask quotes." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 2 (2017): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2016-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test and model non-linearities in block price deviations when they are executed outside the bid-ask quotes. The author conducts an empirical analysis on 662,312 transactions that were traded outside the bid-ask quotes in 2014 on the London Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach The tests reject the linearity hypothesis and the paper shows that the exponential smooth transition autoregressive model is capable of capturing the non-linear behaviour of block price misalignments. Findings The findings imply that when the deviation of block prices from their quoted value is small (large), trading will occur slowly (rapidly) to restore equilibrium, suggesting that trading costs eliminate continuous trading and that the block trade market is efficient. Originality/value The purpose of this paper is to re-model block price deviations from the bid-ask quotes. The major contribution is that the paper presents new empirical evidence, which explicitly allows for the possibility that block price misalignments from the bid-ask quotes can be characterized by a non-linear mean reverting process. The author demonstrates that the presence of transaction costs induces non-linear adjustments of block trade prices.
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GALAYDA, A. M. "CAPITALIZATION OF FINANCIAL STRATEGIES IN TRADE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 3 (2020): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.03.03.010.
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The article considers the final financial result of a commercial organization , including one employed in the trade industry, which is optimally modeled. It is shown that this strategy can be implemented using various techniques and methods both within the legal field and outside it. A well-formed accounting policy allows a trading company to manage its current and non-current assets without violating the established rules and regulations in conditions of singularity in the economy.
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Crescimanno, Maria, Antonino Galati, Dario Siggia, and Domenico Farruggia. "Intensity of Italy's Agri-food trade with countries outside the EU Mediterranean." International Journal of Management Cases 14, no. 4 (2012): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5848/apbj.2012.00084.
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García-González, D. L., N. Tena, I. Romero, R. Aparicio-Ruiz, M. T. Morales, and R. Aparicio. "A study of the differences between trade standards inside and outside Europe." Grasas y Aceites 68, no. 3 (2017): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0446171.
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The definitions of olive oil categories are common or very similar for all the international regulatory bodies, and in many cases the text is even literally the same. However, the values of some parameters which chemically define the different categories do not have the same degree of agreement. These disagreements mean a difficult task for importers and exporters who have to deal with these differences when they need to defend the quality and genuineness of their product. This work analyzes the differences found when scrutinizing the current trade standards and regulations from a critical viewpoint, with comments and useful tips for improving the current International Olive Council methods when possible, as well as alternatives from non targeted techniques. The values of precision associated with the International Olive Council methods are also examined and the need for re-validating methods to update the analytical quality parameters is discussed.
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Crescimanno, Maria, Antonino Galati, Dario Siggia, and Domenico Farruggia. "Intensity of Italy's agri-food trade with countries outside the EU Mediterranean." International Journal of Business and Globalisation 10, no. 1 (2013): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2013.051801.
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Zakharov, Alexei V. "The Loyalty-Competence Trade-Off in Dictatorships and Outside Options for Subordinates." Journal of Politics 78, no. 2 (2016): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/684365.
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Jaroni, Marie Sophie, Bernd Friedrich, and Peter Letmathe. "Economical Feasibility of Rare Earth Mining outside China." Minerals 9, no. 10 (2019): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100576.
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Although rare earth deposits are found on all continents, China produces more than 90% of all globally used rare earth metals. Besides its economic dominance, China has also gained a monopolistic know how position in Rare Earth Elements process technologies. Based on China’s dominant position in rare earth markets, other countries such as the USA, Australia, Europe and Japan are increasingly concerned about a stable rare earth supply and their increasing dependence on China. In 2019 the new trade conflict blazed up between China and the U.S., and the threat of China to decrease or even stop rare earth supply to the U.S. is a new chapter in the trade war which shows that new means of supply must be found. The main focus of this paper is to evaluate and compare advanced rare earth projects outside China with a new holistic and objective method to get a detailed picture of possible rare earth mining outside China. In addition to the exclusively economic investigation, specific countries’ risk und price development scenarios are considered. This leads to an objective picture of rare earth mining outside of China, which is needed as a basis for discussions of secure rare earth supply for the western world. Building on this objective economic analysis, we can also add new supply risk due to new political situations. To this end, data is compiled on 14 selected focus projects with regard to the required investments, operating costs, and the potential revenues for each case. These data are used to develop a discounted cash flow model (with analogous assumptions and methods) for each project. This model enables the achievable net present value (NPV), the internal interest rate, and the static amortization period for each project to be determined.
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Untari, Dewi, Hardjanto Hardjanto, Bramasto Nugroho, and Rinekso Soekmadi. "Patterns and Trends of Crocodile Trade from Tanah Papua, Indonesia." Forest and Society 4, no. 1 (2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i1.9058.
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Crocodylus porosus and C. novaeguineae are two protected and tradable crocodile species in Indonesia. Therefore, precautionary principles are needed in their utilization to ensure sustainability. Although the commodity from these species is traded domestically and internationally, the broader picture of its use in Indonesia is less known. The objectives of the study were to: (1) analyze the domestic trade of crocodiles, and (2) analyze the international trade of crocodiles. The analysis was conducted using data of direct utilization sourced from the wild in the form of skin and hatchlings, data on domestic transport permits, CITES export permits, and the CITES trade database. The study suggested that the harvest of crocodile hatchlings and skin do not represent the actual condition since the skin recorded were only those sent outside of the province. Determining zero harvest quotas of C. porosus did not stop species harvest for domestic trade. The dominant source of C. porosus skin export was captive breeding, while C. novaeguineaewas sourced from the wild. Ranch-sourced skin of both species for export were very low.
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Pawakapan, Niti. "Trade and Traders: Local Becomes National." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 31, no. 2 (2000): 374–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400017604.
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Growing inter-regional trade has created closer ties between a remote.Thai market town near the Burma-Thailand border and the central region of Thailand. With more outside traders — armed with new kinds of goods — coming to trade, the central region, Bangkok in particular, is no longer a strange, faraway land, and Central Thai, which is used in trade, has become a familiar language in the town. Such new economic activities are thus a crucial factor in national integration, and help strengthen the ideology of the modern Thai nation.
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Duraj, Tomasz. "Collective Rights of Persons Engaged in Gainful Employment Outside the Employment Relationship – en Outline of the Issue." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 95 (March 30, 2021): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.95.01.
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The main objective of the following study is to introduce readers to the issue of the 2nd National Scientific Conference in the series “Atypical Employment Relations” organized on 3 October 2019 by the Centre for Atypical Employment Relations of the University of Lodz. The consequence of extending the right of coalition to persons performing paid work outside the employment relationship was that they were guaranteed important collective rights, which until 1 January 2019 were reserved primarily for employees. The rights which Polish legislator ensured to non-employees include the right to equal treatment in employment due to membership in a trade union or performing trade union functions; the right to bargain with a view to the conclusion of collective agreement and other collective agreements; the right to bargain to resolve collective disputes and the right to organize strikes and other forms of protest, as well as the right to protect union activists. The author positively assesses the extension of collective rights to people engaged in gainful employment outside the employment relationship, noting a number of flaws and shortcomings of the analyzed norms. The manner of regulating this matter, through the mechanism of referring to the relevant provisions regulating the situation of employees, the statutory equalization of the scope of collective rights of non-employees with the situation of employees, the lack of criteria differentiating these rights, as well as the adopted model of trade union representation based on company trade unions, not taking into account the specific situation of people working for profit outside the employment relationship, are the reasons why the amendment to the trade union law is seen critically and requires further changes.
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SCHEELE, JUDITH. "TRADERS, SAINTS, AND IRRIGATION: REFLECTIONS ON SAHARAN CONNECTIVITY." Journal of African History 51, no. 3 (2010): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853711000016.
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ABSTRACTStudies of trans-Saharan trade have recently been revitalized, mainly through an exploration of local archives. These archives offer a further possibility: to investigate the link between local settlement and wider patterns of exchange. Material from southern Algeria and northern Mali suggests that oases were not viable without outside investment, that pastoral economies needed storage space and agricultural produce, and that intra-Saharan and trans-Saharan trade relied on each other. Hence, regional mobility and outside connections were not subsidiary but constitutive of the local, and local patterns of production and trans-Saharan commerce were aspects of the same system.
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Schuler, Douglas A., and Kathleen Rehbein. "Determinants of Access to Legislative and Executive Branch Officials: Business Firms and Trade Policymaking in the U.S." Business and Politics 13, no. 3 (2011): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1340.
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We examine the characteristics of business firms that gain access to legislative and executive branch officials in the trade policymaking area. Our empirical analysis of over 1200 manufacturers reveals that legislators were most attracted to firms with foreign market expertise, firms which actively participated in politics with outside lobbyists and campaign contributions, and firms with significant employment in the state and/or district. Executive branch officials were responsive to firms with foreign market expertise, firms from industries that had previously received tariff protection, firms using in-house government affairs specialists and outside lobbyists to convey information, and firms making campaign contributions to members of the trade oversight legislative committees. Our results largely support the political market framework and provide insights about the attractiveness of certain demanders to suppliers of trade policies from the legislative and executive branches of the U.S. federal government.
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Gounder, Neelesh, and Biman Chand Prasad. "Regional trade agreements and the new theory of trade." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 10, no. 1 (2011): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14770021111116133.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the two issues of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the new theory of international trade and draw conclusions for Pacific Island countries (PICs). The authors provide a deeper conceptual treatment of the consequences of RTAs and analyse the new theory of international trade to explore its implications for trade policy in PICs.Design/methodology/approachWith regard to RTAs, the argument is developed in the context of the conjecture that questions the benefits from adopting more open trade policies with neighbours while maintaining restrictive policies towards the rest of the world. The authors draw on international and regional analytical literature and on recent modelling work to review critically the possible gains and losses of RTAs for PICs. In the latter issue, the focus is on the roles of imperfect competition and scale economies and their relevance to PICs.FindingsFreeing up trade gradually and unilaterally and realizing the benefits of comparative advantage remains the best way to maximise welfare. PICs could be worse off under a complex system of overlapping RTAs and existence of RTAs by Australia and New Zealand outside the region has the possibility of marginalizing weak PICs economies.Practical implicationsPICs are currently at a critical juncture in terms of trade policy making with various trade agreements being thrown in the region and this paper has the capacity to provide some answers to policy makers on the approach to take.Originality/valueThe paper offers insights into regional trade agreements and the new theory of trade.
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Daquila, Teofilo C., and Le Huu Huy. "SINGAPORE AND ASEAN IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: The Case of Free Trade Agreements." Asian Survey 43, no. 6 (2003): 908–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.6.908.
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Abstract Given the slow pace of global and regional trade liberalization initiatives, Singapore has forged free trade agreements for economic and strategic reasons. Other ASEAN countries and ASEAN itself have also become interested in establishing FTAs with countries outside the grouping. In the future, ASEAN could form an ASEAN or an East Asian Economic Community.
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Covart, Elizabeth M. "Trade, Diplomacy, and American Independence." Journal of Early American History 5, no. 2 (2015): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00502001.
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The economic and trade conditions of the Confederation Era of United States history require further study. This essay follows the difficulties experienced by Albany, New York-based firm Cuyler, Gansevoort & Co. to view the political and economic hurdles American merchants faced outside of the British Empire. In part, Americans fought for independence to conduct free trade with merchants from other countries. However, as Cuyler and Gansevoort’s experiences reveal, being an American merchant during the Confederation Period proved to be a liability, not an advantage. Many foreign countries demonstrated reluctance to admit American goods into their ports. Some foreign merchants used their home legal systems to take advantage of American merchants. All the while, American merchants sought to overcome the liquidity problems of the United States by searching for new trade opportunities that would provide them with the ready money they needed to pay their bills.
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Nickel, Jordan, Ada Hurst, and P. Robert Duimering. "MODELLING DESIGN TRADE-OFFS USING A SET THEORY APPROACH: ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR NAVIGATING TRADE-OFF SITUATIONS." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 2177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.479.
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AbstractThis paper synthesizes concepts from the design creativity and design optimization literatures to develop a conceptual descriptive model of trade-off situations in design. Using a set theory approach, a model of the design space is expanded to formalize the description of trade-offs as Pareto frontiers on this space. The modelling of design process and human biases and limitations on the structure of these design spaces explores the perceptions designers form of these design spaces. The model presented describes how altering the framing and formulation of the design space can be used to alter or bypass the original Pareto frontiers of that space, allowing trade-offs to be navigated outside of the original limitations.
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Oleszkiewicz, Patrycja, Jerzy Krysinski, Urszula Religioni, and Piotr Merks. "Access to Medicines via Non-Pharmacy Outlets in European Countries—A Review of Regulations and the Influence on the Self-Medication Phenomenon." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020123.
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Non-pharmacy trade concerns the sale of medicinal products outside of pharmacies, such as limited-service pharmacies, supermarkets, petrol stations, shops open to the public, and kiosks. Access to medicinal products via non-pharmacy outlets varies across the European countries, with a general deregulation of this market area observable. Increasing the availability of medicines by allowing patients to obtain them outside of pharmacies contributes to the spread of self-medication. The aim of this article was to review the legal regulations enabling the non-pharmacy trade in OTC (over the counter) medicinal products in European countries, with particular emphasis on the analysis of active substances contained in medicines available in the non-pharmacy trade. This analysis has made it possible to distinguish three categories of countries: (1) where there is a non-pharmacy trade in OTC medicinal products, (2) where there is a limited non-pharmacy trade in OTC medicines, (3) where there is only a pharmacy trade in OTC medicinal products. In the context of these considerations, we highlight the impact of patient access to medicinal products via non-pharmacy sources on raising the prevalence of self-medication. This article identifies the advantages and risks of self-medication, emphasising the role of the pharmacist as an advisor to patients within the scope of the therapies used.
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Venkataraman, Manickam, and Solomon M. Gofie. "The dynamics of China-Ethiopia trade relations: economic capacity, balance of trade & trade regimes." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 2, no. 1 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-014-0007-1.
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China’s trade with Ethiopia currently at 1.3 billion USD annually is expected to rise to US$3 billion by 2015. This not only informs the level of bilateral trade ties that Ethiopia has had with China as compared to any other country in the region but also signifies the highest and the closest level of bilateral relations that Ethiopia has built upwith China over the past decade since the new government under Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) took over power in 1991. There have been extensive debates on China’s role in Africa - whether it could be viewed as a constructive partner or otherwise. This essay puts forward the argument that while trade ties as one important channel of bilateral relations that China has embarked with the outside world and particularly with Africa is uneven and lop-sided. This is true of the Ethiopian context as well particularly when we look at the economic capacity, balance of trade and at the two countries relations with international trade regimes. While China is a full member of WTO for over a decade Ethiopia on the other hand has been aspiring to become a member for some time now and hence one of the important aspect of Ethio-China trade relations is the heavy reliance on bilateral/international trade regimes. Therefore, this research is aimed at unraveling the dynamics in Sino-Ethiopia trade relations with emphasis on the economic capacity of the two countries, balance of trade and explore whether Ethiopia’s attempts to join WTO would lead to a more predictable trade relations between the two countries. In this attempt the research would largely rely on the analysis of relevant archival resources and literatures directly relating to the themes in this paper.
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Nijman, Vincent, Marco Campera, Muhammad Ali Imron, et al. "The Role of the Songbird Trade as an Anthropogenic Vector in the Spread of Invasive Non-Native Mynas in Indonesia." Life 11, no. 8 (2021): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080814.
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The wildlife trade has facilitated the introduction of invasive non-native species, which may compete with native species for resources and alter ecosystems. Some of these species have great potential to become invasive if released or escaped from captivity. Here we studied the pet trade in a group of open countryside birds, the mynas (Acridotheres spp.) in Indonesia, and identified the areas that are at high risk of facing the establishment of these species. Mynas are among the most invasive birds in Southeast Asia. Once established in a new area, they are almost impossible to eradicate and can have strong negative impacts on the ecosystem. Preventing their introduction is therefore essential. Yet, invasive non-native mynas continue to be traded openly. We present data on the trade in seven species of mynas on Java, Bali and Lombok, with three species being native to parts of one or two of these islands, but not to the remainder, and four that are non-native to the region. From 2016 to 2021 we conducted 255 surveys of 30 animal markets. We recorded over 6000 mynas that were offered for sale outside their native range. Areas most at risk because of their high prevalence in specific animal markets, are Greater Jakarta, eastern Java, Bali and Lombok. The number of invasive non-native mynas recorded was positively related to the size of the animal market. Indonesia is signatory to several international agreements (CBD, ASEAN) that have policies and guidelines to prevent the introduction of invasive non-native species, but compliancy is weak. Annually hundreds and possibly thousands of invasive non-native mynas are released by Indonesian conservation authorities in regions that are outside their native range. Effective management of, and regulation of trade in, potential invasive non-native birds in Indonesia falls short and inadvertently greatly aids both their introduction and establishment.
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Israel O.E Idewele. "Universal Exchange and Trade Rates." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 7, no. 2 (2020): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v7i2.109.
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This paper dissects the connection between universal exchange and conversion scale levels with regards to the worldwide money related emergency (GFC) and the ascent of worldwide and provincial esteem chains (GVCs). Utilizing two-sided information for 72 economies over the 2001– 2015 period, we locate a positive connection between the genuine conversion standard and fare volume pre-GFC; however this relationship for the most part vanishes post-GFC. We additionally analyze the effect of extending GVCs on exchange and on the conversion scale exchange connect channel. The examination affirms that expanded investment in GVCs brings down the effect of the conversion standard on fares, and could be a contributing element to debilitating connections between trade rates and exchange. Ultimately, other auxiliary variables, for example, import organization and load of transient outside obligation of exporters and merchants, appear to significantly affect exchange execution yet less effect on the conversion scale exchange connect channel post-GFC.
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Vehik, Susan C. "Conflict, Trade, and Political Development on the Southern Plains." American Antiquity 67, no. 1 (2002): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694876.
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Trade is a prominent activity across much of North America during the Late Prehistoric period. On the Southern Plains, two approaches are used commonly to explain trade during this period. In one, trade is part of a system of economic interdependence between egalitarian societies having very distinct subsistence strategies. In the other, trade reflects the incorporation of Plains societies into macroeconomies centered outside the Plains. I argue that these two approaches inadequately account for Plains trade and are too narrowly constructed to account for the wider trade of which the Plains is a part. As an alternative, I propose that trade develops on the Southern Plains and elsewhere as an internally motivated political activity within the context of widespread and increasing conflict accompanied by substantial spatial rearrangements of people.
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Akira, Matsuura. "Sino-Japanese Interaction via Chinese Junks in the Edo Period." Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia 1, no. 1 (2010): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jciea-2010-010105.
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Abstract To maintain its policy of national isolation during the Edo period, Japan restricted contact with the outside world to Dutch merchant ships and Chinese junks at the Japanese port of Nagasaki. Sino-Japanese interaction consisted not only of trade in goods, but also of cultural and scholarly exchanges. This paper will examine how this unofficial trade affected both Japan and China from a cultural perspective.
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BLACKHURST, RICHARD. "The future of the WTO: some comments on the Sutherland Report." World Trade Review 4, no. 3 (2005): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560500251x.
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Three times since its founding in 1948, the GATT/WTO has turned to outside experts for help in finding solutions to pressing issues confronting the multilateral trading system. In 1957 the Contracting Parties decided to create a panel of three (later four) internationally recognized experts in international trade and finance to consider trends in world trade, andin particular the failure of the trade of the less developed countries to develop as rapidly as that of industrialized countries, excessive short-term fluctuations in prices of primary products, and widespread resort to agricultural protection.
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Wu, X. "No Longer Outside, Not Yet Equal: Rethinking China's Membership in the World Trade Organization." Chinese Journal of International Law 10, no. 2 (2011): 227–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmq034.
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Wang, Zhiyuan. "Thinking outside the Box: Globalization, Labor Rights, and the Making of Preferential Trade Agreements." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 2 (2020): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa001.
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Abstract States can seemingly defy the dictates of globalization. In practice, although being pressured by their competitors, states rarely engage in the race to the bottom by downgrading labor rights laws that are politically costly to pursue. I argue that states’ resistance is made possible by adopting more viable policy alternatives, i.e., concluding preferential trade agreements (PTAs). PTAs can generate considerable economic gains in a less politically costly way than does reducing legal labor protection. As a result, it is expected that a pair of states is more likely to form a PTA in the face of policy pressure to lower legal labor protection. I also argue that facing such pressure, these states are more likely to include strong labor provisions in PTAs. Finally, in the face of the policy pressure, states may feel that signing a PTA is a bit less urgent when they are able to diminish practical labor protection. Applying structural equivalence technique to a new global labor rights dataset to capture the policy pressure to lower legal labor protection, I find robust evidence in support of these conjectures.
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Lauermann, Stephan, and Gábor Virág. "Auctions in Markets: Common Outside Options and the Continuation Value Effect." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 4, no. 4 (2012): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.4.107.
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In this paper, we study auctions with outside options provided by future market interaction focusing on the revenue effects of some information revelation policies. We show that auctions with less information revelation may yield higher revenues. In particular, we show that it is never optimal for the auctioneer to reveal information after the auction. Moreover, it is also not optimal to reveal information before the auction unless bidders already have precise information on their own. Our model provides a novel explanation for the prevalence of opaque trading mechanisms, and it offers insights into information sharing in dynamic models of trade. (JEL D44, D83)
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Albert, Zachary. "Partisan Policymaking in the Extended Party Network: The Case of Cap-and-Trade Regulations." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 2 (2019): 476–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919838326.
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American political parties frequently advance contradictory arguments in policy debates, but scholars know relatively little about where these arguments originate. Outside research-producing institutions are likely culprits. Have the research and advocacy efforts of these groups helped structure policy discussions along party lines, thereby contributing to partisan polarization? I answer this question by tracing the diffusion of policy language related to cap-and-trade regulations across actors and over time. Utilizing quantitative network and text analysis techniques, as well as qualitative textual analysis, I find that outside groups inform policy discussions through their early research. First, prominent organizations develop ideas and talking points that then spread to other groups. Second, members of Congress adopt these talking points and use them to justify their views to their constituents. Importantly, the diffusion of arguments is most likely among actors with shared partisan commitments, resulting in two relatively cohesive and distinct partisan communities that advance partisan policy narratives. These findings have important implications for our understanding of partisan polarization, outside group influence, and the capacity for Congress to address meaningful public problems.
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Azizah, Liza, Syamsurijal Tan, and Emilia Emilia. "Estimasi model neraca perdagangan Indonesia dalam periode 1998-2017." e-Journal Perdagangan Industri dan Moneter 7, no. 3 (2019): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pim.v7i3.7206.
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This study aims to analyze Indonesia's trade balance dynamics and the factors that influence fluctuations in Indonesia's trade balance in the period 1998-2017. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method. The data used in this study is time-series data on Indonesia's trade balance, exchange rate, GDP, inflation, and interest rates from 1998-2017. The data is processed through multiple regression analysis and development model analysis. The results showed that the variables of the exchange rate, GDP, inflation, and interest rates simultaneously significantly affected Indonesia's trade balance. Partially, the exchange rate, GDP, and interest rates have a significant effect on Indonesia's trade balance. In contrast, inflation does not substantially impact Indonesia's trade balance during the study period. R-square is 0.6882 or 68.82%, which means that Indonesia's trade balance for 1998-2017 is influenced by exchange rates, GDP, inflation, and interest rates, while other factors outside the estimation model influence the remaining 31.18%. Keywords: Trade balance, Exchange rate, GDP, Inflation, Interest rates.
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Nagel, Daniel, and Sorin Burnete. "Faults of the International Trade System: the Notion of Multilateralism in the Retreat." Human and Social Studies 7, no. 3 (2018): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hssr-2018-0023.
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Abstract The indisputable success of the European integration project also prompted other regions of the world to follow suit. On the other side of coin, these regional blocs cultivated free trade within but remained protectionist vis-àvis the outside, thereby impeding the progress of the multilateral trade system. But also the soaring number of WTO member states accompanied by their incompatible interests, its ambitious agenda spanning over 20 diverse issues and, in particular, the single undertaking approach emerged as the Doha’s Round “stumbling blocks”. The utter dismay over the Doha’s Round deadlock has provoked countries to opt for alternative for a outside the WTO in their endeavor to expedite far-reaching trade liberalization. Besides the vast economic growth in Asia and the rise of international production networks, this urge for deeper integration represents one of the central root causes for the most recent wave of PTAs which has been gathering force over the course of the 21st century and increasingly puts the WTO’s raison d’être under critical scrutiny.
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Ishimura, Kazuhiro, and Shinji Sakurai. "Asymmetry in Determinants of Running Speed During Curved Sprinting." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 4 (2016): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0127.
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This study investigates the potential asymmetries between inside and outside legs in determinants of curved running speed. To test these asymmetries, a deterministic model of curved running speed was constructed based on components of step length and frequency, including the distances and times of different step phases, takeoff speed and angle, velocities in different directions, and relative height of the runner’s center of gravity. Eighteen athletes sprinted 60 m on the curved path of a 400-m track; trials were recorded using a motion-capture system. The variables were calculated following the deterministic model. The average speeds were identical between the 2 sides; however, the step length and frequency were asymmetric. In straight sprinting, there is a trade-off relationship between the step length and frequency; however, such a trade-off relationship was not observed in each step of curved sprinting in this study. Asymmetric vertical velocity at takeoff resulted in an asymmetric flight distance and time. The runners changed the running direction significantly during the outside foot stance because of the asymmetric centripetal force. Moreover, the outside leg had a larger tangential force and shorter stance time. These asymmetries between legs indicated the outside leg plays an important role in curved sprinting.