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Itua, Paul Okhaide. "Succession Under Customary Law in Nigeria. The Rule of Primogeniture versus the Deposition of a Traditional Ruler (Onojie) in Edo State: A critique of the Provisions of the Traditional Rulers and Chiefs Edicts No 16 of 1979." International Journal of Culture and History 6, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v6i2.15125.
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Before the advent of colonial administration in the area, which is presently known as Nigeria, there existed a people occupying vast areas of territories, which were traditionally dominated by highly diverse ethnic groups with highly sophisticated language systems. Apart from the variation in the languages, there also exist shape differences in terms of customs and traditions. However, with the amalgamation of the southern and northern protectorate by Lord Frederick Lugard the former Governor-General of Nigeria in 1914 these territories were brought together for the convenience of British Colonial Administration. The new territory was called Nigeria. In furtherance of their quest for effective colonial administration, the British used to their advantage the traditional institutions that were well established in the country. Although traditional structures differ considerately from one ethnic group to another, but it was a common feature for these various ethnic groups to have their own established traditional institution with a recognised ruler, who may in turn be subordinate to the ruler of a larger community. The procedure regulating succession to the throne of these various traditional institutions are well defined by customs and traditions. These traditional ruler exercises absolute powers, and wade considerable influence in the affairs concerning their area of jurisdiction. However since the attainment of Independence in 1960, and followed by alternating between Military rule and civilian administration saw the decline and in some cases the eroding of the powers once excised by these traditional rulers. The once reviled absolute rulers suddenly discover that they are now subject to the powers of the state as provided in the various Traditional Rulers and Chief Law of the various states in the federation. These laws prescribed the mode of selection, appointment and discipline of a traditional ruler, which could include deposition or dethronement. In Edo State, succession to the throne as a traditional ruler in most of the communities is governed by the rule of primogeniture. Among the Esan people of Edo State their traditional ruler is known as the “Onojie” and succession to the throne is strictly by the principle of primogeniture. Recently, the Onojie of Uromi was deposed by the Edo State Government acting in accordance with provision of the Traditional Rulers and Chief Edict No 6 Laws of Bendel State of Nigeria 1979 applicable to Edo State. This article seeks to examine critically the aforesaid deposition of the Onojie against the Rule of primogeniture that regulate succession to the throne under Esan customary law.
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Neves, Fabrício Ramos, Polyana Batista Da Silva, and Hugo Leonardo Menezes de Carvalho. "Artificial Ladies against corruption: searching for legitimacy at the Brazilian Supreme Audit Institution." Revista de Contabilidade e Organizações 13 (November 28, 2019): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-6486.rco.2019.158530.
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This study depicts the search for legitimacy by four information technology artifacts in helping auditors in the surveillance against fraud and corruption by the Brazilian Supreme Audit Institution (TCU). ALICE, ADELE, MONICA, and SOFIA are Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems proposed to aid auditing processes in the public sector. A web-based survey has been used to gather the responses from 60 auditors across Brazil and semi-structured interviews with the Chief Data Officer, three IT Developers and five TCU Audit Managers selected by purposive sampling. The research finds that the use of AI-based systems is low among auditors at the TCU due to the perceived limited benefit. While some respondents recognized the advantages of the AI-based systems, they are put off by the weak theorization and diffusion regarding the meaning and the use of AI-based systems within the organization; they showed a priority for using traditional auditing methods instead of digital innovation, restricting the potential of anticorruption control by technological artifacts.
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Robin, Libby, and Stephen Boyden. "Telling the Bionarrative: a Museum of Environmental Ideas." Historical Records of Australian Science 29, no. 2 (2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr18007.
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This paper explores the history of a proposal for an ideas-based museum of ecological concepts, a ‘National Biological Centre' for Canberra in 1965, and its successors.2 The background to the proposal came from changing ideas about zoos in the 1960s, and the emerging discipline of human ecology. The mission of the centre was to explore the relations between humans, other life-forms and their physical environment through what its chief protagonist, Stephen Boyden, called a comprehensive ‘bionarrative'.3 The centre was to facilitate the understanding of biophysical and social worlds as interrelated dynamic systems. The Biological Centre was conceived as a ‘major cultural institution' for the nation, reflecting relations between science and society, and informing culture with science.4 Unlike traditional natural history museums and zoos, collections of objects (or animals) were not its primary mission. This paper considers how the 1965 proposal for the Biological Centre anticipated later ‘museums of ideas', and reviews its relevance to new twenty-first-century museums of the Anthropocene, and how museums and related institutions can shed light on the role of science in society.
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Anwar, Muhammad. "Towards an Interest-Free Islamic Economic System." American Journal of Islam and Society 3, no. 1 (September 1, 1986): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v3i1.2763.
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The author, who is chief economist at the Banker's Equity Limited, aninterest-free institution in Pakistan, earned his Ph.D. in 1983 from BostonUniversity. This book, a revised version of his doctoral dissertation acceptedat that university, is the first publication sponsored by the International Associationfor Islamic Economics in collaboration with the Islamic Foundation.The study contains important lessons for both interest-bearing and theinterest-free Islamic societies. Theoreticians and practitioners in finance canequally benefit from this timely publication. It is therefore a very useful additionto the literature in Islamic economics and in the "signalling theory"in finance, which are both new and fast growing areas of study.Traditional banking is on the brink of crisis at present. The banks are failingat a post-depression record rate in the United States. Experts agree thata single event such as inability of the developing nations to service their debt,a steep fall in oil prices, withdrawal of petrodollars from the traditional institutions,or a significant rise in the interest rates, can lead to hture widespreadfailures of banking institutions. Traditional bankers in search of alternativessuch as Islamic banking can benefit from Dr. Khan's rigorous cost benefitanalysis.Muslim societies interested in Islamization can recognize some of the difficultiespointed out by the author, especially the information or disclosurecosts associated with interest-free financing. Material incentives, which frequentlyexceed the moral teachugs of Islam in contempomy Muslim societies,may lead to dishonesty in reporting the costs and benefits of business projectsamong the concerned parties.Chapter one outlines the objectives and organization of the study. Readersare informed that the origin of the principles of Islamic economics lies in ...
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Tishelman, Jared C., Dennis Vasquez-Montes, David S. Jevotovsky, Nicholas Stekas, Michael J. Moses, Raj J. Karia, Thomas Errico, Aaron J. Buckland, and Themistocles S. Protopsaltis. "Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments: outperforming traditional quality of life measures in patients with back and neck pain." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 30, no. 4 (April 2019): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.10.spine18571.
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OBJECTIVEThe Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) has become increasingly popular due to computer adaptive testing methodology. This study aims to validate the association between PROMIS and legacy outcome metrics and compare PROMIS to legacy metrics in terms of ceiling and floor effects and questionnaire burden.METHODSA retrospective review of an outcomes database was performed at a single institution from December 2016 to April 2017. Inclusion criteria were age > 18 years and a chief complaint of back pain or neck pain. The PROMIS computer adaptive testing Pain Interference, Physical Function (PF), and Pain Intensity domains; Oswestry Disability Index (ODI); Neck Disability Index (NDI); and visual analog scale (VAS) back, VAS leg, VAS neck, and VAS arm were completed in random order. PROMIS was compared to legacy metrics in terms of the average number of questions needed to complete each questionnaire and the score distributions in the lower and higher bounds of scores.RESULTSA total of 494 patients with back pain and 130 patients with neck pain were included. For back pain, ODI showed a strong correlation with PROMIS-PF (R = −0.749, p < 0.001), Pain Intensity (R = 0.709, p < 0.001), and Pain Interference (R = 0.790, p < 0.001) domains. Additionally, the PROMIS Pain Intensity domain correlated to both VAS back and neck pain (R = 0.642, p < 0.001 for both). PROMIS-PF took significantly fewer questions to complete compared to the ODI (4.123 vs 9.906, p < 0.001). When assessing for instrument sensitivity, neither survey presented a significant ceiling and floor effect in the back pain population (ODI: 0.40% and 2.63%; PROMIS-PF: 0.60% and 1.41%). In the neck pain cohort, NDI showed a strong correlation with PROMIS-PF (R = 0.771, p < 0.001). Additionally, PROMIS Pain Intensity correlated to VAS neck (R = 0.642, p < 0.001). The mean number of questions required to complete the questionnaire was much lower for PROMIS-PF compared to NDI (4.417 vs 10, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences found in terms of ceiling and floor effects for neck complaints (NDI: 2.3% and 6.92%; PROMIS-PF: 0.00% and 5.38%) or back complaints (ODI: 0.40% and 2.63%; PROMIS-PF: 1.41% and 0.60%).CONCLUSIONSPROMIS correlates strongly with traditional disability measures in patients with back pain and neck pain. For both back and neck pain, the PROMIS-PF required patients to answer significantly fewer questions to achieve similar granularity. There were no significant differences in ceiling and floor effects for NDI or ODI when compared with the PROMIS-PF instrument.
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Baldwin, Kate, and Eric Mvukiyehe. "Elections and Collective Action: Evidence from Changes in Traditional Institutions in Liberia." World Politics 67, no. 4 (August 3, 2015): 690–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887115000210.
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Numerous recent field and laboratory experiments find that elections cause higher subsequent levels of collective action within groups. This article questions whether effects observed in these novel environments apply when traditional institutions are democratized. The authors test the external validity of the experimental findings by examining the effects of introducing elections in an indigenous institution in Liberia. They use a break in the process of selecting clan chiefs at the end of Liberia’s civil wars to identify the effects of elections on collective action within communities. Drawing on survey data and outcomes from behavioral games, the authors find that the introduction of elections for clan chiefs has little effect on community-level and national-level political participation but that it increases contentious collective action and lowers levels of contributions to public goods. These findings provide an important counterpoint to the experimental literature, suggesting that elections have less salutary effects on collective action when they replace customary practices.
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McGowan, Katharine, Andrea Kennedy, Mohamed El-Hussein, and Roy Bear Chief. "Decolonization, social innovation and rigidity in higher education." Social Enterprise Journal 16, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-10-2019-0074.
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Purpose Reconciliation between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian plurality has stalled. While the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s (TRC) Calls to Action could be a focusing event, creating a window of opportunity for transformative social innovations; we see coalescing of interest, social capital and investment in decolonization and indigenization in the proliferation of professorships, programs, installations and statements. However, Blackfoot (Siksika) Elder Roy Bear Chief raised significant concerns that Indigenous knowledge, experiences and people are not yet seen as relevant and useful in higher education; such marginalization must be addressed at a systems level for authentic reconciliation at any colonial university. The purpose of this paper was to explore this dual goal of exploring barriers to and opportunities for Indigenous knowledges and knowledge holders to be valued as relevant and useful in the Canadian academy, using a complexity- and systems-informed lens. Design/methodology/approach Local Indigenous Elders provided guidance to reflect study purpose and target audience of academics, with an approach that respectfully weaved Westernized research methods and co-learning through indigenous knowledge mobilization strategies. This analysis extends results from a qualitative grounded theory study to explain social processes of professors and administrative leadership in a Canadian mid-sized university regarding barriers and facilitators of implementing TRC Calls to Action. This further interpretation of applied systems and panarchy heuristics broadens understanding to how such micro-social processes are positioned and influence larger scale institutional change. Findings This paper discusses how the social process of dominionization intentionally minimizes meaningful system disruption by othering indigenous knowledge and knowledge holders; this form of system-reinforcing boundary work contributes to rigidity and inhibits potentially transformative innovations from scaling beyond individual niches and moments in time. Elders’ consultation throughout the research process, including co-learning the meaning of findings, led to the gifting of traditional teachings and emerging systems and multi-scale framework on the relevance of indigenous knowledges and peoples in higher education. Research limitations/implications This study was performed in one faculty of one Canadian institution; an important and potentially widely-present social process was identified. Further research is needed for greater generalizability. Conditions that led to this study are increasingly common across Canada, where at least one third of higher education organizations have explicit indigenization strategies and internationally where the rights and self-determination of indigenous peoples are growing. Social implications Insights from this study can inform conversations about social innovation in institutional settings, and the current systems’ resistance to change, particularly when exploring place-based solutions to national/international questions. These initiatives have yet to transform institutions, and while transformation is rarely rapid (Moore et al., 2018), for these potential innovations to grow, they need to be sustainable beyond a brief window of opportunity. Scaling up or deep within the academy seems to remain stubbornly elusive despite attention to the TRC. Originality/value This study contributes to a growing literature that explores the possibilities and opportunities between Indigenous epistemologies and social innovation study and practice (McGowan, 2019; Peredo, McLean and Tremblay, 2019; Conrad, 2015), as well as scholarship around Indigenization and decolonization in Canada and internationally.
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Kwabena Boateng, Kwabena, and Stephen Afranie. "Chieftaincy: An Anachronistic Institution within a Democratic Dispensation? The Case of a Traditional Political System in Ghana." Ghana Journal of Development Studies 17, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v17i1.2.
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Prior to colonial rule, governance in Africa rested on chiefs. However, colonialism and other currents of social change reduced the powers and functions of chiefs. Critics tagged the chieftaincy institution as anachronistic and even predicted its demise during the struggle for independence. However, chieftaincy has persisted after several years of Ghana’s independence. The paper specifically seeks to answer two fundamental questions: Is chieftaincy anachronistic? And, how relevant is chieftaincy in Ghana’s democratic dispensation. The paper is a desk review examining the instrumentality of the chieftaincy institution in the midst of a web of reputational challenges in contemporary Ghana. The study unearthed that the anachronistic label is pivoted on the undemocratic nature of chieftaincy institution and, chieftaincy and land disputes. Despite the above label, it was also found that chiefs are instrumental in conflict resolution, governance and administration, promotion of education and economic empowerment and performance of representational and diplomatic roles. Though people continue to perceive the chieftaincy institution as undemocratic, the institution has critical roles to play in contemporary Ghana. This paper recommends that studies should be conducted on how chiefs can be integrated into modern governance structures for them to contribute to national development.
Keywords: Chieftaincy, Anachronistic, Democratic, Social change, Traditionalism, Conservatism
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Fontoura Filho, Carlos. "Are the researcher and the reviewer focused on defending the journal’s credibility in the face of scientific demands?" Scientific Journal of the Foot & Ankle 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/scijfootankle.2018.v12.879.
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The last editorial highlighted the importance of the internationalization of this journal as well as the use of well-defined standards and agile and modern mechanisms for the rapid publication of scientific material. In this scenario, there is concern about building a good level of content. A revival of the scientific tradition and the modernization (but not replacement) of the method and forms of review, from standardizations brought about by experimentalism to the inclusion of digital technology, are called for.
In an academic universe in which publication volume transcends optimistic expectations, new journals and scientific portals with global and instantaneous reach appear at every moment. Modernity is, according to Zygmunt Bauman1, liquid. Scientific production gallops. However, readers look for the best-supported content, recognizing that it is impossible to read every published article within their area of interest. With their good power of discernment, they choose more useful and higher-quality articles, leaving aside irrelevant ones. It is not wrong to state that an unread article is a lost article.
Moses Naim2, in his book "The End of Power", notes that it is increasingly feasible for a competent bureaucratic institution to achieve its optimal conceptual level and gain space in an environment in which traditional and powerful institutions already exist in the same segment. The barriers that protect the power of larger institutions are increasingly fragile. The digital age and the internet (mobility), the growing number of alternatives for the same product (more) and increasing intellectual preparation (mentality) help to break down these barriers that preserve the power of traditional organizations. For the same reasons, a newly ascended entity can easily lose its prominence. This phenomenon is what this author calls the revolution of the three “m’s”: more, mobility and mentality. This journal navigates in this sea of contemporary events, within which economic liberalism, for example, insinuates itself, albeit late.
The large volume of publications entails a predictable bias toward a great variety of content and, concurrently, an increase in the spectrum of methodological quality in both the higher and lower directions. This new reality calls on participants who are coherent and aware of their role in steering the "Scientific Journal" along the stormy sea route of a busy and demanding market.
It may be difficult to apply ideas that appear to be obvious: researchers need to produce relevant material with good scientific quality and sound methodology, and reviewers must match researchers’ efforts by devoting the same scientific competence, ethics and dedication to the production that they receive. Therefore, it is important to ask how, within a national context, researchers and reviewers can be prepared, mobilized, updated and improved such that they conduct their work in "firm steps" with good methods and well-applied tools.
See "Liquid Modernity" by Zygmunt Bauman, in which the author, a Polish sociologist and World War II refugee based in Great Britain, considers immediate modernity "light", "liquid", "fluid" and immensely more dynamic than "solid" modernity, which would have been dethroned.
Moisés Naím is a Venezuelan writer and columnist who has been the editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy magazine since 1996. He has written on international politics and economics, economic development, multilateral organizations, US foreign policy and the unintended consequences of globalization.
Carlos Fontoura FilhoReview Board, Scientific Journal of the Foot & AnkleDoctor in Medicine, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) in Ribeirão PretoAdjunct Professor of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro
Reply to Professor
Dear Prof. Dr. Carlos Fontoura Filho,
First of all, thank you for your appreciation.
I was motivated when I read your letter and I was sure that our work is being pursued with a focus on best practices. Significant efforts are being expended to achieve our goals.
An interesting aspect to highlight is how editorial processes can suffer external influences, even in scientific environments, where the ethical conduct of authors, reviewers and editors must be above all else.
Practicing medicine under the aegis of ethics requires of the physician a broad experience in this social, moral environment, and constant updating, far beyond the strictly technical requirements. We are much more demanded in the multiple aspects of human relations, if compared to other professions. We must keep careful attention on all those aspects that govern the principles of education and training of young people not only as orthopedic surgeons of the foot and ankle but also as citizens of the world.
Jorge Mitsuo MizusakiEditor-in-chief
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Adotey, Edem. "Parallel or dependent? The state, chieftaincy and institutions of governance in Ghana." African Affairs 118, no. 473 (July 6, 2019): 628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady060.
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Abstract In recent policy frameworks, traditional authorities have been (re)assigned roles of directly representing civil society and local communities as key actors in development, leading to questions about the relationship between the chieftaincy institution and the state in governance. Using the example of a chieftaincy dispute between the Sokpoe and Tefle, a Tongu-Ewe people of Ghana, at the heart of which are claims to paramountcy status, this article argues that chieftaincy and the state are not always parallel institutions of governance that derive their legitimacy from different sources. Struggles over chieftaincy hierarchies have become struggles for the preferential recognition by and access to the state conveyed by membership in the Houses of Chiefs. In effect, the chieftaincy institution may be both parallel to and dependent on the state. The article draws attention to the importance of hierarchy in explaining state-chieftaincy relationships because an understanding of the nuances of legitimacy in chieftaincy will enrich how chiefs are engaged as key actors in development.
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BROWN, H. CAROLYN PEACH, and JAMES P. LASSOIE. "Institutional choice and local legitimacy in community-based forest management: lessons from Cameroon." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000603.
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SUMMARYDecentralization of forest management has become a common policy globally which has allowed communities to regain rights removed through colonization and central state management of forests. However, socioeconomic and environmental outcomes of such community-based forest management schemes have been mixed. Studies have shown the importance of institutions in influencing the success of these new governance arrangements. Based on an extensive literature review supplemented by qualitative research, using focus groups and semi-structured interviews, conducted in nine villages in the humid forest zone comprising three community forests, this research investigated the successes and challenges from decentralization of forest management in Cameroon. A key constraint on success was the inappropriate institutional structure at the local level with responsibility to manage community forests. Community forest management committees with no internally recognized legitimacy and dominated by local elites had replaced roles once played by traditional authorities. Qualitative research showed that in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, the system of accountability for forest resources, prior to the enactment of community forest legislation, included those with historical traditional cultural authority, in the form of clan or lineage heads, as well as the village chief, a legacy of colonial power. Village chiefs or other members of the village council are also selected on the basis of their good moral character. Community forest management committees that are a hybrid of customary authorities and other representatives of the population chosen following the criteria for local legitimacy may capture the best of historical social regulation and build on it so that the local committee may be seen as being accountable to the local population. Since such hybrid institutions are not without their risks, it is important that these institutions be accountable to a local democratic government to further increase their transparency and accountability. Models of community-based natural resource management that incorporate culturally appropriate requirements of legitimacy and accountability in crafting local institutions may have more success in accomplishing both socioeconomic and environmental goals.
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Kurebwa, Jeffrey. "The Institution of Traditional Leadership and Local Governance in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2018010101.
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This article describes how traditional leaders play important developmental, administrative and political roles in rural areas, despite modern state structures. They regulate rural life, control access to land, and settle various disputes. They are respected leaders in their communities. The existence of traditional leaders means that both the decentralisation and the strengthening of local governance are not taking place in a vacuum. Documentary sources such as the Constitution of Zimbabwe; the Traditional Leaders Act (2000) and Chiefs and Headmen Act (1982); newspapers and unpublished non-governmental organisations (NGOs) evaluations and reports were used in this article. Traditional leaders have played a pivotal role in ensuring that the ZANU-PF government remains in power since 1980. In principle, traditional leaders should not be drawn into party politics and their role should remain one of the neutral leadership. If the traditional leader assumes a party-political role, one should appoint a substitute to handle their traditional role to avoid a conflict of interest.
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Goist, Mitchell, and Florian G. Kern. "Traditional institutions and social cooperation: Experimental evidence from the Buganda Kingdom." Research & Politics 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 205316801775392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168017753925.
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Recent studies show that traditional institutions and their representatives—such as chiefs or elders—are influential political forces in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. In this paper, we explore the causal mechanism through which traditional institutions increase cooperation and mobilization. We employ a lab-in-the-field experiment using modified public goods games involving the Buganda Kingdom of Uganda. We incorporate references to traditional authority to measure whether participants contribute more when traditional institutions are involved. We explicate and test two possible mechanisms through which traditional institutions might affect cooperation and mobilization: a horizontal mechanism driven by peer-to-peer effects; and a vertical mechanism driven by access to social hierarchies. We find evidence for the latter. This suggests that traditional institutions increase cooperation, because individuals expect that their cooperation and investment will be rewarded by traditional social elites.
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Vollan, Björn, Esther Blanco, Ivo Steimanis, Fabian Petutschnig, and Sebastian Prediger. "Procedural fairness and nepotism among local traditional and democratic leaders in rural Namibia." Science Advances 6, no. 15 (April 2020): eaay7651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay7651.
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This study tests the common conception that democratically elected leaders behave in the interest of their constituents more than traditional chiefs do. Our sample includes 64 village leaders and 384 villagers in rural Namibia, where democratically elected leaders and traditional chiefs coexist. We analyze two main attributes of local political leaders: procedural fairness preferences and preferential treatment of relatives (nepotism). We also measure personality traits and social preferences, and conduct standardized surveys on local governance practices and villagers’ perceptions of their leaders’ performance. Our results indicate that traditional chiefs are as likely to implement fair, democratic decision-making procedures, and are as unlikely to be nepotistic. Moreover, elected leaders and chiefs express similar social preferences and personality traits. These findings align with villagers’ perceptions of most leaders in our sample as being popular and fair, and villagers’ responses reveal a discrepancy between planned and de facto implementation of democratic institutions.
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Green, Nile. "THE AFGHAN DISCOVERY OF BUDDHA: CIVILIZATIONAL HISTORY AND THE NATIONALIZING OF AFGHAN ANTIQUITY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816001136.
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AbstractThrough their interactions with French archaeologists from around 1930, Afghan historians formulated a new official historical identity for Afghanistan based on its pre-Islamic past. This article provides the first analysis of this process by tracing the emergence of the new historiography through the career of its chief promoter, Ahmad ʿAli Kuhzad, as curator of the National Museum (founded 1931) and director of the Afghan Historical Society (founded 1942). Through placing Kuhzad in these official institutional settings and reading his major works, the article shows how traditional Persianate historiography was challenged by an imported and amended version of world civilizational history. In the decades after independence in 1919, this new historical vision allowed the young Afghan nation-state to stake its civilizational claims on an international stage. In these previously unexcavated historiographical strata lie the roots of the Taliban's iconoclasm, which are revealed as a dialogical response to the state cultural institutions that remade Afghanistan as Aryana.
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Rohregger, Barbara, Katja Bender, Bethuel Kinyanjui Kinuthia, Esther Schüring, Grace Ikua, and Nicky Pouw. "The politics of implementation: The role of traditional authorities in delivering social policies to poor people in Kenya." Critical Social Policy 41, no. 3 (May 2, 2021): 404–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02610183211009889.
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The article contributes to understanding the political economy of implementation of social protection programmes at local level. Current debates are dominated by technocratic arguments, emphasizing the lack of financial resources, technology or skills as major barriers for effective implementation. Describing how chiefs, assistant-chiefs and community elders are routinely at the centre stage of core implementation processes, including targeting, enrolment, delivery, monitoring, awareness and information, data collection or grievance and redress, this study on Kenya argues for the need to look more closely into the local political economy as an important mediating arena for implementing social policies. Implementation is heavily contingent upon the local social, political and institutional context that influences and shapes its outcomes. These processes are ambivalent involving multiple forms of interactions between ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ institutional structures, which may support initial policy objectives or induce policy outcomes substantially diverging from intended policy objectives.
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Ridwan and Isman. "MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DATUK SINARO PUTIH PASANG SURUT KEKUASAAN ADAT DI TENGAH HEGEMONI NEGARA." Jurnal Niara 12, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/nia.v12i1.2137.
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The Bungo District Government issued Bungo District Regulation No. 9 of 2007 concerning the mention of the Village Chief to Rio, the Village Becomes Dusun and Dusun Being the Kampung has raised several fundamental problems faced by the Indigenous Government of Datuk Sinaro Putih. The problem is the existence of dualism at the level of village institutions, which is caused by the Role of Rio (Village Chief) who is so free to regulate all adat issues in the indigenous law community Datuk Sinaro Putih which has been regulated by Customary Institutions led by Customary Leader. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. Existence of Customary Law Society Datuk Sinaro Putih still exists. Because they were officially recognized by the Bungo District Regulation No. 6 of 2006 concerning Customary Law Society Datuk Sinaro Putih. They still have customary forests as the ancestral heritage of Datuk Sinar Putih. The Hamlet Government has replaced the power of Datuk Sinaro Putih in the field of general government. However, customary power is still held by Datuk Sinaro Putih, including control of customary forest areas. The descendants of Datuk Sinaro Putih make an effort to maintain their existence, including designing Village Regulations on the Customary Law Community Datuk Sinaro Putih and holding annual and five-year events in the form of traditional vows and traditional art performances in the traditional unit of Datuk Sinaro Putih.
Keywords: customary law community, Datuk Sinaro Putih, customary power, state hegemony
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Honyenuga, Ben Quarshie, and Edem Happy Wutoh. "Ghana’s decentralized governance system: the role of Chiefs." International Journal of Public Leadership 15, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-01-2018-0005.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which Chiefs are involved in Ghana’s decentralization process and assess the benefits and challenges associated with the formal inclusion of Chiefs in local governance in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study applied a qualitative inductive approach and employed interviews and focus group discussions to gather data from selected traditional areas within the Volta Region of Ghana. Findings The findings reveal conflicting roles being performed by Chiefs and local government actors leading to role conflicts. Research limitations/implications Though the study is limited with respect to its scope, it opens up the debate regarding the position of Chiefs in Ghana’s decentralized local governance system and also serves as a useful point of reference for future research in the decentralization process and the Chieftaincy institution. Practical implications The paper provides an opportunity for stakeholders in Ghana’s decentralized local governance system to review the current decentralization policy to take care of the concerns of the traditional authorities at the grassroots. The recommendations, among others, call for a great deal of consensus building between the Chiefs and local government actors to enhance the success of the decentralization process. Originality/value The paper provides evidence regarding the loopholes in the structure of Ghana’s decentralized local governance system which appear to exclude the traditional authorities thereby affecting the smooth running of that system.
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Munro, John. "The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270-1570." Journal of Early Modern History 3, no. 1 (1999): 1–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006599x00071.
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AbstractThis paper, a contribution to the "proto-industrialization" debate, examines the relative advantages of urban and rural locations for cloth manufacturing in later-medieval England and the Low Countries. From the eleventh to the mid-fourteenth century, when the English cloth trade began its seemingly inexorable expansion, the Low Countries had enjoyed a virtual supremacy in international cloth markets, then chiefly located in the Mediterranean basin. The traditional view has attributed the ultimate English victory to the advantages of a rural location, using cheap labour and water-powered fulling. The proponents of this view further contend that in late thirteenth-century England a new rural industry had displaced a centuries-old "traditional" urban cloth industry through such superior cost advantages. To challenge that view, this paper puts forth the following propositions : (I) that England's traditional urban industry had declined, abruptly from the 1290s, chiefly because of steeply rising, war-induced, transaction costs in Mediterranean markets for its chief products: i.e., cheap and light fabrics, which they had sold as price takers; (2) that the Flemish/Brabantine cloth industries, having had a similar industrial-commercial orientation, suffered from the same industrial crisis; and more quickly responded by reorienting production, as price makers, to the very high-priced luxury woollens; (3) that rural locations were not always more advantageous, in lower labour and other costs; (4) that urban locations offered important benefits for luxury-cloth production : a more highly skilled, productive, better regulated labour force; urban and guild institutions to enforce necessary quality controls and promote international reputations for high quality; (5) that England's cloth industry, when it revived from the 1360s, followed suit in shifting to more luxury-oriented exports, while gaining its chief advantages from the fiscal burdens imposed on high-quality wool exports to its overseas competitors ; (6) that English export-oriented cloth production also remained more urban than rural until the late fifteenth century (for many complex reasons explored in this paper).
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Munro, John. "The Symbiosis of Towns and Textiles: Urban Institutions and the Changing Fortunes of Cloth Manufacturing in the Low Countries and England, 1270-1570." Journal of Early Modern History 3, no. 3 (1999): 1–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006599x00143.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper, a contribution to the "proto-industrialization" debate, examines the relative advantages of urban and rural locations for cloth manufacturing in later-medieval England and the Low Countries. From the eleventh to the mid-fourteenth century, when the English cloth trade began its seemingly inexorable expansion, the Low Countries had enjoyed a virtual supremacy in international cloth markets, then chiefly located in the Mediterranean basin. The traditional view has attributed the ultimate English victory to the advantages of a rural location, using cheap labour and water-powered fulling. The proponents of this view further contend that in late thirteenth-century England a new rural industry had displaced a centuries-old "traditional" urban cloth industry through such superior cost advantages. To challenge that view, this paper puts forth the following propositions : (1) that England's traditional urban industry had declined, abruptly from the 1290s, chiefly because of steeply rising, war-induced, transaction costs in Mediterranean markets for its chief products: i.e., cheap and light fabrics, which they had sold as price takers; (2) that the Flemish/Brabantine cloth industries, having had a similar industrial-commercial orientation, suffered from the same industrial crisis; and more quickly responded by reorienting production, as price makers, to the very high-priced luxury woollens; (3) that rural locations were not always more advantageous, in lower labour and other costs; (4) that urban locations offered important benefits for luxury-cloth production : a more highly skilled, productive, better regulated labour force; urban and guild institutions to enforce necessary quality controls and promote international reputations for high quality; (5) that England's cloth industry, when it revived from the 1360s, followed suit in shifting to more luxury-oriented exports, while gaining its chief advantages from the fiscal burdens imposed on high-quality wool exports to its overseas competitors; (6) that English export-oriented cloth production also remained more urban than rural until the late fifteenth century (for many complex reasons explored in this paper).
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Kurashima, Natalie, Jason Jeremiah, A. Whitehead, Jon Tulchin, Mililani Browning, and Trever Duarte. "‘Āina Kaumaha: The Maintenance of Ancestral Principles for 21st Century Indigenous Resource Management." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 3975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113975.
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Globally, there is growing recongition of the essential role indigneous people have in biocultural conservation. However, there are few cases of applied indigenous resource management today, especially from the indigenous standpoint. In this paper, we provide an example of the maintenance and adaptation of an indigenous resource management system in Hawai‘i from the perspective of an instrumental ‘Ōiwi (Indigenous Hawaiian) social institution, Kamehameha Schools. Kamehameha Schools is not only the largest private landowner in Hawai‘i, but is uniquely tied to a lineage of traditional ali‘i (chiefs) resulting in present-day influence, decision-making authority, and wealth to fund a perpetual vision for its ancestral lands and communities. Notably, we share our journey from the perspective of indigenous resource managers, using the ‘Ōiwi methodology of mo‘okū‘auhau (genealogy and continuity) to guide our (re)discovery of what it means to steward in an indigenous way. First, we ground ourselves in ‘Ōiwi worldviews, recognizing our genealogical and reciprocal connections to ‘āina (land and sea). Then, we examine the functions of the traditional institution of the ali‘i and the chiefly principle of ‘āina kaumaha—a heavy obligation to steward the biocultural health of lands and seas in perpetuity. We detail how ‘āina kaumaha has manifested and transferred over generations, from traditional ali‘i to the royal Kamehameha line, to Kamehameha Schools as an ali‘i institution. Finally, we discuss how we endeavor to meet inherited obligations through Kamehameha Schools’ resource management approach today, which includes active stewardship of vast tracts of native ecosystems and Hawai‘i’s most important cultural sites, influencing biocultural well-being through representing ‘Ōiwi perspectives in diverse industries, and developing the next generation of ‘Ōiwi stewards. We provide a guide for indigenous organizations (re)defining their ancestral ways of stewardship, as well as for the many non-indigenous agencies with obligations to native lands and people today working to incorporate indigenous systems into their current management. Given that much of the world’s lands are indigenous spaces, we argue that the restoration of effective biocultural resource management systems worldwide requires the maintenance, and in some cases reestablishment, of indigenous institutions at multiple levels.
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Minialai, Caroline, Mohamed Nabil El Mabrouki, and Oumaima Chamchati. "Involys: a Moroccan SME playing with African giants." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-12-2018-0280.
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Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Learning outcomes Objective 1 analyse the internationalization process of Involys and compare it with the traditional theoretical analyses; Objective 2 analyse and learn from past successes and failures in Africa, building up a meaningful strategic analysis with a specific focus on: understanding the advantages and disadvantages of size (small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) suppliers/State Institutions customers); understanding the importance of institutional barriers and opportunities in this specific context; understanding and measuring the distances issues and the way they affect the company’s development Objective 3 learn to be creative and concrete in proposing feasible solutions to the Board of Involys. Case overview/synopsis Involys is a medium-sized Moroccan company designing and implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It was co-founded in the 1980s by its present chief executive officer (CEO), quite a charismatic individual. As its listing on the Casablanca Stock Exchange, the company has set its main goal to develop its business on the African markets. This is a significant shift in commercial strategy for a company who has built its past success on working with Northern countries. Involys tries with its ERP system to accompany state-level reforms. The case study takes place in 2017, Involys has just lost a significant project in Cameroun, despite significant pre-sale investments, and is trying to build on its success in Gabon to accelerate and improve its competitive position in Africa. The case focusses on the internationalization process of a firm involved in long terms contracts and dealing mainly with institutions such as states or state departments. The issues of sizes, institutional barriers and distance should be specifically addressed in a south-south context. Complexity academic level Master’s degree executive training programs. Subject code CSS 5: International business.
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Popescu, Teodora. "'HOW COME, CHIEF WILLOUGHBY?' – OR THE POWER OF METAPHORICAL UTTERANCES." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.3.7.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the metaphorical utterances used in the advertising messages in Three Billboards outside Ebbing, Missouri, 2017. The framework of analysis is provided by Forceville (1996), who applied the relevance theory to metaphors used in advertising. The three billboards feature simple messages in black capital letters against a crimson red background, without any pictures, which however trigger thoughts and events not necessarily anticipated or expected by the sender. The journey of the intended message to the desired action meant by the communicator is long and twisted, and makes the tragi-comedy enthralling, despite its lack of verisimilitude. The POLICE ARE GUARDIANS metaphor is challenged (hence the question mark in the message printed on the third billboard) throughout the movie and the fantasy-like ending offers no redemption at all (ex-officer Dixon is no longer lawfully entitled to pursue the alleged culprit). The police are ultimately and undeniably useless, trust is shattered, traditional institutions are contested, as they can no longer provide justice. Controversially enough, there is a backward trajectory for Dixon, who almost achieves redemption at the end of the movie, in joining forces with Frances, in order to fight a righteous cause.
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Miller, Appau Williams, Oliver Tannor, and Ofori Peres. "Modern Trends in Ownership and Acquisition of Large-scale Lands in Teshie and Kasoa, Ghana." Ghana Journal of Development Studies 17, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v17i2.5.
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With the rising urbanisation of some parts of Ghana, the demand for land for various purposes is inevitable. The article assesses current trend of large-scale land acquisition in Teshie and Kasoa. The study used semi-structured interviews to solicit primary data from key informants such as chiefs at Nyanyano-Kasoa and Tsie-We family head at Teshie, land guards, and investors who acquire large scale lands in these areas to identify the trends in such acquisitions between 2014 to 2019.The study uncovered that though there are variations in the nature of land ownership in Teshie and Kasoa, multiple sale of lands, poor land management practices, litigation and land guarding are common practices in both areas. The study found that there is an institutional gap as both the state and traditional institutions have not really done much to deal with the challenges confronting LSLAs in these areas. It is recommended that land owning groups be engaged and educated by the Lands Commission in collaboration with Customary Lands Secretariat on proper ways to manage and sell their lands to avoid multiple sales and the conflicts that it brings. The Ghana police service should crackdown on land guarding which is an illegal activity.
Keywords: Large-scale, Land Acquisition, Land Ownership, Customary Land Secretariat, Traditional Authorities
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Sarfo-Mensah, Paul, Akwasi Owusu-Bi, Samuel Awuah-Nyamekye, and Steve Amisah. "Environmental Conservation and Preservation of Cultural Heritage." Worldviews 18, no. 1 (March 26, 2014): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685357-01801003.
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Environmental conservation and preservation of religio-cultural heritage for tourism development in the Akyem Abuakwa Traditional Area in the Eastern Region of Ghana have been examined in this paper. The location has a rich blend of dramatic landscape, historic relics and traditional cultures. Five traditional divisions make up the traditional area and have magnificent renewable natural resources including forests, waterfalls, rivers, caves and a rich diversity of wildlife and sanctuaries that could be developed further into a tourism destination site for the benefit of the area, in particular, and the state as a whole. The area has a unique cultural heritage, with the chieftaincy institution remaining as the center piece. The annual festivals of the chiefs and people of the traditional area, especially the Odwira festival, are celebrated annually by the people, and this attracts a considerable number of people including foreign tourists to the area. A complex and interrelated combination of factors threatens the further development and conservation of the environmental and cultural heritage of the area for tourism. These threats arise mainly from anthropogenic factors such as farming, forest logging, and bush fires, but also from the weakening of traditional institutions and limited national governmental support. Population-related pressures on land and other natural resources have affected traditional natural resources management. Fallow periods have been reduced and continuous cropping has become common. The growing demand for land and the presence of migrants have extended agriculture to marginal lands, forest reserves and some sacred sites. A number of recommendations have been made to enhance the preservation of the local cultural heritage and environmental conservation. Capacity building, education and public awareness creation, dialogue among various religious groups, collaborative management of natural resources, training and provision of alternative livelihoods have been suggested as options to conserve environmental and cultural heritage to boost environmental conservation and tourism development in the Akyem Abuakwa Traditional Area.
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Nejim, Instructor Alia Khleif. "Feminism in Sophie Treadwell's Machinal." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 215, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v0i215.601.
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Sophie Treadwell's play Machinal, which was performed on September 7, 1929 , can be examined and interpreted within the framework of feminism. Generally speaking, feminism, as a theory, looks for the freedom and the independence of women in society. Besides, it calls for the elimination of differences between man and woman who are involved in social activities. In the play, Sophie Treadwell presented the dilemma of the Young Woman who lives in a society which is witnessing rapid scientific and industrial developments but these developments come at the expense of woman's freedom and her need to achieve her goals and to be treated as an equal partner in society rather than an inferior being in a society which is dominated by males. The mechanical society in which the Young Woman lives imposes its demands on her, therefore, she lives in a conflict between her personal freedom and the necessity to conform to the rules which are set by society. The young Woman submits to society which forces her first to work and to take care of her mother, then, to marry a rich man so that she and her mother will live a comfortable life. This marriage obliterates her personality and ambitions. After she marries her boss, the Young Woman feels that she is unable to adjust herself to her new marital life. First, because she does not have knowledge about marriage and sex , and second because her husband is a domineering and insensitive person who denies her the right to be a lone for sometime in order to be ready for her first night. This can be interpreted within a feminist context as a condemnation of males' domination over women and as a criticism of the marriage institution in which women have no rights to establish themselves as separate and independent beings.
Sophie Treadwell examines and probes the character of the Young Woman depicting her confused understanding about her place in a society ruled by men and by materialistic values. This confusion leads the Young Woman to depression which is reflected in her rejection of her role as a dutiful wife and a mother. After giving birth to her baby, the Young Woman refuses to feed her baby because she is unable to accept her new role as a mother .
Moreover, the Young Woman looks for passion which she finds in an adulterated relationship with a Young Man. After being emotionally involved in this relationship for a period of time, the Young Woman decides to kill her husband , an action which is interpreted by feminist critics as a way to escape from the confines of society and from a domineering husband whom she considered as her chief antagonist because he embodies her acquiescence to the ruling forces of social values and expectations. The play can be considered as a call for women's freedom and a change of the traditional and socially limited view about women. The success of the play can be attributed to the playwright's feminist attitudes which led her to write this play about a woman who looks for freedom and independence in a time of shifting attitudes towards the role of women in society.
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Adega, Andrew Philips, Daniel Terna Degarr, and Myom Terkura. "Ator A Zan Adua (Christian Traditional Rulers) and Tiv Culture in the 21st Century." International Journal of Culture and History 8, no. 2 (August 8, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v8i2.18915.
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The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring legacies from traditional African societies. Until the coming of the colonialists, the traditional institution led by chiefs, emirs, obas, Ezes, etc performed legislative and judicial functions as well as political, religious, social and economic roles etc. The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution among the Tiv was not organised in a systematic manner until the creation of the Tor Tiv stool in 1946. With several reformations, the chieftaincy institution has taken a definite stage in Tiv society. However, the problem of the study has to do with the fact that there has arisen in the Tiv chieftaincy scene; the ator a zan adua (Christian traditional rulers) who rather than protect and preserve Tiv cultural heritage are in the vanguard of the corrosion of a culture they had taken an oath to protect and preserve. If prompt action is not taken by the Tiv, their culture would soon disappear as these ator a zan adua have “churchmentised” and Christianised Tiv culture. As scholars of Tiv History, Religion and Culture, the researchers are alarmed at this cultural imperialism being perpetrated by Tiv traditional rulers. The study adopts the historical, descriptive and evaluative methods. In data collection, the primary and secondary methods have been adopted. In the primary source, oral interviews and the observation methods have been used; whereas in the secondary sources of data collection, documented sources from books, journal articles, newspapers and e-sources have been employed. The study established that by the orientation of ator a zan a dua as Christians, they are on the verge of completely supplanting Tiv culture with a foreign one. The study noted that culture gives an identity to a group of people and without it, they cannot be defined. In view of this challenge, the study made various suggestions as means of preserving and sustaining Tiv cultural heritage for generations yet unborn. One of these suggestions is that traditional rulers in Tiv be made to take their oath of office by Swem (the Tiv symbol of justice) so that when they renege on their oath, they would immediately bear the consequences (death by swollen stomach, limbs and severe headache). The study concluded that Tiv culture must not be sacrificed on the altar of Christianity by anybody not even the ator (traditional rulers).
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Logan, Carolyn. "Selected chiefs, elected councillors and hybrid democrats: popular perspectives on the co-existence of democracy and traditional authority." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 1 (February 18, 2009): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x08003674.
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ABSTRACTThe long-standing debate about the proper role for Africa's traditional leaders in contemporary politics has intensified in the last two decades, as efforts to foster democratisation and decentralisation have brought competing claims to power and legitimacy to the fore, especially at the local level. Questions persist as to whether traditional authority and democratic governance are ultimately compatible or contradictory. Can the two be blended into viable and effective hybrid systems? Or do the potentially anti-democratic features of traditional systems present insurmountable obstacles to an acceptable model of integration? Survey data collected by the Afrobarometer indicate that Africans who live under these dual systems of authority do not draw as sharp a distinction between hereditary chiefs and elected local government officials as most analysts would expect. In fact, popular evaluations of selected and elected leaders are strongly andpositivelylinked. They appear to be consistently shaped by each individual's ‘leadership affect’, and by an understanding of chiefs and elected officials as common players in a single, integrated political system, rather than as opponents in a sharply bifurcated one. Moreover, there is no evident conflict between supporting traditional leadership and being a committed and active democrat. Rather than finding themselves trapped between two competing spheres of political authority, Africans appear to have adapted to the hybridisation of their political institutions more seamlessly than many have anticipated or assumed.
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Mustasilta, Katariina. "Including chiefs, maintaining peace? Examining the effects of state–traditional governance interaction on civil peace in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 2 (September 6, 2018): 203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318790780.
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The continued influence of traditional governance in sub-Saharan Africa has sparked increasing attention among scholars exploring the role of non-state and quasi-state forms of governance in the modern state. However, little attention has been given to cross-country and over-time variation in the interaction between state and traditional governance structures, particularly in regard to its implications for intrastate peace. This study examines the conditions under which traditional governance contributes to state capacity to maintain peace. The article argues that the type of institutional interaction between the state and traditional authority structures influences a country’s overall governance dynamics and its capacity to maintain peace. By combining new data on state–traditional authorities’ interaction in sub-Saharan Africa from 1989 to 2012 with intrastate armed conflict data, I conduct a systematic comparative analysis of whether concordant state–traditional authorities’ interaction strengthens peace. The empirical results support the argument that integrating traditional authorities into the public administration lowers the risk of armed conflict in comparison to when they remain unrecognized by the state. Moreover, the analysis suggests that the added value of this type of interaction is conditional on the colonial history of a country.
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Mkanda, Francis X., Austin Mwakifwamba, and Twakundine Simpamba. "Traditional stewardship and conservation in the Game Management Areas of Nkala and Namwala, Zambia." Oryx 48, no. 4 (May 1, 2014): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000574.
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AbstractWe investigated the effects of socio-economic, institutional, and governance factors on two adjacent Game Management Areas in Zambia: Nkala, which is relatively pristine, and Namwala, which is degraded. Monetary benefits from the Nkala Game Management Area were almost double those from Namwala, which may have been sufficient incentive for the communities of Nkala not to occupy the area or conduct activities that were detrimental to wildlife conservation. There was no such incentive in Namwala, where traditional leaders may have considered settlement and cultivation a better alternative to wildlife conservation. The degradation of the area is largely attributable to weak governance amongst the traditional leadership, which allowed unauthorized migrants to settle and cultivate regardless of the effects of their activities. In contrast, there was good governance in Nkala, where the local chiefs did not allow settlement within the Game Management Area. We hope our findings will be useful in informing the management of Game Management Areas and other wildlife-conservation areas.
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Kaunda, Chammah Judex. "‘The Ngabwe Covenant’ and the Search for an African Theology of Eco-Pneumato-Relational Way of Being in Zambia." Religions 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11060275.
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This study explores the ways in which the born-again traditional leaders in Zambia are redefining neo-Pentecostal interaction with nonhuman creation. It demonstrates their attempts to rapture new religious imaginations in interstitial spaces between neo-Pentecostalism and Africa’s old spiritual systems. Since eco-spirituality is foundational to most African traditional institutions, some born again traditional leaders are forced to search for contextualized forms of neo-Pentecostalism to form new collective expressions of the spirituality of healing and reconciliation of all things. Grounded in the third space translation approach, this study analyzes ‘The Ngabwe Covenant’ which was made by the late neo-Pentecostal clergy and later traditional leader Ngabwe upon his inauguration as the traditional leader of Lamba-Lenje-and–Lima people of Central Province in Zambia. The study argues that Chief Ngabwe attempted to translate neo-Pentecostal spirituality through a traditional spiritual system of eco-relationality. In so doing, neo-Pentecostal spirituality and traditional religio-cultural heritages found new meaning and home within the hybridized (new) religious space. The study underlines that the resultant religious view which could be described as an African theology of eco-pneumato-relational way of being was envisioned as a new spiritual foundation for the Ngabwe kingdom. The article concludes that Rev. TL. Ngabwe’s theology of Spirit’s indwelling of the natural world is a critical contribution to neo-Pentecostal search for life-giving interactions between human and nonhuman creation.
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Walters, Philip. "Turning Outwards or Turning Inwards? The Russian Orthodox Church Challenged by Fundamentalism." Nationalities Papers 35, no. 5 (November 2007): 853–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990701651836.
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The 1997 Russian law on religion recognizes Orthodoxy, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the “traditional religions” of Russia. These religions see themselves as having an important role to play in achieving social stability, and particularly in overcoming religious “extremism” and the perceived threat it poses to society. “Traditional'” religions stand shoulder to shoulder, explaining that the values they champion tend towards the creation and preservation of peace and reconciliation in society, and that, moreover, these are shared values, common to all “traditional'‘ religions. Indeed, the primary criterion for identifying a “traditional'” religion in Russia today may be that it is “noncompetitive” with other religions. The Moscow Patriarchate rejects the idea, for example, that Orthodox Christians should proselytize among Muslims. The fact that each religion sees itself as having possession of the “truth” does not endanger the cooperation, harmony and mutual respect among the traditional religions in Russia at the level of official and institutional interaction. Regarding the controversy over the school textbook, Foundations of Orthodox Culture, which human rights activists accused of constituting pro-Orthodox propaganda, an Orthodox priest and a Muslim chief mufti filed a joint claim against those who initiated the case, and a Protestant leader came out in support of the use of the textbook in the public schools.
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Shilova, Liudmila S. "Transformation of Professional Values of Doctors in the Process of Optimization of the Public Health Service. Part I." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 6, no. 4 (2018): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2018.6.4.6092.
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Reforms in the public health service continue to receive disapproval from doctors for a number of reasons. Their expectations of improved financial standing have not been met. The basic component of wages did not increase commensurate with increased loads. Wage premiums and incentive payments are fully distributed by the institution’s chief physician by criteria not discussed in teams. While earning funds for domestic needs, medical institutions are not interested in providing doctors with any material or temporary opportunities for additional education. A doctor has to master all areas of practice in off-duty time at their own cost and expense. The requirements of the administration to the work of doctors often go against their traditional professional values and ethical norms. The combination of the existing working conditions and requirements of the administration contribute to increasing the level of dissatisfaction of doctors with their work, and their professional burnout. Dysfunctional management activities of the administration of medical institutions are short-sighted in nature and reduce the work motivation of doctors.
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Rathbone, Richard. "KWAME NKRUMAH AND THE CHIEFS: THE FATE OF ‘NATURAL RULERS’ UNDER NATIONALIST GOVERNMENTS." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10 (December 2000): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440100000037.
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AbstractTHERE is a popular and reasonably accurate view of pre-colonial government in Africa which believes that Africans were governed by rulers who are usually referred to as chiefs. While there were some societies in Africa where authority was exercised in a less obviously hierarchical fashion, most African polities were dominated by individual rulers whose legitimacy depended, as in so many other parts of the world, upon descent and by their near monopoly of material or spiritual means of coercion. Historians of Africa have obviously been interested in the fate of these institutions over time and have broadly concluded that by the twentieth century these monarchies were dying institutions. There are several studies of very varied cases which range from the virtual extinction of chieftaincy at the hands of colonial powers to others in which colonialism deprived traditional rulers of absolute sovereignty and did so by shielding them from the simultaneous corrosion and vitalisation of modernisation. Like most generalisations, this is caricature. But it is fair to say that modern historiography has regarded chiefs and chieftaincy as the peripheral tags of a pre-modern order; where chieftaincy survived into the second half of the twentieth century, it was because of the un-natural, instrumental preservation of these archaic forms of government and value allocation, by colonialism.
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Mukuka, Dominic Mulenga. "The Impact of Land Act of 1995 on Customary, State and Church Lands." Jumuga Journal of Education, Oral Studies, and Human Sciences (JJEOSHS) 3, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35544/jjeoshs.v3i1.26.
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The article sets out to examine the concept of customary or traditional land within the context of Zambia’s dual land system that is categorized as: customary/traditional land. In turn, the traditional land is controlled, allocated, and regulated through the Chiefs. Then there is formal land that is owned and controlled by the State through the Commissioner of Lands who works in consultation with the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, in conjunction with the Ministry of Local Government and its District Councils. The article will thus examine the history of dual land system in Zambia; and will further evaluate the Land Act of 1995, whose purpose was to propose a wave of new land system reforms. The latter was intended to establish a more efficient system of land tenure conversion in Zambia. The article also examines the administration of conversion process of traditional/customary and State land. The article sets out on the premise that without effective tenure conversion policies in administering land, sustainable development in both traditional or customary and State areas will be hampered. To this effect, the issue of boundaries in customary or traditional communities will be discussed as a way of building territorial integrity and land management in customary land, through cadastral surveys that is apparent with the rise in population and demand for market-based activities in rural areas. The article will argue that without clearly defined systems of administration and demarcation of boundaries, between customary/traditional and State/formal lands in Zambia, this process will be prone to more land conflicts hindering socio-economic progress. Hence, the aim of the article is to investigate how the United Church of Zambia’s land has been administered and managed, considering the fact that most of its land is based both in customary/traditional areas that are controlled by the Chiefs and formal or State lands that are largely controlled by the government institutions. The methodology that will be used in or der to examine how the United Church of Zambia manages and administer its land will be qualitative methodology. The article will conclude that there is need for the United Church of Zambia to develop a land management policy that will assist the Church to manage and administer its lands that is both located in the traditional and government areas. Above all, the Church needs to ensure that leasehold conversion that is both customary and traditional authorities through the local Chiefs and the government through its Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, Commissioner of Lands, together with the Ministry of Local Government are legitimately acquired.
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Helms, Ludger. "Governing in the Media Age: The Impact of the Mass Media on Executive Leadership in Contemporary Democracies." Government and Opposition 43, no. 1 (2008): 26–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00242.x.
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AbstractThe effects of old and new media on governing and executive leadership have remained curiously under-studied. In the available literature, assessments prevail that consider the media to have developed a strongly power-enhancing effect on incumbent chief executives. A careful reconsideration of mass media effects on the conditions and manifestations of political leadership by presidents and prime ministers in different contemporary democracies suggests that the media more often function as effective constraints on leaders and leadership. Overall, the constraining effects of the traditional media have been more substantial than those generated by the new media. While there are obvious cross-national trends in the development of government–mass media relations, important differences between countries persist, which can be explained to some considerable extent by the different institutional features of contemporary democracies.
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Trigo, António, João Varajão, Pedro Soto-Acosta, João Barroso, Francisco J. Molina-Castillo, and Nicolas Gonzalvez-Gallego. "IT Professionals." International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhcitp.2010091105.
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Nowadays, Universities and other Training Institutions need to clearly identify the Information Technology (IT) skills that companies demand from IT practitioners. This is essential not only for offering appropriate and reliable university degrees, but also to help future IT professionals on where to focus in order to achieve better job positions. In an attempt to address this issue, this study rely on 102 Chief Information Officers, from Iberian large companies, to characterize current IT professionals and what is expected from future hirings. Results revealed that IT Technicians and Senior Analysts are the predominant positions and also that future hiring will request candidates with at least two to five years of work experience. The two most important skills found were core functions at the IT department: business knowledge and user support. In contrast, traditional competences such as web development and management of emerging technologies were less demanded.
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Muriaas, Ragnhild Louise, Liv Tønnessen, and Vibeke Wang. "Counter-Mobilization against Child Marriage Reform in Africa." Political Studies 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 851–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321717742859.
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Legislating a minimum age of marriage at 18 has stirred counter-mobilization in some, but not all, countries where religious or traditional institutions enjoy constitutional authority. To explore differences between states regarding likelihood of counter-mobilization, we investigate two cases in Africa. In Sudan, a government-led child marriage reform initiative has sparked counter-mobilization by conservative religious actors, while a similar initiative in Zambia has not caused visible counter-mobilization among traditional groups and has gained the support of many chiefs. With the literature on doctrinal gender status issues as theoretical background, we argue that the nature of law—codified versus living—is a factor in these distinct trajectories. We further identify variations in two mechanisms, legal power structure (centralized vs decentralized) and type of political battle (interpretation vs administration), that link nature of law to variation in the likelihood of counter-mobilization.
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Hunchak, C., L. Puchalski Ritchie, M. Salmon, J. Maskalyk, and M. Landes. "LO15: Not a hobby anymore: Establishment of the Global Health Emergency Medicine organization at the University of Toronto to facilitate academic careers in global health for faculty and residents." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.77.
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Introduction/Innovation Concept: Demand for training in global health emergency medicine (EM) practice and education across Canada is high and increasing. For faculty with advanced global health EM training, EM departments have not traditionally recognized global health as an academic niche warranting support. To address these unmet needs, expert faculty at the University of Toronto (UT) established the Global Health Emergency Medicine (GHEM) organization to provide both quality training opportunities for residents and an academic home for faculty in the field of global health EM. Methods: Six faculty with training and experience in global health EM founded GHEM in 2010 at a UT teaching hospital, supported by the leadership of the ED chief and head of the Divisions of EM. This initial critical mass of faculty formed a governing body, seed funding was granted from the affiliated hospital practice plan and a five-year strategic academic plan was developed. Curriculum, Tool, or Material: GHEM has flourished at UT with growing membership and increasing academic outputs. Five governing members and 9 general faculty members currently run 18 projects engaging over 60 faculty and residents. Formal partnerships have been developed with institutions in Ethiopia, Congo and Malawi, supported by five granting agencies. Fifteen publications have been authored to date with multiple additional manuscripts currently in review. Nineteen FRCP and CCFP-EM residents have been mentored in global health clinical practice, research and education. Finally, GHEM’s activities have become a leading recruitment tool for both EM postgraduate training programs and the EM department. Conclusion: GHEM is the first academic EM organization in Canada to meet the ever-growing demand for quality global health EM training and to harness and support existing expertise among faculty. The productivity from this collaborative framework has established global health EM at UT as a relevant and sustainable academic career. GHEM serves as a model for other faculty and institutions looking to move global health EM practice from the realm of ‘hobby’ to recognized academic endeavor, with proven academic benefits conferring to faculty, trainees and the institution.
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Eyoh, Dickson. "Through the prism of a local tragedy: political liberalisation, regionalism and elite struggles for power in Cameroon." Africa 68, no. 3 (July 1998): 338–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161253.
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A prominent feature of political liberalisation in Cameroon (as elsewhere in Africa) is the increasing resort by elites to idioms of community (regional, religious and ethnic) and neo-traditional institutions like chieftaincy as a means of mobilising political support and reasserting control of local populations. Focusing on the anglophone part of Cameroon this study examines the historical roots of the salience of these phenomena in current struggles for power. It uses the circumstances surrounding the death of a chief in the South West Province to explain the ways in which elite reliance on these phenomena facilitates the linkage of locally specific, culturally encoded political conflict with competition for power at the national level, and provokes local populations into resisting state power, often through the reinvention of traditions of their own. The study concludes that popular scepticism about whether current political struggles will lead to fundamental changes in state–society relations is rooted in the ways in which elite politics are played out in local and regional spaces.
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Ngaruiya, Grace W., and Jürgen Scheffran. "Actors and networks in resource conflict resolution under climate change in rural Kenya." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-441-2016.
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Abstract. The change from consensual decision-making arrangements into centralized hierarchical chieftaincy schemes through colonization disrupted many rural conflict resolution mechanisms in Africa. In addition, climate change impacts on land use have introduced additional socio-ecological factors that complicate rural conflict dynamics. Despite the current urgent need for conflict-sensitive adaptation, resolution efficiency of these fused rural institutions has hardly been documented. In this context, we analyse the Loitoktok network for implemented resource conflict resolution structures and identify potential actors to guide conflict-sensitive adaptation. This is based on social network data and processes that are collected using the saturation sampling technique to analyse mechanisms of brokerage. We find that there are three different forms of fused conflict resolution arrangements that integrate traditional institutions and private investors in the community. To effectively implement conflict-sensitive adaptation, we recommend the extension officers, the council of elders, local chiefs and private investors as potential conduits of knowledge in rural areas. In conclusion, efficiency of these fused conflict resolution institutions is aided by the presence of holistic resource management policies and diversification in conflict resolution actors and networks.
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Avendal, Christel. "Social Work in Ghana." Journal of Comparative Social Work 6, no. 2 (October 3, 2011): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v6i2.70.
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In contemporary Ghana, the traditional system and professional social work operate as two parallel systems within the field of social work. The aim of this study was to investigate if and how the teaching of contemporary professional social work in Ghana takes into account traditional actors and practices. The traditional system includes extended family members and traditional authorities such as chiefs or family heads. It formed the social institution that protected and cared for the vulnerable before (Western) social work was introduced as a formal profession in Ghana. A 10-week ethnographic field study was conducted at the Department of Social Work at the University of Ghana. The study employed a qualitative, social constructionist approach, interpreting the results within a theoretical framework of social world theory. The empirical material consisted of interviews with students and teachers, participant observation at lectures, and various documents. The main findings of the study were that professional social workers and traditional actors can be seen as members of two subworlds – the subworld of professional social workers and the subworld of traditional actors. Students and teachers discuss interventions from the perspective of social workers and traditional actors. Their ability to take different perspectives seems to be crucial for localisation – the process by which social work is made relevant to local culture and traditions. The interviewees’ accounts reveal how localisation is not only about culture, but also about social structures and practical considerations. The poor state of the social work profession in Ghana affects interventions in a profound way.
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Alexander, Jocelyn. "The local state in post-war Mozambique: political practice and ideas about authority." Africa 67, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161268.
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The article explores the ways in which post-independence political practices in Mozambique's rural areas have shaped attitudes towards official authority, and considers the legacy of those attitudes for the recently promulgated Municipalities Law. The law will transfer a range of state functions to elected district institutions, and grant a greater role to ‘traditional authorities’ (chiefs). Mozambican officials and academics see the law—and decentralisation more widely—as a means of making the state more efficient and more responsive to local needs. However, drawing on case study material from Manica Province, the article argues that neither the Frelimo party-state, nor the opposition military movement Renamo, inculcated a political practice which prepared the way for democratic demands. Nor are chiefs likely to represent community interests effectively. In Manica's rural areas ‘local leaders’ such as businessmen, political party leaders, chiefs and church leaders strongly associate official authority with a level of wealth and education that they do not possess, and which consequently exclude them from holding such positions. They also see elections as potentially destabilising. While there is a strong popular desire for chiefs to resume various roles, officials (and chiefs themselves) usually see their future in terms of a late colonial model, i.e. as an extension of administrative authority. Academic literature on democratisation and civil society often posits an opposition between state and civil society, and democratic aspirations within civil society. However, local attitudes towards authority in Manica Province were strongly based in the history of political practice, and are not necessarily sympathetic to democratic ideals. Nor is there a clear opposition between what has often been called ‘civil society’ and the state: individuals moved in and out of association with official authority; leaders of ‘civil society’ often sought to become part of, not to oppose, the state.
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Zierler, Wendy. "A Dignitary in the Land? Literary Representations of the American Rabbi." AJS Review 30, no. 2 (October 27, 2006): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009406000122.
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The Haskalah of the late eighteenth century, it is often observed, dealt a major blow to many traditional Ashkenazic institutions, including the rabbinate. Formerly extolled by their communities in nearly God-like superlatives—such as “Chief shepherd, a dignitary in the land … Prince among princes in Torah and wisdom”—rabbis became the object of trenchant criticism during this period. The maskilim, formerly denizens of the yeshivot, cast special aspersion on rabbis and their assertion of the authority of Jewish law, charging that the rabbinic insistence on stringencies and legal minutiae was the source of all that was wrong with Diaspora Jewish life. Much of the critique of the rabbinate targeted the culture of yeshiva learning that supported it; the maskilim promoted the study of philosophy, science, Hebrew literature, and the scientific study of Judaism. Often, this literary and philosophical assault on the authority, role, and Talmud-centeredness of the rabbinate took the form of a critique of arranged marriages and the unequal status of women in Jewish law.
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"Muzealnictwo", Redakcja. "From the editors." Muzealnictwo 60 (January 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8581.
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If we want to describe the surrounding reality, while at the same time trying to grasp the best key to it, it seems that the word “change” is the most appropriate. Museums rank among that category of culture institutions which, while undergoing changes, and caring for their own institutional and axiological autonomy, attempt at the same time to influence the very changes; this, however, makes them face identity dilemmas, the necessity to find the right balance between the responsibilities that are sometimes referred to as “traditional ones”, namely the ones they have towards the collections, and the obligations commonly regarded to be an attribute of “modernity”, these towards the public in the variety of their impressive turnout growth and the increase of their expectations. The way to stabilize change effects, while at the same to stimulate them, also with respect to the closest editing of the museum Annual, are legislative efforts and bills. One could even be tempted to make the statement, this not fully irony-free, that the history of Polish museology is actually the history of implemented and unimplemented legislative projects (the latter dominating), of the attempts to define the position of museums in the context of the synergically perceived “cultural legacy”, of finding for them the appropriate governance model, without rejecting the above-mentioned identity dilemmas. The goal of the “Muzealnictwo” Annual No. 60 is to present an overview of the past and current trials to amend the “Museum Act”, to identify areas for essential corrections, reasons for negligence, yet first and foremost, difficulties in applying them to the culture domain in which the most frequently applied word next to “change” (and most highly appreciated by museum circles) is the word “specificity”. This overview will hopefully contribute to the reflection on the capacity of institutional operating under the circumstances in which the inadequacy between the letter of the law and its enforcement can be observed. Next to the theme that is key to the present issue of the “Muzealnictwo” Annual, you will find the well established and known sections describing the spheres of museum operations, these occurring regardless of the lapse of time and their legislative creations. Piotr Majewski Professor at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw Editor-in-Chief
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Adomah-Afari, Augustine. "The contribution of community leadership upon the performance of mutual health organisations in Ghana." Journal of Health Organization and Management 29, no. 7 (November 16, 2015): 822–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-11-2013-0260.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of social dynamics on the performance of mutual health organisations (MHOs) exploring the influence of community wealth and community leadership on policy implementation. Design/methodology/approach – Four operating district mutual health insurance schemes were selected using geographical locations, among other criteria, as case studies. Data were gathered through interviews and documentary review. The findings were analysed using community field and social capital theories. Findings – Traditional leaders like the Chiefs serve as the pivot around which social and human capital of the communities revolve in the developmental process of the country. Research limitations/implications – Lack of exhaustive examination of the financial and institutional viability issues of the MHOs. Future studies could assess the interplay between financial, institutional and social viability models when measuring the financial and overall sustainability of MHOs. Practical implications – Health policy makers need to involve traditional leaders in the formulation and implementation of national policies since their acceptance or rejection of central government policy could have negative consequences. Social implications – Ghana is a dynamic country and there is the need to utilise existing social networks: inter-family and inter-tribal relationships to ensure the viability of MHOs. Originality/value – There is and can be a successful interplay between public sector funding and community sector revenue mobilisation for financing the health sector in Ghana. This justifies the complementarity between government funding and community’s resource mobilisation efforts in the health sector.
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Kallinen, Timo. "Christianity, fetishism, and the development of secular politics in Ghana: A Dumontian approach." Anthropological Theory 14, no. 2 (June 2014): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499614534112.
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The paper discusses the impact of Christianity on the institutions of divine kingship and chiefship among the Asante people of Ghana during the late pre-colonial and colonial periods. The thrust of the paper is that separate categories of religion and politics emerged in Asante society as the colonial administration sought to facilitate missionary work and conversion while at the same time they supported the chiefs as the secular rulers of the country. The analysis is based on Dumont’s ideas on the differentiation of the political category and the characteristics of the modern state. Dumont’s own work on secularization focused on long-term historical developments that were markedly different from the abrupt changes described here. Nevertheless, his ideas help us significantly in comprehending the profoundness and radicality of this transformation. Additionally, the aim of the paper is to provide some historical background for understanding debates about the nature and value of traditional chieftaincy in present-day Ghana.
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Mitchell, Richard. "HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH PROMOTION: A CANADA FIT FOR CHILDREN?" International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 2, no. 3/4 (July 8, 2011): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs23/420117761.
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<p>The 2011 Canadian election campaign demonstrates once again that while the health care debate is always a highly contested political issue, little of the discussion originates from, or is concerned with, citizens under 18 years of age. This paper responds to this gap in knowledge with findings from a qualitative, exploratory human rights study investigating the youth-led health promotion group REACT (Resist, Expose and Challenge [big] Tobacco). Under the auspices of the Chief Medical Officer, successive cohorts of high-school students have been working within the Niagara Public Health Region in Ontario, Canada since 2005. The main findings suggest that young people are fully competent to manage important aspects of their own health, and have led authorities to support health-enhancing behaviours for themselves and their peers. Moreover, it is clear that rights-based health promotion has been underutilized in Canada since dominant theoretical approaches to healthy development and traditional top-down institutional processes frequently overlook – and thus violate – the participatory human rights of young people. This violation represents a social justice issue with far-reaching consequences for equity in the overall health of the Canadian population.</p>
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Kravchenko, I. O. "Legislative activity of the Icelandic bishopric in the second half of the XI - first half of the XII century." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 45 (March 7, 2008): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2008.45.1897.
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A number of scholars in the history of medieval Iceland have emphasized the exceptional importance of law and justice for Icelandic society. According to American researcher J. Bajok, the focus of Iceland's culture was law, and the relationship between Godi and his heirs was also based on law.
The nature of Iceland's socio-political institutions reveals the circumstances in which Icelanders' attitudes towards the law were shaped. The royal power in the country during the Commonwealth period did not arise, and the system of chiefs or Godords became specifically the Icelandic institute of government. It is traditionally believed that the country was divided into 4 quarters, consisting of 36 (later 39) Godords, headed by leaders (mn. Goarar). The year 930 is considered the date of Altinga's founding. National Assembly of Iceland. Each year, a three-year lawmaker in Altinga had to promulgate a third of the country's laws. The lawmaker selected those who were to sit on the Rock of Law and designate the place where the Courts of the Quarters, which had pending lawsuits, were to be held. The most important institution of Altinga was the Legislative Council, which dealt with legal issues. The council members were 48 leaders or heads. The representatives of the highest level of the religious hierarchy - the bishops of dioceses on the Chamber Hill (Skullholt) and the Hills (Holar) - were also members of the Legislative Council. The bishops participated in three important events for the country: the drafting and adoption of the Law of Tithes in 1096/97, the codification of secular laws in 1117 - 1118, and the record of about 1123 of the Christian Law, which was included in the Gray Law Code. Goose ", probably recorded in the XIII century.
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Banda, Dennis, and Mulenga Kapwepwe. "The influence of rurality and its indigenous knowledge on teaching methods in higher education – lessons from Ukulange Mbusa of the Bemba people of Zambia." Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South 4, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v4i2.148.
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This study was on the influence of rurality and its Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) with reference to the Ukulange Mbusa (UM) ceremony of the Bemba people of the Northern Zambia. Rurality is a demographic and a social category and implies distance from urban centres, sparse population, lack of amenities, infrastructure and sometimes social deprivation. A lot of forms of indigenous knowledge are imparted on learners from rural areas before they join universities and meet other knowledge systems. The study tried to establish if some learning and teaching approaches, methods and techniques used in such traditional ceremonies and settings could influence the teaching and learning in higher learning institutions. Interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and documents analysis were used to collect data. The sample was drawn from traditional chiefs, women counsellors (alangizi) and university students initiated in the Ukulange Mbusa ceremony. Findings of the study are that the positive influences of rurality and their forms of indigenous knowledge are often minimised, misunderstood, ignored, viewed as backward, local, native, and therefore not suitable for use in higher learning institutions. However, this study argues that progressive indigenous forms of knowledge must be hybridized with the university ones, save negative ones such as those fuelling early marriages.
Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, Rurality, Folklore, Culture, ZambiaHow to cite this article:Banda, D. & Kapwepwe, M. 2020. The influence of rurality and its indigenous knowledge on teaching methods in higher education – lessons from Ukulange Mbusa of the Bemba people of Zambia. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South. 4(2): 197-217. https://doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v4i2.148.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/