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1
Tran, Ha Manh, and Trung Huy Bui. "Energy Regulation and Energy Trade: International Evidence." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 15, no. 3 (2025): 699–708. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.19175.
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This study investigates the impact of energy regulation on energy trade by employing an extended gravity model with bilateral trade data from the CEPII BACI database and regulatory information from the World Bank’s Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy, covering 126 countries from 1996 to 2021. The findings reveal that stronger energy regulations significantly promote energy trade, with both exporter-side and importer-side regulations playing important roles. Disaggregated analysis shows that solar and wind, biomass, and geothermal energy trades are positively influenced by regulatory improvements, while hydro and marine energy show limited responsiveness. Further examination across income groups highlights that emerging markets benefit most from stronger regulations, advanced economies face trade reductions due to stricter regulatory frameworks, and low-income economies experience no significant regulatory effect. These findings underscore the importance of tailored regulatory policies that consider economic contexts and sector-specific characteristics. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers aiming to promote sustainable energy trade through effective regulation.
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Gao, Henry. "Regulation of Digital Trade in US Free Trade Agreements: From Trade Regulation to Digital Regulation." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 45, Issue 1 (2018): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2018003.
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This article reviews the evolution of rules on digital trade in US Free Trade Agreements (US FTAs), and argues that the US approach has shifted from treating it largely as a traditional trade issue to recognizing its unique digital nature and tailoring the rules accordingly, as it has done in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement. The article begins with a review of the efforts to regulate e-commerce in the WTO, as well as the achievements of the pre-TPP US FTAs so far, followed by a critical appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of the e-commerce chapter in the TPP. It is hoped that, by reviewing the evolution of the regulation of e-commerce from theWTOto the TPP, we can learn some lessons on how the rules are being shaped, as well as how they might evolve in the future.
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Bangura, Kadijatu Zainab, and Abraham Zaqi Kromah. "An Overview of the WTO’s Plurilateral Agreement on Services Domestic Regulation." Global Trade and Customs Journal 17, Issue 4 (2022): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2022023.
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TheWTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which has been in effect since 1995, has been used byWTO Members to facilitate increased growth in trade in services by regulating global transactions on trade in services in line with the specific commitments undertaken by everyWTO Member in the GATS. However, growth in trade in services has been clouded by significant barriers to trade in services that continue to exist in many countries in the form of unintended trade-restrictive measures across most services sectors, obscure regulations, and burdensome regulatory procedures. The successful conclusion of the Reference Paper on services domestic regulation is an effort to reduce these barriers and further stimulate trade in services. WTO, GATS, Services Domestic Regulation, Joint Initiative, Plurilateral Declaration, Negotiated Disciplines, regulatory processes, Reference Paper, barriers to services trade, predictability and transparency
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Tsurumi, Tetsuya, Shunsuke Managi, and Akira Hibiki. "Do Environmental Regulations Increase Bilateral Trade Flows?" B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 4 (2015): 1549–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0164.
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Abstract The argument that stringent environmental regulations are generally thought to harm export flows is crucial when determining policy recommendations related to environmental preservation and international competitiveness. By using bilateral trade data, we examine the relationships between trade flows and various environmental stringency indices. Previous studies have used energy intensity, abatement cost intensity, and survey indices for regulations as proxies for the strictness of environmental policy. However, they have overlooked the indirect effect of environmental regulations on trade flows. If the strong version of the Porter hypothesis is confirmed, we need to consider the effect of environmental regulation on gross domestic product (GDP), because GDP induced by environmental regulation affects trade flows. The present study clarifies the effects of regulation on trade flows by distinguishing between the indirect and direct effects. Our results indicate an observed non-negligible indirect effect of regulation, implying that the overall effect of appropriate regulation benefits trade flows.
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Shkutsko, Aksana. "MULTILATERAL REGULATION OF TRADE RELATIONS: POTENTIAL AND POSSIBILITY OF TRANSFORMATION." University Economic Bulletin 37/1 (April 19, 2018): 155–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1220849.
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The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to define the potential of multilateral regulation of trade relations and the possibilities for transforming multilateral regulation of the trading system in the global economy. Subject of study – multilateral regulation of trade relations. The research purpose – the identification of theoretical principles and practical recommendations related to the analysis of multilateral regulation of trade relations in the global economy and the justification for the possibility of their transformation taking into account the interests of world economic entities. Methodological basis of research – system approach, methods of analysis and synthesis, subject-object, quantitative and qualitative, historical and logical analysis. Results of research – on the basis of identifying the potential and trends in the development of international trade relations, the possibilities and prospects for transforming multilateral regulation of trade relations are identified, to promote the development of national economies and ensure foreign trade interests within the framework of international trade policies with a view to enhancing its effectiveness. Scope of results: development of strategic instruments that can be achieved within the framework of the transformation of multilateral systems for regulating trade relations. Conclusions: 1. Obviously, with the advent of mega-regional trade agreements, the notion of forms of international trade cooperation and a new configuration of collective economic regulation of the international trade system is beginning to change. The above suggests that in the new circumstances, the system of multilateral regulation of trade relations should become multi-vector. Along with the key mechanisms for multilateral regulation of the WTO, preferential and mega-regional agreements (TPP, CETA, RCEP, etc.) play an important role, as well as multilateral investment agreements. 2. To form a multilateral system for regulating trade relations, it is necessary to institutionalize the reform of the existing WTO system. First, the continuing and even increased protectionism (non-tariff character) from the industrialized countries demonstrates to developing countries that achieving greater access to the markets of developed countries can hardly be realized in the WTO framework. Secondly, the diversity of trade interests, the existence of negotiating alliances and the increased influence on the trade policies of countries such as China, India, and Brazil, led to the absence of progress in the Doha Round negotiations (particularly in the period 2002-2012). The above confirms the need for institutional reform of the WTO. 3. There is a need for a consistent harmonization of instruments and regulations between mega-regional agreements and the multilateral regulatory system within the WTO. Mega-regional trade agreements and an updated multilateral system for regulating trade relations may in the future create a new system for global management / regulation of international trade. In case of successful implementation, the well-known mega-regional agreements are likely to bring with them notable changes and intensify international trade. Having solved the problem of harmonization of multilateral and regional (plurilateral) regulatory regimes in the sphere of trade and finding a balance between global and regional institutions, the international trading system will receive effective trade instruments and rules, including within the framework of the multilateral WTO regulation system.
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Y, Ndao. "Study of Medicine E-Trade Regulation in Senegal." Pharmaceutical Drug Regulatory Affairs Journal 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/pdraj-16000139.
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Introduction: E-trade covers, in addition to online selling activities, services relating to internet use. Several European states already authorize medicines e-trade, with or without prescription. In Senegal, fake drugs online sale in violation of pharmaceutical monopoly has provoked many debates, both among health professionals and patients. The objective of our work is to contribute to development of medicine e-trade regulation in Senegal. Methodology: It’s a retrospective and cross-sectional study, carried out from October 1st, 2018 to July 31th, 2019, using a documentary review and interviews. Data were compared with those of the literature. Results: There is a significant institutional mechanism marked by establishment of structures and/or control of e-trade. At legal level, law on electronic transactions and its implementing decree encourage exercise of e-trade activity. Violations of rights of person with regard to processing of personal data are sanctioned. However, technical service provider has an obligation to inform consumer, who may apply withdrawal right, due to unavailability of goods or services ordered. As for drug trade, practice of pharmacy is well supervised. Monopoly of medicine sale is reserved for pharmacists, who must exercise their activity in a licensed pharmacy. However, medicines e-trade falling within same logic, and coming under full responsibility of pharmacist, is not taken into account by our current law on pharmacy. However, law on electronic transactions creates conditions for medicines e-trade exercise. Conclusion: In Senegal, medicines e-trade does not have any specific regulations. However, law on e-trade has set up conditions for exercising medicine e-trade
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Osadchuk, Valeriia. "Institutional support for the regulation of international digital trade at the present stage." Scientific notes, no. 37 (December 21, 2024): 222–37. https://doi.org/10.33111/vz_kneu.37.24.04.20.138.144.
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The relevance of the research topic is determined by the rapid development of the digital economy and the increasing significance of digital trade, which necessitates the improvement of institutional support for its regulation. The multilateral system for regulating international digital trade faces numerous challenges, such as differences in regulatory approaches, the digital divide between developed and developing countries, and uncertainty in terminology. The article examines key institutions and their roles in regulating digital trade, as well as issues related to internal regulation and the impact of legislation at the global level. The aim of the article is to identify and analyze existing problems in the regulation of international digital trade and to develop recommendations for improving the institutional support of this area. Emphasis is placed on the need for a detailed investigation into the impact of internal regulations and international institutions on the development of digital trade, which will help identify key factors that either promote or hinder its growth. A comparative analysis of the impact of EU legislation on digital trade in various regions of the world provides valuable insights into the global influence of European regulations. The effectiveness of various digital trade rule templates proposed by both developed WTO member countries and developing countries is examined. Significant attention is paid to issues related to discrepancies in the regulation of privacy, data protection, law enforcement access, and national security. The challenges faced by the WTO regime are discussed, particularly regarding the issue of a moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions and the impact of digital taxes on services. The article also considers the rapid digital transformation as both new opportunities for economic development and regulatory challenges that could overshadow these opportunities. The importance of international cooperation, dialogue, and regulatory harmonization is emphasized to ensure inclusive and stable digital development in all countries around the world.
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Bramanta, I. Nyoman Sadhu, Ida Ayu Putu Widiati, and Luh Putu Suryani. "Pemberian Izin Peredaran Minuman Beralkohol Berdasarkan Peraturan Gubernur Bali Nomor 1 Tahun 2020." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 1, no. 1 (2020): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.1.1.2169.120-127.
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There are various kinds of businesses or activities in the field of trade, one of which is a trade or distribution of alcoholic drinks. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 / M-DAG / PER / 4/2014 Article 18 Paragraph (1) that every company that trades alcoholic drinks is required to have SIUP-MB. Alcoholic drinks can only be traded by companies that already have a business license for alcoholic drinks in accordance with their classification. This research is important to be carried out with the aim to find out the mechanism for granting alcoholic beverage distribution license based on Bali Governor's Regulation No. 1 of 2020 and the implications of Bali's Governor's Regulation No. 1 of 2020 to alcoholic beverage trade businesses. This research is a normative legal research, namely by using the statutory approach. The mechanism for granting licenses for the distribution of alcoholic drinks based on Bali Governor Regulation No. 1 of 2020 is that business operators must follow procedures and fulfill certain requirements in applying for SIUP-MB, then submit a permit application to the Provincial Trade and Industry Office, after the issuance of a business by the Trade and Industry Office , then the business actor can carry out the desired trading business. Implications of Bali Governor Regulation Number 1 of 2020 Regarding the management of fermented drinks and/or distinctive distinctive Bali for the business of the alcoholic beverage trade, the benefits are felt, the crafters or farmers of fermented drinks and/or distinctive distinctive Bali have legal certainty and certainty of trying to do fermented and distillation drinks production activities typical of Bali.
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Naik, Narayan Y., Anthony Neuberger, and S. Viswanathan. "Trade Disclosure Regulation in Markets with Negotiated Trades." Review of Financial Studies 12, no. 4 (1999): 873–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/12.4.873.
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Winslett, Gary. "How Regulations Became the Crux of Trade Politics." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 1 (2016): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016005.
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Whereas tariffs were once the main barrier to international trade, cross-national differences in regulation now constitute the most significant impediment to trade and are therefore the centrepiece issues in contemporary trade negotiations. That change has profound implications for the global economy and for international political economy scholarship. This article explains how that change occurred in order to explore how the incorporation of regulation affects trade and illuminate the politics that surround the negotiation over these regulatory trade barriers. As tariffs and other non-regulatory measures were reduced, the extent to which cross-national differences in regulation impeded trade became more apparent, especially to multinational firms which pushed for attenuations of these regulatory trade barriers. Once regulations became the subject of trade negotiations in the 1980s, civil society groups with a vested interested in those regulations became involved in trade politics to a greater degree than ever before. These developments have shaped the major trade negotiations underway today and are likely to remain at the centre of trade politics for the foreseeable future.
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Indrasari, Ailsa Salma. "Trade Supervision Through the Government Electronic System Based on Law No. 7 Of 2014 Concerning Trade And Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 Concerning Trade Through Electronic Systems." UMPurwokerto Law Review 2, no. 1 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/umplr.v2i1.9281.
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The rapid development of technology changes people's lifestyles, including trade transactions. This research discusses the regulation of trade through electronic systems based on Law No. 7 of 2014 on Trade and Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 on Trading Through Electronic Systems as well as preventive and repressive efforts by the government in order to supervise the implementation of trade transactions through electronic systems or e-commerce based on PP No. 80 of 2019 on Trading Through Electronic Systems. The methods used are arranged systematically, logically, and rationally. In the sense that the entire data obtained will be connected adjusted to the subject matter examined. Regulation on trading through electronic systems or e-commerce under the mandate of Article 66 of Law No. 7 of 2014 on trade is contained in Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 on Trading Through Electronic Systems. In Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 concerning Trade Through Electronic Systems, the government seeks guidance as a preventive effort and implements administrative sanctions as a repressive effort on perpetrators of violations of applicable rules and regulations. The government should make trade arrangements through electronic systems to not overlap with other rules and conduct further guidance on trading businesses through electronic systems. Keywords: Regulations, Supervise, E-commerce
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Lu, Jingwen, and Lihua Dai. "Examining the Threshold Effect of Environmental Regulation: The Impact of Agricultural Product Trade Openness on Agricultural Carbon Emissions." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (2023): 10048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310048.
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Agricultural product trade openness is a crucial factor impacting agricultural carbon emissions. This study analyzes the relationship between trade openness and carbon emissions in China. Using panel data from 2002 to 2020 for 31 provinces, a threshold panel model is employed to examine the non-linear relationship from an environmental regulation perspective. The findings reveal a significant single-threshold effect of environmental regulation. When environmental regulation intensity is low, trade openness is positively associated with agricultural carbon emissions. However, when environmental regulation intensity is high, trade openness significantly reduces carbon emissions. Regional regression analysis indicates that this single-threshold effect holds true in major grain-producing, grain-selling, and grain- producing- selling balance areas, although regional differences exist. This study emphasizes the need to coordinate environmental regulations and trade policies, strengthen environmental control, and leverage the threshold effect of environmental regulation in reducing carbon emissions through agricultural product trade openness.
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Winda, Agustina Wahyuni, Retnowati Endang, and Jati Setyowati Peni. "Legal Status of Ex-Tanker Ships According to the International Maritime Organization." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 07, no. 08 (2024): 6338–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13709737.
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This research is entitled Legal Status of Used Tankers Based on the International Maritime Organization. This research uses a normative legal research method, namely research based on laws and regulations that have binding force according to the material discussed. This research is legal research using a statute approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. Based on the research methods as mentioned above, it can be concluded: through the Ministry of Trade, the Government is increasingly tightening the import of used ships with the issuance of the Minister of Trade Regulation No. 20 of 2021 concerning Import Policies and Regulations. This provision revokes the Minister of Trade Regulation No. 118 of 2018 concerning Provisions on the Import of Capital Goods in Non-New Condition which has been amended several times. The last amendment was made by the Minister of Trade Regulation No. 40 of 2021 concerning the Third Amendment to the Minister of Trade Regulation No. 118 of 2018.
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Korgun, Irina. "South Korea’s Place in the Evolving Global Regulation on Digital Trade Architecture." International Organisations Research Journal 19, no. 3 (2024): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2024-03-04.
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Regulation of digital trade is becoming one of the drivers of fragmentation in the world economy. In the absence of a common international standard on digital trade governance, countries take different approaches to regulation. Each country adds a layer to the existing digital trade regimes, resulting in what has been famously described as the “spaghetti bowl” effect. This article investigates Korea’s unique position in the evolving global regulation of digital trade and the added value the country brings to the process of co-creating a common reference for international best practices. The article contributes to the ongoing debate about the dichotomy of global and regional layers of global digital trade regulation by looking at the existing regulation by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional agreements. Research indicates that, for many countries, including Korea, digital trade agreements, or free trade agreements (FTAs) with e-commerce chapters, serve as platforms not only to experiment with possible regulations but also to increase their negotiating and normative power in co-creating global standards for digital trade regulation. This article presents evidence that Korea is a proponent of the WTO’s role in providing a common reference for the regulatory standards on digital trade. When it comes to digital trade agreements, Korea is actively engaging with its partners to update existing trade rules. However, its commitments under various agreements show a great variation and heavy use of the national security carve-out, indicating a desire to leave a comfortable space for future policy actions. Also, Korea’s early engagement with strong economic partners on digital trade regulation speaks in favour of its desire to acquire more internationally acknowledged normative power. By assuming a high standard of digital trade regulation, the country can negotiate better deals with other partners – deals that will contribute to its national interests
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Kojima, Michikazu. "Remanufacturing and Trade Regulation." Procedia CIRP 61 (2017): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.251.
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Huang, Juan, and Ziyi Wu. "Impact of Environmental Regulations on Export Trade—Empirical Analysis Based on Zhejiang Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (2022): 12569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912569.
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There is a close connection between export trade and environmental regulations. How to realize the green development of export trade under the constraint of environmental regulation policy is a controversial topic in both theoretical research and practice. Considering the leading role of Zhejiang export trade in China, based on the extended gravity model, this paper attempts to explore the impact of environmental regulations on export trade using the panel data of Zhejiang Province together with that of 18 major “Belt and Road” trading countries (regions) from 2004 to 2016. It provides a theoretical basis for promoting the coordinated development of environmental protection and export trade. This not only has theoretical and practical significance for various regions in China but also for other countries and regions in the world when formulating environmental regulation standards and implementation intensity. The empirical results show that there is a U-shaped relationship between environmental regulations and the development of export trade; namely, the former suppresses the latter before promotion happens. Specifically, environmental regulation could increase the cost of export products and curb the development of export trade in the short term. On the other hand, it encourages enterprises to carry out technological innovation and improve efficiency and competitiveness, thus contributing to the development of export trade in the long term.
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van den Burg, Matthijs P., Isabel M. Vique Bosquet, and Jennifer C. Daltry. "Urgent International Action Needed to Tackle Illegal Pet Trade in Caribbean Iguana Populations." Conservation 2, no. 2 (2022): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2020016.
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Lizards in the Neotropical genus Iguana are heavily traded for the international pet trade, with unusual colour morphs and rare species commanding high prices. Recent research aimed to understand the taxonomy and phenotypic variation of Iguana in the Lesser Antilles, with those populations now severely threatened by this trade. Although the entire Iguana genus has been on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II since 1977, current levels of trade regulation are proving to be inadequate for the Caribbean Iguana populations, which are declining. This paper presents the case for immediately halting regional commercial trade to safeguard the most vulnerable island populations. We further provide recommendations for trade regulations of other species complexes where the nomenclature used in legislation and the trade industry fall temporarily out of step with new taxonomic changes.
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Maher, Jacob, Oliver C. Stringham, Stephanie Moncayo, et al. "Weed wide web: characterising illegal online trade of invasive plants in Australia." NeoBiota 87 (August 11, 2023): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.87.104472.
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Invasive plants seriously impact our environmental, agricultural and forestry assets, and the ornamental plant trade is a major introduction pathway. The variety and extent of the ornamental plant trade is growing in reach and is increasingly facilitated by the internet (i.e., through e-commerce). A lack of surveillance and regulation of e-commerce has resulted in invasive species being widely traded on these platforms. Here, we investigated the extent of illegal trade in invasive plant species in Australia by collecting advertisements found on a popular public e-commerce website. Across a 12-month period we collected a total of 235,162 plant advertisements. From 10,000 of these advertisements (4.25% of total advertisements) we found 155 plant taxa advertised online that were prohibited to trade in at least one Australian State or Territory (12.5% of Australia’s total prohibited plant taxa). We detected 1,415 instances of invasive plants advertised, of which 411 breached local jurisdictional (i.e., State or Territory) laws. Opuntia cacti and invasive aquatic plants were traded in the greatest quantities. A variety of uses for plants prohibited to trade were reported by the sellers, with aquatic uses being the most popular (i.e., water filtering and habitat for aquatic animals). We used generalised linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of prohibiting the sale of invasive plants on the quantity and price of online advertisements. Despite Australia’s strict internal biosecurity regulations, we found that trade prohibitions had no influence on the quantity and price of trade in illegal invasive plants. Given this, and the extent of illegal invasive plants traded, we believe increased monitoring and regulation of online plant trade is warranted. We demonstrate that targeted searches using string matching is an effective tool for detecting e-commerce trade of invasive species. However, to obtain the most optimal outcomes, regulations should be coupled with increased cooperation from e-commerce platforms and public awareness campaigns. Future weed risk assessments should consider online trade as a key factor in the long-distance dispersal and propagule pressure of a plant. Jurisdictions would also benefit from greater alignment on plant trade prohibitions and revision of associated compliance policies.
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Maher, Jacob, Oliver C. Stringham, Stephanie Moncayo, et al. "Weed wide web: characterising illegal online trade of invasive plants in Australia." NeoBiota 87 (August 11, 2023): 45–72. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.87.104472.
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Invasive plants seriously impact our environmental, agricultural and forestry assets, and the ornamental plant trade is a major introduction pathway. The variety and extent of the ornamental plant trade is growing in reach and is increasingly facilitated by the internet (i.e., through e-commerce). A lack of surveillance and regulation of e-commerce has resulted in invasive species being widely traded on these platforms. Here, we investigated the extent of illegal trade in invasive plant species in Australia by collecting advertisements found on a popular public e-commerce website. Across a 12-month period we collected a total of 235,162 plant advertisements. From 10,000 of these advertisements (4.25% of total advertisements) we found 155 plant taxa advertised online that were prohibited to trade in at least one Australian State or Territory (12.5% of Australia's total prohibited plant taxa). We detected 1,415 instances of invasive plants advertised, of which 411 breached local jurisdictional (i.e., State or Territory) laws. Opuntia cacti and invasive aquatic plants were traded in the greatest quantities. A variety of uses for plants prohibited to trade were reported by the sellers, with aquatic uses being the most popular (i.e., water filtering and habitat for aquatic animals). We used generalised linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of prohibiting the sale of invasive plants on the quantity and price of online advertisements. Despite Australia's strict internal biosecurity regulations, we found that trade prohibitions had no influence on the quantity and price of trade in illegal invasive plants. Given this, and the extent of illegal invasive plants traded, we believe increased monitoring and regulation of online plant trade is warranted. We demonstrate that targeted searches using string matching is an effective tool for detecting e-commerce trade of invasive species. However, to obtain the most optimal outcomes, regulations should be coupled with increased cooperation from e-commerce platforms and public awareness campaigns. Future weed risk assessments should consider online trade as a key factor in the long-distance dispersal and propagule pressure of a plant. Jurisdictions would also benefit from greater alignment on plant trade prohibitions and revision of associated compliance policies.
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Krupa, L. V. "On the legal regulation of economic and commercial activities in Ukraine." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 2, no. 20 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.2.243921.
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The article is devoted to the study of the current state of regulatory and legal regulation of trade activities in Ukraine. The problems of the place in the economic legislation of trade, its signs, system and tendencies of formation are considered. The conditionally general and special legislation regulating trade activity is allocated. There is a certain direction in the systematization of legal regulation depending on the object of regulation, namely the organization of the market and commodity affiliation. The analysis of the basic regulations in the field of trade is carried out. Formulation of the problem. One of the factors that influenced the scientific interest was modern sociological research. Among them, it is widely believed that the global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus has brought trade to the forefront of the national economy on the basis of growth in development. Thus, the Razumkov Center’s Annual Survey states: “According to the results of 2019, the share of manufacturing in the structure of GDP by production method was 10.8 %, wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles – 13.2 %, then according to the results of three quarters of 2020. the corresponding figures were 10.2 % and 14 %. That is, the characteristic of the Ukrainian economy is increasingly not the creation of new modern products, but the repair and resale of obsolete products. In addition, recently there has been systemic uncertainty regarding the management and organization of economic activity by central government, which, accordingly, does not contribute to overcoming the crisis. Analysis of recent research and publications. In the domestic science of economic law there are no modern studies of trade regulation as a kind of economic. Among the scientists who have conducted research in this area in the past can be distinguished G.F. Shershenevich, Ye.O. Krasheninnikov, D.V. Zerkalov, A.A. Popov. In the modern literature, some attention was paid to the legal regulation of trade L. Mikhnevych, N.V. Shigarova, K.I. Krolevetsky. Recognizing the contribution of these researchers, it should be noted that science does not meet the high demand for the formation of legislative policy to regulate trade relations, the creation of a single state ideology in the areas of legal regulation of trade and as a result - high business demand for legislation
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VIGANI, MAURO, VALENTINA RAIMONDI, and ALESSANDRO OLPER. "International trade and endogenous standards: the case of GMO regulations." World Trade Review 11, no. 3 (2012): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000262.
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AbstractThis paper quantifies the effect of GMO regulation on bilateral trade flows of agricultural products. We develop a composite index of GMO regulations and using a gravity model we show that bilateral differences in GMO regulation negatively affect trade flows. This effect is especially driven by labeling, approval process, and traceability. Our results are robust to the endogeneity of GMO standards to trade flows.
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Rahmasuciana, Dioni Yurinda, and Muhammad Rofii. "Dampak Reformasi Kebijakan Perdagangan Luar Negeri Terhadap Kinerja Perdagangan Luar Negeri." Cendekia Niaga 8, no. 2 (2024): 169–82. https://doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v8i2.914.
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This study aims to identify Indonesia’s foreign trade policy reforms and analyze their impact on its foreign trade performance. This study focuses on the reforms of policy in foreign trade that includes the policies and regulations of both the export and the import sector after the Constitutions of Job Creation (UU Cipta Kerja) enforced. Descriptive and statistical analysis used in this study. Descriptive analysis is intended to identify any fundamental changes related to the regulations of foreign trade. Then, statistical analyses that consist of Paired T-Test and Correlations Test, are aim to capture the differences in the average of exports, imports, and trade balance value before and after the enactment of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 19 of 2021 concerning Export Policies and Regulations and the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 20 of 2021 concerning Import Policies and Regulation, and to find out the relationship between import and export activities. Based on descriptive analysis, the results show that fundamental changes occurred were the form of system changes, the simplification of licensing application requirements, and positive fictitious principles. Besides, based on the Paired T-Test, there is a difference between the average of export, import, and trade balance value before and after the Minister of Trade Regulations enforced. This indicates that the regulations have an impact on the value of exports, imports, and trade balance, which their value had increased after the implementation of the regulations. Furthermore, through correlation analysis, it is proven that the value of imports is positively correlated with the value of exports. So that, the value of imports is closely related to the increase of exports value. In other words, an increase in the value of imports followed by a higher increase in the value of exports, can increase the value of the trade balance.
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Risser, Kayleigh M., Melody Y. Zhou, Karl G. Koster, Felicia I. Tejawinata, Xinyu Gu, and Thomas L. Steinemann. "Contact Lens Regulation: Where Have We Been, Where are We Going?" Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice 50, no. 12 (2024): 508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icl.0000000000001148.
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Abstract: The Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission influence the contact lens (CL) market, with the Food and Drug Administration regulating CLs as medical devices and the Federal Trade Commission dictating how they are prescribed and sold. Legislative oversight came to the forefront in 2004, when the Contact Lens Rule was introduced, drastically changing how CLs are prescribed and distributed. This article examines the evolution of CL regulations over the past two decades and discusses how regulation, such as allowing passive verification, has shaped the current and evolving CL market. We also explore how related products (decorative CLs, artificial tears) are regulated and compare US regulations with those abroad. Finally, we discuss how future technological advancements, including artificial intelligence, promise to change the CL industry and its regulation worldwide.
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Sembiring, Tamaulina Br, Hasudungan Sinaga, Ferdinando Solissa, Agus Dwianto, and Ariyadi Ariyadi. "Internasional Trade Regulation and its Impact on Macroeconomics: An Internasional Law Perspective." Global International Journal of Innovative Research 1, no. 2 (2023): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.59613/global.v1i2.14.
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This journal article examines the dynamic relationship between international trade regulation and macroeconomics from the lens of international law. International trade, with its complex legal framework, plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economic landscape. Understanding the intricate interplay between trade regulations and macroeconomic variables is crucial for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners alike.
 Through a comprehensive analysis of international trade agreements, dispute settlement mechanisms, and trade policies, this research investigates the legal mechanisms that govern global commerce. It explores the impact of trade regulations on key macroeconomic indicators, such as economic growth, employment, inflation, and balance of payments. This study takes into consideration both the multilateral trading system, exemplified by the World Trade Organization, and regional trade agreements to provide a holistic view of the subject.
 The findings highlight the significant influence of international trade regulation on a nation's economic performance. Effective trade regulation can stimulate economic growth, enhance market access for goods and services, and promote stability in global markets. Conversely, trade disputes and protectionist measures can disrupt economic activities and lead to adverse macroeconomic consequences.
 Furthermore, this research delves into the legal mechanisms available to states to address trade-related disputes and their potential implications on macroeconomic stability. It underscores the importance of a rules-based international trading system in promoting global economic well-being.
 By analyzing international trade regulation through an international law perspective, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the relationship between law and economics. It underscores the significance of legal frameworks in shaping macroeconomic outcomes and highlights the need for harmonizing trade policies with broader economic objectives. Ultimately, the research underscores the role of international law as a tool for promoting economic development and stability in the context of global trade.
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Maulana, Jay, I. Made Sarjana, and I. Gusti Agung Mas Rwa Jayantiari. "Harmonization of Import Duty in the Form of Security Measures for Textile Products." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 12, no. 2 (2023): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2023.v12.i02.p02.
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This article aims to determine the principles and regulations of international trade and to analyze the regulation for imposing security measures on imports of fabric products. The method used in this study is a normative juridical legal research type, with a statutory approach or statute approach to analyze legal issues. This research finds that the principle of International Trade adopted by the Indonesian state/Government is essentially aimed at protecting domestic products to maintain a healthy trade climate. International Trade is regulated by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, General Agreement on Trade in Services, The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Dispute Resolution of the World Trade Organization. Furthermore, in regards to the imposition of security measures on the import of fabric products in Indonesia, it is regulated in the Minister of Finance Regulations and its amendments. However, the Ministerial Regulation felt to be contradictory to the Minister of Trade’s Regulation. So, it is considered less effective because it will only burden local entrepreneurs/companies who need material products from abroad, on one hand the volume of imports has been limited and on the other hand there is an additional imposition of import duty as a result of security measures.
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Petty, Scott, Chengyan Yue, and Eric Watkins. "Investigating How Nontariff Measures Impact the Turfgrass Seed Trade." HortTechnology 34, no. 4 (2024): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech05413-24.
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Turfgrass seed, a living organism, is facing more stringent trade regulations compared with nonliving products. We applied multiple empirical approaches to explore the impact of these regulations on trade flows in grass seeds. We constructed a series of novel variables to measure these regulations, such as environment regulation stringency, pre-shipment inspections, market conditions, and product requirements. Our results showed that nontariff trade measures had substantial impacts on the trade of grass seeds. These measures sometimes worked as barriers to trade and at other times worked as catalysts for trade.
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Gong, Mengqi, Zhe You, Linting Wang, and Jinhua Cheng. "Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and the Manufacturing Industry’s Green Transformation and Upgrading." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (2020): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082823.
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This paper is the first to systematically review the theoretical mechanisms of environmental regulation and trade comparative advantage that affect the green transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. On this basis, corresponding hypotheses are put forward. The non-radial and non-angle SBM (slacks-based measure) efficiency measurement model with undesirable outputs was used, combined with the use of the ML (green total factor productivity index) productivity index to measure green total factor productivity. Finally, the theoretical hypothesis was empirically tested using data from 27 manufacturing industries in China from 2005 to 2017. The results show the following: (1) There is a significant inverted U-shaped curve relationship between environmental regulation and the transformation of the manufacturing industry. In other words, as environmental regulation increases, its impact on the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry is first promoted and then suppressed. (2) When there are no environmental regulations, the trade comparative advantage of the manufacturing industry is not conducive to industrial transformation. However, under the constraints of environmental regulations, the comparative advantage of trade will significantly promote the green transformation and upgrading of manufacturing. Therefore, in order to effectively promote transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing, this paper proposes the following policy recommendations: (1) The Chinese government should pay more attention to the impact of environmental regulation intensity on the transformation of manufacturing industries, further increase the intensity of environmental regulation within the reasonable range, and fully exert the positive effects of environmental regulation on the trade patterns and manufacturing industry transformation. (2) We should further optimize the structure of trade, realize the diversification of manufacturing import and export, and promote its transformation into high-end manufacturing. On this basis, green production technology in the manufacturing industry can be improved through the technology spillover effect. (3) Efforts should be made to improve the level of collaborative development between environmental regulation and trade patterns and to explore the transformation path of the manufacturing industry with the integration of environmental regulation and trade patterns.
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Krupa, L. V. "On the legal regulation of economic and commercial activities in Ukraine." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 2021, (VOL 2) 20 (2021): 8. https://doi.org/10.21564/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.2.243921.
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The article is devoted to the study of the current state of regulatory and legal regulation of trade activities in Ukraine. The problems of the place in the economic legislation of trade, its signs, system and tendencies of formation are considered. The conditionally general and special legislation regulating trade activity is allocated. There is a certain direction in the systematization of legal regulation depending on the object of regulation, namely the organization of the market and commodity affiliation. The analysis of the basic regulations in the field of trade is carried out. Formulation of the problem. One of the factors that influenced the scientific interest was modern sociological research. Among them, it is widely believed that the global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus has brought trade to the forefront of the national economy on the basis of growth in development. Thus, the Razumkov Center’s Annual Survey states: “According to the results of 2019, the share of manufacturing in the structure of GDP by production method was 10.8 %, wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles – 13.2 %, then according to the results of three quarters of 2020. the corresponding figures were 10.2 % and 14 %. That is, the characteristic of the Ukrainian economy is increasingly not the creation of new modern products, but the repair and resale of obsolete products. In addition, recently there has been systemic uncertainty regarding the management and organization of economic activity by central government, which, accordingly, does not contribute to overcoming the crisis. Analysis of recent research and publications. In the domestic science of economic law there are no modern studies of trade regulation as a kind of economic. Among the scientists who have conducted research in this area in the past can be distinguished G.F. Shershenevich, Ye.O. Krasheninnikov, D.V. Zerkalov, A.A. Popov. In the modern literature, some attention was paid to the legal regulation of trade L. Mikhnevych, N.V. Shigarova, K.I. Krolevetsky. Recognizing the contribution of these researchers, it should be noted that science does not meet the high demand for the formation of legislative policy to regulate trade relations, the creation of a single state ideology in the areas of legal regulation of trade and as a result - high business demand for legislation
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Hansen, Wendy L. "The International Trade Commission and the Politics of Protectionism." American Political Science Review 84, no. 1 (1990): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963628.
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I analyze the governmental regulation of internationally traded goods produced by U.S. industries. General theories of regulation—most notably “capture” theories and the theory of “congressional dominance”—are used to analyze the decision-making behavior of the U.S. International Trade Commission, which plays a major role in approving and providing tariffs, quotas, and various types of nontariff trade barriers sought by these industries. Unlike previous studies, this one simultaneously accounts for both the supply and demand sides of trade regulation. This work seeks to predict, on a basis of domestic politics, the factors that affect the demand for, and supply of, trade protection for U.S. industries. The methodology consists of applying a nested logit framework to capture the decision behavior of the International Trade Commission and industries simultaneously. The analysis shows that industries do appear to self-select themselves in applying for protection from the International Trade Commission. In light of these findings, it appears that trade protection is subject to domestic political forces similar to those affecting other regulatory policy areas.
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Wibisono, Aditya Rahman, and Prajona Marbun. "Managing Foreign Product Trade Impact: Indonesia's Strategic Sovereignty and the Case of TikTok Shop." Jurnal Mengkaji Indonesia 3, no. 2 (2024): 219–42. https://doi.org/10.59066/jmi.v3i2.793.
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Abstract: This study examines state sovereignty in the regulation of the impact of foreign product trade, specifically analyzing Indonesia's strategic steps toward the existence of TikTok Shop through the issuance of Ministry of Trade Regulation No. 31 of 2023. State sovereignty is recognized as full authority that cannot be interfered with by foreign powers, serving as the basis for international interactions. The TikTok Shop phenomenon reflects the optimization of online buying and selling, facilitating transaction processes. The role of social media, especially TikTok, plays a significant part in enhancing business performance, particularly for small businesses. However, the Indonesian government responded by closing TikTok Shop to protect micro, small, and medium enterprises and user data. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the conflict of interest between the state and social media platforms that provide trading services, as well as the establishment of strategic steps as an expression of state sovereignty in regulating all forms of trade in Indonesia, particularly through the case of the closure of TikTok Shop in Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is descriptive qualitative. The primary data analyzed were obtained from legal instruments such as legislation, ministerial regulations, and similar official rules issued by the government. The secondary data consisted of articles collectively obtained to gain an understanding of the causes, effects, and implications of the closure of TikTok Shop as a consequence of state sovereignty in regulating trade within the country. Findings: The results of the study indicate that in a global context, international cooperation remains important, and Indonesia strives to maintain its national legal sovereignty while contributing to global digital trade standards. In the face of various perspectives and impacts, the closure of TikTok Shop is interpreted as a governmental measure to protect national interests and exercise its legal sovereignty. Originality/value: This study makes a significant contribution to the existing literature by exploring the dynamics between state sovereignty and digital trade regulation in the context of Indonesia. It emphasizes the importance of balancing national legal sovereignty with participation in global digital trade standards, offering valuable insights for policymakers and academics in understanding the implications of trade regulation in the digital era.
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Efimtseva, Tatiana V., and Aslan S. Aliturliev. "STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITY: METHODS AND THEIR LEGAL ESSENCE." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2022-1-83-93.
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The authors carried out the analysis of current legislation of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union, the practice of its application, the literature on the issue of state regulation of foreign trade activities. The concept of state regulation of foreign trade is given, the classification of these regulatory methods into types according to various criteria is presented. The Russian legislation contains an exhaustive list of methods for state regulation of foreign trade. However, application of specific methods depends on the type of goods. In connection therewith, the content of some of the most commonly used methods for state regulating foreign trade activity in practice is disclosed. At this, preference is given to the methods of customs tariff regulation, which include the customs tariff and customs duties. The relevance of the topic of state regulation of foreign trade is caused by the fact that foreign trade activity is currently becoming more and more colossal and covers all regions of the world, and therefore legal regulation of foreign trade is acquiring important socio-economic and sometimes political significance. So, in In January-August 2021, according to the data from the Bank of Russia, Russia's foreign trade turnover amounted to $492 billion dollars (137.8% by January-August 2020), including exports – $299 billion (144%), imports – $193 billion (129.2%). The trade balance remained positive, 106 billion US dollars (in January-August 2020 – positive, 58.3 billion dollars). Using the methods of observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, interpretation of norms and others, the results were obtained that allow us to draw the following conclusions. When forming a foreign trade policy, the state needs to assess the regulatory impact on foreign trade in order to respond promptly to rapidly changing conditions in foreign markets functioning. Taking into account that the methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities are not systematized in the legislation, it is necessary to refer to the doctrine in which there is a classification of such methods into types. In addition, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that different methods of state regulation are applied to foreign trade in different goods.
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Sanni, Devi Mutiara, and Achmad Hariri. "Legal Analysis of Tengkawang Seed Exports in the Context of Natural Resource Conservation." Journal of Judicial Review 26, no. 2 (2024): 351–66. https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v26i2.9936.
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The conflict between the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry (LHK) No. P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 and the Regulation of the Minister of Trade (Permendag) No. 44 of 2012 has created significant legal uncertainty regarding the protection and trade of tengkawang seeds in Indonesia. The LHK Regulation does not include tengkawang seeds as a protected plant species, while the Permendag prohibits the export of tengkawang seeds. This study aims to analyze the normative conflict related to the regulations governing the export of tengkawang seeds and its implications for environmental conservation and the economy in Pontianak City. The research methodology used is normative analysis with a statutory approach. Legal materials were obtained through document studies of laws and regulations and literature reviews.The research results show that this regulatory conflict hinders the export of tengkawang seeds, harms business actors, and potentially increases illegal trade activities. Furthermore, this inconsistency also causes confusion among law enforcement officials and the general public regarding the protection status of tengkawang seeds. This study recommends harmonizing regulations between the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Ministry of Trade to ensure effective protection of tengkawang seeds while supporting economic growth through legal and regulated trade. Additionally, in accordance with the legal principle lex posterior derogat legi priori, the newer law should prevail. Moreover, as per the LHK regulation, tengkawang seeds are not classified as protected plant varieties, which legally allows them to be exported.
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Christensen, Eric. "LAWPesticide Regulation and International Trade." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 32, no. 9 (1990): 2–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1990.9929050.
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Woodside, Kenneth, Michael J. Trebilcock, and Robert Howse. "The Regulation of International Trade." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 22, no. 2 (1996): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551921.
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Wang, Qingran, Haibin Wu, Jun Xu, and Jiaren Pang. "Entry regulation and international trade." Applied Economics Letters 24, no. 3 (2016): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1176105.
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Foros, Øystein, Hans Jarle Kind, and Lars Sørgard. "Domestic Regulation and International Trade." Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 9, no. 1 (2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-008-0032-3.
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Sartzetakis, Eftichios Sophocles, and Christos Constantatos. "Environmental regulation and international trade." Journal of Regulatory Economics 8, no. 1 (1995): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01066600.
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Silberberger, Magdalene, and Jens Königer. "Regulation, trade and economic growth." Economic Systems 40, no. 2 (2016): 308–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.05.001.
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Seroshtanov, Kirill V. "Arms trade treaty and implementation of arms trade regulation." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 67 (October 1, 2020): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988613/67/13.
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Sundberg, Drew. "The EC Trade Barriers Regulation—An Obstacle to Trade?" Journal of World Trade 35, Issue 5 (2001): 989–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/381288.
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Tsutsieva, Oksana Taimurazovna. "THE PROGRESS OF REGIONALISM AND THE PATTERNS OF THE APPEARANCE OF MEGA-REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 11/4, no. 131 (2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.11.04.011.
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Mega-regional trade agreements have become a new development trend in international trade, the first of which (the agreement on the Trans-Pacific Partnership) was signed back in 2016. Despite the ambiguity of MRTS, it is assumed that in the near future, they will have a significant impact on the system of regulation of international trade on a par with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since international trade is undergoing significant changes in the 21st century, the system of its regulation (GATT / WTO) formed several decades ago requires significant changes. The most modern instrument for regulating international trade relations is the MRTS, whose rules are more effective than the existing WTO rules, or there are no such rules in the WTO so far.
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Harianto, Aries. "Regulating Foreign Labor in Emerging Economies: Between National Objectives and International Commitments." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0092.
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The dialectics of the regulation of foreign workers, is a problematic indication as a legal problem in Indonesian legislation. This article aims to describe the urgency of critical studies concerning the regulation of foreign workers by exploring existing legal problems with national commitments to ratify international agreements regarding free trade, with a case study in Indonesia. By using normative and juridical approach with a variety of approaches both the law approach, conceptual approach, case approach and comparative approach, the study found that the regulation there is an inconsistency clause regarding special competencies that must be owned by foreign workers, including the selection and use of terminology in Act No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. Thus, this study offers a constitutional solution due to the regulation of the subordinate foreign workers on international trade commitments which in turn negate the constitutional goals of creating the welfare of domestic workers. The normative consequences that immediately bind Indonesia after integrating itself in the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership are services trade agreements that are contained in the regulations of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Based on the GATT/WTO rules, national legislation or labor regulations that are too protective are considered to violate WTO provisions because the WTO substantially requires the creation of policies without discrimination in all matters including equalizing the position of foreign workers and domestic workers. The final finding of this study offers to draft the concept of future regulation regarding the regulation of foreign workers who are loaded with elements of the objectives of constitutional-based law.
 
 Received: 25 September 2020 / Accepted: 9 April 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Ervina, Ervina, Kartina Pakpahan, and Elvira Fitriyani Pakpahan. "Supervision of Goods Resulting from Trade With Non-Trade Online Deposit Business Activities (Permenkeu No. 96 of 2023)." International Journal of Business, Law, and Education 5, no. 2 (2024): 1799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v5i2.752.
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This research is motivated by the fact that online deposit business activities have recently become more widespread in line with advances in information and telecommunications technology. These activities are generally regulated through Minister of Finance Regulation Number 96 of 2023 concerning Customs, Excise and Tax Provisions for the Import and Export of Consigned Goods. Minister of Finance Regulation Number 96 is actually a replacement for the Minister of Finance Regulation Number 199/ PMK.010/ 2019 concerning Customs, Excise and Tax Provisions for Imported Consigned Goods previously. Minister of Finance Regulation Number 96 of 2023 itself, is an important regulation relating to services or online deposit business. The legal research method used in this research is normative juridical research which is research carried out or aimed only at written regulations with the nature of descriptive analysis research which is a method that functions to describe or provide an overview of the object being studied. The data source used is secondary data with quantitative data analysis. The results of this research are the implementation of Minister of Finance Regulation No. 96 of 2023 concerning Customs, Excise and Tax Provisions for the Import and Export of Shipped Goods regarding online deposit business activities is more aimed at avoiding the legal mode in the form of illegal import practices. The impact of the policy of Minister of Finance Regulation Number 96 of 2023 means that Jastip UMKM players in the e-commerce sector must adapt to technological advances, including the form of sales and purchase agreements in jastip, as well as causing consumers to have to consider the value of the goods they order because it affects the tax that must be paid.
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Iffatriansyah Soga, Weny Almoravid Dungga, and Zamroni Abdussamad. "Perlindungan Konsumen Berbasis Kepastian Hukum di Indonesia Tentang Larangan Impor Pakaian Bekas." Politika Progresif : Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Humaniora 1, no. 4 (2024): 20–35. https://doi.org/10.62383/progres.v1i4.863.
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This research aims to determine the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation No. 51/m-dag/per/7/2015 concerning the prohibition on imports of used clothing in Indonesia and the legal implications for consumer protection based on legal certainty in Indonesia. This research was conducted using a type of normative legal research with two types of approaches, namely the Statutory Approach and the Conceptual Approach. Based on research results, the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 51/M-DAG/7/2015 of 2015 concerning the prohibition on the import of used clothing is only limited to providing guidance and supervision and does not make recommendations to stop the business activities of trading imported used clothing to law enforcement authorities. The facts that occur in Indonesia state that there is still a lot of imported used clothing being bought and sold in markets and thrift shops, meaning that the implementation of the trade minister's regulations has not been implemented optimally. Legal Implications of the Implementation of Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 51/M-DAG/PER/7/2015 concerning the Prohibition of Importing Used Clothes for consumer protection based on legal certainty gives rise to vague norms and conflict of norms which results in the absence of legal certainty. This is because the trade minister's regulations cause multiple interpretations and conflict with the finance minister's regulation number 6/PMK.010/2022, so that the rights and obligations to protect consumers are not guaranteed through these regulations.
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Kirilenko, V. P., Yu V. Mishalchenko, and E. V. Vasileva. "Features of International Legal Regulation of Foreign Trade Contracts." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 16, no. 3 (2022): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-03-84-94.
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The article conducts a study to determine the mechanism of effective legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts when establishing mutually beneficial relations between participants in a foreign economic transaction who are subjects of law of different states by type of economic activity in accordance with and in accordance with the terms agreed by the parties on the basis of the applicable norms of national and international law and the legislation of the countries regulating these legal relations in foreign economic activity.Aim. To propose the most optimal directions for improving the legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts in the system of international integration.Tasks. To determine the legal basis for regulating foreign trade contracts in modern integration processes; to investigate the legal aspects, specifics and procedure for concluding foreign trade contracts, as well as to identify legal problems that hinder the development of these legal relations.Methods. In this research we used methods of comparative law, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of deduction and induction.Results. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that there are some problematic aspects of both national and international regulation in the field of foreign trade contracts. These problems are expressed in the absence of a single legal regulation for the conclusion and execution of foreign trade contracts, the presence of specific requirements for the content of the contract in different countries, and as a result, the appearance of conflicts at the stage of agreement of the text of the contract by partners from different countries, as well as in the absence of a single legal mechanism ensuring fair resolution of disputes between the parties to the contract.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the actual problems associated with the lack of the necessary comprehensive legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts, the authors propose optimal ways to solve them by harmonizing legislation at the international level in order to humanely and fairly bring together the legislations of states and establish comparable regulatory legal regulation in relation to the legal regulation of the content, conclusion and execution of a foreign trade contract.
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Campbell, Iain. "Casual Employment, Labour Regulation and Australian Trade Unions." Journal of Industrial Relations 38, no. 4 (1996): 571–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569603800404.
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This article explores the implications for trade unions of the rapid expansion in Australia of casual employment—a distinctive form of non-standard employment characterized by a lack of entitlement to most employment benefits and forms of employment protection. The article summarizes the main features of casual em ployment and the evidertce for its growth since 1982. It highlights the role of award regulation in shaping casual employment. Casual employment is identified as unprotected employment, which survived within the award system and indeed flourished in the gaps created by officially sanctioned exemptions from protection and limits in the enforcement and reach of award regulation. Labour market deregulation in the 1990s has in turn widened these gaps and facilitated both an expansion of casual employment and an extension of some casual conditions of employment into sections of the permanent workforce. These developments offer a major challenge to Australian trade unions. They underline the failure of tradi tional trade union policies, oriented to a simple rejection of all forms of non- standard employment. They pose a threat both to the set of employment rights and benefits slowly built up by trade union action in the course of past decades and to the legitimacy of trade unions as representative institutions. Australian trade unions are still struggling to come to grips with this threat. Traditional policies remain dominant, but recent trade union policy and practical efforts point towards a new approach that builds on a less hostile and more discriminating attitude to non-standard employment. In relation to the crucial issue of labour regulation the new approach pivots on the important theme of decasualization. The direction of change is promising. But the article argues that the new approach remains weak and underdeveloped as a result of its narrow orientation to the redesign of agreements within the shrinking sphere of effective regulation, its focus on casual status rather than casual conditions of employment and its inability to find effective levers for implementation
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Hu, Yuanhong, Sheng Sun, and Yixin Dai. "Environmental regulation, green innovation, and international competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises in China: From the perspective of heterogeneous regulatory tools." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0249169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249169.
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Based on combined data from the China Patent Database, China Industrial Enterprise Database, and China Customs Import and Export Database for the period 2004–2010, this study investigates the impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on the export technological sophistication of manufacturing enterprises. Given deepening international market segmentation of production and the increasing proportion of intermediate trade, and compared with the traditional method based on exports, the export technological sophistication calculated here, based on value-added, is closer to the true level. Since there has been no in-depth comparative study on the relationship between heterogeneous environmental regulation and export technological sophistication, this study fills the gap. The results show that all three regulation types bear a U-shaped impact on export technological sophistication. Command-control regulation exhibits a restraining effect on mixed trade, eastern, and foreign-funded enterprises. Market-incentive regulation promotes processing and mixed trade enterprises as well as domestic and foreign-funded enterprises. Voluntary-participation regulation promotes all enterprises with different trade patterns and ownership. The mechanism analysis shows that command-control and market-participation environmental regulations affect export technological sophistication through the green invention and green utility innovation channels, while, additionally, market-incentive environmental regulation affects export technological sophistication through the green design innovation channel. Considering the environmental governance issues, the policy implications for enhancing the entire industrial chain and enterprises’ export competitiveness are clear. Due to the unclear functions and powers of competent departments and a rigid threshold, command-control regulation is not conducive to cleaner production technology and the promotion of enterprises’ export competitiveness; it should thus be discouraged. Although both market-incentive and voluntary-participation regulations have promoted cleaner production technology and enterprises’ competitiveness significantly, the environmental tax system requires continuous improvement. The government should continue to raise public involvement in environmental protection to enrich the channels and forms of environmental management.
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ROBERTS, DONNA, and LAURIAN UNNEVEHR. "Resolving trade disputes arising from trends in food safety regulation: the role of the multilateral governance framework." World Trade Review 4, no. 3 (2005): 469–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605002466.
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New food regulations may impede international trade, but multilateral mechanisms can resolve trade conflicts when they do arise. Food safety regulation in industrialized countries during the 1990s increasingly uses risk analysis in a farm-to-table approach, promotes the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system, and increases the stringency of standards or creates new regulations for hazards. The 1995 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), negotiated by World Trade Organization (WTO) members, establishes a framework to reduce their trade distorting aspects. Three of the principles under the SPS Agreement – science-based risk assessment, equivalence, and harmonization – directly address aspects of food safety regulation that create the potential for trade disputes. In many cases, the science requirements of the Agreement have led to the elimination of unnecessary regulatory barriers to trade. However, some high profile cases remain unresolved because of gaps in convergence around risk management principles that were not spelled out in the Agreement in deference to national sovereignty. The evidence also indicates that there has been limited progress in reducing regulatory transactions costs to trade in food through equivalence or harmonization.
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Glazatov, M. V. "New Vectors of WTO Law Development and Certain Issues of Application of the Subsidy Instrument." Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, no. 5 (2022): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.138.5.182-195.
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The multilateral system of trade regulation is the most complex institution of international law. Over the past three decades, the members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have managed to form not only the format of negotiations — the World Trade Organization, but also the rules and regulations for doing business in the world market, including the rules for granting subsidies. However, the further development of the organization is undergoing a crisis. The equilibrium application of international trade rules is now impossible due to the current situation: some developing countries, which at the time of joining the WTO recorded a large number of exemptions and transition periods, have grown economically and can now compete on an equal footing with developed countries. On the other hand, it is impossible to talk about any violations, since these exemptions were “agreed”. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that the WTO, although it uses the concepts of “developing, developed and least developed countries”, does not have its own classification of countries according to economic development and cannot respond to changes in their development. The questions posed by the last round of multilateral trade negotiations (the Doha round) have already begun to affect such areas of regulation in which the equalization of the norms and rules of trade between developing countries and developed countries affects not only the economic but also the social sphere. In addition, a deeper level of typification of trade regulation rules affects the mechanisms of interaction that go beyond the activities of such an international organization as the WTO and are inherent in integration associations. Nevertheless, active WTO members have put forward initiatives to change the rules for issuing subsidies, aimed at tightening them and even deeper unification of national jurisdictions with standard international approaches to regulating state support.
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Voloshyn, Roman. "Regulation of foreign trade relations on the Ukraine grain market." ED/2019/1, no. 1 (March 2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-1-2.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Grain market plays an important role in the system of foreign trade relations of Ukraine. Its benefits are due to the much risk factors, but the advancement of grain in foreign markets requires adjusting of certain regulatory processes. Methods. Investigation of the aspects of state regulation of various types of processes, which were characterized by the monographic method, taking into account the possibilities of legal regulations, methods of analysis and synthesis - for systematization of the revealed tendencies, statistical methods and methods of regulation. Results. The article outlines and generalizes the basic directions of regulation of the Ukraine grain market in the context of export potential realization, including improvement of quality standards, product quality and increasing of its value added. The methodological principles of grain market regulation, draws attention to the shortcomings of the regulatory system, proposes areas for improving the regulation of the grain market, which include improving the quality of exported products, increasing its value added and harmonizing standards. Discussion. Further research in this area should relate to the scientific substantiation of the proposed areas, the formation of an economic and organizational mechanism for their implementation. Keywords: grain market, state regulation, foreign trade, World Trade Organization, customs tariffs, non-tariff restrictions, free trade area, added value, export.