Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trading standards'

Emission trading programs are incentive-based policy instruments implemented to achieve environmental targets cost-effectively. In these programs, also known as transferable discharge permit (TDP), emission-reduction trading, and cap and trade programs, participants are required to meet established emission reductions goals through control measures or by acquiring TDPs from sources in the market that over-control. TDP programs encourage development and application of innovative control technologies and allow pollution sources more flexibility in complying with regulations. One potential drawback to a market-driven policy such as TDP is that the geographical distribution of emissions resulting from trades could locally degrade air quality if the market is not designed properly. Since such an outcome is generally undesirable, the ability for regulators to predict environmental impacts of trading prior to implementation is very important. The goal of this thesis is to present a general framework for using mathematical optimization to model and analyze different market design features for TDP programs including the potential use of trading restrictions to control the geographic distribution of permits. This framework will provide regulators with a way to identify effective market designs and implement more robust and reliable TDP programs. An important component of this framework is the use of Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) to identify the range of trading outcomes that may occur in response to a TDP program.A case study using this framework was conducted for NOx emission trading in the Charlotte, North Carolina region. The study analyzed alternative trading outcomes generated using MGA, investigated limitations on source size and type in the trading program, and tested the use of zoning restrictions as a way to control the geographical distribution of permits. Trading outcomes were evaluated with respect to cost, air quality, robustness, and reliability. Results found that TDPs could be used to meet both emission limits of NOx and an ambient standard for ozone with all or a limited number of sources trading. Additionally, trading restrictions in the form of geographic zones were not particularly good at reducing local air quality impacts in the Charlotte region, although this result is believed to be (in part) attributable to the limited size of the trading region.

The master´s thesis deals with long-term assets. It contains analysis of differences in appreciation of the long-term assets between czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IFRS/IAS, and succesive application of ascertained differences into the corporate enterprise with the target to find out the impact on trading income.

The purpose of this study is to examine the accounting standard-setting process in relation to emissions rights and related liabilities in the Korean context in order to provide a better understanding of accounting issues under an emissions trading scheme (ETS). Using an interpretive inductive approach, this study comprises semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and analysis of relevant documents. Interviews were carried out with a wide range of key players, including accounting standard setters (Korean Accounting Standards Board, International Accounting Standards Board, and Autorité des Normes Comptables), accounting experts, industry and government. This study identifies how problematic accounting issues on emissions rights and related liabilities have been addressed by accounting standard setters. The key accounting issues under ETS are linked mainly with free allowances. It is found that accounting standard setters attempt to establish the most appropriate accounting standard under the given circumstances reflecting a variety of considerations, and that the most common elements affecting the development of accounting standards for ETS are the legal and economic context, the existing accounting framework, and preceding models and practices. Nevertheless, these factors affect the development of accounting standards for ETS in different ways. Accordingly, the primary accounting issues on which each standard setter concentrates vary depending on different circumstances and considerations. This study investigates the accounting standard-setting process for emissions rights by Korean accounting standard setters, from the agenda-setting stage to the final publication of the standard. The findings reinforce the importance of political factors in the standard-setting process, including stakeholders’ participation in the process, prominent stakeholders, and the motivation, methods and timing of lobbying activities. In particular, the findings have important implications for the effectiveness of lobbying. Overall, the findings confirm that accounting standards are likely to be the political outcome of interactions between the accounting standard setter and stakeholders. The findings highlight desirable factors for accounting models of emissions rights. Desirability or appropriateness of standard is judged by the extent to which stakeholders in institutional environments consider the promulgation to be legitimate or authoritative. Therefore, accounting standard setters must make greater efforts to encourage stakeholders to participate in the standard-setting process in order to ensure institutional legitimacy. The originality of this study lies in its empirical research on accounting issues for ETS from a practical point of view. In particular, in its timely and detailed investigation of Korean accounting standard setters, this study provides a broader understanding of the accounting standard-setting process in the Korean context. The study also advances legitimacy theory by offering a framework particularly applicable to accounting standard setting process, which also incorporates stakeholder theory research. The study finds support from the framework and further contributes to the related literature by reviewing legitimacy conflicts. From an accounting policy point of view, the findings have implications for both national and international standard setters and provide guidance on how to achieve high-quality accounting standards with a high degree of compliance.

The advent of popular capitalism has initiated many debates surrounding the role of the corporations and their officers both in the UK and the international community. In particular, the relationship of the director with his shareholders, creditors, employees and the broader community have been subject to greater scrutiny. This has developed the concept of the "director corporation" and redefined their role and objective in relating to all the nexus groups within and without the corporation. The objective of each nexus group will invariably differ and even involve conflict with others in the same corporate entity. The role of the law in formulating new standards of directors' duties and creating general objectives for the corporation is to seek to balance all interests within the corporate nexus. Insolvency law in England and Wales has been harnessed to achieve some progress in raising standards of director behaviour. With its unique evolution English insolvency law is seen not just as an efficient means of liquidating company assets. It is also a basis for providing the commercial world with legal devices which 'punish' those in that community who fall short of the standard of care demanded by the ever broadening shareholder base. The position is clarified by Peter Totty, a partner in Alien & Overy who, commenting on the Insolvency Service stated: "Insolvency law ... underpins all commercial law."' In the far reaching legislative reform programmes illustrated in the Companies Acts 1985, 1989 the Insolvency Acts 1986, 1994, The Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 and the Royal Commission Report which led to the Acts2 the importance of policing directors and of developing their duties becomes increasingly apparent. The objective of this thesis is to analyse and explain the reasons for the particular development of section 214 IA 1986 and the broadening of its remit in the area of governance. In this respect I shall attempt to place in perspective its ability to act as a policing measure against the misconduct of directors in a society which is increasingly characterised by mass incorporation of business and the establishment of an entrepreneurial ethos.

This thesis consists of three essays. In the first essay, we analyze bank insiders' trading in the securities of their own bank in the run-up to the 2007-08 financial crisis. We show that on average ex-ante bank insiders' net sell of shares implies worse performance in the crisis. Our result points out that the bankers, at least to some extent, were aware of the risks they were taking. In the second essay, I analyze the bank insiders' trading in their own portfolio during the crisis and find that insiders trade in a contrarian manner. In the third essay, we analyze the cycle in lending conditions and standards using a unique dataset on mortgage loans in Spain and find that lending standards are softer in the boom than in the bust. Also, we analyze the mechanism by which banks could increase the supply of mortgage loans despite of regulatory restrictions. Our evidence is consistent with banks encouraging appraisers to introduce an upward bias in appraisal prices, to meet LTV regulatory thresholds.
La tesis tiene contiene tres ensayos: En el primer ensayo, analizo el uso de información privilegiada a la hora de comerciar con los valores de su propio banco en el período previo a la crisis financiera de 2007-08. Se muestra que, en promedio, la venta neta de acciones ex ante por parte de los 'insiders' de los bancos implica un peor rendimiento durante la crisis. El resultado indica que los banqueros, por lo menos en cierta medida, eran conscientes de los riesgos que estaban tomando en el boom. En el segundo ensayo, analizo las operaciones bancarias de los 'insiders' en su cartera de activos durante la reciente crisis y se encuentra que los 'insiders' comercian de una manera contraria, lo que sugiere que en las acciones bancarias bajaron por debajo de sus fundamentales. En el tercer ensayo, analizo el ciclo en las condiciones y estándares de préstamos usando una base de datos única de los préstamos hipotecarios en España y encuentro que las condiciones de crédito son más relajadas en el auge que en la recesión. Asimismo, analizo el mecanismo por el cual los bancos podían aumentar la oferta de créditos hipotecarios a pesar de las restricciones regulatorias. La evidencia es consistente con la hipótesis de que los bancos alentaron a los tasadores a introducir un sesgo al alza en los precios de tasación, para cumplir con los umbrales reglamentarios de 'LTV', y así poder dar más préstamos.

In this study a two-part mixed probability density function was derived which described the relative changes in the Standard and Poor's 100 Stock Index over various intervals of time. The density function is a mixture of two different halves of normal distributions. Optimal values for the standard deviations for the two halves and the mean are given. Also, a general form of the function is given which uses linear regression models to estimate the standard deviations and the means. The density functions allow stock market participants trading index options and futures contracts on the S & P 100 Stock Index to determine probabilities of success or failure of trades involving price movements of certain magnitudes in given lengths of time.

Le transport international de marchandises s’est développé grâce à la conteneurisation et à l’augmentation des échanges internationaux. Pour les organisateurs de transport, ceci a conduit à une plus lourde responsabilité et créé une certaine insécurité juridique.Le commissionnaire de transport français pose moins de problèmes quant au régime juridique qui lui est applicable alors que ses homologues étrangers engagés dans l’organisation du transport n’étaient pas préparés, pour la plupart, à cette évolution et par conséquent, il s’en est suivi de nombreux contentieux concernant leur qualification. En effet, ces organisateurs étrangers que nous désignerons comme intermédiaire de transport ou freight forwarder peuvent, selon leur engagement, agir en tant qu'« agent » ou « principal ». Afin de pouvoir déterminer leur qualification juridique exacte, les critères permettant leur distinction seront analysés à travers la jurisprudence. De plus, l’étendue de leurs obligations et responsabilités légales ou contractuelles sera abordée. En effet, dans tous les pays, des associations nationales de professionnels du transport ont élaboré des conditions générales disparates et variées afin de réguler les activités de leurs adhérents. De ce fait, l’analyse portant sur l’opposabilité des clauses de nature purement contractuelle s’avère nécessaire et donc, toute étude comparative entre les différents régimes légaux ou cadres contractuels permettra une approche pragmatique et juridique aidant à la résolution des litiges.Le développement du transport multimodal, grâce à la conteneurisation, a conduit à de multiples tentatives pour uniformiser le régime applicable à l'entrepreneur de transport, comme cela peut être actuellement le cas pour les transporteurs régis par des conventions unimodales. Ces tentatives d’uniformisation pour instaurer une convention internationale ayant toutes échoué, hormis quelques accords régionaux, la Fédération Internationale des Associations de Transitaires et Assimilés a pris l’initiative d’éditer des règles de nature purement contractuelle, laissant le choix à ses membres de s’y référer lorsqu’ils s’engagent comme entrepreneurs de transport multimodal.Actuellement, une convention internationale connue sous le nom de « Règles de Rotterdam » a été élaborée pour régir un transport transmaritime, celle-ci ayant pour but d’uniformiser les droits et obligations des parties. Nous analyserons son impact sur ceux de l’entrepreneur de transport qu’il agisse comme chargeur ou transporteur. De même, la connaissance de la teneur de la loi applicable, telle que déterminée par les règles de conflit de lois, permettra au praticien de mieux appréhender la résolution des litiges
The international transport of goods has developed thanks to the containerization and the increase in the world-wide exchanges. For the organizers of transport, this has led to greater responsibility and created some legal unsecurity. The French transport commissioner (Commissionaire de transport) gives less problems regarding the legal system applicable to him while his foreign counterparts engaged in the organization of transport were not prepared for the majority to this evolution, and therefore, many disputes have arisen concerning their qualification. Indeed, the foreign organizers that we shall designate as transport intermediary or freight forwarder can, according to their engagement, act like « agent » or « principal ». In order to be able to determine their exact legal qualification, the criteria allowing their distinction will be analyzed through the jurisprudence. Besides, the extent of their obligations and legal or contractual responsibilities will be tackled. Indeed, in all the countries, national associations of professionals of transport have worked out varied and diversified general conditions to regulate the activities of their members. By this very fact, the analysis of the opposability of purely contractual clauses proves to be necessary, and therefore, any comparative study between the various legal systems or contractual frameworks will allow a pragmatic and legal approach helping the resolution of litigations. The development of multimodal transport, thanks to the containerization, has led to multiple attempts to standardize the system applicable to the transport operator, as it may currently be the case for carriers governed by unimodal conventions. These attempts of standardization for establishing an international convention having all failed, apart from few regional agreements, the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations have taken the initiative to publish rules of purely contractual nature, giving their members the choice to refer thereto when they engage as multimodal transport operators.At present, an international convention known under the name of « Rotterdam Rules » has been worked out to govern a transmaritime transport, having for aim to standardize the rights and obligations of the parties. We shall analyze its impact on the transport operator whether acting as shipper or carrier. Likewise, the knowledge of the content of the applicable law, as determined by the rules of conflict of laws, will enable a practitioner to better grasp the resolution of litigations

The unprecedented turbulence and uncertainty experienced in global economic and financial markets because of the 'credit crunch' has had a damaging impact on consumer confidence. Trust and credibility have been eroded as many customers feel let down by the banks suggesting the need for banks to rebuild constructive dialogue and long-term, meaningful relationships with their customers again. Though financial service, in this case, is considered a utilitarian service, based on the fact that money is needed to support people‘s daily activities, the present state of financial service has suggested the need for banks to appeal to consumers‘ emotions with the aim of improving their reputation. Also, the competition within the industry also could suggest the need to adopt an emotionally appealing advertisement strategy as emotions are known to play an influential role in building robust brand preference. This study builds on the communication theory, meaning transfer theory and consumer involvement theory, to understand the messages the banks are sending out and to elicit consumers‘ emotional reaction. One thousand, two hundred and seventy-four UK bank advertisements in nine national newspapers were content-analysed to identify the emotional appeals presented by the banks. The perception of these appeals and their associated meanings were sought through semi-structured interviews with 33 participants in London and Luton. The results of the analysis indicated that UK Banks are utilising emotional appeal in their advertisements to reach out to the consumers to convince them to upgrade their account, to open an additional account or switch their account. The most predominantly used appeals were relief and relaxation followed by excitement and happiness or satisfaction with the bank, and finally, security and adventure. However, variations were found in different financial products that employed emotional appeals. It was found that high-involvement products such as mortgages and loans used fewer emotional appeals. Both bank groups - high street banks, including the big four (Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds and RBS) and non-high street banks, such as the new entrants, supermarket brands, and online banks were using emotional appeals. However, it is acknowledged that the communication strategies between these banks could be different as the non-high street banks are more likely to repeat and publish the same messages across many newspapers, instead of publishing different emotionally appealing advertisements. Though consumers acknowledged these emotional appeals in the advertisements, they were more concerned about their relationship with the banks as they don‘t rely on advertisements to make a financial decision. Rather, recommendations from families, friends and associates and also branch location are more important when deciding on which bank to choose. The lack of congruency between financial services and emotional appeals in advertisements is also observed as customers are more likely to be persuaded by rational appeals however this study has not completely ruled out emotional appeals in bank advertisements as the use of both types of appeals is recommended. The study provides important theoretical and managerial contributions to understanding how the consumers understand meaning-embedded advertisements produced by the banks. Managers will be able to consider the implications of advertisements in enhancing their brand equity and building relationships with customers in anticipation that, by word of the mouth and established relationship, their bank‘s reputation will be enhanced. Limitations of the study and opportunities for future research are identified.

The main objective of this thesis is a comprehensive assessment of the practical usability and effectiveness of modern activating teaching methods in economic subjects in fulfilling the RVP economics and business and RVP Business Academy in comparison with traditional (standard) methods. To achieve this goal, a systematic clarification and evaluation of key elements of the choice of adequate methods of teaching, presentation and comparison of traditional, modern activating and comprehensive teaching methods was employed. Selected modern activating methods are described in detail, including the procedure and examples of their application in the teaching of management on the circuit of the secondary vocational schools. Current status in the use of teaching methods by teachers of economic subjects on selected secondary vocational schools was mapped and assessed through quantitative (structured interviewing of students and teachers) and qualitative (interview with trachet of economic subjects at selected schools, testing of students -- pretest and posttest) methods of empirical educational research and realization of experimental teaching. The results of the analysis of the usefulness and effectiveness of modern activating methods in achieving the educational goals of economic education in secondary vocational schools are summarized in the form of a SWOT analysis. The work, inter alia, examines and assesses the barriers in the application of modern methods of teaching, to what extent these methods contribute to the building of the desired competences of students and in particular the so-called, soft skills of students, verifies the effectiveness of the textbooks Management based on modern activating methods in meeting educational goals. The thesis provides outputs for management of secondary schools including, in particular, the RVP Business Academy and RVP economics and business, which may become a guideline, the stimulus for change methods and forms of teaching, the need to offset the interest of schools from traditional methods to modern activating methods. It can become a tool and an inspiration for each of economic subjects in the adoption and subsequent implementation of modern teaching methods, since it contains a procedure for their application. The intention of the processing of the research problem and solved in the framework of this thesis was to contribute to pedagogical theory and practice the findings supporting the need for qualitative changes in the process. It offers practical recommendations and observations, how should a teacher of economic subjects at secondary vocational schools to proceed with the introduction of modern activating methods. The chosen research methods and processes to provide a relatively large amount of data, the processing to get a deeper insight on the role, effectiveness and applicability of modern teaching methods in the environment of the contemporary secondary economic education.

碩士
元智大學
財務金融學系
94
The purpose in this paper is to investigate whether IPOs upderpricing and aftermarket trading affected by IPOs allegation or NASDAQ listing standards during the bubble period (1998-2000). To summary the empirical findings of this paper, there is a strong link between underpricing and the existence of IPOs allegation. But underpricing is not directly related to the NASDAQ initial listing standards. Secondly, although we cannot find NASDAQ initial listing standards have significant effect on underpricing, we can support that low-performing firms displayed serious underpricing. Finally, the abnormal aftermarket trading gives support to the manipulation hypothesis. In our estimation, controlling for the offer characteristics variables, alleged firms and market capitalization new listing firms have more number of trades and less average volume per trade in the aftermarket.

碩士
銘傳大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
104
This essay primarily discuss the scopes and the established time of the non-public materials on illegal insider trading in business mergers and acquisitions cases. This study’s infrastructure primary in accordance with the U.S. theory of insider trading, legislative, cases and Article 157-1 of the Securities and Exchange Act of ROC . But many industrial leaders argue that material non-public information before takeover announcement indicates the pervasive nature of insider trading. They want to know how often does edge cross the red line into insider trading. In fact M&A deals are supposed to be secrets, so we should not to be able to distinguish options trading activity before an announcement on any randomly chosen date. In this paper, the first chapter described the purpose and the scope of the research topic . The second chapter overview the theoretical basis of illegal insider trading. The third chapter involving the judge standards concerning material non-public information in U.S. legislation and insider trading cases. The fourth chapter introduce the crime liability and the component elements of illegal insider trading offence in Taiwan. The fifth chapter introduce the judge standards concerning material non-public information in this country’s insider trading cases. The sixth chapter introduce the theory and judicial cases concerning the established time of material non-public information . The seventh chapter introduce some of the insider trading issues and practical problems that are encountered on the propriety of dealings prior to the public announcement of a takeover, the issues relating to the communication of insider information to the prospective offeror by the target company or the vendor and the use of insider information in the course of the takeover offer. The ninth chapter analysis and review the case concerning the insider trading actions by the Supreme court against the Chairman Ko Wen-Chang of Jabil Circuit Inc. have influenced the public’s perception of mergers and acquisitions activity in this country. This is well-publicized cases generally involve illegal insider trading based on nonpublic information about impending Letter of Intent(LOI) for takeover targets. The ninth chapter are conclusion and suggestion concerning the judge standards and the established time of the undisclosed materials on illegal insider trading.

This thesis is focused on the problems of book depreciation and tax depreciation and their influence on the trading income. The aim is to carry out the analysis of tax depreciation and book depreciation, find out the possibilities of tax savings and evaluate the influence of tax depreciation and book depreciation on the trading income. The differences in reporting on the long-term assets according to the International Financial Reporting Standards as well as Czech legislation depend considerably on the selection of accounting methods made individually by each accounting entity. The theoretical part defines long-term assets, their acquisition, evaluation, book depreciation and tax depreciation, as well as income tax assessment base calculation procedure information about deferred taxed. The practical part characterizes a particular company. Five possible variants of depreciation were applied to the selected type of assets of the company. The accounting entity is obliged to account deferred tax. Consequently the influence of the amount of tax depreciation and book depreciations on the accounting the deferred tax has been demonstrated.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
102
Due to the transformation of international trade and transport modes, ocean freight forwarder in addition to being an agent of the shipper, may also be due to issuing bills of lading , or collecting of the total freight ,to become the carrier. Therefore, the freight forwarder in different identity having problem of responsibility with their customers, how to identify its responsibility will likely be based on it identify. In order to solve the above problems, the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations who regulates the FIATA model rules for freight forwarding services , terms of model clauses, providing each member groups to use in order to solve between their customer-related liability on the basis of judging. This thesis touches the content of FIATA standard trading condition, and will be compared with the content of IOFFLAT standard trading condition (International Ocean Freight Forwarders and Logistics Association , Taiwan ), together with other existing national and freight forwarder standard trading condition for comparison. In my conclusion , whether IOFFLAT standard trading condition is being used as the basis for freight forwarder liability issues or to give suggestion, solution.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
金融資訊研究所
99
We address forecasting and trading strategy by (1) considering a ARMA-GARCH model with standard Lévy process innovations: the Jump Diffusion (JD), Generalized Hyperbolic (GH), Hyperbolic, Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG), Variance Gamma (VG), GH Skewed T, Student’s t, Classical Tempered Stable (CTS), CGMY as well as Hansen's Skewed T, (2) estimating the model with a sample including 10 years of daily data (including in sample and out of sample), principally focused on the innovation’s skewness, leptokurtosis, fat tails as well as the time varying volatility, and (3) testing empirically the performance of these models for the Dow Jones Industrial average (DJIA) Index Futures during December 16, 1999 to August 17, 2010 and Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX) Futures during December 16, 1999 to September 13, 2010 with moving windows. Moreover, we do the futures price forecasting and building a trading rule to make positive profits. The empirical results show that using the ARMA-GARCH model with standard Lévy process innovations for forecasting and trading strategy generates significantly higher profits and greater directional accuracy than those based on normal innovations. To robust the ARMA-GARCH models with various distributions, by moving windows method, we consider 5 days moving window and 30 days moving window, and make the similar results. Therefore, Lévy-ARMA-GARCH models seem to be better in both the forecasting ability and strategy performance than Normal-ARMA-GARCH model.

碩士
世新大學
資訊管理學研究所(含碩專班)
97
Looking at the network invasion nowadays, the open network framework will incur some problems, such as the invasion by hackers, Trojans horse, denial-of-service, virus, and network protocol omission. It is also easy for hackers to attack the host to steal confidential data, to tamper data, and to spoil the system. Therefore, it gradually became an important issue for Securities firms to “how to ensure the security of the network trading. This thesis firstly will indicate the potential risks of the information security for the internet trading system which is offered by the Securities firms. Next, it is going to find out the related information assets about customers’ basic information, customers’ authorized information, and customers’ traded information which will be dealt with, transmitted, and saved through the internet trading system. And then, it will give the risk ranking of the related information based on the questionnaires, as well as the spirit of ISO 27001 risk evaluation. Furthermore, it will discuss what the control standards and the control policies will be set up to conform ISO 27001 standard. Also, it will realize the Securities firms executed situation to every control policy according to the questionnaire. Finally, it will give the suitable control and management policies and suggestions in terms of the lacks of the control policies, to enhance the level of the risk control and management of the information security for the internet trading system. This thesis will figure out three conclusions as below. Firstly, it will take a case study as an example. It will give the suggested improvement proposal to lower the risk to achieve acceptable level according to the insufficient of important information asset control for the internet trading system. Secondly, it will address an exact risk evaluation model according to the importance of the information asset for the internet trading system. Finally, it will set up an examining sheet of the internet trading system for the Security firms to be a reference when they are assessing the risk of information security. According to the mentioned conclusions, it will be known whether there is any loophole when the Security firms set up the examination mechanism of information security for the internet trading system. And also, it will be known whether the Security firms will offer the investors a safe network trading environment to enhance the competitive strenght of the network trading.

碩士
國立中央大學
環境工程研究所碩士在職專班
99
The establishment of Low Carbon Development Center of Taipei County Government in 2008 aroused the attention of all governments in Taiwan on low-carbon city issues and started to take some low-carbon actions. Everything is fine except for one small defect, those low-carbons actions focus on infrastructures and educational promotions without economic incentives for carbon reduction. In this case, we will study incentives on Biogas Electricity Generation Plan for VCS of Bali Landfill Site by expert questionnaire survey. Expert questionnaire survey will be constructed with three levels (main goals, sub-goals and strategies) by Analytic Hierarchy process. The main goals are promoting carbon trading market, industrial carbon reduction management and supporting measures of local governments. There will be 12 sub-goals and 29 strategies under the 3 main goals. According to this survey, industrial carbon reduction management and supporting measures of local governments are more important than promoting carbon trading market. The feasible strategies of supporting measures of local governments are providing rewords for enterprises and individuals, making carbon reduction ordinances, carbon neutral regulations and regional emission strategies. The feasible strategies of industrial carbon reduction management are carbon reduction section of enterprises, carbon reduction projects for enterprises. In the end, there will be a SWOT analysis for those strategies.

In this thesis I focus on the Japanese labour market in agriculture, traditional, semi-traditional and modern light industry between the 1730s and 1950s. In the first chapter I introduce institutional theory and path dependance theory which serve as my conceptual frame. In the second chapter I present a broad definition of the modern period based on Kito's demographical periodization of Japanese history. In the third and fourth chapter I analyze the institutional structure of agriculture and by-employments that dominated the modern labour market. In conclusion I discuss the connection of this structure to heavy industry and its implications for the current dual labour market.

RESUMÉ CONTINUING ETHNIC PROCESSES OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE RUSSIAN NORTH Legislation has an appreciable effect on the lives of the indigenous peoples and is becoming one of the fundamental components of their adaptation. Many of the innovative elements are realized on the basis of this legislation. The life strategies of the indigenous peoples in Yamalo- Nenets avtonomniy okrug is practically the same as the life strategies of the majority population. A notable exception are reindeer herders, but even amongst their children, we see a shift to the strategies of the majority society. These modes of adaptation have both ethnic and non-ethnic characters. Of those that are based on an ethnic basis, we can distinguish them by whether they are based on historical development or on legislative privilege. The privileges of a legislative base can be divided into individual (e.g. quota for free fishing) and collective rights (e.g. economic activity by communities). Both categories are actively used. Authorities of avtonomniy okrug actively encourage and support them using their rights. An increasing number of indigenous peoples are showing non-ethnic ways of adaptation, such as the non-ethnic elements used by the surrounding majority society. Children from mixed families, where one parent does not belong to...

In this thesis the position of parties under a fixed-term agreement under section 14 of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 is analysed critically. The purpose of this thesis is first to establish whether parties to a fixed-term agreement are better protected in terms of section 14 of the CPA when the consumer needs to terminate the contract based on the material failure to perform by the supplier, than under the common law. Second, this thesis explores whether the maximum duration of fixed-term agreements should be limited by statute. Various aspects affecting parties to these agreements, for instance the freedom to contract, pacta servanda sunt, and standard-form agreements, are considered. The South African position is then compared to the position in Singapore under the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act, and to the United Kingdom under the Consumer Rights Act, to gain perspective and objectively evaluate the provisions of section 14 of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 to establish whether South Africa can benefit from lessons learnt from these jurisdictions. Finally, principle-based amendments to the provisions of the CPA are recommended to improve the position of the consumer under fixed-term agreements to effect best practice solutions and ensure adherence to the aims and purposes of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 and international guidelines. This thesis is based on the law as at 18 June 2020, found in sources available in South Africa, and Singaporean law available in the database of the National University of Singapore.
Hierdie proefskrif is ’n kritiese analise van die posisie van partye tot vastetermynkontrakte ingevolge artikel 14 van die Suid-Afrikaanse verbruikersbeskermingswetgewing, die Consumer Protection Act 68 van 2008 (CPA). Die doel van die analise is eerstens om vas te stel of partye tot ’n vastetermynkontrak ingevolge artikel 14 van die CPA beter beskerming geniet ingevolge die CPA wanneer die verbruiker die vastetermynkontrak moet beëindig weens die wesenlike wanprestasie deur die verskaffer, as ingevolge die gemenereg. Tweedens ondersoek die proefskrif of dit wenslik is dat die maksimum duur van vastetermynkontrakte deur wetgewing beperk word. Verskeie aspekte wat die posisie van partye tot vastetermynkontrakte beïnvloed word ondersoek, onder andere kontrakteervryheid, die leerstuk pacta servanda sunt en standaardkontrakte. Die Suid-Afrikaanse posisie word dan vergelyk met dié in Singapoer, ingevolge die Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act (CPFTA), en die Verenigde Koninkryk, ingevolge die Consumer Rights Act (CRA) om perspektief te kry op die studie, en ten einde die bepalings van artikel 14 objektief te oorweeg om vas te stel of Suid-Afrika kan kersopsteek by hierdie jurisdiksies. Laastens word voorstelle gemaak om die posisie van die verbruiker tot vastetermynkontrakte ingevolge die CPA te verbeter om beste gebruikspraktyke te implementeer, en te verseker dat die doelwitte van die CPA en internasionale verbruikersriglyne bereik word. Hierdie studie weerspieël die regsposisie soos op 18 Junie 2020 in bronne wat plaaslik beskikbaar is, asook in bronne aan my beskikbaar gestel deur die Nasionale Universiteit van Singapoer tydens ’n navorsingsbesoek daar.
Kule thesisi isimo sezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwesivumelwano sesikhathi esinqunyiwe, ngaphansi kwesigaba 14 koMthetho 68 ka 2008, uMthetho weZokuvikelwa koMthengi uhlaziywa ngendlela egxekayo. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukusungula ukuthi mhlawumbe lezi zinhlangano ezingaphansi kwesivumelwano sesikhathi esinqunyiwe sivikeleke kangcono ngaphansi kwesigaba 14 se-CPA uma kunesidingo sabathengi sokuqedwa kwesivumelwano esencike phezu kokwehluleka ukwenza umsebenzi waloyo ongumthumeli wempahla, okwehlukile emthethweni owejwayelekile. Okwesibili, le thesis iphenya ukuthi mhlawumbe isikhathi isikhathi esinde sesivumelwano sesikhathi esinqunyiwe kufanele sincishiswe ngokomthetho oshayiwe. Izinto ezahlukahlukene ezithinta lezi zivumelwano, njengesibonelo, inkululeko yokungena esivumelwaneni pacta servanda sunt, kanye nesivumelwano ezingaguquki, kuyizinto ezibhekwayo. Isimo seNingizimu Afrika siqhathaniswa nesimo sezwe laseSingapore ngaphansi koMthetho wezokuVikelwa kwabaThengi (Fair Trading), kanye nasezweni laseUnited Kingdom ngaphansi koMthetho owaMalungelo abaThengi, ukuthola umqondo kanye nokuhlola izimiso ngaphansi kwesigaba 14 soMthetho 68 ka 2008, uMthetho oVikela abaThengi ukuthola ukuthi ngabe iNingizimu Afrika kukhona ekuzuzile kwizifundo ezifundwe kulezi zakhiwo zemithetho. Okokugcina, izichibiyelo ezisuselwe kwimigomo mayelana nalokho okushiwo yi-CPA inconywe ukuthi yenze ngcono isimo sezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwezivumelwano zesikhathi esinqunyiwe ukuletha izisombululo ezingcono kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulandelwa izinhloso kanye nemisebenzi yoMthetho 68 ka 2008, okunguMthetho oVikela abaThengi kanye nemihlahlandlela yezizwe zomhlaba. Lolu cwaningo lususelwe phezu komthetho kusukela mhla zi 18 uNhlangulana 2020, luyatholakala emithonjeni yaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye nomthetho waseSingapore uyatholakala emthonjeni yedatha yaseNational University of Singapore.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.