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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade signal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Legett, Henry D., Rachel A. Page, and Ximena E. Bernal. "Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 9, 2019): 20191067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1067.

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Conspicuous mating signals attract mates but also expose signallers to predators and parasites. Signal evolution, therefore, is driven by conflicting selective pressures from multiple receivers, both target and non-target. Synchronization of mating signals, for example, is an evolutionary puzzle, given the assumed high cost of reduced female attraction when signals overlap. Synchronization may be beneficial, however, if overlapping signals reduce attraction of non-target receivers. We investigate how signal synchronization is shaped by the trade-off between natural and sexual selection in two anuran species: pug-nosed tree frogs ( Smilisca sila ), in which males produce mating calls in near-perfect synchrony, and túngara frogs ( Engystomops pustulosus ), in which males alternate their calls. To examine the trade-off imposed by signal synchronization, we conducted field and laboratory playback experiments on eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) and target receivers (female frogs). Our results suggest that, while synchronization can be a general strategy for signallers to reduce their exposure to eavesdroppers, relaxed selection by females for unsynchronized calls is key to the evolution and maintenance of signal synchrony. This study highlights the role of relaxed selection in our understanding of the origin of mating signals and displays.

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Landry, R. "Cost trade-offs in mixed-signal SoC designs." Electronics Systems and Software 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ess:20040102.

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Cummings, Molly E. "SENSORY TRADE-OFFS PREDICT SIGNAL DIVERGENCE IN SURFPERCH." Evolution 61, no. 3 (March 2007): 530–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00047.x.

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4

Wei, Peihwang, and Susan M. L. Zee. "TRADE CREDIT AS QUALITY SIGNAL: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON." Managerial Finance 23, no. 4 (April 1997): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb018621.

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Won, Jong Hoon, Bernd Eissfeller, Andreas Schmitz-Peiffer, Jean-Jacques Floch, Francesca Zanier, and Enrico Colzi. "Trade-Off Between Data Rate and Signal Power Split in GNSS Signal Design." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 48, no. 3 (July 2012): 2260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2012.6237591.

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Feng, Cheng, Stefan Preussler, Jaffar Emad Kadum, and Thomas Schneider. "Measurement Accuracy Enhancement via Radio Frequency Filtering in Distributed Brillouin Sensing." Sensors 19, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132878.

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In this article, we demonstrate the noise reduction and signal to noise ratio (SNR) enhancement in Brillouin optical time-domain analyzers (BOTDA). The results show that, although the main noise contribution comes from the Brillouin interaction itself, a simple low pass filtering on the detected radio frequency (RF) signal reduces remarkably the noise level of the BOTDA traces. The corresponding SNR enhancement depends on the employed cut-off frequency of the low pass filter. Due to the enhancement of the SNR, a mitigation of the standard deviation error of the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) has been demonstrated. However, RF filters with low cut-off frequency could lead to distortions on the trace signals and therefore detection errors on a non-uniform BFS. The trade-off between the noise reduction and the signal distortion as well as an optimal cut-off frequency are discussed in detail.

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Pramudya, Rommy, and Rommy Pramudya. "Technical Analysis To Determine Buying And Selling Signal In Stock Trade." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 9, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v9i1.666.

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The purpose of this study is to determine which indicators are more capable of showing more accurate sell and buy signals on the LQ45 index by using the oscillator indicator Moving Average Divergent Convergent (MACD), Bollinger Band, and Relative Strength Index (RSI). The results in this study indicate that the sell signal can be captured well by the Bollinger band and MACD indicators, but it cannot be captured properly by the RSI, the volume can be small or heading and are in the side ways, while the MACD plays a too slow role in capturing the signal buy compared to Bollinger bands and RSI. The use of a single indicator will never show a buy and sell signal that is really accurate, this is based on the results of research that shows the difference in timeliness in Bollinger, RSI and also MACD so that the combination of several types of indicators will be better compared to using single indicators. Although in statistics there are no significant differences, there are only differences in increment and improvement in the placement of existing values, but in this case, the order of this value is crucial for traders because it requires very high accuracy to determine the right decision in daily transactions.

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Ho-Van, Khuong, and Thiem Do-Dac. "Reliability-Security Trade-Off Analysis of Cognitive Radio Networks with Jamming and Licensed Interference." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5457176.

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Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) allow coexistence of unlicensed users (UUs) and licensed users (LUs) and hence, mutual interference between UUs and LUs is neither ignored nor considered as Gaussian-distributed quantity. Additionally, exploiting jamming signals to purposely interfere with signal reception of eavesdroppers is a feasible solution to improve security performance of CRNs. This paper analyzes reliability-security trade-off, which accounts for maximum transmit power constraint, interference power constraint, jamming signal, and Rayleigh fading, and considers interference from LUs as non-Gaussian-distributed quantity. Toward this end, exact closed-form expressions of successful detection probability and successful eavesdropping probability, from which reliability-security trade-off is straightforwardly visible, are first suggested and then validated by Monte-Carlo simulations. Various results demonstrate that interference from LUs considerably decreases both probabilities while jamming signal enlarges the difference between them, emphasizing its effectiveness in improving security performance.

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Russell, Avery L., David W. Kikuchi, Noah W. Giebink, and Daniel R. Papaj. "Sensory bias and signal detection trade-offs maintain intersexual floral mimicry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1802 (May 18, 2020): 20190469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0469.

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Mimicry is common in interspecies interactions, yet conditions maintaining Batesian mimicry have been primarily tested in predator–prey interactions. In pollination mutualisms, floral mimetic signals thought to dupe animals into pollinating unrewarding flowers are widespread (greater than 32 plant families). Yet whether animals learn to both correctly identify floral models and reject floral mimics and whether these responses are frequency-dependent is not well understood. We tested how learning affected the effectiveness and frequency-dependence of imperfect Batesian mimicry among flowers using the generalist bumblebee, Bombus impatiens , visiting Begonia odorata , a plant species exhibiting intersexual floral mimicry. Unrewarding female flowers are mimics of pollen-rewarding male flowers (models), though mimicry to the human eye is imperfect. Flower-naive bees exhibited a perceptual bias for mimics over models, but rapidly learned to avoid mimics. Surprisingly, altering the frequency of models and mimics only marginally shaped responses by naive bees and by bees experienced with the distribution and frequency of models and mimics. Our results provide evidence both of exploitation by the plant of signal detection trade-offs in bees and of resistance by the bees, via learning, to this exploitation. Critically, we provide experimental evidence that imperfect Batesian mimicry can be adaptive and, in contrast with expectations of signal detection theory, functions largely independently of the model and mimic frequency. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.

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Virkler, Mark R. "Signal Coordination Benefits for Pedestrians." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-12.

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The potential benefits of reducing pedestrian delay through signal coordination are examined through field data from 10 intersection approaches. The approaches had cycle lengths ranging from 60 to 90 s, walking lengths from the upstream signals ranging from 87 to 105 m, and varying levels of midblock traffic generation. Significant platooning of pedestrians, due to upstream signals, was found on the approaches. This pedestrian platooning could greatly increase or decrease pedestrian delay at the downstream signals, depending on the signal coordination plan. For low green times, the effect of pedestrian platooning on delay was found to be greater than that generally recognized for the automobile mode. Three techniques are described for determining appropriate signal offsets to benefit pedestrians. The first two techniques use average speed and would benefit pedestrians who have speeds that are equal to or greater than the average speed. The third technique determines the delay to be expected from any offset and can, therefore, be helpful in making trade-offs between pedestrian and vehicular delay.

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11

Anesi, Vincent, and Giovanni Facchini. "Coercive Trade Policy." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 225–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20170085.

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Coercion is used by one government (the “sender”) to influence the trade practices of another (the “target”). We build a two-country trade model in which coercion can be exercised unilaterally or channeled through a “weak” international organization without enforcement powers. We show that unilateral coercion may be ineffective because signaling incentives lead the sender to demand a concession so substantial to make it unacceptable to the target. If the sender can instead commit to the international organization’s dispute settlement mechanism, then compliance is more likely because the latter places a cap on the sender’s incentives to signal its resolve. (JEL D74, D82, F12, F53)

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Qiu, Zhigang. "Equilibrium-Informed Trading with Relative Performance Measurement." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 52, no. 5 (October 2017): 2083–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109017000618.

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This article analyzes the informative trading of professional money managers within a rational-expectations equilibrium model in which managers care about their performance relative to their peer group. I find that the existence of uninformed managers causes informed managers with relative performance concerns to trade less informatively, engendering less informative prices. When managers are differentially informed, they need to forecast the average performance based on private signals, and each manager may place more weight on the private signal if the signal provides good information about the average performance. The price aggregates those signals and thus becomes more informative.

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Alonso-Alvarez, C., Lorenzo Pérez-Rodríguez, Jesus T. Garcia, and Javier Viñuela. "Testosterone-mediated trade-offs in the old age: a new approach to the immunocompetence handicap and carotenoid-based sexual signalling." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 11, 2009): 2093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1891.

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The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis proposes that testosterone mediates a trade-off between sexual signalling and immunocompetence in males. Such a trade-off could favour the reliability of sexual signals on the basis that testosterone required for signal expression also promotes immunosuppression. However, the immunosuppressive activity of testosterone has not been convincingly demonstrated. We propose that the optimal solution to the testosterone-mediated trade-off should change with age, explaining ambiguous results in the past. Testosterone and ageing would promote two simultaneous immunosuppressive challenges unaffordable for low-quality males. Oxidative stress, as intimately related to ageing and immunosenescence, could contribute to enhance signal reliability. In this context, traits coloured by carotenoids (yellow–red traits) could play a crucial role due to the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of these pigments. Here, old and middle-aged male red-legged partridges were treated with testosterone or manipulated as controls. In the presence of high-testosterone levels, middle-aged males increased both circulating carotenoid levels and colour expression, whereas their cell-mediated immunity was not significantly altered. However, in old males, neither circulating carotenoids nor sexual signalling increased when treated with testosterone, but immunosuppression was detected. The link between testosterone and carotenoids could favour the reliability of sexual signals throughout the life.

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Roesler, Anne-Katrin, and Balázs Szentes. "Buyer-Optimal Learning and Monopoly Pricing." American Economic Review 107, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 2072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160145.

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This paper analyzes a bilateral trade model where the buyer's valuation for the object is uncertain and she observes only a signal about her valuation. The seller gives a take-it-or-leave-it offer to the buyer. Our goal is to characterize those signal structures which maximize the buyer's expected payoff. We identify a buyer-optimal signal structure which generates (i) efficient trade and (ii) a unit-elastic demand. Furthermore, we show that every other buyer-optimal signal structure yields the same outcome as the one we identify: in particular, the same price. (JEL D11, D42, D82, D83, L12)

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Tegtman, Natalie T., and Robert D. Magrath. "Discriminating between similar alarm calls of contrasting function." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1802 (May 18, 2020): 20190474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0474.

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In a pioneering study of signal design, Marler (Marler 1955 Nature 176 , 6–8. ( doi:10.1038/176006a0 ); Marler 1957 Behaviour 11 , 13–37. ( doi:10.1163/156853956X00066 )) argued that the contrasting acoustic design of hawk (seet) and mobbing alarm calls of European passerines reflected their contrasting function. Hawk alarms were high-frequency tones, warning conspecifics to flee but making localization difficult for predators, while mobbing calls were broadband and harsh, allowing easy localization and approach. Contrasting signal features are also consistent with signal detection theory. Discriminating these calls quickly is critical for survival, because hawk alarms require immediate escape. These signals should therefore be selected to be easy to discriminate, reducing the trade-off between immediate fleeing to hawk alarms and unnecessary fleeing to mobbing alarms. Despite these expectations, hawk and mobbing alarm calls of superb fairy-wrens, Malurus cyaneus , are surprisingly similar, raising the question of discriminability without contextual cues. We synthesized these calls on computer, made intermediates and used playbacks to test whether calls can be discriminated acoustically, and if so by what features. We found that birds used multiple acoustic features when discriminating calls, allowing fast discrimination despite overlap in individual parameters. We speculate that the similarity of fairy-wren alarm calls could enhance detectability of both signals, while multiple subtle acoustic differences reduce a trade-off with discriminability. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.

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Basoglu, C., Woobin Lee, and J. O'Donnell. "The Equator MAP-CA/spl trade/ DSP: an end-to-end broadband signal processor/spl trade/ VLIW." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 12, no. 8 (August 2002): 646–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2002.800864.

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17

Fan, Xian Guang, Xin Wang, Jing Lin Wu, and Yong Zuo. "Accuracy-Complexity Trade-Off for the Signal Reconstruction of Multifunctional Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.618.

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The on-chip signal reconstruction method based on B-spline approximation and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for multifunctional sensors has been studied previously. In this paper, we focus on the design for reducing the complexity of the reconstruction method without significant loss of reconstruction accuracy. The two-objective optimization design framework is proposed, where the reconstruction accuracy and complexity are considering as two conflicting costs to be decreased jointly. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented to achieve the accuracy-complexity trade-off by optimizing the B-spline structure parameters, i.e. the dimensions of knot vectors. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides a good improvement to the B-spline and EKF based on-chip signal reconstruction method.

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Guantes, Raúl, Javier Estrada, and Juan F. Poyatos. "Trade-offs and Noise Tolerance in Signal Detection by Genetic Circuits." PLoS ONE 5, no. 8 (August 26, 2010): e12314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012314.

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19

Hogan, Ked, Michael Melvin, and Dan J. Roberts. "Trade balance news and exchange rates: Is there a policy signal?" Journal of International Money and Finance 10 (March 1991): S90—S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(91)90048-o.

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Aceska, Roza, Armenak Petrosyan, and Sui Tang. "Multidimensional Signal Recovery in Discrete Evolution Systems via Spatiotemporal Trade Off." Sampling Theory in Signal and Image Processing 14, no. 2 (May 2015): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03549592.

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Bouvier, Jacques W., David M. Emms, Timothy Rhodes, Jai S. Bolton, Amelia Brasnett, Alice Eddershaw, Jochem R. Nielsen, Anastasia Unitt, Spencer M. Whitney, and Steven Kelly. "Rubisco Adaptation Is More Limited by Phylogenetic Constraint Than by Catalytic Trade-off." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 7 (March 19, 2021): 2880–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab079.

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Abstract Rubisco assimilates CO2 to form the sugars that fuel life on earth. Correlations between rubisco kinetic traits across species have led to the proposition that rubisco adaptation is highly constrained by catalytic trade-offs. However, these analyses did not consider the phylogenetic context of the enzymes that were analyzed. Thus, it is possible that the correlations observed were an artefact of the presence of phylogenetic signal in rubisco kinetics and the phylogenetic relationship between the species that were sampled. Here, we conducted a phylogenetically resolved analysis of rubisco kinetics and show that there is a significant phylogenetic signal in rubisco kinetic traits. We re-evaluated the extent of catalytic trade-offs accounting for this phylogenetic signal and found that all were attenuated. Following phylogenetic correction, the largest catalytic trade-offs were observed between the Michaelis constant for CO2 and carboxylase turnover (∼21–37%), and between the Michaelis constants for CO2 and O2 (∼9–19%), respectively. All other catalytic trade-offs were substantially attenuated such that they were marginal (<9%) or non-significant. This phylogenetically resolved analysis of rubisco kinetic evolution also identified kinetic changes that occur concomitant with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Finally, we show that phylogenetic constraints have played a larger role than catalytic trade-offs in limiting the evolution of rubisco kinetics. Thus, although there is strong evidence for some catalytic trade-offs, rubisco adaptation has been more limited by phylogenetic constraint than by the combined action of all catalytic trade-offs.

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Noland, Robert B. "Pedestrian Travel Times and Motor Vehicle Traffic Signals." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1553, no. 1 (January 1996): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155300104.

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Traffic signals generally have been installed to maximize the flow of motor vehicle traffic by reducing the average travel delay time. Under free-flow conditions, motor vehicle travel delay is very sensitive to the amount of green phase and the total cycle of the traffic signal. Average pedestrian delay at traffic signals is not taken into account. Some simple examples are used to demonstrate that travel time delay costs to pedestrians caused by existing signalization cycles may often result in increased travel time costs to society. In areas with heavy pedestrian traffic (or during peak pedestrian hours), traffic signals should trade off the costs of motor vehicle delay with pedestrian delay. This may suggest that in some areas, motor vehicle traffic should be banned or severely restricted. Narrower street widths that can allow reduced total signal cycle times can also reduce pedestrian delay.

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Hicks, Raymond, and Soo Yeon Kim. "Reciprocal Trade Agreements in Asia: Credible Commitment to Trade Liberalization or Paper Tigers?" Journal of East Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (April 2012): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800007608.

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Reciprocal trade agreements (RTAs) have proliferated rapidly in Asia in recent years, an unprecedented phenomenon in a region in which state-led institution-building efforts were largely unsuccessful during the Cold War years. In this article, we investigate the qualitative provisions of RTAs in Asia, focusing on agreements that are professedly geared toward trade liberalization through reciprocal exchanges of trade concessions. We build on the concept of credible commitment—that states “tie their hands” through international agreements and thus signal strong commitment to trade liberalization. We argue that a broad range of agreement provisions will affect an RTA's ability to achieve its primary objective: trade liberalization. We present a coding scheme that measures the strength of a wide variety of provisions in the legal texts of RTAs. Using quantitative analysis, we analyze the impact of various components of Asia's RTAs on participants' trade flows.

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Jiang, Chen, Hyung Woo Choi, Xiang Cheng, Hanbin Ma, David Hasko, and Arokia Nathan. "Printed subthreshold organic transistors operating at high gain and ultralow power." Science 363, no. 6428 (February 14, 2019): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7057.

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Overcoming the trade-offs among power consumption, fabrication cost, and signal amplification has been a long-standing issue for wearable electronics. We report a high-gain, fully inkjet-printed Schottky barrier organic thin-film transistor amplifier circuit. The transistor signal amplification efficiency is 38.2 siemens per ampere, which is near the theoretical thermionic limit, with an ultralow power consumption of <1 nanowatt. The use of a Schottky barrier for the source gave the transistor geometry-independent electrical characteristics and accommodated the large dimensional variation in inkjet-printed features. These transistors exhibited good reliability with negligible threshold-voltage shift. We demonstrated this capability with an ultralow-power high-gain amplifier for the detection of electrophysiological signals and showed a signal-to-noise ratio of >60 decibels and noise voltage of <0.3 microvolt per hertz1/2at 100 hertz.

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Yuan, Yun, Yue Liu, and Jie Yu. "Trade-off between signal and cross-elimination strategies during evacuation traffic management." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 97 (December 2018): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.10.013.

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Wu, Cathy, Alexei Pozdnukhov, and Alexandre M. Bayen. "Block Simplex Signal Recovery: Methods, Trade-Offs, and an Application to Routing." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 21, no. 4 (April 2020): 1547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2019.2914174.

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Bissinger, Brett E., J. D. Park, Daniel Cook, and Alan J. Hunter. "Signal processing trade-offs for the quality assessment of acoustic color signatures." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 4 (October 2017): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5014592.

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Baryeh, Loretta, Peter DaDalt, and Varda Yaari. "Insider trading by directors and seniors officers before seasoned equity offerings." Corporate Ownership and Control 7, no. 2 (2009): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv7i2c3p3.

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An important aspect of corporate governance is how directors discharge their duty to shareholders as monitors of management’s opportunistic behavior. The insider trading by officers and directors before seasoned equity offerings (SEO) provide an opportunity to examine this issue, because insiders’ sales of the firm’s stock are incongruent with the objective of the firm to maximize the proceeds of the SEO. Since the market is aware that firms attempt to inflate their proceeds by managing earnings upwards, these trades may signal that the stock is overvalued. In this study, we compare the earnings management activity and the corresponding market response to earnings management and sales by senior officers and directors. We study a sample of 233 firms that conducted SEOs in the 1987-2004 period and either their directors and/or their senior officers traded in the firm’s shares. We find that 15% have insider trading by directors only, and 85% by both directors and senior officers. The market discounts the insider trading at the issuance date (the discount increases in the volume of insiders sales), but it treats insider trading by directors as a favorable signal that reduces the discount. Our study then identifies two ways directors monitor opportunistic insider trading before SEO. One is to ban it, as evident by the fact that under our selection criteria, 791 firms conducted SEOs in the 1987-2004 period. The other is to trade too as a positive signal to the market.

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Smith, Michael E. "Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence." Ancient Mesoamerica 1, no. 2 (1990): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000183.

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AbstractThis article presents archaeological data on Late Postclassic long-distance trade in central and northern Mesoamerica. Aztec trade goods from the Basin of Mexico (ceramics and obsidian) are widespread, while imports from other areas are much less common, both in the Basin of Mexico and elsewhere. The artifactual data signal a high volume of exchange in the Late Postclassic, and while trade was spatially nucleated around the Basin of Mexico, most exchange activity was apparently not under strong political control. The archaeological findings are compared with ethnohistoric sources to further our knowledge of the mechanisms of exchange, the effect of elite consumption on trade, and the relationship between trade and imperialism.

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Wagner, Kyle, and James A. Reggia. "The emergence of an internally-grounded, multireferent communication system." Interaction Studies 7, no. 1 (March 23, 2006): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.7.1.06wag.

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Previous simulation work on the evolution of communication has not shown how a large signal repertoire could emerge in situated agents. We present an artificial life simulation of agents, situated in a two-dimensional world, that must search for other agents with whom they can trade resources. With strong restrictions on which resources can be traded for others, initially non-communicating agents evolve/learn a signal system that describes the resource they seek and the resource they are willing to offer in return. A large signal repertoire emerges mainly through an evolutionary process. Agents whose production and comprehension abilities rely on a single mechanism fare best, although learning enables agents with separate mechanisms to achieve some measure of success. These results demonstrate that substantial signaling repertoires can evolve in situated multi-agent systems, and suggest that simulated social interactions such as trading may provide a useful context for further computational studies of the evolution of communication.

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Khalaf, Fatimah, Prabhatchandra Dube, Amal Mohamed, Jiang Tian, Deepak Malhotra, Steven Haller, and David Kennedy. "Cardiotonic Steroids and the Sodium Trade Balance: New Insights into Trade-Off Mechanisms Mediated by the Na+/K+-ATPase." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 2576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092576.

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In 1972 Neal Bricker presented the “trade-off” hypothesis in which he detailed the role of physiological adaptation processes in mediating some of the pathophysiology associated with declines in renal function. In the late 1990’s Xie and Askari published seminal studies indicating that the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) was not only an ion pump, but also a signal transducer that interacts with several signaling partners. Since this discovery, numerous studies from multiple laboratories have shown that the NKA is a central player in mediating some of these long-term “trade-offs” of the physiological adaptation processes which Bricker originally proposed in the 1970’s. In fact, NKA ligands such as cardiotonic steroids (CTS), have been shown to signal through NKA, and consequently been implicated in mediating both adaptive and maladaptive responses to volume overload such as fibrosis and oxidative stress. In this review we will emphasize the role the NKA plays in this “trade-off” with respect to CTS signaling and its implication in inflammation and fibrosis in target organs including the heart, kidney, and vasculature. As inflammation and fibrosis exhibit key roles in the pathogenesis of a number of clinical disorders such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, obesity, preeclampsia, and aging, this review will also highlight the role of newly discovered NKA signaling partners in mediating some of these conditions.

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Day, Christopher M., and Darcy M. Bullock. "Investigation of Self-Organizing Traffic Signal Control with Graphical Signal Performance Measures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2620, no. 1 (January 2017): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2620-07.

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Adaptive signal control is the subject of an increasing amount of research, development, and implementation. Most existing adaptive control systems achieve coordination by applying system control as a constraining layer on top of local control. Some researchers have suggested that, with the right local control logic, coordination might be achieved as a dynamically emergent phenomenon without the need for a management layer. This paper describes how the potential of a self-organizing signal control algorithm was explored with various performance measures. First, the initially reported algorithm performance was reproduced in an idealized environment; next, the algorithm was applied in a realistic road network to compare its performance with that of actuated coordinated control, with and without pedestrian phases. Comparisons were made under ( a) the same base volumes used to design the actuated coordinated timing plan and ( b) variant volumes. Self-organizing control was found to be more flexible than coordinated control and induced a performance trade-off between movement types. Delay reductions of 38% to 56% were observed in an environment with no pedestrian phase. However, with pedestrian phases in recall, self-organizing control performed worse (39% increase in delay) under base volumes and achieved a weak benefit (6% reduction in delay) under variant volumes. Because of the large total delay reductions in some scenarios, the results show promise for future development.

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Gao, Yang, Dapeng Tian, and Wang. "Fuzzy Self-tuning Tracking Differentiator for Motion Measurement Sensors and Application in Wide-Bandwidth High-accuracy Servo Control." Sensors 20, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030948.

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Sensor differential signals are widely used in many systems. The tracking differentiator (TD) is an effective method to obtain signal differentials. Differential calculation is noise-sensitive. There is the characteristics of low-pass filter (LPF) in the TD to suppress the noise, but phase lag is introduced. For LPF, fixed filtering parameters cannot achieve both noise suppression and phase compensation lag compensation. We propose a fuzzy self-tuning tracking differentiator (FSTD) capable of adaptively adjusting parameters, which uses the frequency information of the signal to achieve a trade-off between the phase lag and noise suppression capabilities. Based on the frequency information, the parameters of TD are self-tuning by a fuzzy method, which makes self-tuning designs more flexible. Simulations and experiments using motion measurement sensors show that the proposed method has good filtering performance for low-frequency signals and improves tracking ability for high-frequency signals compared to fixed-parameter differentiator.

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Herrera, Roberto H., Jiajun Han, and Mirko van der Baan. "Applications of the synchrosqueezing transform in seismic time-frequency analysis." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): V55—V64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0204.1.

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Time-frequency representation of seismic signals provides a source of information that is usually hidden in the Fourier spectrum. The short-time Fourier transform and the wavelet transform are the principal approaches to simultaneously decompose a signal into time and frequency components. Known limitations, such as trade-offs between time and frequency resolution, may be overcome by alternative techniques that extract instantaneous modal components. Empirical mode decomposition aims to decompose a signal into components that are well separated in the time-frequency plane allowing the reconstruction of these components. On the other hand, a recently proposed method called the “synchrosqueezing transform” (SST) is an extension of the wavelet transform incorporating elements of empirical mode decomposition and frequency reassignment techniques. This new tool produces a well-defined time-frequency representation allowing the identification of instantaneous frequencies in seismic signals to highlight individual components. We introduce the SST with applications for seismic signals and produced promising results on synthetic and field data examples.

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Bin, Wang, Yang Wenfang, and Wang Jinkuan. "Adaptive Waveform Design for Multiple Radar Tasks Based on Constant Modulus Constraint." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/295493.

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Cognitive radar is an intelligent system, and it can adaptively transmit waveforms to the complex environment. The intelligent radar system should be able to provide different trade-offs among a variety of performance objectives. In this paper, we investigate the mutual information (MI) in signal-dependent interference and channel noise. We propose a waveform design method which can efficiently synthesize waveforms and provide a trade-off between estimation performance and detection performance. After obtaining a local optimal waveform, we apply the technique of generating a constant modulus signal with the given Fourier transform magnitude to the waveform. Finally we obtain a waveform that has constant modulus property.

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Feinberg, Richard E. "Regionalism and Domestic Politics: U.S.-Latin American Trade Policy in the Bush Era." Latin American Politics and Society 44, no. 04 (2002): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2002.tb00225.x.

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Abstract With remarkable success, Latin Americans have sought to impose their free trade policy agenda on a very reluctant and internally fractious United States. They have an ally in President George W. Bush, whose senior appointments notably support hemispheric trade integration even as political pressures sometimes have yielded protectionist outcomes. Bush's trade negotiator, Robert Zoellick, pursues a doctrine of competitive liberalization while accepting some linkage between trade and social and political goals. In negotiating the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), the administration will have to balance many domestic pressures without alienating Latin America. Ultimately, FTAA ratification will signal a new Western Hemisphere economic-security alliance for the twenty-first century.

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Li, Xiao Ying, Cai Wu Lu, and Wei Xing Jin. "A Study on Game of Carbon Trade Risks under Non-Market Function." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.382.

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This paper through the analysis on status and barriers of carbon trade in China and factors for price, made a study on the game of carbon trade risks under non-market function. This paper used the reverse signal transduction model, analyzes the path selection of emissions measures under the government mandatory policy. And it established the two stages carbon trading competition model, which reveals the best effort level and the optimal referral reward (incentive problems) under the voluntary emissions of carbon trading. And then it established the characteristic carbon trade mode of China providing reference to the economic development of China’s future carbon emission trade market.

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Riskyta, Mirza Dewi, and Leo Herlambang. "Perbedaan Likuiditas Saham Sebelum dan Setelah Penerapan Keputusan Perubahan Satuan Perdagangan (Studi Pada Emiten di JII)." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 2, no. 3 (December 4, 2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol2iss20153pp265-273.

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Application of unit trade change decision is one that can be used as balance information for the investors to take an investment decision. Investors must be able to analyse the signal of any information regarding the application. That signal can change of supply and demand’s shares. This study aims to find out the reaction of stock liquidity on application of unit trade change decision indicated by the difference of Trading Volume Activity (TVA) and Transaction Frequency Activity (TFA) on before and after the application of trade change decision. This study use event study approach held on 30 emiten of stock listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange period December 2013 – May 2014. This study use observation period for 11 days, are t-5 (five days before the application), t-0 (event date), and t+5 (five days after the application). Hypothesis test use paired t-test. The result based on statistical test with significance level (α) = 5% produce probability value 0.599 for TVA and 0.121 for TFA. Based on these result, it can be concluded that there is no significant difference between TVA and TFA on before and after the application of trade change decision.

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Yuan, Weiquan, Steven A. Johnson, Michael J. Berggren, and Richard S. Eidens. "A Concave Annular Array Design, Based on Phasor Summation — Part I: Design Methodology." Ultrasonic Imaging 10, no. 4 (October 1988): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173468801000404.

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A detailed method for the design of anular arrays based on phasor summation is developed. The net phase shift across each annulus obtained by phasor summation is a very important factor in the design of an annular array, and determines the strength of the signal received. The method presented in this paper allows the designer to evaluate the trade-offs in parameters such as the strength of the signal from each annulus, the efficiency of each annulus, and the depth of focus that would be achievable. A concave annular array has been fabricated according to this design method. A set of graphs are given for an actual design to illustrate how one may readily evaluate these trade-offs.

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Bore, Obert. "Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in African Regional Economic Communities: Lessons and New Developments." African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 3-4 (May 14, 2020): 242–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340051.

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Abstract African regional trade agreements often provide for dispute settlement mechanisms and procedures that should be followed. They also establish judicial bodies or tribunals for the respective African Regional Economic Communities. Despite the existence of judicial bodies, African governments do not usually litigate against each other on trade-related disputes. However, the few cases adjudicated by the regional judicial bodies are insightful of how contemporary trade disputes shape the development of community law. With reference to case law, this article presents lessons from regional judicial bodies. Notwithstanding the lessons learnt, there are challenges too. In response to the challenges, new developments on the continent, adopted through the African Continental Free Trade Area signal a move towards respecting rules-based trade through ensuring legal predictability and certainty for trade dispute settlement. Thus, this article will also provide a detailed analysis of the dispute settlement mechanism under the African Continental Free Trade Area, a system akin to World Trade Organisation.

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Deng, Zhongliang, Buyun Jia, Shihao Tang, Xiao Fu, and Jun Mo. "Fine Frequency Acquisition Scheme in Weak Signal Environment for a Communication and Navigation Fusion System." Electronics 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080829.

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A novel communication and navigation fusion system (CNFS) was developed to realized high accuracy positioning in constrained conditions. Communication and navigation fusion signal transmitted by base stations are in the same time and frequency band but are allocated different power levels. The positioning receiver of CNFS requires signal coverage of at least four base stations to realize positioning. The improvement of receiver sensitivity is an important way to expand signal coverage of base station. As an essential stage of signal processing in CNFS positioning receiver, signal acquisition requires a trade-off between improvement of acquisition frequency accuracy and reduction in computational load. A new acquisition algorithm called PMF-FC-BA-FFT method is proposed to acquire the carrier frequency accurately with lower computational load in a weak signal environment. The received signal is firstly filtered by partially matched filters (PMF) with local replica pseudorandom noise (PRN) sequences being coefficients to strip off the PRN code in the signal. Frequency compensation (FC) was performed to avoid the large attenuation in block accumulation (BA) and generate a series of signals with a small frequency offset step. Block accumulation was then executed. Finally, the acquisition detection was performed based on a series of fast Fourier transformation (FFT) outputs to obtain acquisition results with fine frequency estimation. Simulations and experimental tests results show that the proposed method can realize high accuracy frequency acquisition in a weak signal environment with fewer computational resources compared with existing acquisition methods.

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Tibbetts, Elizabeth A., and Maral Banan. "Advertised quality, caste and food availability influence the survival cost of juvenile hormone in paper wasps." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1699 (June 9, 2010): 3461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1003.

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Life-history trade-offs are often hormonally mediated. Here, we provide a comparative perspective on the endocrine basis of life-history trade-offs by examining the invertebrate hormone juvenile hormone (JH). JH is often associated with benefits, including increased dominance and reproductive success. We tested whether JH reduced survival of Polistes dominulus wasps and whether this survival cost was influenced by factors such as advertised quality, food availability, caste and body size. Overall, JH reduced individual survival. Among fed and unfed queens, JH reduced survival in a dose-dependent manner. Among workers, JH had a stronger effect on survival of fed workers than unfed workers. Unfed workers died quickly and body size was the best predictor of survival. Surprisingly, queens and workers treated with JH survived longer when they had signals advertising high quality than when they had signals advertising low quality. The relationship between advertised quality and ability to withstand high levels of JH suggests that there are differential physiological costs associated with ornament elaboration that could play a role in maintaining signal accuracy over evolutionary time. Overall, the convergence of endocrine-mediated costs across diverse systems suggests that endocrine-mediated trade-offs may be an adaptive way to optimize resource allocation rather than a non-adaptive constraint specific to a particular hormone.

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Lee, Taewoong, Jesper Kjaer Nielsen, and Mads Graesboll Christensen. "Signal-Adaptive and Perceptually Optimized Sound Zones With Variable Span Trade-Off Filters." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 28 (2020): 2412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2020.3013397.

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Symes, L. B., M. P. Ayres, C. P. Cowdery, and R. A. Costello. "Signal diversification inOecanthustree crickets is shaped by energetic, morphometric, and acoustic trade-offs." Evolution 69, no. 6 (June 2015): 1518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12668.

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Thurman, Samuel T., and James R. Fienup. "Signal-to-noise ratio trade-offs associated with coarsely sampled Fourier transform spectroscopy." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 24, no. 9 (2007): 2817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.24.002817.

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Webb, A. G., and S. C. Grant. "Signal-to-Noise and Magnetic Susceptibility Trade-offs in Solenoidal Microcoils for NMR." Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B 113, no. 1 (October 1996): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmrb.1996.0159.

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and, Marco G. Genoni, and Matteo G. A. Paris. "Information/disturbance trade-off in single and sequential measurements on a qudit signal." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 67 (May 1, 2007): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/67/1/012029.

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Murshed, S. Mansoob. "When Will WTO Membership Signal Commitment to Free Trade by A Developing Country." Journal of Economic Integration 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2004): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2004.19.2.317.

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Lee, D., T. Pavlidis, and G. W. Wasilkowski. "A note on the trade-off between sampling and quantization in signal processing." Journal of Complexity 3, no. 4 (December 1987): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-064x(87)90006-9.

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Wiener, Joshua Lyle. "An Evaluation of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty and Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act of 1975." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391568800700106.

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A quasi-experimental design is used to investigate whether the Magnuson-Moss Act succeeded in its efforts to transform a products warranty into an accurate signal of a products reliability, and to improve the overall level of warranty protection. The paradox of how an information remedy could create an accurate signal without changing how consumers process information is addressed.

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