Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trading standards

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Trading standards'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Trading standards"

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Kelsey, Steve. "Trading vs standards." New Scientist 195, no. 2611 (July 2007): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61691-1.

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Roberts, David C. E. "″Natural″: A Trading Standards Viewpoint." British Food Journal 93, no. 1 (January 1991): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070709110005811.

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Wankling, R. M. "Trading Standards: An Aid to Quality." Statistician 36, no. 5 (1987): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2348663.

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Chau, Frankie, Galiya B. Dosmukhambetova, and Vasileios Kallinterakis. "International Financial Reporting Standards and noise trading." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 14, no. 1 (May 24, 2013): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09675421311282531.

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Wiener, Jonathan B. "Hormesis, hotspots and emissions trading." Human & Experimental Toxicology 23, no. 6 (June 2004): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327104ht451oa.

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Instrument choice - the comparison of technology standards, performance standards, taxes and tradable permits - has been a major topic in environmental law and environmental economics. Most analyses assume that emissions and health effects are positively and linearly related. If they are not, this complicates the instrument choice analysis. This article analyses the effects of a nonlinear dose-response function on instrument choice. In particular, it examines the effects of hormesis (highdose harm but low-dose benefit) on the choice between fixed performance standards and tradable emissions permits. First, the article distinguishes the effects of hormesis from the effects of local emissions. Hormesis is an attribute of the dose-response or exposure-response relationship. Hotspots are an attribute of the emissions-exposure relationship. Some pollutants may be hormetic and cause local emissions-exposure effects; others may be hormetic without causing local emissionsexposure effects. It is only the local exposure effects of emissions that pose a problem for emissions trading. Secondly, the article shows that the conditions under which emissions trading would perform less well or even perversely under hormesis, depend on how stringent a level of protection is set. Only when the regulatory standard is set at the nadir of the hormetic curve would emissions trading be seriously perverse (assuming other restrictive conditions as well), and such a standard is unlikely. Moreover, the benefits of the overall programme may justify the risk of small perverse effects around this nadir. Thirdly, the article argues that hotspots can be of concern for two distinct reasons, harmfulness and fairness. Lastly, the paper argues that the solution to these problems may not be to abandon market-based incentive instruments and their cost-effectiveness gains, but to improve them further by moving from emissions trading and emissions taxes to risk trading and risk taxes. In short, the article argues that hormesis does not pose a general obstacle to emissions trading or emissions taxes, but that in those cases where hormesis does pose such a problem, a shift toward risk trading or risk taxes would be the superior route.
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Circus, Philip. "Consumer Law Enforcement: A National Trading Standards Service?" Business Law Review 9, Issue 1 (January 1, 1988): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula1988008.

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Qalo, Veniana. "Labour Standards in US and EU Preferential Trading Arrangements." Journal of World Trade 40, Issue 4 (August 1, 2006): 619–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2006033.

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This article addresses the development and enforcement of labour standards in US and EU FTAs and non-reciprocal preferential trading arrangements. It is clear that since the emergence of a consensus at the WTO Singapore Ministerial Conference in 1996 labour standards issues should not be part of the multilateral trade agenda and should be dealt with at the ILO that the United States, in particular, has pursued a bilateral track on labour standards. The gradually escalating obligation on trade related labour standards in bilateral US FTAs, starting with NAFTA and culminating in the recently completed US-CAFTA, now provide explicitly for dispute settlement mechanisms by direct referral to a WTO Panel. Developing countries were amongst the most vigorous opponents of the introduction of labour standards and sought and achieved the apparent WTO consensus at Singapore. Some developing countries have now in fact agreed to labour standards that are now more onerous than would have been the case had the WTO agreed to discipline these standards and limit them to the ILO’s core labour standards.
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Bettis, J. Carr, William A. Duncan, and W. Ken Harmon. "The Effectiveness Of Insider Trading Regulations." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 14, no. 4 (August 29, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v14i4.5652.

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<span>This work evaluates the effectiveness of the courts and regulators in achieving a fair and honest market. The regulatory system and market based empirical research are reviewed and evidence of regulatory failure are identified and examined. The advantages and disadvantages of four possible policy changes including new disclosure standards, a bar on insider trading, corporate fines for insider trading, and a new market based standard are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research are offered.</span>
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Deng, Fei. "International Standards as Global Public Goods in the World Trading System." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 43, Issue 2 (May 1, 2016): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2016007.

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International standards have assumed special legal significance in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (‘TBT Agreement’). This article conceptualizes international standards as global public goods and argues for applying global administrative law principles to vet international standards before they are afforded quasi-legislative status in the WTO law. We traced how the WTO Appellate Body has changed its original hands-off approach in EC – Sardines in 2002 to a more intrusive approach in US – Tuna II in 2012.We submit that the WTO Appellate Body’s new approach to international standards marks a distinctive pathway for the development of global administrative law in producing global public goods. The compliance with global administrative law principles set out in the TBT Committee Decision in turn provides international standardizing bodies with additional legitimacy and accountability. However, contrary to popular opinion, we submit that adoption by consensus is not a necessary condition for a standard to be recognized as an international standard in the world trading system.
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Callahan, Carolyn M., and Stephanie Hairston. "Do Trading Derivatives Classification Affect Bank Holding Company’s Earnings Volatility And Firm Value?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 36, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v36i2.10344.

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This study examines the differential impact of bank holding companies (BHCs) that consistently report trading gains (successful speculators) and those that consistently report no gain or trading losses (unsuccessful speculators) on earnings volatility and firm value. Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 815 (previously SFAS 133- Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities), all gains/losses related to trading derivatives are recognized in current earnings; whereas, gains/losses on hedging derivatives are netted with changes in the fair value of the underlying asset/liability with only the ineffective portion of the hedge being reported in current earnings. Given differential accounting recognition and underlying risk factors, we expect and find that current period trading gains/losses lead to greater earnings volatility; however, the relationship becomes insignificant when BHCs consistently report trading gains (successful speculators) or no gains and trading losses (unsuccessful speculation). Further we find that successful speculation is significantly negatively associated with firm value, which implies that market participants perceive trading positions held by BHCs as high-risk investments regardless of the outcome of the trading exposure. The findings of this study should be useful to business professionals, bank regulators, and accounting standard setters in determining the economic impact of current accounting standards on bank performance, investors in evaluating the costs and benefits of bank’s derivative risk management policies, and accounting academics in evaluating the impact of current accounting regulation on bank derivative use.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trading standards"

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Gillon, Dana Lee. "MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF NOX EMISSION TRADING TO ACHIEVE OZONE STANDARDS." NCSU, 1999. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-19990514-111649.

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Emission trading programs are incentive-based policy instruments implemented to achieve environmental targets cost-effectively. In these programs, also known as transferable discharge permit (TDP), emission-reduction trading, and cap and trade programs, participants are required to meet established emission reductions goals through control measures or by acquiring TDPs from sources in the market that over-control. TDP programs encourage development and application of innovative control technologies and allow pollution sources more flexibility in complying with regulations. One potential drawback to a market-driven policy such as TDP is that the geographical distribution of emissions resulting from trades could locally degrade air quality if the market is not designed properly. Since such an outcome is generally undesirable, the ability for regulators to predict environmental impacts of trading prior to implementation is very important. The goal of this thesis is to present a general framework for using mathematical optimization to model and analyze different market design features for TDP programs including the potential use of trading restrictions to control the geographic distribution of permits. This framework will provide regulators with a way to identify effective market designs and implement more robust and reliable TDP programs. An important component of this framework is the use of Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) to identify the range of trading outcomes that may occur in response to a TDP program.A case study using this framework was conducted for NOx emission trading in the Charlotte, North Carolina region. The study analyzed alternative trading outcomes generated using MGA, investigated limitations on source size and type in the trading program, and tested the use of zoning restrictions as a way to control the geographical distribution of permits. Trading outcomes were evaluated with respect to cost, air quality, robustness, and reliability. Results found that TDPs could be used to meet both emission limits of NOx and an ambient standard for ozone with all or a limited number of sources trading. Additionally, trading restrictions in the form of geographic zones were not particularly good at reducing local air quality impacts in the Charlotte region, although this result is believed to be (in part) attributable to the limited size of the trading region.

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Pospíšilová, Iva. "Mezinárodní standardy účetního výkaznictví versus česká úprava dlouhodobého majetku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221962.

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The master´s thesis deals with long-term assets. It contains analysis of differences in appreciation of the long-term assets between czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IFRS/IAS, and succesive application of ascertained differences into the corporate enterprise with the target to find out the impact on trading income.
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Kim, Tae Hee. "The Korean emissions trading scheme : focusing on accounting issues." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21690.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the accounting standard-setting process in relation to emissions rights and related liabilities in the Korean context in order to provide a better understanding of accounting issues under an emissions trading scheme (ETS). Using an interpretive inductive approach, this study comprises semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and analysis of relevant documents. Interviews were carried out with a wide range of key players, including accounting standard setters (Korean Accounting Standards Board, International Accounting Standards Board, and Autorité des Normes Comptables), accounting experts, industry and government. This study identifies how problematic accounting issues on emissions rights and related liabilities have been addressed by accounting standard setters. The key accounting issues under ETS are linked mainly with free allowances. It is found that accounting standard setters attempt to establish the most appropriate accounting standard under the given circumstances reflecting a variety of considerations, and that the most common elements affecting the development of accounting standards for ETS are the legal and economic context, the existing accounting framework, and preceding models and practices. Nevertheless, these factors affect the development of accounting standards for ETS in different ways. Accordingly, the primary accounting issues on which each standard setter concentrates vary depending on different circumstances and considerations. This study investigates the accounting standard-setting process for emissions rights by Korean accounting standard setters, from the agenda-setting stage to the final publication of the standard. The findings reinforce the importance of political factors in the standard-setting process, including stakeholders’ participation in the process, prominent stakeholders, and the motivation, methods and timing of lobbying activities. In particular, the findings have important implications for the effectiveness of lobbying. Overall, the findings confirm that accounting standards are likely to be the political outcome of interactions between the accounting standard setter and stakeholders. The findings highlight desirable factors for accounting models of emissions rights. Desirability or appropriateness of standard is judged by the extent to which stakeholders in institutional environments consider the promulgation to be legitimate or authoritative. Therefore, accounting standard setters must make greater efforts to encourage stakeholders to participate in the standard-setting process in order to ensure institutional legitimacy. The originality of this study lies in its empirical research on accounting issues for ETS from a practical point of view. In particular, in its timely and detailed investigation of Korean accounting standard setters, this study provides a broader understanding of the accounting standard-setting process in the Korean context. The study also advances legitimacy theory by offering a framework particularly applicable to accounting standard setting process, which also incorporates stakeholder theory research. The study finds support from the framework and further contributes to the related literature by reviewing legitimacy conflicts. From an accounting policy point of view, the findings have implications for both national and international standard setters and provide guidance on how to achieve high-quality accounting standards with a high degree of compliance.
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Pryce-Brown, Tim. "Wrongful trading and the standard of skill and care for corporate directors : a comparative study of corporate governance." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1998. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/wrongful-trading-and-the-standard-of-skill-and-care-for-corporate-directors(fa2a99b2-27ae-4ca7-aa83-5ef1e3a7dbdd).html.

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The advent of popular capitalism has initiated many debates surrounding the role of the corporations and their officers both in the UK and the international community. In particular, the relationship of the director with his shareholders, creditors, employees and the broader community have been subject to greater scrutiny. This has developed the concept of the "director corporation" and redefined their role and objective in relating to all the nexus groups within and without the corporation. The objective of each nexus group will invariably differ and even involve conflict with others in the same corporate entity. The role of the law in formulating new standards of directors' duties and creating general objectives for the corporation is to seek to balance all interests within the corporate nexus. Insolvency law in England and Wales has been harnessed to achieve some progress in raising standards of director behaviour. With its unique evolution English insolvency law is seen not just as an efficient means of liquidating company assets. It is also a basis for providing the commercial world with legal devices which 'punish' those in that community who fall short of the standard of care demanded by the ever broadening shareholder base. The position is clarified by Peter Totty, a partner in Alien & Overy who, commenting on the Insolvency Service stated: "Insolvency law ... underpins all commercial law."' In the far reaching legislative reform programmes illustrated in the Companies Acts 1985, 1989 the Insolvency Acts 1986, 1994, The Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 and the Royal Commission Report which led to the Acts2 the importance of policing directors and of developing their duties becomes increasingly apparent. The objective of this thesis is to analyse and explain the reasons for the particular development of section 214 IA 1986 and the broadening of its remit in the area of governance. In this respect I shall attempt to place in perspective its ability to act as a policing measure against the misconduct of directors in a society which is increasingly characterised by mass incorporation of business and the establishment of an entrepreneurial ethos.
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Akin, Özlem. "Lessons from times of crisis: Anticipation, risk taking and portfolio management." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119366.

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This thesis consists of three essays. In the first essay, we analyze bank insiders' trading in the securities of their own bank in the run-up to the 2007-08 financial crisis. We show that on average ex-ante bank insiders' net sell of shares implies worse performance in the crisis. Our result points out that the bankers, at least to some extent, were aware of the risks they were taking. In the second essay, I analyze the bank insiders' trading in their own portfolio during the crisis and find that insiders trade in a contrarian manner. In the third essay, we analyze the cycle in lending conditions and standards using a unique dataset on mortgage loans in Spain and find that lending standards are softer in the boom than in the bust. Also, we analyze the mechanism by which banks could increase the supply of mortgage loans despite of regulatory restrictions. Our evidence is consistent with banks encouraging appraisers to introduce an upward bias in appraisal prices, to meet LTV regulatory thresholds.
La tesis tiene contiene tres ensayos: En el primer ensayo, analizo el uso de información privilegiada a la hora de comerciar con los valores de su propio banco en el período previo a la crisis financiera de 2007-08. Se muestra que, en promedio, la venta neta de acciones ex ante por parte de los 'insiders' de los bancos implica un peor rendimiento durante la crisis. El resultado indica que los banqueros, por lo menos en cierta medida, eran conscientes de los riesgos que estaban tomando en el boom. En el segundo ensayo, analizo las operaciones bancarias de los 'insiders' en su cartera de activos durante la reciente crisis y se encuentra que los 'insiders' comercian de una manera contraria, lo que sugiere que en las acciones bancarias bajaron por debajo de sus fundamentales. En el tercer ensayo, analizo el ciclo en las condiciones y estándares de préstamos usando una base de datos única de los préstamos hipotecarios en España y encuentro que las condiciones de crédito son más relajadas en el auge que en la recesión. Asimismo, analizo el mecanismo por el cual los bancos podían aumentar la oferta de créditos hipotecarios a pesar de las restricciones regulatorias. La evidencia es consistente con la hipótesis de que los bancos alentaron a los tasadores a introducir un sesgo al alza en los precios de tasación, para cumplir con los umbrales reglamentarios de 'LTV', y así poder dar más préstamos.
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Bunger, R. C. (Robert Charles). "Derivation of Probability Density Functions for the Relative Differences in the Standard and Poor's 100 Stock Index Over Various Intervals of Time." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330882/.

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In this study a two-part mixed probability density function was derived which described the relative changes in the Standard and Poor's 100 Stock Index over various intervals of time. The density function is a mixture of two different halves of normal distributions. Optimal values for the standard deviations for the two halves and the mean are given. Also, a general form of the function is given which uses linear regression models to estimate the standard deviations and the means. The density functions allow stock market participants trading index options and futures contracts on the S & P 100 Stock Index to determine probabilities of success or failure of trades involving price movements of certain magnitudes in given lengths of time.
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Farhana, Frank. "Le commissionnaire de transport en droit comparé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32050.

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Le transport international de marchandises s’est développé grâce à la conteneurisation et à l’augmentation des échanges internationaux. Pour les organisateurs de transport, ceci a conduit à une plus lourde responsabilité et créé une certaine insécurité juridique.Le commissionnaire de transport français pose moins de problèmes quant au régime juridique qui lui est applicable alors que ses homologues étrangers engagés dans l’organisation du transport n’étaient pas préparés, pour la plupart, à cette évolution et par conséquent, il s’en est suivi de nombreux contentieux concernant leur qualification. En effet, ces organisateurs étrangers que nous désignerons comme intermédiaire de transport ou freight forwarder peuvent, selon leur engagement, agir en tant qu'« agent » ou « principal ». Afin de pouvoir déterminer leur qualification juridique exacte, les critères permettant leur distinction seront analysés à travers la jurisprudence. De plus, l’étendue de leurs obligations et responsabilités légales ou contractuelles sera abordée. En effet, dans tous les pays, des associations nationales de professionnels du transport ont élaboré des conditions générales disparates et variées afin de réguler les activités de leurs adhérents. De ce fait, l’analyse portant sur l’opposabilité des clauses de nature purement contractuelle s’avère nécessaire et donc, toute étude comparative entre les différents régimes légaux ou cadres contractuels permettra une approche pragmatique et juridique aidant à la résolution des litiges.Le développement du transport multimodal, grâce à la conteneurisation, a conduit à de multiples tentatives pour uniformiser le régime applicable à l'entrepreneur de transport, comme cela peut être actuellement le cas pour les transporteurs régis par des conventions unimodales. Ces tentatives d’uniformisation pour instaurer une convention internationale ayant toutes échoué, hormis quelques accords régionaux, la Fédération Internationale des Associations de Transitaires et Assimilés a pris l’initiative d’éditer des règles de nature purement contractuelle, laissant le choix à ses membres de s’y référer lorsqu’ils s’engagent comme entrepreneurs de transport multimodal.Actuellement, une convention internationale connue sous le nom de « Règles de Rotterdam » a été élaborée pour régir un transport transmaritime, celle-ci ayant pour but d’uniformiser les droits et obligations des parties. Nous analyserons son impact sur ceux de l’entrepreneur de transport qu’il agisse comme chargeur ou transporteur. De même, la connaissance de la teneur de la loi applicable, telle que déterminée par les règles de conflit de lois, permettra au praticien de mieux appréhender la résolution des litiges
The international transport of goods has developed thanks to the containerization and the increase in the world-wide exchanges. For the organizers of transport, this has led to greater responsibility and created some legal unsecurity. The French transport commissioner (Commissionaire de transport) gives less problems regarding the legal system applicable to him while his foreign counterparts engaged in the organization of transport were not prepared for the majority to this evolution, and therefore, many disputes have arisen concerning their qualification. Indeed, the foreign organizers that we shall designate as transport intermediary or freight forwarder can, according to their engagement, act like « agent » or « principal ». In order to be able to determine their exact legal qualification, the criteria allowing their distinction will be analyzed through the jurisprudence. Besides, the extent of their obligations and legal or contractual responsibilities will be tackled. Indeed, in all the countries, national associations of professionals of transport have worked out varied and diversified general conditions to regulate the activities of their members. By this very fact, the analysis of the opposability of purely contractual clauses proves to be necessary, and therefore, any comparative study between the various legal systems or contractual frameworks will allow a pragmatic and legal approach helping the resolution of litigations. The development of multimodal transport, thanks to the containerization, has led to multiple attempts to standardize the system applicable to the transport operator, as it may currently be the case for carriers governed by unimodal conventions. These attempts of standardization for establishing an international convention having all failed, apart from few regional agreements, the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations have taken the initiative to publish rules of purely contractual nature, giving their members the choice to refer thereto when they engage as multimodal transport operators.At present, an international convention known under the name of « Rotterdam Rules » has been worked out to govern a transmaritime transport, having for aim to standardize the rights and obligations of the parties. We shall analyze its impact on the transport operator whether acting as shipper or carrier. Likewise, the knowledge of the content of the applicable law, as determined by the rules of conflict of laws, will enable a practitioner to better grasp the resolution of litigations
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Mogaji, Emmanuel. "Emotional appeals in UK banks' print advertisement." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622103.

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The unprecedented turbulence and uncertainty experienced in global economic and financial markets because of the 'credit crunch' has had a damaging impact on consumer confidence. Trust and credibility have been eroded as many customers feel let down by the banks suggesting the need for banks to rebuild constructive dialogue and long-term, meaningful relationships with their customers again. Though financial service, in this case, is considered a utilitarian service, based on the fact that money is needed to support people‘s daily activities, the present state of financial service has suggested the need for banks to appeal to consumers‘ emotions with the aim of improving their reputation. Also, the competition within the industry also could suggest the need to adopt an emotionally appealing advertisement strategy as emotions are known to play an influential role in building robust brand preference. This study builds on the communication theory, meaning transfer theory and consumer involvement theory, to understand the messages the banks are sending out and to elicit consumers‘ emotional reaction. One thousand, two hundred and seventy-four UK bank advertisements in nine national newspapers were content-analysed to identify the emotional appeals presented by the banks. The perception of these appeals and their associated meanings were sought through semi-structured interviews with 33 participants in London and Luton. The results of the analysis indicated that UK Banks are utilising emotional appeal in their advertisements to reach out to the consumers to convince them to upgrade their account, to open an additional account or switch their account. The most predominantly used appeals were relief and relaxation followed by excitement and happiness or satisfaction with the bank, and finally, security and adventure. However, variations were found in different financial products that employed emotional appeals. It was found that high-involvement products such as mortgages and loans used fewer emotional appeals. Both bank groups - high street banks, including the big four (Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds and RBS) and non-high street banks, such as the new entrants, supermarket brands, and online banks were using emotional appeals. However, it is acknowledged that the communication strategies between these banks could be different as the non-high street banks are more likely to repeat and publish the same messages across many newspapers, instead of publishing different emotionally appealing advertisements. Though consumers acknowledged these emotional appeals in the advertisements, they were more concerned about their relationship with the banks as they don‘t rely on advertisements to make a financial decision. Rather, recommendations from families, friends and associates and also branch location are more important when deciding on which bank to choose. The lack of congruency between financial services and emotional appeals in advertisements is also observed as customers are more likely to be persuaded by rational appeals however this study has not completely ruled out emotional appeals in bank advertisements as the use of both types of appeals is recommended. The study provides important theoretical and managerial contributions to understanding how the consumers understand meaning-embedded advertisements produced by the banks. Managers will be able to consider the implications of advertisements in enhancing their brand equity and building relationships with customers in anticipation that, by word of the mouth and established relationship, their bank‘s reputation will be enhanced. Limitations of the study and opportunities for future research are identified.
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Maxa, Radek. "Moderní vyučovací metody ve výuce ekonomických předmětů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-200009.

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The main objective of this thesis is a comprehensive assessment of the practical usability and effectiveness of modern activating teaching methods in economic subjects in fulfilling the RVP economics and business and RVP Business Academy in comparison with traditional (standard) methods. To achieve this goal, a systematic clarification and evaluation of key elements of the choice of adequate methods of teaching, presentation and comparison of traditional, modern activating and comprehensive teaching methods was employed. Selected modern activating methods are described in detail, including the procedure and examples of their application in the teaching of management on the circuit of the secondary vocational schools. Current status in the use of teaching methods by teachers of economic subjects on selected secondary vocational schools was mapped and assessed through quantitative (structured interviewing of students and teachers) and qualitative (interview with trachet of economic subjects at selected schools, testing of students -- pretest and posttest) methods of empirical educational research and realization of experimental teaching. The results of the analysis of the usefulness and effectiveness of modern activating methods in achieving the educational goals of economic education in secondary vocational schools are summarized in the form of a SWOT analysis. The work, inter alia, examines and assesses the barriers in the application of modern methods of teaching, to what extent these methods contribute to the building of the desired competences of students and in particular the so-called, soft skills of students, verifies the effectiveness of the textbooks Management based on modern activating methods in meeting educational goals. The thesis provides outputs for management of secondary schools including, in particular, the RVP Business Academy and RVP economics and business, which may become a guideline, the stimulus for change methods and forms of teaching, the need to offset the interest of schools from traditional methods to modern activating methods. It can become a tool and an inspiration for each of economic subjects in the adoption and subsequent implementation of modern teaching methods, since it contains a procedure for their application. The intention of the processing of the research problem and solved in the framework of this thesis was to contribute to pedagogical theory and practice the findings supporting the need for qualitative changes in the process. It offers practical recommendations and observations, how should a teacher of economic subjects at secondary vocational schools to proceed with the introduction of modern activating methods. The chosen research methods and processes to provide a relatively large amount of data, the processing to get a deeper insight on the role, effectiveness and applicability of modern teaching methods in the environment of the contemporary secondary economic education.
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Chun-Yi, Tsai. "IPO first day trading and NASDAQ listing standards." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0009-1807200615205000.

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Books on the topic "Trading standards"

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CIPFA. Trading standards statistics. London: Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, 2002.

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CIPFA. Trading standards statistics. London: Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, 2000.

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Jonathan, Kirk, Coltart Neil, and Gumpert Benjamin, eds. Trading standards: Law and practice. 2nd ed. Bristol: Jordans, 2011.

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Stockton-on-Tees (England). Trading Standards Department. Trading Standards service delivery plan. Stockton-on-Tees: Stockton Borough Council, 2002.

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Perth & Kinross Council. Environmental & Consumer Services. Trading standards: A guide to the work of Trading Standards in Perth & Kinross. Perth: Perth & Kinross Council, 2003.

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Donald, Eastlake, and Gonçalves Marcus, eds. Internet Open Trading Protocol. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.

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Accountancy, Chartered Institute of Public Finance and. Trading standards statistics 1986-87 actuals. London: CIPFA, 1988.

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Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy. Trading standards statistics 1989-90 actuals. London: CIPFA, 1991.

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Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy. Trading standards statistics 1988-89: Estimates. London: CIPFA, 1988.

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Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy. Trading standards statistics 1990-91 estimates. London: CIPFA, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trading standards"

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McDonald, Brian. "Trade and Labour Standards." In The World Trading System, 279–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230379701_26.

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Watkins, Kevin. "7. Primary commodities – trading into decline." In Rigged Rules and Double Standards, 149–74. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855988401.007.

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Watkins, Kevin. "4. Left behind: poor countries and poor people in the international trading system." In Rigged Rules and Double Standards, 64–94. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855988401.004.

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Baxter, Louise, Jodie Gordon, and Rebekah Salmon. "Developing an Understanding of the National Trading Standards Scams Team." In Safeguarding Adults: Scamming and Mental Capacity, 92–117. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: Learning Matters, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529714562.n8.

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Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V. Deardorff, and Robert M. Stern. "Issues of Environmental and Labor Standards in the Global Trading System." In Globalization, Technological Change, and Labor Markets, 235–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4965-9_10.

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Baxter, Louise, and Frances Wilson. "Developing Understanding of the Nature of Scams and the Role of Trading Standards." In Safeguarding Adults: Scamming and Mental Capacity, 36–52. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: Learning Matters, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529714562.n4.

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Zuze, Lovemore Itai. "Rural-Urban Migrants in Mzuzu’s Informal Food Trading System." In Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 365–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_18.

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AbstractRural-urban migrants across Africa are seeking better economic opportunities in secondary cities, often because of the prohibitive cost of living and deteriorating living standards in primary economic and political centers. The migration of the rural poor and its implications for the food system in secondary cities are under-explored. In Malawi, Mzuzu is a secondary city with important rural-urban social economic linkages. Over the years, Mzuzu has increasingly provided refuge for both rural migrants and urban migrants from primate cities. This chapter presents the results of a city-wide food retailer study conducted in Mzuzu which sheds light on the interaction between migration and food system transformation. The majority of the 485 informal food retailers had relocated to Mzuzu from surrounding rural areas. These retailers largely procure food products from formal enterprises within the city rather than the rural areas, creating low capital third-party food retailing enterprises with small profit margins.
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Bono, Andrea, and Martino Marini. "Renewable power sources in coastal areas. A viability assessment in the scope of needs and regulations." In Proceedings e report, 645–55. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.64.

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The work deals with renewable energy project, in the context of the deregulated energy market. Special attention is focused on renewables and on the situation in Italy from the standards point of view. The set up of a wind farm and a PV plant in coastal Sardinian area for both electricity and desalinated water production is studied. The convenience of fuelling desalination plants through renewables is investigated by taking into account additional on-side trading instruments. A model to simulate the operation wind and PV systems is applied both to calculate the produced energy and to assess the performance of a desalination plant, namely a reverse osmosis plant driven with PV and wind sources that works in a small island site.
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Heigermoser, Maximilian, Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani, and Linde Götz. "Chapter 9: Russia’s Agri-Food Trade with the Middle East and North Africa." In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 253–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_10.

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AbstractThe Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is the top destination for Russian food exports, grains in particular. Focusing on Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, this chapter shows that Russia’s food trade with MENA countries is strongly affected by bilateral political relations. Russia banned most food imports from Turkey over a political conflict in 2016. In the same year, improved intergovernmental cooperation with Saudi Arabia resulted in a diversification of Russia’s food exports to the Gulf country, and in 2019, Iran’s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) led to increasing food trade with Russia. Food imports in MENA countries are usually managed by powerful state trading enterprises (STEs), which recurrently disapprove food products originating from Russia based on non-adherence to food quality standards. Our analysis shows that Russia is successfully working to open additional destination markets, while simultaneously impeding imports of food products that it aims to produce domestically.
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Zakamulin, Valeriy. "Trading the Standard and Poor’s Composite Index." In Market Timing with Moving Averages, 143–222. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60970-6_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trading standards"

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O’Hagan, John, Michael Higlett, and Marina Khazova. "Laser product assessment for Lancashire county council trading standards service." In ILSC® 2013: Proceedings of the International Laser Safety Conference. Laser Institute of America, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5056789.

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Li, Ziqian, Caixia Wang, Xiaoning Ye, Yueyue Li, and Xuejiao Lei. "Evaluation of Renewables Portfolio Standards Trading Volume and Analysis of Influencing Factors." In 2019 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac48633.2019.8997379.

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Caixia Wang, Ziqian Li, Xiaoning Ye, Qionghui Li, Xuejiao Lei, Wei Yuan, and Zhiyong Shi. "Design of the renewable portfolio standards based renewable energy certificate trading mechanism in China." In 8th Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2019). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2019.0308.

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Lawrence Mark Risse, D E Radcliffe, Z Lin, J Romeis, and C Rhett Jackson. "A Framework for Trading Phosphorus Credits in the Lake Allatoona Watershed." In Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLS (Total Maximum Daily Load) Proceedings of the 10-14 March 2007, San Antonio, Texas. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22424.

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Chen, Yihsu, and Lizhi Wang. "A Power Market Model with Renewable Portfolio Standards, Green Pricing and GHG Emissions Trading Programs." In 2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference (Energy). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/energy.2008.4780995.

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Aanstoos, Ted A., and Manfred Schmiemann. "Evaluating the Economic Impact of Harmonized Product Standards in the European Union." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79257.

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After its 2004 enlargement to 25 member nations, the European Union, with a population of 452 million and a GDP surpassing $10 trillion, represents one of the most powerful economic engines in the world, and is the primary trading and investment partner with the US. However, in spite of the mostly integrated single market in Europe, internal trade between member nations can be hindered by competing national level technical standards. To address such inefficiencies, the European Commission issues standardization directives under the New Approach doctrine, adopted in 1985 to harmonize product standards in Europe. This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the New Approach by analyzing European production and trade data, internal and external, of certain products governed by New Approach norms, in order to determine if economic activity in those products was significantly impacted by the streamlined standards, while controlling for other socioeconomic factors.
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Wong, Kaufui V., and John Plackemeier. "Policies for Effective Trading Scheme to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39723.

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The World Bank and the Intergovernmental panel on climate change have concluded that human activities such as fossil fuel combustion have caused higher average temperatures, more violent weather patterns and higher sea levels. Governments, politicians and corporations have started to take steps to curb emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to reduce its imbalance in the atmosphere, and in so doing, diminish the impacts it will have in the near future. While these parties have recognized the importance of significantly reducing emissions in the coming decades, there are currently no policies in the USA to accomplish these goals. At the same time that the need to reduce emissions become more and more apparent, the realization that the world’s current economy is highly carbon-dependent and that shifting to renewable energy sources would be extremely expensive as well, thus compelling governments to approach the problem cautiously. Maybe because of this reality, governments have preferred emissions trading schemes over emissions caps and taxes with no trading. Unlike a cap affecting carbon emitters uniformly, the trading schemes that have been introduced recently allow for a collective cap on emissions under which emitters are held to standards which can be achieved by reducing emissions or by buying carbon credits, which are emissions reductions that have been achieved by a different third party. At this time, the Kyoto Protocol is the most comprehensive of the commitments governments have made toward the ultimate aim of curbing greenhouse gases. Under its umbrella, many of the world’s industrialized nations (excluding the US, which signed but did not ratify owing to economic concerns) agreed to an emissions reduction of 6 to 8 percent from 1990 levels by 2012. Governments are responsible for reducing overall emissions and do this by passing on reduction goals to specific emitters who can reduce their emissions through a slew of methods. The methods include directly reducing carbon emitted as gas or purchasing carbon credits that provide a reduction in place of emissions that cannot be directly reduced. While fossil fuels have played an important role in the development of the world in the past century, financial markets have had an equally important role in creating economic growth. Emissions trading schemes have emerged in the past five years as a method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through market forces. They are an attractive solution because they grant economic leeway to subject parties. While they carry this benefit, they are not universally ideal. This paper aims to identify the most effective ways in which emissions trading schemes can be used. An analysis of the limitations of emissions trading schemes is conducted with respect to technological and regulatory concerns in addition to different economic sectors. Further analysis of the benefits of large scale emissions trading schemes over other large scale emissions reduction methods is conducted. From this analysis, a full recommendation of strategies which would maximize the effectiveness of an emissions trading scheme is provided.
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Ming-chieh Lee and Kyle R Mankin. "A Site-Specific Water Quality Trading Ratio: Using GIS and Watershed Modeling to Account for Spatial and Temporal Variability." In Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and TMDLS (Total Maximum Daily Load) Proceedings of the 10-14 March 2007, San Antonio, Texas. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22448.

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Dopheide, D., B. Mickan, R. Kramer, M. P. van der Beek, G. J. Blom, and J. P. Vallet. "The International BIPM/CIPM Key Comparison Reference Value for Natural Gas Flow at High Pressure and Its Metrological Meaning for Natural Gas Trading." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79151.

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The paper describes the background of the European Harmonized Reference Value for the cubic meter of Natural Gas at high pressure, which is in use in Germany, The Netherlands and France since May 4th, 2004. The harmonization process began on November 1st, 1999 between Germany and The Netherlands and has been finalized on May 4, 2004 due to the incorporation of the French LNE to the Harmonized Reference Value. The outcome was named: “Harmonized European Natural Gas Cubic Meter” as realized by three independent National Metrology Institutes. The prerequisites of the harmonization process, underlying procedures, results obtained so far and the mutual benefits will be pointed out as well as the economic consequences for the European market as well as for the international user. The paper shows the degree of equivalence between the three participating NMIs PTB, LNE and NMi-VSL. Under auspices of the BIPM (International Bureau for Weight and Measurers) as well as the CIPM (International Conference for Weight and Measures), which is the highest metrological authority worldwide, so called Key Comparisons (KC) have been conducted to get international reference values for all quantities of interest. Among these KCs, the flow area is of economic importance and Key Comparisons for natural gas flow at high pressure and larger flow rates have been conducted successfully. The outcome of such a KC is the international Key Comparisons Reference Value (KCRV), which is then considered to be the worldwide best available realization of Natural Gas Flow at high pressure. These KCs have been conducted among the National Primary Standards of all nations worldwide, represented by their National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and have been finalized in December 2004 and the KCRV has been approved by the BIPM in April 2005. It turns out at last that the international recommended reference value is exactly the same as the above mentioned European Harmonized Reference Value.
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DENG, Yiqi, and Siu Ming YIU. "Deep Multiple Instance Learning for Forecasting Stock Trends using Financial NewsDeep Multiple Instance Learning for Forecasting Stock Trends using Financial News." In 8th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ARIN 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121008.

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A major source of information can be taken from financial news articles, which have some correlations about the fluctuation of stock trends. In this paper, we investigate the influences of financial news on the stock trends, from a multi-instance view. The intuition behind this is based on the news uncertainty of varying intervals of news occurrences and the lack of annotation in every single financial news. Under the scenario of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) where training instances are arranged in bags, and a label is assigned for the entire bag instead of instances, we develop a flexible and adaptive multi-instance learning model and evaluate its ability in directional movement forecast of Standard & Poor’s 500 index on financial news dataset. Specifically, we treat each trading day as one bag, with certain amounts of news happening on each trading day as instances in each bag. Experiment results demonstrate that our proposed multi-instance-based framework gains outstanding results in terms of the accuracy of trend prediction, compared with other state-of-art approaches and baselines.
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Reports on the topic "Trading standards"

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Aldrich, Susan. Securing Trading Partner Interactions: Two Approaches Supported by New Standards. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/ii7-31-03cc.

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Holland, Stephen. Taxes and Trading versus Intensity Standards: Second-Best Environmental Policies with Incomplete Regulation (Leakage) or Market Power. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15262.

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Rickels, Wilfried. Database and report on currently already existing or announced ocean NETs projects, including a world map of projects. OceanNets, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.8.

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Emissions trading systems (ETS) and markets usually do not allow for the inclusion of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) activities and if they do, removal activities are primarily restricted to afforestation. The New Zealand emission trading system (NZ ETS), for examples, integrates afforestation, and the California Low-Fuel Standard, the Quebec ETS and the Chinese ETS permit the restricted inclusion of afforestation offsets. Furthermore, the California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard System allows for the inclusion of removal via Direct Air Capture. In combination with the 45Q tax credit program, the largest incentives for CDR via Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) are currently provided in the US. However, both do not yet allow for the inclusion of ocean-based carbon removal. Hence, we provide first a brief overview about the NZ ETS and its inclusion of afforestation, pointing out that the concept will likely not be applicable to ocean-based CDR with the potential exemption of blue carbon projects. Second, we discuss the 45Q tax credit program, the California Low-Fuel Standard System, and the California Compliance Offset Scheme. Third, we provide an overview about the company database related to ocean-based carbon removal. Fourth, we briefly look at the voluntary carbon market, providing some insights for carbon removal accounting.
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Plant Protection and Quarantine: Helping U.S. Agriculture Thrive--Across the Country and Around the World, 2016 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207241.aphis.

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For Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) and our partners, 2016 was a year of remarkable successes. Not only did we eradicate 10 fruit fly outbreaks, but we also achieved 4 years with zero detections of pink bollworm, moving us one step closer to eradicating this pest from all commercial cotton-growing areas of the continental United States. And when the U.S. corn industry faced the first-ever detection of bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas vasicular pv vasculorum), we devised a practical and scientific approach to manage the disease and protect valuable export markets. Our most significant domestic accomplishment this year, however, was achieving one of our agency’s top 10 goals: eliminating the European grapevine moth (EGVM) from the United States. On the world stage, PPQ helped U.S. agriculture thrive in the global market-place. We worked closely with our international trading partners to develop and promote science-based standards, helping to create a safe, fair, and predictable agricultural trade system that minimizes the spread of invasive plant pests and diseases. We reached critical plant health agreements and resolved plant health barriers to trade, which sustained and expanded U.S. export markets valued at more than $4 billion. And, we helped U.S. producers meet foreign market access requirements and certified the health of more than 650,000 exports, securing economic opportunities for U.S. products abroad. These successes underscore how PPQ is working every day to keep U.S. agriculture healthy and profitable.
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