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Zhou, Xiaofeng. "Adoption of non-traditional enterprises by Virginia farmers." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07112009-040519/.
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Mpuzu, Misery Sikelwa. "The impact of farmer support programmes on market access of small holder farmers in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007140.
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Most smallholder farmers in South Africa are characterized by poor resources such as land, labour and capital while they play an important role in poverty alleviation especially in poor rural areas. Smallholder farmers are increasingly recognized because of their contribution to household food security. The world markets are increasingly being integrated due to globalization and liberalization. As a result, smallholder farmers are facing increasing market competition, not only in international markets but in local markets as well. However, smallholder farmers often face a number of barriers to accessing these markets arising in part from the tightening of food safety and quality standards requiring compliance with phytosanitary and sanitary standards and growing power of supply chain integration. Furthermore, the viability of these smallholder producers is constrained by institutional obstacles which include lack of access to information, high marketing and transaction costs and low quality and lack of critical volume in the absence of bulking up arrangements, etc. These barriers have contributed to the exclusion of smallholder/small-scale farmers from formal markets. In order to address these obstacles and speed up the pace of agrarian reform many support schemes (farmer support programmes) are now being designed to specifically address market access and value chain issues through unique co-innovation arrangements to improve the farmer’s access to profitable international chains. A number of farmer support programmes (FSP) have been implemented in South Africa to reduce the risk of a lack of capacity and a lack of economic and/or financial experience in smallholder farms. Intervention measures have been instituted to these smallholder farmers to assist them to move out of poverty through agricultural production. The aim of this study was to understand the roles played by farmer support programmes in addressing income and welfare levels and sustainability of smallholder farmers in South Africa. Eighty nine (89) farmers were interviewed for this study and almost half (49%) of them received support from various organizations while 51% of the sampled farmers did not receive any support. The study was designed to compare the two groups between the treated and control group to assess the impact of these programmes.Using a Tobit and Propensity Score Matching technique, potential diffusion effects were eliminated between farmers supported by Farmer Support Programmes and farmers that did not belong to support services. The latter was selected from comparable communities with no agricultural support services. Findings from the Tobit regression and propensity score matching are consistent across the two methods, suggesting that being a member of any agricultural support programme has a significant positive impact on income and welfare of smallholder farmers.Farmer Support Programmes and collective marketing activities such as the collection and sale of members’ products appear to have a significant and positive impact on smallholder welfare of those farmers engaged in them. In the second analysis the study tested the types of arrangements that farmers would adopt to market their produce. From the results it was established that those farmers who were supported by institutional arrangements or FSP had better access to markets than those farmers who operated as individuals. Marginal effects are used to show the degree to which farmers chose a particular marketing channel or institutional arrangement that these farmers take when trying to access better paying markets. Then the final analysis is on factors that determine the extent to which collective action contribute to farmers’ income and market access. A number of variables (age, distance to the market, region the farmers are located) were evaluated using the multinomial regression model. Empirical results suggest that among South African cooperatives, those established in KwaZulu-Natal and partly in the Eastern Cape and upon the voluntary initiative of farmers are more sustainable and have access to better paying markets both locally and internationally than the other areas. The results also show that NGO-supported cooperatives have a longer life span than Government controlled cooperatives.
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Diaw, Adja Adama. "Agricultural practices and perceptions of climate change in Keur Samba Guéye village, Senegal, West Africa." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50976.
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This research uses a mixed methods approach to analyze recent climate and land use changes, and farmers\' perceptions of climate change and its impacts on traditional agriculture in the village of Keur Samba Guéye (KSG). This work looks at the influence of social beliefs in adoption of new strategies by small farmers in this region, a topic that has received little or no study to date. Traditional agriculture in KSG is not very productive at present because of the impoverishment of the area and traditional agricultures strong dependency on natural climatic conditions. In this research, I identified recent climatic trends, documented changes in land use/land cover (LULC) from 1989 to 2011, and assessed farmers\' perceptions of climate change and their responses to such changes. To document climate trends and LULC, I analyzed climate data of twelve meteorological stations located across the country and created a classification of satellite images of KSG for two time periods. To examine farmers\' perceptions and agricultural practices, I conducted surveys of the farmers of KSG and in surrounding villages. Most farmers reported negative impacts of climate change on their agriculture activities, and interest in adopting new agricultural strategies despite long-standing tradition. Increasing temperatures and irregularity of rainfall may have negatively impacted crop yields, but more climate data are needed to clarify this phenomenon. LULC has been influenced by both climate change and human pressure; agricultural land has declined, while bare soils have increased. Several recommendations are provided that may help farmers to cope with changing climate.Master of Science
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Álvarez, Torres Carmen. "Small farmers and the transition to non-traditional agriculture in Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32689.
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Al-Duleimi, Saadoon J. F. "An analysis of factors that influence adoption of improved agricultural practices among Iraqi farmers." Thesis, Keele University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292747.
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Barranco, Blasco Martín. "Situating adscriptions of value on Nature's Contributions to People : The case of traditional farmers in San Pedro, Paraguay." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-156893.
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This thesis focus on the unidimensional adscriptions of value behind industrial soybeans production in Paraguay. The thesis aims to present non-economic Nature’s Contributions to traditional farmers’ quality of life, the role of farmers’ traditional knowledge to display these contributions and the efficiency of such knowledge regarding high productive demands. From a theoretical framework based on nature’s contributions to people, ecosystem services, knowledge systems and conservation, the thesis formulates the following research questions: 1) What drives the prioritization of a single economic value on nature’s contributions to people in rural Paraguay? 2) What is the value of non-economic nature’s contributions, and what is the role of traditional farmers on displaying these values? The study mostly relies in primary data obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted during fieldwork period in the study area of San Pedro, Eastern Paraguay. The results present a plural assessment on nature’s contributions and the adaptation of small farmers to modern farming techniques. The thesis concludes that a perspective dominated by unidimensional value can be socially motivated within the rush for development in Paraguay, a concept tied to economic growth and modernization. In addition, nature’s contributions displayed by small farmers suggest that community-based conservation could represent a more sustainable approach for the farmers’ needs and the current environmental challenges of the country.
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Amaral, Cleomara Nunes do. "Multifuncionalidade e etnoecologia dos quintais de agricultores tradicionais da baixada cuiabana : agrobiodiversidade e segurança alimentar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132887.
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Diante das recentes modificações impostas pelo avanço da fronteira agrícola sobre o rural do estado de Mato Grosso, a Baixada Cuiabana se constitui em um território onde convivem processos de urbanização, de expansão da agricultura mecanizada e de agricultura tradicional. Estas novas dinâmicas implementadas, desde a década de 1970, levaram a transformações nos modos de vida dos agricultores tradicionais, tais como a procura por empregos não agrícolas por jovens e adultos do gênero masculino, diminuição do manejo das roças e implementação de farinheiras de mandioca comunitárias. Neste contexto, os quintais se tornam os últimos espaços de manejo da agrobiodiversidade. O objetivo desta tese é analisar a multifuncionalidade dos quintais manejados por agricultores tradicionais, especialmente quanto ao seu papel para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade, segurança alimentar e manutenção dos modos de vida. Foram visitados 90 quintais do município de Jangada para a coleta de dados socioeconômicos, etnoecológicos, de consumo alimentar e produção dos quintais para autoconsumo e venda de excedentes. O quintal está intimamente associado à cultura e tradição cuiabana, sendo o espaço de manejo da mulher agricultora que desempenha um papel central nos modos de vida das famílias cuiabanas. Destacam-se as festas religiosas, as benzeções, a fabricação tradicional da farinha, as quais fortalecem os modos de vida. A produção para o autoconsumo proporciona aos agricultores uma complementação da renda familiar, e para muitos significa a única fonte de frutas, verduras e legumes, o que garante ao menos parcialmente a segurança alimentar das famílias. Os quintais tradicionais de Jangada mantém reservatórios de agrobiodiversidade, representada por 136 etnoespécies, entre nativas e exóticas, com variedades agrícolas locais e comerciais, que conjuntamente com os espaços de roça e do cerrado compõem uma matriz permeável à rica fauna silvestre que circula localmente. A partir das múltiplas funções exercidas pelos quintais sugere-se a implementação de programas de fomento aos quintais, organização das mulheres e incentivos à permanência dos jovens no rural como forma de fortalecer os modos de vida dos agricultores tradicionais cuiabanos.About the recent changes imposed by the advance of agricultural frontier on Mato Grosso state, the Baixada Cuiabana constitutes a territory where living processes of urbanization, expansion of mechanized agriculture and traditional agriculture. These new dynamics implemented since the 1970s have led to changes in lifestyles of traditional farmers, such as the demand for non-agricultural jobs to youth and adult males, decreased management of the gardens and implementation of community farinheiras. In this context, the yards become the latest management areas agrobiodiversity. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the multi-functionality of the homegardens handled by traditional farmers, especially about its role on biodiversity preservation, food security and maintenance of livelihoods. Were visited 90 yards of Jangada municipality to collect socioeconomic data, ethno-ecological, food consumption and production of homegardens for consumption and sale of surplus. The homegardens is closely linked to culture and tradition cuiabana, and the management space of women farmers that plays a central role in the livelihoods of cuiabanas families. There are the religious festivals, the benzeções, the traditional manufacture of flour, which strengthen livelihoods. The production for self offers farmers a supplement family income, and for many means the only source of fruits and vegetables, which guarantees at least partially to household food security. Traditional homegardens raft keeps agricultural biodiversity reservoirs, represented by 136 ethnospecies between native and exotic, with local commercial and agricultural varieties, which together with the spaces of fields and cerrado comprise a permeable matrix to the rich wildlife circulating locally. From the multiple functions carried out by homegardens suggest the implementation of incentive programs, women organization and incentives to young people stay in rural as a way to strengthen the livelihoods of traditional cuiabanos farmers.
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Jenjezwa, Vimbai Rachel. "Stock farmers and the state: a case study of animal healthcare practices in Hertzog Eastern Cape Province South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/269.
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The animal healthcare practices of most communal farmers involve the use of both conventional and ethnoveterinary medicines. This study presents information on the animal healthcare practices of stock farmers in Hertzog, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It also presents the findings on the social, economic and political aspects surrounding animal healthcare. The research applied two theories namely structuration theory and the Context, Practice and Belief (CPB) framework. Interviews and participant observation were used to collect data. The communal farmers widely used conventional medicines however, proper administration methods were not followed. Ethnoveterinary medicines were used to prevent and treat disease, even by the younger stock farmers. The stock farmers used ethnoveterinary medicines mainly because of the lack of finance to purchase the conventional medicines, even though the latter was preferred. The stock farmers actively participated in state programmes but felt that they needed more state veterinarian visits and state provided medications because they could not afford private veterinarians and conventional medicines. Therefore, this study attempts to contribute to an understanding of the use of ethnoveterinary medicine and communal farmers’ animal healthcare practices.
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Kganyago, Mpho Clementine. "Understanding farmer seed systems in Sespond, North West Province." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32486.
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Farmer-led seed systems (FSS) provide the backbone for small-scale farmers and many rural communities that use traditional methods of farming to produce seeds that grow and adapt to local conditions. FSS differ from one community and farmer to the next, depending on the methods and practices used to maintain seed varieties. Seed diversity can enhance FSS by improving livelihoods and strengthening farmers' networks, thus contributing to resilient communities. Although nuanced, the dualistic agricultural system in South Africa consists largely of subsistence (small-scale) and commercial (large-scale) farming and includes different crop management systems and post-harvest practices. In South Africa, maize (Zea mays) is a major staple grain crop with a significant role as animal and poultry feed. The North West region is one of the highest white-maize-producing provinces in South Africa. Maize seed systems include both traditional, openpollinated varieties (OPVs) and cultivars such as modern hybrids and genetically modified (GM) seed varieties, including those engineered for specific purposes. The dominant GM maize is that designated for pest resistance using Bacillus thuringienesis (Bt), a soil bacterium which produces a toxin that is fatal to a wide variety of insects such as moths and flies. Many small-scale farmers prefer their own traditional seeds for breeding, planting, selection, selling and consuming. However, FSS based on traditional varieties are threatened by modern cultivars which may be introduced in different ways including through seed exchange, purchasing at shops or by pollination from nearby commercial farms. This study was conducted in the Sespond community of the North West Province. The aim of the study was to understand how small-scale farmers in Sespond maintain traditional maize varieties through selection and storage in a complex agricultural landscape that incorporates both formal and informal seed systems. The formal system represents industrialised farms and companies that work with commercial seed. The informal system represents small-scale farmers who rely on their own seed. Qualitative methods included mapping software which was used to obtain visual agricultural data in and around Sespond. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 small-scale farmers to collect information about their farming practices, including the maize varieties planted. Quantitative methods included collecting 20 maize samples from different farmers for genetic analysis. Agdia® immunostrip tests were used to detect for the presence of Crystal protein (Cry protein) produced by the Bt bacterium, engineered to improve the resistance of maize against insects. The results showed that 13 samples were negative for the protein and seven samples were positive for the protein. A key finding is that small-scale farmers are not able to detect the different maize varieties in their seed systems. This represents a threat for traditional seed varieties in the community as without this knowledge, farmers are not able to adequately manage their production and storage systems. Farmers made use of alternative storage methods such as the mill to reduce seed damage they experienced at home. However, the findings of this research showed that there was an increasing risk of farmers' traditional maize being mixed with GM maize at the mill. Farmers' rights to plant and consume traditional maize were therefore undermined. This study recommends that (a) efforts are made to increase awareness among farmers that help to distinguish transgenes from hybrids and traditional maize varieties; (b) measures are implemented at mills to both improve the transparency about the storage and processing of traditional maize and to separate traditional maize from hybrid and GM maize.
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Maphosa, Viola. "Determination and validation of plants used by resource-limited farmers in the ethno veterinary control of gastro-intestinal parasites of goats in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000997.
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Machado, Dayana Cristina Mezzonato. "Racionalidades e modos de vida no processo de apropriação das políticas públicas pelos agricultores familiares tradicionais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178160.
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O tema desta dissertação é o estudo das interações entre os sujeitos sociais e as políticas públicas, tendo como referência empírica os agricultores familiares tradicionais e sua apropriação do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria (PBSM). O principal objetivo foi compreender a relação entre as distintas racionalidades e os modos de vida ou experiências de agricultores tradicionais e o Plano Brasil Sem Miséria – Projeto Fomento. Para tanto foram investigadas a formação histórica dos agricultores tradicionais no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul e a trajetória das políticas públicas e sociais brasileiras a partir da década de 1990. Optou-se pelo método qualitativo e os instrumentos de coleta de dados primários foram entrevistas semi-estruturadas, individuais e coletivas e como fontes secundárias, documentos e obras publicadas sobre os municípios pesquisados. A pesquisa foi realizada nos municípios de Dom Feliciano, Itati e Lajeado do Bugre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As entrevistas foram realizadas com famílias beneficiárias do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria e técnicos da Emater/RS. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo mobilizou-se os conceitos de racionalidade e modos de vida. Observou-se que produção para o autoconsumo ocupa lugar privilegiado na racionalidade dos agricultores tradicionais. A política pública foi adaptada pelos agricultores readequando-a a suas expectativas e demandas imediatas, não necessariamente geradoras de transformação de seu modo de vida e da sociedade em que vivem. Os agricultores elaboram estratégias de apropriação da política orientados pela racionalidade do risco mínimo, tendo como objetivo o fortalecimento do seu modo de vida. Os resultados indicam que as condutas e os comportamentos dos agricultores podem estar associados a opção por um modo vida com características mais próximas às tradicionais.The theme of this dissertation is the study of the interactions between social subjects and public policies, having as an empirical reference the traditional family farmers and their appropriation of the Brazil Without Poverty Plan (PBSM). The main objective was to understand the relationship between the different rationalities and the ways of life or experiences of traditional family farmers and the Brazil Without Poverty Plan – Fomento Project. For this, has been investigated the historical formation of traditional farmers in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul and the trajectory of Brazilian public and social policies from the 1990s. The qualitative method was chosen and the primary data collection instruments were interviews semi-structured, individual and collective, and as secondary dataset, documents and published works about the municipalities surveyed. The research was carried out in the municipalities of Dom Feliciano, Itati and Lajeado do Bugre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The interviews were carried out with beneficiary families of the Brazil Without Poverty Plan and Emater/RS technicians. For the development of this study the concepts of rationality and ways of life were mobilized. It was observed that production for self-consumption occupies a privileged place in the rationality of traditional farmers. Public policy has been adapted by farmers by adapting it to their expectations and immediate demands, not necessarily generating a transformation of their way of life and the society in which they live. Farmers develop strategies of policy appropriation guided by the rationality of minimum risk, with the aim of strengthening their way of life. The results indicate that farmers' behaviors and behaviors may be associated with the option of a life mode with characteristics closer to traditional ones.
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Wickham, Trevor Wayne. "Farmers ain't no fools exploring the role of participatory rural appraisal to access indigenous knowledge and enhance sustainable development research and planning : a case study of Dusun Pausan, Bali, Indonesia /." Waterloo, Ont., Canada : University Consortium on the Environment, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37546949.html.
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Moyo, Busani. "Determination and validation of ethno-veterinary practices used as alternatives in controlling cattle ticks by resource-limited farmers in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/165.
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Ticks are the most common external parasites of economic importance in the livestock farming sector of Southern Africa. They are vectors of tick-borne diseases and are commonly controlled using conventional acaricides, which are expensive and not readily available to resource-limited farmers. As a result many resource-limited farmers resort to use of alternative materials to control ticks on their livestock. Tick resistance to acaricide is an increasing problem in Southern Africa and poses a real economic threat to livestock and veterinary pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study was to document and validate the ethno-veterinary remedies used as alternative methods of controlling cattle ticks by resource-limited farmers. A questionnaire survey was conducted in May 2007, at Qolora by-Sea and Nontshinga in Centane district, to determine tick control methods used by resource limited farmers in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments were done to validate the acaricidal properties of ethnoveterinary remedies used by resource-limited farmers. Ticks were reported to be a major problem, transmitting diseases like anaplasmosis (89.8%), babesiosis (55.9%) and ehrlichiosis (16.9%), they also cause wounds that predispose cattle to screwworm infestation, tick worry and teat damage. All farmers used acaricides and dipping tanks provided by the government to control ticks, as the main tick control method. However, the majority (94.9%) were of the opinion that the dip wash was not effective in controlling ticks. As a result, farmers complemented the government dipping service with use of own initiatives like spraying with conventional acaricides (22%), household disinfectants such as Jeyes fluid (18.6%), used engine oil (10.2%), chickens feeding on ticks (5.1%), manual iv removal (5.1%), and pouricides (1.7%). In addition, some farmers also use plants (6.8%), mainly the leaf of Aloe ferox and the bark of Ptaeroxylon obliquum. The in vitro repellency models showed Jeyes fluid (76.8 and 100% concentrations) and P. obliquum (40%) had repellent properties that lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes respectively while that of, Tabard (35% diethyltoluamide) positive control, lasted for 4 hours when applied against nymphal stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. In the contact bio-assay, undiluted used engine oil, T. minuta oil (50%), Ektoban® (Cymiazol 17.5% and cypermethrin 2.5%) and Jeyes fluid (76.8%) caused higher tick mortality of more than 86%. Other materials (A. ferox, Lantana camara and Tagetes minuta) had no repellence and acaricidal properties. In the in vivo study, Jeyes fluid at a concentration of 76.8% and used engine oil displayed efficacy of 71 and 76.4% respectively which was similar to that of the positive control Ektoban® at 97.8% tick load reduction. Among plant materials L. camara at 40% concentrations had an efficacy of 57% while A. ferox, P. obliquum and T. minuta were not effective at all. The remedies used by resource-limited farmers to control ticks vary in efficacy. Their ability to reduce tick load on cattle appears to be promising and a welcome development as their use could probably reduce tick burdens in cattle with less expenditure. However, further investigations need to be done before they are recommended for use. Despite being effective some of the materials have potential toxic effects in animals and also cause environmental contamination and I recommend used engine oil, Jeyes fluid and L. camara for further testing as they showed some efficacy compared to other remedies.
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Rwodzi, Maxwell. "Alternative remedies used by resource-limited farmers in the treatment and manipulation of the reproductive system of non-descript goats in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019767.
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This study was carried out to determine alternative approaches used by resource-limited farmers to enhance fertility and in the treatment of reproduction ailments of goats in Mount Frere area, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Furthermore, information on farmer perceptions pertaining to these practices was also gathered. A questionnaire survey was conducted to determine materials used by resource-limited farmers to enhance fertility and treat reproductive ailments. The survey revealed 10 plant species that were commonly used for reproductive health in goats. Elephantorrhizza elephantina (37.1%) and Rhoicissus tomentosa (25.7%) were the most frequently cited plant species. Elephantorrhiza elephantina and R. tomentosa recorded the highest Fidelity Level (FL) values of 92.86% and 75% respectively, for their use in the treatment of reproductive ailments and these were the plants on which further studies were conducted. The study also revealed that farmers had different perceptions on the effectiveness of the traditional medicines. An in-vivo assessment was done to determine efficacy of E. elephantina and R. tomentosa using serum estradiol and progesterone profiles. The highest (P<0.05) serum estradiol and progesterone concentration was observed in animals administered with aqueous extracts of E. elephantina and R. tomentosa mixture while the least (P<0.05) concentrations were observed in the negative control group. Does administered with a mixture of aqueous E. elephantina and R. tomentosa extract had the highest (P<0.05) body weight (65 kg) as well as body condition scores, while the negative control which were administered with distilled water had the least body weights (54 kg) and body condition scores. Does that were administered with a mixture of E.elephantina and R. tomentosa were all pregnant with twins (100%), confirmed by a doppler ultrasound scan.
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Askew, Hannah. "Farmers' local ecological knowledge in the biotech age : a multi-sited ethnography of fruit farming in the Okanagan Valley." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99572.
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In this Master of Arts Thesis in Anthropology I examine the controversy in the Okanagan Valley over the introduction of GM seed technologies into local agricultural processes. I explore via a multi-sited ethnography how local fruit farmers in this region view GM seed technologies and their perception of how these technologies will impact their farming practices. I argue that (a) the use of GM seeds as currently regulated in Canada threatens to erode farmers' local knowledge of plant breeding and that (b) this erosion is of consequence not only to local farmers but to society generally because the environmental knowledge and skills possessed by local farmers is crucial to the protection of biodiversity, environmental sustainability, and food security.
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Schrickel, James Robert. "La Survie du petit cultivateur et l'agriculture traditionnelle en France: Le Conflit entre l'heritage et l'efficaciteThe Survial of the Small Farmer and Traditional Agriculture in France: The Conflict Between Heritage and Efficiency." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1399384506.
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Zakinet, Dangbet. "Des transhumants entre alliances et conflits, les Arabes du Batha (Tchad) : 1635-2012." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3105/document.
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Au Tchad, depuis l’époque précoloniale, la transhumance permet aux éleveurs d’exploiter les ressources pastorales dispersées et de tisser des liens avec les sédentaires. Dans les zones où l’eau et le pâturage sont disponibles en toute saison, l’accès aux ressources était régulé par un système traditionnel fondé sur le compromis et les alliances entre les communautés. Depuis les sécheresses successives des années 1970 et 1980, le tarissement rapide des ressources dans les zones pastorales du Nord oblige les éleveurs à descendre plus tôt que prévu dans les zones agricoles. Cette dérégulation du calendrier de la transhumance suscite des débats contradictoires entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs, au sein de la classe politique, intellectuelle et dans les médias. De nos jours, il y a une tendance à la montée des conflits pour l’accès aux ressources et à la remise en cause des alliances qui constituent au-delà des problèmes, le socle sur lequel se fondent les relations entre les éleveurs et les agriculteurs. Dans les débats parfois houleux sur la question de la transhumance, certains affirment que la transhumance est un mode de vie archaïque qu’il faut dépasser, d’autres soutiennent qu’elle demeure le seul système adapté à la variabilité des ressources pastorales dans un Sahel incertain. À partir d’une étude historique et ethnographique auprès des Arabes du Batha, cette thèse est une contribution au débat sur la question de la transhumance au Tchad. Elle tente de répondre à la question principale : comment évoluent les rapports entre les transhumants et les agriculteurs dans un contexte sociopolitique et environnemental en pleine transformation ?In Chad as in other Sahelian countries, transhumance enables pastoralists to exploit the fluctuating and scattered pastoral resources. For generations, pastoralists have established linkages among themselves and with sedentary farmers along transhumance routes. In areas where water and pasture are available in every season, access to resources was regulated by a traditional system based on arrangements and alliances between communities. Since the successive droughts of the 1970s and 1980s, the rapid depletion of resources in northern pastoral areas forces farmers to make their way earlier than expected into agricultural areas. This deregulation of transhumance patterns raises debates between pastoralists and farmers as well as in the political, intellectual and media spheres. There is nowadays a trend of rising conflicts over access to resources and the disruption of the alliances on which relationships between herders and farmers were based. In the sometimes deleterious discussions on the issue of transhumance, some argue that transhumance is an archaic way of life that must be changed, and others argue that it is the only system adapted to the variability of pastoral resources in the Sahel context. This thesis is a modest contribution to the exciting and passionate debate on transhumance in Chad. It attempts to answer the main question: how is the relationship between transhumant and farmers evolving in a changing environmental sociopolitical context?
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Hashe, Luvuyo E. "The role of the state and the environment in indigenous livestock farming: a case study of Debe Marela, Middledrift area, Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/372.
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The study focused on the role of the State and the environment in indigenous livestock farming in Debe Marela in Middledrift. Although communal farmers in the area used ethnoveterinary medicines to treat and prevent animal diseases, they also widely used conventional medicines, as these often provided a remedy to animal diseases. The livestock farmers believed in indigenous knowledge which empowered them in using herbs to a certain extent, but the latter was preferred. The Department of Agriculture has featured as a support institution and although livestock farmers in the area have participated in and benefitted from state programmes, they believe that they needed more interventions such as visits from veterinary surgeons, Extension Officers and Animal Health Technicians. The study therefore attempts to address the gaps highlighted in the work of other researchers.
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Embaló, Augusto Idrissa. "Kleinbäuerliche Ökonomie, Bodenrecht und Landkonflikte in Guinea-Bissau." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16055.
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In Guinea-Bissau stehen sich zwei unterschiedliche Bodenrechtssysteme gegenüber: das auf gemeinschaftliche Nutzung ausgerichtete, lokal verankerte "traditionelle" Bodenrecht (Gewohnheitsrecht) und das an Privateigentum orientierte "moderne" staatliche Bodenrecht. Privatbesitz an Grund und Boden war bis in jüngste Zeit kaum ein Konfliktfaktor. Das änderte sich aber recht bald nach der Unabhängigkeit, nachdem die Regierung auf internationalen Druck hin in den 1980er Jahren die Wirtschaft liberalisierte und Tausende von Hektar Land binnen kurzer Zeit in Privateigentum übergingen. Die Dissertation analysiert Vorgeschichte, Verlauf und Bedeutung der Bodenkommerzialisierung für die kleinbäuerliche Ökonomie und rurale Gesellschaft in Guinea-Bissau. Lokale Landrechtsvorstellungen und Landnutzungssysteme sowie die Agrarproduktion in den Untersuchungsregionen Biombo und Gabú werden dargestellt. Die in zwei längeren Forschungsaufenthalten 1997 / 1998 in Guinea-Bissau erhobenen Daten (hauptsächlich Interviews mit ländlicher Bevölkerung, teilnehmende Beobachtung) bestätigen, dass Kleinbauern das Rückgrat afrikanischer Gesellschaften bilden und sie durchaus flexibel und fähig zu Innovationen in bezug auf die Landnutzung und Lösung von Bodenkonflikten sind. In Guinea-Bissau hat die Bodenprivatisierung zu einem Cajuboom geführt. Heute ist das kleine Land weltweit fünfter Cajunussexporteur, doch extrem abhängig von dieser Monokultur. Die negativen Folgen der Bodenkommerzialisierung für die kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft und ihre Sozialstruktur überwiegen. Die komplizierte Landbetitelung und die Verteidigungsstrategien der Kleinbauern gegen die neuen Grundbesitzer, die Ponteiros, werden genauer untersucht. Schliesslich analysiert der Verfasser die im Zuge massiver Bodenprivatisierung entstandenen Landkonflikte und präsentiert einige Vorschläge für alternative Landbetitelungssysteme, die sowohl das „traditionelle“ wie auch das „moderne“ Bodenrecht berücksichtigen.Two different legal systems of land rights face each other in Guinea-Bissau: a) the locally based “traditional” land rights (customary law) which are orientated on common land use and b) the private property-oriented “modern” state land laws. Private ownership of land until recently was hardly a conflict factor. However, that changed soon after independence, when the government liberalized the economy due to international pressure and thousands of hectares of land passed over to private ownership within a short time frame. This thesis analyzes the historical background, the process and the importance of individual land tenure (private ownership) for the rural economy and society in Guinea-Bissau. The author presents local land tenure conceptions’, land use systems and the agricultural production in two regions, Biombo and Gabú. The data (mainly interviews with rural population, participant observation) of two extended research stays 1997 / 1998 confirm that small farmers are the backbone of African societies and that they are quite flexible and able to innovation with respect to land use and the resolution of land conflicts. The individualization of land tenure has led to a boom in cashew tree cultivation. Today Guinea-Bissau is the world’s fifth largest exporter of cashew nuts, but also extremely dependent on this monoculture. The negative consequences of private land tenure on the smallholder agriculture and social rural structures prevail, because often land is acquired for speculative interests, bank security etc. The complicated titling of individual land property and the defence strategies of small farmers against the new landowners, the Ponteiros, are discussed in depth. Finally the land conflicts that result from the massive land privatisation are analyzed and the author elaborates possible alternative arrangements to the current titling of land properties, considering both the “traditional” and the “modern” land tenure system alike.
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Myers, Gail Patricia. "Sustainable communities : traditions, knowledge, and adaptations among Black farmers in Ohio /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402544589091.
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Mitchell-Colgan, Elliott. "Improved Dynamical Analysis Tools for DFIG Wind Farms via Traditional and Koopman Linearizations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94134.
Full textAbstract:
The electric power system is designed to economically and reliably transmit electricity to homes, industry, and businesses. The economic impact of the electric grid was demonstrated by the 2003 blackout's visible impact in the graph of the yearly gross domestic product of the Unites States. However, because the number of customers is so large and economies of scale are leveraged to keep electricity prices low, utilities are strongly interconnected.
Performing comprehensive engineering analyses to ensure reliable operation is still impossible. Instead, heuristics and safety factors are incorporated into planning processes to continually meet demand in a way that complies with Federal regulations. As evidenced by the infrequency of blackouts in the United States, the sophisticated planning processes have up to date been relatively successful.
However, the power system is constantly changing. Electrical generators based on renewable energies are a beneficial addition to the grid, but these and other technological changes like high-voltage power electronic converters also come with their own challenges. These systems as currently employed tend to have a different impact on the reliability of operation than traditional fossil fuel based generators. As the system changes, so do the engineering analyses required to ensure reliable operation.
In particular, the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) negatively impact the response of the grid to disturbances in certain ways due to inherent challenges harnessing the wind as an energy sources. These negative impacts (and the advent of powerful personal computing) require an increase in the sophistication of power system models.
Thus, there are competing challenges: the scale of the power system necessitates computationally efficient modeling, but the complexity of analysis required to maintain reliable operation is also increasing. The primary aim of this study is to develop models and methods for more detailed yet computationally manageable simulation. To this aim, higher order linearizations and the properties of linear systems (graph theory and linear algebra) are exploited.
More specifically, this document contains three studies. In the short term planning and situational awareness context, a method is proposed to quickly check credible outages of important grid equipment. This methodology enables the inspection of a wider breadth of system conditions to ameliorate the negative impacts of the unpredictability of the wind. A linear model in the traditional sense is also developed to model any arbitrary number of wind turbines in a wind farm. This enables industry players to study the impacts wind turbine interaction on the dynamic stability of the grid in response to small disturbances. Finally, a wind farm is modeled as a large matrix to model even nonlinear behavior of wind farms. This helps industry players analyze the impact of large disturbances on the grid.Doctor of Philosophy
The electric power system is designed to economically and reliably transmit electricity to homes, industry, and businesses. The economic impact of the electric grid was demonstrated by the 2003 blackout’s visible impact in the graph of the yearly gross domestic product of the United States. However, because the number of customers is so large and economies of scale are leveraged to keep electricity prices low, utilities are strongly interconnected. Performing comprehensive engineering analyses to ensure reliable operation is still impossible. Instead, heuristics and safety factors are incorporated into planning processes to continually meet demand in a way that complies with Federal regulations. As evidenced by the infrequency of blackouts in the United States, the sophisticated planning processes have up to date been relatively successful. However, the power system is constantly changing. Electrical generators based on renewable energies are a beneficial addition to the grid, but these and other technological changes like high-voltage power electronic converters also come with their own challenges. These systems as currently employed tend to have a different impact on the reliability of operation than traditional fossil fuel based generators. As the system changes, so do the engineering analyses required to ensure reliable operation. In particular, the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) negatively impact the response of the grid to disturbances in certain ways due to inherent challenges harnessing the wind as an energy sources. These negative impacts (and the advent of powerful personal computing) require an increase in the sophistication of power system models. Thus, there are competing challenges: the scale of the power system necessitates computationally efficient modeling, but the complexity of analysis required to maintain reliable operation is also increasing. The primary aim of this study is to develop models and methods for more detailed yet computationally manageable simulation. To this aim, higher order linearizations and the properties of linear systems (graph theory and linear algebra) are exploited. More specifically, this document contains three studies. In the short term planning and situational awareness context, a method is proposed to quickly check credible outages of important grid equipment. This methodology enables the inspection of a wider breadth of system conditions to ameliorate the negative impacts of the unpredictability of the wind. A linear model in the traditional sense is also developed to model any arbitrary number of wind turbines in a wind farm. This enables industry players to study the impacts wind turbine interaction on the dynamic stability of the grid in response to small disturbances. Finally, a wind farm is modeled as a large matrix to model even nonlinear behavior of wind farms. This helps industry players analyze the impact of large disturbances on the grid.
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Mitchell-Colgan, Elliott James. "Improved Dynamical Analysis Tools for DFIG Wind Farms via Traditional and Koopman Linearizations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94134.
Full textAbstract:
The electric power system is designed to economically and reliably transmit electricity to homes, industry, and businesses. The economic impact of the electric grid was demonstrated by the 2003 blackout's visible impact in the graph of the yearly gross domestic product of the Unites States. However, because the number of customers is so large and economies of scale are leveraged to keep electricity prices low, utilities are strongly interconnected.
Performing comprehensive engineering analyses to ensure reliable operation is still impossible. Instead, heuristics and safety factors are incorporated into planning processes to continually meet demand in a way that complies with Federal regulations. As evidenced by the infrequency of blackouts in the United States, the sophisticated planning processes have up to date been relatively successful.
However, the power system is constantly changing. Electrical generators based on renewable energies are a beneficial addition to the grid, but these and other technological changes like high-voltage power electronic converters also come with their own challenges. These systems as currently employed tend to have a different impact on the reliability of operation than traditional fossil fuel based generators. As the system changes, so do the engineering analyses required to ensure reliable operation.
In particular, the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) negatively impact the response of the grid to disturbances in certain ways due to inherent challenges harnessing the wind as an energy sources. These negative impacts (and the advent of powerful personal computing) require an increase in the sophistication of power system models.
Thus, there are competing challenges: the scale of the power system necessitates computationally efficient modeling, but the complexity of analysis required to maintain reliable operation is also increasing. The primary aim of this study is to develop models and methods for more detailed yet computationally manageable simulation. To this aim, higher order linearizations and the properties of linear systems (graph theory and linear algebra) are exploited.
More specifically, this document contains three studies. In the short term planning and situational awareness context, a method is proposed to quickly check credible outages of important grid equipment. This methodology enables the inspection of a wider breadth of system conditions to ameliorate the negative impacts of the unpredictability of the wind. A linear model in the traditional sense is also developed to model any arbitrary number of wind turbines in a wind farm. This enables industry players to study the impacts wind turbine interaction on the dynamic stability of the grid in response to small disturbances. Finally, a wind farm is modeled as a large matrix to model even nonlinear behavior of wind farms. This helps industry players analyze the impact of large disturbances on the grid.Doctor of Philosophy
The electric power system is designed to economically and reliably transmit electricity to homes, industry, and businesses. The economic impact of the electric grid was demonstrated by the 2003 blackout’s visible impact in the graph of the yearly gross domestic product of the United States. However, because the number of customers is so large and economies of scale are leveraged to keep electricity prices low, utilities are strongly interconnected. Performing comprehensive engineering analyses to ensure reliable operation is still impossible. Instead, heuristics and safety factors are incorporated into planning processes to continually meet demand in a way that complies with Federal regulations. As evidenced by the infrequency of blackouts in the United States, the sophisticated planning processes have up to date been relatively successful. However, the power system is constantly changing. Electrical generators based on renewable energies are a beneficial addition to the grid, but these and other technological changes like high-voltage power electronic converters also come with their own challenges. These systems as currently employed tend to have a different impact on the reliability of operation than traditional fossil fuel based generators. As the system changes, so do the engineering analyses required to ensure reliable operation. In particular, the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) negatively impact the response of the grid to disturbances in certain ways due to inherent challenges harnessing the wind as an energy sources. These negative impacts (and the advent of powerful personal computing) require an increase in the sophistication of power system models. Thus, there are competing challenges: the scale of the power system necessitates computationally efficient modeling, but the complexity of analysis required to maintain reliable operation is also increasing. The primary aim of this study is to develop models and methods for more detailed yet computationally manageable simulation. To this aim, higher order linearizations and the properties of linear systems (graph theory and linear algebra) are exploited. More specifically, this document contains three studies. In the short term planning and situational awareness context, a method is proposed to quickly check credible outages of important grid equipment. This methodology enables the inspection of a wider breadth of system conditions to ameliorate the negative impacts of the unpredictability of the wind. A linear model in the traditional sense is also developed to model any arbitrary number of wind turbines in a wind farm. This enables industry players to study the impacts wind turbine interaction on the dynamic stability of the grid in response to small disturbances. Finally, a wind farm is modeled as a large matrix to model even nonlinear behavior of wind farms. This helps industry players analyze the impact of large disturbances on the grid.
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Norell, Henrik. "Eco-services of mussel farms : An energy and cost comparison with traditional alternatives." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32667.
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Eutrophication of seas, particularly near the coasts, is a topic of high current concern. Itleads to increased primary production and a higher frequency of algal blooms. The enhancedprimary production also increases the turbidity of the water, making it harder for ecologicallyimportant benthic macro algae, e.g. seaweed, to colonize bottoms on deeper waters. EU directives, as well as national law, demand decreases in nutrients, e.g. nitrogen, reachingthe sea. Another approach to decreasing the amount of nutrients in the sea could be musselfarming. Mussel farming is an established, albeit small, industry on the Swedish west coast. The useof mussels to remove nitrogen, however, is a more recent application. Lysekil municipalityhas been granted exemption from improving the nitrogen removal in Långevik waste watertreatment plant. Instead, mussel farms are used to remove nitrogen, which was estimated to bea less costly solution. This thesis investigates the advantages in money and energy in using mussel farming. Theuse of a mussel farm to remove nitrogen from sea water is compared with removing nitrogenin a WWTP. In addition, the production of mussel fertilizer, through a composting process, iscompared with producing a corresponding amount of artificial fertilizers. The results show that mussel farms are neither more economic nor energy efficient inremoving nitrogen and producing fertilizer than the conventional alternatives examined Mussel fertilizer, however, is not the most lucrative product that the mussels from the farmcan give. Alternatives, such as fodder or human consumption, are discussed in the report. Furthermore, the mussel fertilizer qualifies as organic fertilizer. A comparison with otherorganic fertilizers could prove mussels more economic or energy efficient, but such acomparison is out of the scope for this thesis. Finally, some data, e.g. the energy demand for nitrogen removal in the WWTP, were roughestimations. More research and investigations are needed in order to achieve more accurateconclusions.Eutrofiering i haven, speciellt kustnära vatten, är ett högaktuellt problem. Det leder till ökadprimärproduktion och frekvens av algblomningar. Den förhöjda primärproduktionen lederäven till ökad turbiditet, något som försvårar för ekologiskt viktiga bentiska arter, t.ex. sjögräs(ålgräs), att kolonisera bottnar på djupare vatten. Så väl EU-direktiv som nationell lagstiftning kräver en minskning i näringsämnen, bl.a.kväve, som når havet. Ett verktyg för att klara av dessa minskningar kan vara musselodlingar. Musselodling är en etablerad, men liten, industri på den svenska västkusten. Musslor som enkväveavskiljningsmetod är däremot en ny tillämpning. Lysekil kommun har fått undantag frånatt bygga ut kvävereningen i Långevik vattenreningsverk. I stället används musselodlingar föratt ta bort kväve, vilket ansågs vara en billigare metod. Detta examensarbete undersöker fördelarna i pengar och energi i att användamusselodlingar för att få bort kväve från havsvatten, jämfört med att avskilja kväve ivattenreningsverk. Dessutom jämförs produktionen av musselgödning, genom att komposteramusslor från musselodlingen, med att producera motsvarande mängder med konstgödsel. Resultaten visar att musselodlingar vare sig är billigare eller mer energieffektiva än dekonventionella alternativen för att ta bort kväve och producera gödsel. Musselgödning är däremot inte den mest lönsamma produkt som musslorna frånmusselodlingen kan ge. Alternativ som foder och mänsklig konsumption diskuteras i rapporten. Vidare kan musselgödning godkännas som KRAV-gödsel. I en jämförelse mot andraKRAV-gödsel kan musselgödning visa sig mer ekonomisk eller energieffektiv, men en sådan jämförelse ligger utanför detta arbetes tidsram. Slutligen var vissa data grova uppskattningar, t.ex. energiåtgången för kväveavskiljning i vattenreningsverk. Mer forskning och undersökningar behövs för att nå mer tillförlitligaslutsatser.
www.ima.kth.se
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Castro, Albejamere Pereira de. "Agrodiversidade e cadeia produtiva do cará (Dioscorea spp.) na agricultura familiar: um estudo etnográfico no município de Caapiranga-AM." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2011. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3055.
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-12Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
Aiming to achieve a comprehensive agronomic study on the agro-biodiversity conservation and the supply chain of or yam (Dioscorea spp.) originated from family farms in the municipality of Caapiranga in Amazonas State, an ethnographic research was conducted with contributions from approaches of ethnobotany, participatory analysis of four-cell, qualitative analysis and rapid diagnosis of supply chains, through the use of proper tools such as surveys, interviews, participant observation, soil analysis, chemical analysis and botanical identification. In the localities surveyed, the cultivation of yam revealed itself not just as an important commercial activity, but also as a cultural symbol that makes Caapiranga´s farming communities and their territories full of feelings for the place and the cultivation of yam. In order to achieve sufficient production and their sustainability, family farmers carry out the practice of mutual aid such as: mutirão , troca-de-dia or parceiria/meia , but what stands out is the itinerant ajuri . It was found that the whole family participates in the production units and tasks performed in the houselholds. Depending on the work and the financial condition of the farmer, it is often necessary external force identified as a temporary appointment, called diária "avulso" and / or "acessório" work. The research on yam agro-biodiversity revealed that farmers recognize fifteen varieties, however, grow only eleven of these. The varieties still grown are: Roxão , Macaxeira , Pata-de-onça , Ovo-de-cavalo , Durão , Inhame , Rabo-de-mucura , Miguel e Cará-do-ar . It is believed that all these belong to species D. trifida except cará-do-ar that belongs to the species D. bulbifera. As for varieties that are no longer cultivated: Cará-alemão , Cará-creme , Cará-sucuriju and Cará-espinho , the first two may be D. trifida, in accordance with the ethnobotanical descriptors, while the latter two need accurate botanical identification. Slash and burning of natural vegetation are done in the implementation of yam cultivated plots. The cultivation system follows a rotational system of soil management, i.e., the fields where yam is grown are used for a maximum of three years, and then left to fallow. For planting, high holes are made, with 0.80 m in diameter and 0.40 m high and 0.20 m deep, the spacing used by 42% of farmers is 1x1m between the pits. There is no standardized spacing between rows and final arrangement of plants in gardens is dense. In crop management, there is a consortium with cassava which serves as a support for the yam. Due to diversification in yam plots, pests and diseases do not cause economic damage. The harvest of the tubers is performed at different times in relation to age of plantation crop cycle, allowing offseason. Although the acidic soil with pH 4.5 in average and low in nutrients, and non-use of conventional inputs and mechanization, the production of 15 ton.ha-1 is considered good by the local agricultural agencies. Due to its positive social and environmental characteristics, the cultivation of yam is presented as a promising economic activity for the region, mainly in the municipality of Caapiranga. For developing such potential, actions are required to fortify family production systems based on expansion of technical-scientific research to promote the unity of knowledges for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and the promotion of the productive chain of the culture of character for the Amazon region.
Com o objetivo de realizar um amplo estudo agronômico sobre a conservação da agrodiversidade e cadeia produtiva de cará (Dioscorea spp.) com origem na agricultura familiar do município de Caapiranga no Amazonas, realizou-se uma pesquisa etnográfica com contribuições de abordagens da etnobotânica, da análise participativa de quatro-células, da análise qualitativa e do diagnóstico rápido dos circuitos de comercialização, com emprego de ferramentas tais como: questionário, entrevista, observação participativa, análise de solo, análise química e identificação botânica. Nas localidades pesquisadas, o cultivo do cará se revelou não apenas como uma importante atividade comercial, mas também, como um símbolo cultural que faz de Caapiranga e de suas comunidades agrícolas territórios carregados de sentimentos pelo lugar e pelo o cultivo de cará. Visando alcançar produção suficiente para a sustentabilidade da família, os agricultores realizam as práticas de ajuda mútua, tais como: mutirão, troca-de-dia ou parceria-meia, no entanto, o que se destaca é o ajuri itinerante. Verificou-se que toda a família participa nas unidades produtivas e nas tarefas realizadas nos lares. Dependendo do trabalho e da condição financeira do agricultor, muitas vezes é necessária a força externa identificada como contratação temporária, denominada de diária, trabalho avulso e/ou acessório . A pesquisa sobre a agrodiversidade de cará revelou que os agricultores reconhecem quinze variedades, no entanto, cultivam apenas onze destas. As variedades ainda cultivadas são: Roxão , Macaxeira , Pata-de-onça , Ovo-de-cavalo , Durão , Inhame , Rabo-de-mucura , Miguel e Cará-do-ar . Acredita-se que todas estas pertençam à espécie D. trifida exceto o Cará-do-ar, que pertence à espécie D. bulbifera. Quanto às variedades que não são mais cultivadas como Cará-alemão, Cará-creme, Cará-sucuriju e Cará-espinho, as duas primeiras podem, de acordo com os descritores etnobotânicos, ser D. trifida, enquanto que as duas últimas é preciso identificação botânica. Na implantação da cultura do cará são realizados o corte e a queima da vegetação espontânea. O sistema de cultivo segue sistema rotacional de manejo do solo, ou seja, a roça onde são cultivados os carazais é utilizada por, no máximo três anos e depois é deixada, em pousio. Para o plantio, são feitas covas altas, de 0,80m de diâmetro por 0,40 m de altura e 0,20 m de profundidade. O espaçamento utilizado por 42% dos agricultores é de 1x1m entre as covas, não há espaçamento padronizado entre linhas e o arranjo final das plantas nas roças é de forma adensada. No manejo da cultura, há o consórcio com a mandioca que serve como tutor para o cará. Devido à diversificação nos carazais, as pragas e doenças não causam danos econômicos. A colheita dos tubérculos é realizada em épocas diferentes em relação à idade dos plantios e ciclo da cultura, possibilitando entressafra. Apesar do solo ácido com pH 4,5, em média, pobre em nutrientes, o não uso de insumos convencionais e mecanização, a produção em média de 15 ton.ha-1 é considerada boa pelos órgãos de produção local. Por suas características socioambientais favoráveis, o cultivo do cará se apresenta como uma atividade econômica promissora para região, principalmente para o município de Caapiranga. Para o desenvolvimento desse potencial são necessárias ações que fortaleçam os sistemas de produção familiar, com base na ampliação de pesquisas técnico - cientificas que promovam a união dos saberes para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade e da dinamização da cadeia produtiva da cultura do cará para região amazônica.
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Méndez, V. Ernesto. "Traditional shade, rural livelihoods and conservation in small coffee farms and cooperatives of western El Salvador /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Ferrell, Ann Katherine. "“Replacing” Tobacco on Kentucky Farms: Discourses of Tradition, Heritage, and Agricultural Diversification." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253554961.
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Ajili, Abdulazim School of Fibre Science & Technology UNSW. "Aspects of traditional versus group extension approaches on farmer behavioural change in an extensive grazing environment in the Bathurst District of New South Wales, Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Fibre Science and Technology, 2000. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32906.
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The study on different extension approaches was undertaken in the Bathurst area of New South Wales, Australia. One hundred farmers were surveyed in random pairs according to those who belong to the formal group, ???Landcare???, and those who did not. The survey included questions on personal, physical resources, ecological and economic factors, farm practices and management (including actual practice, use of extension methods and information sources) Focussing on behavioural change over time, attitudes, perceptions and intentions. The impact of extension approach on different levels of innovation was considered: simple (e.g. tree planting), medium (e.g. pasture development) and complex (soil erosion control) on behavioural change. It was hypothesised that the ???group??? extension approach should be more effective with complex innovations, but the main significant differences found were in level of tree planting (higher in government funded Landcare), money spent on erosion control (including tree planting) and attitudes to the severity of local erosion (all higher in Landcare members). There were no other differences in attitudes, intentions or change in farming practice except that non-Landcare farmers planted more pasture and applied more lime. The outcomes did not support the hypothesis, and it was not possible to distinguish the differences that did occur in performance from extension approach versus access to funds. Field days are an important extension method for the adoption of cropping by landholders. Among the different extension methods, those who conducted erosion control through pastures, preferred government officers and meetings. Those who adopted tree planting and were in Landcare preferred magazines as the extension method. This added further weight to the argument that the formal group extension approach may not be perceived by its members to have any influence on adoption at this level. Generally, mass media was more important in the early stages of adoption and personal influence more important in the evaluation stage. This also applied to simple versus complex innovations. Surprisingly all farmers placed a very high reliance on government officers for information and decision-making, particularly those in Landcare, compared to neighbours or family. Formal group extension still needs assessing but using models other than Landcare.
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Ferrer, Myra Clarisse. "Financial impact analysis of IPM with conventional sampling and IPM with binomial sequential sampling method to traditionally operated farms for collards, 2007." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1219953493/.
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Johnson, Christofer M. " Fishing in Uncertain Waters: Resilience and Cultural Change in a North Atlantic Community ." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574612673663867.
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Shange, Lindiwe Princess. "Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] production by small-scale farmers in KwaZulu-Natal : farmer practices and performance of propagule types under wetland and dryland conditions." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5532.
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Ethno-archaeological evidence shows that taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] originated in Asia. It may have been brought into South Africa a few hundred years after 300 BC from Madagascar, where Malaysian settlers introduced it about 300 BC. The crop is grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, largely for subsistence on farms. In South Africa, taro is mainly produced in the subtropical coastal belt, stretching from Bizana in the Eastern Cape to the KwaZulu-Natal north coast. Although it is a staple crop for the subsistence farmers who grow it, there are no data on taro agronomy in South Africa. The hypothesis of this study was that traditional knowledge about taro production practices is not adequate to form a basis for agronomic and extension interventions to promote the status of the crop to that of a commercial commodity. A survey was conducted at two districts in KwaZulu-Natal, Umbumbulu and
Ndwedwe, where taro is a staple crop. The objective of the survey was to determine the cultural practices associated with taro production, including knowledge about varieties, agronomy, plant protection, storage and marketing. Qualitative data obtained from the survey was used to plan an investigation into the agronomy of taro. The survey showed that subsistence farmers at Ndwedwe and Umbumbulu used traditional methods for taro production that had very small influence from the extension services from the Department of Agriculture. The farmers identified three varieties of taro, which they designated as the "red", "white" and "Zulu" types. The "red" and "white" designations were based on consistent crop morphological characteristics. This finding confirmed the reliability of indigenous knowledge for crop classification.The survey also revealed that wetland and dryland conditions are used to produce taro. At Umbumbulu, production occurred predominantly under dryland conditions, whereas at Ndwedwe there was an almost even utilisation of both wetlands and drylands. At both locations, the farmers estimated plant spacing using their feet, which showed that the plant populations would be about 18400 plants ha(-1). Full corms were a predominant type of propagation material. In the light of the survey findings about site types (wetland or dryland), propagation material and plant spacing for taro production, field experiments were designed to 1) determine the effect of site type on taro production, 2) compare three propagule types (full corm, full corm with a shoot and half corm) in taro production and 3) examine the effect of planting density (18400, 24600 and 37000 plants ha(-1) on the performance of propagules with respect to production under wetland and dryland conditions. Field experiments showed that wetland cultivation
improved taro yield by 40% compared with dryland production. However, in each of the two site categories, there were significant differences between sites. Using full corms with shoots also enhanced taro yield (42% > full corms without shoots and 66% > half corms), when means were determined across all sites and planting densities. Increasing planting density also caused an increase in taro production (4.9 t ha (-1), 6.8 t ha (-1) and 11.5 t ha (-1), for 18400,24600 and 37000 plants ha,(-1), respectively; LSD (0.05) = 1.4 t ha,1). The enhanced performance of taro under wetland conditions, where corms with a shoot were used and at high planting densities may have been associated with photosynthetic
efficiency. Wetland conditions and corms with shoots improved plant emergence and plant growth, which are essential agronomic conditions for efficient capture of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. It is proposed that using propagules with shoots and high plant populations under dryland conditions could enhance taro production. Although wetland cultivation enhanced yield, the survey showed that the total area of land that could be
used for wetland cultivation at Ndwedwe and Umbumbulu was too small to warrant sustainable wetland production.Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.
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Schaeffer, Nancy Ellen. "Fishermen, farmers, and fiestas: continuity in ritual of traditional villages on the northwest coast of Peru." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3409.
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Yu-LinChang and 張堉霖. "Exploring Changes in Traditional Agriculture From Service Systems Perspective : The Cases of Yu-ching District Farmers' Association." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7jmbvr.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
企業管理學系
102
In the past few years, under the influence of free trade, like joining the WTO, Taiwan’s agriculture industries have been facing the dilemma of foreign low priced agricultural products and regulation of WTO which led to deductions in domestic agricultural subsidy. In addition, the limitation of land, scarcity of resources, and the aging labors engaging in agriculture have caused huge shock to domestic agriculture. The study focused on the evaluation of industrial value and the specific individual innovation under the circumstances. The study applied service innovation and service system to discuss the transformation of agricultural industry, referred to the case study of qualitative research, and used Yu-ching district farmers' association as research paradigm. The study based on the mango leading to the renewal three points. Firstly, how to make differences on marketing, i.e. establishing brands, opening mango store. Secondly, the change of interaction with customers and channels after introducing information technology. Thirdly, evolution of cutting-edge technologies from harvest to sales. Finally, this study based on how the Yu-ching district farmers' association obtained external resources and integrated internal resources for innovation. It can be available to other agricultural industries as a reference.
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Maragelo, Ketshogile Pauline. "Traditional agriculture and its meaning in the lives of a farming community : the case of Embo." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/940.
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Buthelezi, Nkosinomusa Nomfundo. "The use of scientific and indigenous knowledge in agricultural land evaluation and soil fertility studies of Ezigeni and Ogagwini villages in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/651.
Full textAbstract:
In the past, the indigenous knowledge of soils of small-scale farmers in South Africa has been largely ignored in scientific research. Hence the use of scientific approaches to land evaluation has often failed to improve land use in rural areas where understanding of the prescriptive scientific logic is lacking. Despite this, it is clear that local people and smallscale farmers have knowledge of their lands based on soil and land characteristics that remain largely unknown to the scientific community. It is therefore important for researchers to understand farmers’ knowledge of soil classification and management. To address this issue, a study was conducted in the uMbumbulu area of KwaZulu-Natal to investigate the use of indigenous knowledge as well as farmers’ perceptions and assessments of soil fertility. A preliminary questionnaire was designed to explore indigenous knowledge in a group interview that was conducted prior to the study. Another questionnaire was used to elicit indigenous knowledge from 59 randomly chosen homesteads representative of the population of Ezigeni and Ogagwini villages. Six homesteads were chosen for further detailed information on the cropping history, knowledge specific to the cultivated lands, detailed soil description and fertility. Soil samples were taken from these homesteads under different land uses (taro, fallow, veld and vegetable) at 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth for laboratory analysis. This was done to determine the effect of land use on soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial activity. For scientific evaluation a general purpose free soil survey was conducted to produce land capability and suitability maps. Farmers identified ten soil types using soil morphological characteristics, mainly soil colour and texture. These soil properties were also used in the farmers’ land suitability assessment. In addition, slope position, natural vegetation and village location were used to indicate land suitability. The amount of topsoil was also used in land evaluation. However, slope position was considered the most important factor as it affects the pattern of soils and hence their suitability. Soils on the footslope were considered more suitable for crops than those found on the midslope and upslope. The yield difference observed between villages, which were higher in Ogagwini than Ezigeni, was also used as a criterion for evaluation. Farmers attributed these yield differences for various crops to the effect of soil type on productivity. In support, scientific evaluation found that Ezigeni village had a number of soils with a heavy textured, pedocutanic B horizon and hence a relatively shallow effective rooting depth. Moreover, the Ezigeni village land suitability was limited in places by poor drainage and stoniness. These limitations were rarely found for the Ogagwini village soils. Farmers had a total of six comprehensive and well defined soil fertility indicators, namely crop yield, crop appearance, natural vegetation, soil texture, soil colour and presence of mesofauna. Results showed that farmers’ fertility perceptions are more holistic than those of researchers. However, despite this, their assessment correlated with soil analysis. There was a close relationship between scientific and indigenous suitability evaluation for three commonly cultivated crops (taro, maize and dry beans). This was further substantiated by yield measurements which were significantly higher for Ogagwini as rated by both farmers and scientific evaluation as the more suitable. The significant agreements between the scientific and indigenous approaches imply that there are fundamental similarities between them. Recognizing this and subsequently integrating the two approaches will produce land use plans relevant and profitable for both small-scale farmers and scientists.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
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(10290812), Virginia F. Pleasant. "There's More Than Corn in Indiana: Smallholder and Alternative Farmers as a Locus of Resilience." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a policy driven ethnography of smallholder and alternative farmers in Indiana that centers food justice and utilizes interdisciplinary frameworks to analyze the adaptive strategies that farmers use to address the specific challenges they face. Through the implementation of adaptive strategies such as regenerative growing practices, the cultivation of community, stewardship of the land, and an emphasis on transparency, the smallholders I worked with over the course of this study negotiate complex agricultural spaces and build the resilience of their farmsteads and the communities they serve. Smallholder and alternative farmers in Indiana are reimagining the agricultural spaces they occupy and driving transformational change of dominant narratives and local food systems. Critiques of conventional agriculture and commodity production are not intended to reify binary perceptions of the agricultural paradigm, but rather to demonstrate that the critical role of smallholder and alternatives farmers should be valued as well.
This research draws on four years of ethnographic research, archival sources, and close readings of policy measures and media reports to illuminate the historical context that has positioned smallholders in juxtaposition to large-scale conventional agriculture, and the critical role of smallholder farmers in driving food systems change while centering food justice and community resiliency. The driving research questions for the following essays follow: Why have small scale and alternative farmers chosen to farm (and farm differently)? What specific challenges do they face and how might these challenges be better addressed by existing support systems and new legislation? What can be learned from the alternative narratives and reimagined spaces smallholder farmers engage with? This work joins the growing body of research that challenges agricultural meta-narratives by presenting a counter-narrative of smallholder resilience and the a priori notion that posits agricultural technology as a panacea for everything from world hunger to economics to environmental concerns.
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Birnbaum, Ken. "Gardens in the margins how small export farmers in Costa Rica use non-traditional home gardens to buffer the economic hardships of coffee price declines /." 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29718085.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1993.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-67).
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Caister, Karen. "Moving beyond substence : systemic integrity in commercialising homestead agriculture, with the Ezemvelo Farmers Organisation, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10585.
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The transformation of South Africa’s rural communal spaces into an economically
viable, socially stable and harmonious sector is currently on the political agenda, the
efforts of the public sector to achieve this however have fallen far short of the intended
goal leaving subsistence and emerging farmers with little or no support. A current
decline in agricultural activity in South Africa’s rural areas threatens to weaken even
further the strength of rural economies. Calls for the return of ‘peasant’ agriculture to
the political and academic agendas and a clarion call for South African farmers to rewrite
their history lie within the problem of sustaining humanity with the economic,
social, environmental and temporal dimensions as a driver for development. This
thesis interprets the activities and behaviours that defined the innovative response of
small-scale commercial farmers in KwaZulu-Natal who role model ‘farming’ as a
‘way of life’ in communal land spaces.
The focus of the research was to interpret a useful meaning in the re-negotiation of
power relationships between producers and their market. It conceptualised the process
of individuals who had determined, and continue to define, their future. The events
observed over the three years of field work, offered the possibility of generating an
emergent solution to re-inventing farming as a way of life as season by season,
decisions were made at the individual homestead level, collectively at community
level and between internal and external decision-makers for market oriented
agriculture as an additional farming strategy.
A constructivist epistemology, relying on a pragmatic approach to using grounded
theory methods within a participatory process, constituted the study design. The
research focussed only on emic issues as the ‘culture’ or social and material priorities
of the agronomic system in transition. For this reason, sensitising concepts were drawn
from within the context to limit the scope and analysis of the study. Following the
field work and write up, the literature of agrarian change was used to locate the study
and consider the practical contribution of the study.
This research identified that ‘successful’ commercial homestead agriculture was the
result of changes in mind-set that allowed for new norms and behaviours for farming practice and for relationships. These shifts provided leverage points for overcoming
resistance between producers and markets in accommodating a sustainable market oriented
agronomy. Influencing the change was the impact of informed decision making,
which brought the stakeholders together through the sharing of values and
beliefs. Success was interpreted as using the market-orientated production of
amadumbe to tap into the factors that sustained and created social cohesion, as well as
those that stimulated agricultural activity. This emphasis encouraged the capacity for
development and cultivation of sustainability. The research proposes that deliberate
interdependence between producers and markets creates the incentive for development
that is self-determining, sustainable and derives economic benefits from agricultural
activity.
This research contributes towards understanding how to re-define commercialisation
as an inherent characteristic of traditional agricultural practice and, within this, a
meaningful description for stakeholders of the social impact of a deliberate and
mutually determined reconstruction of livelihood reality through a farmer-market researcher
relationship. The research introduces the need for a new way of engaging
over agriculture in communal spaces; how Discourse is defined and managed; for
whom the results of evaluation and monitoring are aimed; and to whom the results of
research belong. The research raises consciousness of the need for a space within
which dialogue and support for sustaining social agriculture and the role that research
institutions could play.
The product of this research is a theory whose core variable defines successful
commercial homestead agriculture as a dimension of systemic integrity between
internal and external economic interactions. Systemic integrity has been defined as
the process by which commercialisation of traditional agriculture has been
demonstrated through tapping into the motivations that stimulate agricultural activity
and nurturing social cohesion as the framework for legitimate development
partnerships. The findings contribute to the discussion of how to unlock the
technological and productive potential of rural communities within the images of
supportiveness, solidarity, and communalism that produce food for the survival of
humanity in a contemporary and dynamic world.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Chen, Chun-Hung, and 陳俊宏. "Analysis of the spatial configuration of traditional dwellings in the Taiwan context - case studies of Wai Pu Farmers Houses, Ta Shi & Dan Shuei Street Houses." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g2s4qs.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
建築與都市計畫所
91
Most research on the vernacular architecture in the Taiwan context have focused their analysis on classification and induction of types of traditional dwellings, however little research has explored the syntactical element of the spatial configuration of those houses under study. Findings of this typological approach often follow from the analysis of relationships between traditional perceptions of social hierarchy and physical layout arrangement of dwellings or components of physical settings. Yet, one finds that this typological approach presents a strong personal subjective interpretation rather than an objective one. For instance, the link between architectural form and aesthetic perception may be conflicted and controversial due to the educational background difference. This research employs the Space Syntax analysis, developed by Professor Bill Hillier at the University College London, with the aim to study the relationship between syntactic properties of traditional vernacular dwellings and the hidden social logic of the inhabitants’ daily interaction. This syntactical approach has its own analytical software which helps to extract the hidden configurational properties of houses, such as the degree of accessibility (or control) of each space, etc., and quantitatively represents these spatial properties in numerical order so that one can further correlate them with patterns of the inhabitants’ daily encounters. It is believed that through Space Syntax analysis one might be able to find out the prototype of a socio-spatial-syntactic model, which would work as the fundamental mechanism of social communicational function for local inhabitants. Case studies in this research cover vernacular courtyard houses as well as street row houses. Spatial analysis of these vernacular dwellings mainly uses the Space Syntax method as mentioned above, whereas inhabitants’ daily encounter behavior will be recorded through on site field work via questionnaire interview and by observation of interaction patterns of local inhabitants. Correlations between the hidden spatial properties and the social interaction patterns will then be carefully examined through relative depth related justified graph and by statistical scattergram analysis. Results of this research show that for the courtyard houses transitional arcade space turns out to be the most highly accessible one within the whole spatial structure, which correlates to the high use of this space for social interaction needs, such as chatting and informal working. It is also very intriguing that the kitchen-dining space is very often located on the crossing point of the circulation loops of the male master and the female master of each courtyard house under examination, which depicts the strategic location of this space within the entire spatial system. In the case of street row houses the most highly accessible space belongs to the staircase or the indoor corridor adjacent to it, which links the ground floor and the upper floor spaces. Results also show that the intelligibility of spatial configuration of the courtyard house seems to be higher than that of the street house, which illustrates that configurational properties of courtyard houses might facilitate the natural interaction among family members more than that of the street houses.
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Shiba, Mlungisi Richard. "In vitro determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts used for internal parasites control by small-holder livestock farmers in Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2229.
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Thesis (M. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018Ethno veterinary medicine practices are popular among the resource constrained small-holder farmers. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of traditional remedies particularly the indigenous plants has not been extensively documented. Hence, this study was conducted to determine efficacy of indigenous plant extracts used by small-holder farmers in Chief Albert Luthuli Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa for internal parasites control. Information on indigenous plants used for the control of internal parasites of livestock by local farmers in the study area was gathered through a questionnaire survey. A total of 188 livestock farmers (both males and females) of mixed ages were interviewed. Thirteen different plants were frequently mentioned by the respondents as remedies for livestock internal parasites. Of these, seven plants could be identified up to their families and species. Plant species collected were Dicerocaryum sp (50%), Pappeacapensis (61%), Aloe ferox (90%), Helichrysum sp (56%), Senecio congestus (83%), Senecio barbertonicus (67%) and Gardenia sp (73%). These plants were extracted using distilled water and analysed to determine their efficacy through in vitro assays; Egg hatch, larval development and larval mortality assays. All the assays were performed at different concentrations of 2.5mg/ml, 5.0mg/ml and 7.5mg/ml. The nematode third stage larvae were incubated for 24hr, 48hr and 72hr during the larval mortality assay. The present study showed that all the seven-plant species under investigation possessed some anthelmintic activities of varying strength. The highest egg hatch inhibition was observed from the extracts of Senecio barbertonicus with 100 % and the lowest from Dicerocaryum eriocarpum with 2.25 %, for larval development the highest was Gardenia sp 100 % and the lowest Helichrysum sp 26 % at concentration 7.5 mg/mL respectively. Whereas, the highest in larval mortality assay was Senecio barbertonicus and Gardenia sp achieved 100 % after 48hrs and the lowest was Dicerocaryum eriocarpum with49.89 % after 72hrs at concentration 7.5 mg/mL respectively. The use of other different forms of extraction media is recommended because different results can observe and be compared with the results of the present study. Toxicity studies on the indigenous plants observed to have stronger anthelmintic activities would assist in the future recommendation of these remedies for large scale or commercial use as anthelmintic drugs. Keywords: ethno veterinary medicine, gastrointestinal parasites, anthelmintic
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Nyiraruhimbi, Agnes. "Indigenous approaches to maize production and soil management in Msinga KwaZulu-Natal, Province." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9906.
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This study explored and examined indigenous knowledge IK in the process of maize production and soil management by farmers in Msinga in central KwaZulu-Natal. This study was qualitative in nature. Two methods were used for data collection: focus group discussions; and individual semi-structured interviews. The study found that the Msinga farmers have a range of techniques and strategies to produce maize and manage the soil; they have been relying on this knowledge for generations. However, many farmers have also begun to adopt elements of western science such as the use of hybrid seeds, fertilizers and pesticides – albeit access to them is a major problem. It was also found that these indigenous knowledge and techniques have also suffered as result of different factors, including the climate conditions as result of the growing drought in the area, the passing on of elders with knowledge, and the breakdown of social cohesion. Communities' indigenous knowledge has been rendered ineffective to, alone, address their maize production and soil management issues. As a result, indigenous knowledge is dying in this community and the farmers are not able to produce sufficient maize to meet their needs. In the face of these pressures, the Msinga farmers also lack any meaningful external assistance either from the government or private agencies. They have no access to extension. This means that communities have to fend for themselves, and where indigenous knowledge has failed they have no other alternatives that will help them to adjust to their environment. Finally, the study found that as a result of this stasis, the Msinga farmers and their families are poor and lack the basic means for their daily survival; food shortages are frequent. The consequence is that they appear powerless and unable to cope with challenges.
The study recommends an integrated approach to address issues of reconstructing indigenous knowledge; social cohesion; environmental matters; poverty eradication; external support and integrating indigenous knowledge and western science.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Huang, Chiung-yi, and 黃瓊儀. "Study on Transformation Strategy of Traditional Industry: The Case of Aitsao Farmer." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a2vk92.
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碩士僑光科技大學
國際貿易運籌研究所
101
After Taiwan's accession to the World Trade Organization, lack of the international competition ability, the traditional agroindustry has been having a considerable impact. How to upgrade the traditional agriculture to expand and improve the competitiveness becomes an important issue to the traditional agroindustry. In the age of aging society, more and more consumers pay attention to health care and biotechnology products, therefore, more and more traditional domestic industries transform to biotech industries. Aitsao Farmer, a small traditional agroindustry, which upgraded to a biotech industry is a successful case. The study explores the processes of Aitsao Farmer’s transformation by the literature reviews, and case interviews. In order to analyze the keys to the successful transformation of the traditional agroindustry, the study uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) expert questionnaire for the "the successful transformation keys to the traditional industry ", filled by the government, academics, and industry experts. It is found that the keys to the Aitsao Farmer’s successful transformation are the acute and crisis management strategies, the grasp of customer needs, the operator involvement, the grasp of marketing channels, and the business goals and scales. Keywords: Traditional Industry, Biotech Industry, Transformation, Aitsao Farmer, Marketing
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Chia-Ming, Chang, and 張佳銘. "Study on Feasibility of Transferring Traditional Farms to Leisure Fishery." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91063925250606949359.
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碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
漁業生產與管理研究所
100
Fish pond aquaculture industry has always been a very important place in southwestern Taiwan industry, due to the over-development of the long-term, however, ground subsidence, and water pollution caused by the part of the coastal areas, recreational fishery of this study by the transformation of traditional fish farms in the original 'tripped breeding based on the cause of the plight of the traditional fishery production, find an aquaculture environment and ecology mutual integration into the road. As the research object of this study has been to the south of the river resort in the leisure and tourism travelers, tourists satisfaction and an important degree of survey analysis, interviews fish rearing ponds and Tainan and Kaohsiung areas of industry, to further explore the causal between relationship. In the IPA analysis after the study, that tourists think the Sinan spring resort fishing village," an urgent need to improve the project: the resort's water-based leisure facilities are diverse and interesting offers a variety of vacation environment for tourists to choose the overall ecological environment comfortable three follows. 1."Water-based leisure facilities of the resort diverse and interesting": additional the hydrophilic recreation facilities, such as boating area, wading area, fishing area, swimming area. 2."Offers a variety of vacation environment for tourists to choose": planning and leisure facilities, such as cabins, honeymoon houses, flowers, trails and singing, barbecue and gatherings region. 3."The overall ecological environment comfortable": the establishment of a "health, safety, comfort, and can sustainable enjoy" the ecological environment, the use of local native species of plants and animals with the local terrain smooth eco-tourism trip planning moving lines, and additional travel planning Advisory Service Total Visitor Information. In depth interviews that high cognitive farmers for aquaculture industry, for example, high cost, low competitiveness, the fishing village aging population, high stocking density caused by pollution and affect the quality of fishery products, and recreational fisheries in transition some of the concerns and expectations of the conservative mentality of traditional farmers, but remains positive about the recreational fisheries in transition, looking forward to the guidance of the government, this study fish pond industry for the recreational fishery in transition depth interviews, that traditional the fish ponds transformation recreational fisheries feasible.
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Jongisa, Lethukuthula Lemon. "Performance of indigenous farming practices : a case study of maize land use types in Umzimkulu area, Eastern Cape." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3435.
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Although conventional or scientific farming practices have been encouraged and promoted by state and other agencies, rural and resource poorfarmers have increasingly resorted to indigenous farming practices. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that indigenous farming practices are not only environmentalfriendly, but are more profitable than conventional practices. A conceptual framework for testing the hypothesis was formulated based on a comparison of Margins above Specified Cost of indigenous and conventional farming practices. The data required were identified and a methodology for data collection and analysis was designed. The research methodology included a literature review, a GIS based sample scheme designedfor data collection and statistical analysis. As a major feature of this component of the mini-dissertation, the literature review reveals that indigenous farming practices have positive impact on the environment by improving soil through mulching, composting and use of non-toxic control ofpests and diseases. On the other hand the review reveals that conventional practices can impact negatively on the environment.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Nguyen, Thao Cong. "Changing traditions and identities : the ecology of the differential responses of Tai and Kinh farmers to governmental agrarian and technological initiatives in Northwest Vietnam." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12065.
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Pei-Yi, Li, and 李佩怡. "Development Strategies for the Transformation of Traditional Tea Farms to Leisure Tea Farms - A Case Study of Sunpoling Area of Mingjian Township in Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07658450848674029245.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大葉大學
休閒事業管理學系碩士在職專班
96
The main purpose of this research is to explore current management strategies of leisure tea farms transformed from traditional tea farms in Sunpoling area, Mingjian Township of Nantou County, and to offer suggestions to their future management strategies and developments. This research takes the farm-owners who have designed tourist activities as study objects to understand their current management model and further analyzes their competitive advantages in order to provide suggestions on future development strategies for farm-owners and related organizations. Qualitative method is mainly used to conduct this research. By doing literature review as well as field research, this research aims to comprehend surrounding tourist resources and transportation sites in Sunpoling area. By doing interviews and observations, we discovered how to utilize core resources to improve business performances. In addition, by comparing sales, revenues, and clientele differentiation before and after the transformation, as well as studying the opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses in industrial infrastructure of each individual case, this research analyzed competitive advantages of the transformation. Moreover, taking quantitative method as supplementary methodology, this research sent 300 questionnaires to survey consumer willingness for consumption and satisfaction levels on Sunpoling leisure tea farms, and received 184 valid copies. Furthermore, 22 questionnaires were also sent to survey the personality of workers of leisure tea farms in Sunpoling area and received 20 valid ones. This research discovered only two traditional tea farms have successfully v transformed to run bed and breakfast business in Sunpoling, due to the demand of large budget. Since the activities that tourists experienced are limited to tea making, the transformation does not help boosting sales and increasing revenues of their tea business as expected. Therefore, tea making is still the major focus of commercial activities on the farms. By analyzing development strategies through SWOT matrix, this research also suggests low-budget, differentiated and specialized strategies concerning industrial environment and management situation that related organizations may take as references to bring more business opportunities to Sunpoling leisure tea farms.
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Kavadas, Richard J. P. "No mere mouthpiece: An examination of the Hesiodic farmer." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/893.
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Examines the character construction of the Hesiodic ‘farmer’ in the scholarship of Works and Days. Questions Hesiod’s intimacy of agricultural knowledge: was he a practical farmer or a non-farming poet? Using my farming experience I question the adequacy of the information in Works and Days for use as a farming manual. Lines 635-640 - Hesiod’s description of the climatic conditions of Ascra in respect to farming are set against soil properties (soil biochemistry as an evaluating tool) and agricultural responses (farming methods of other cultures) shows Hesiod to have little grasp of the farming methods each situation requires. Text comparatives: Fan Shêng-Chih Shu an ancient Chinese agricultural text detailed with attention to soil fertility. Supporting ancient texts: Cato on Agriculture, Columella on Agriculture, Theophrastus on Plants, Xenophon Oeconomics and Homer’s Odyssey for references to dung and soil fertility. The vague farming information suggests a non-personalized experience - the Hesiodic ‘farmer’ is probably not a practical farmer at all.
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Mkhize, Christopher Jabulani. "Tick control practices in communal Tsholotsho." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20673.
Full textAbstract:
This study assessed the use of indigenous acaricides in Tsholotsho, Zimbabwe. An observational study design plus laboratory analysis were used in this study. Data on demographic profiles and tick control practices in 21 villages was collected using a questionnaire. Seven hundred and fifty nine (n=759) ticks were collected from cattle using systematic sampling at 15 dip tanks. Marula efficacy was assessed using pregnancy, repellence and mortality tests. Farmers used several tick control remedies (physical removal, chemicals, and plant and animal extracts), some of which have potential to harm the health of the public. Marula caused significant decrease in mass among pregnant ticks (p<0.05), had a significant kill percentage (p< 0.05), and also repelled, killed and hindered egg laying. The active ingredients in marula formulations should be investigated. The extra-label use of conventional acaricide, and the use of compounds with potential to harm the public health needs to be regulated.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Agriculture)
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Ta-Lun, Sun, and 孫大倫. "The Research of Farmer''s Health Insurance Institution in Taiwan -- System Analysis under The Direction of Social Policy Theore- tical Traditions." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12932223732783592721.
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PENG, YI-JIA, and 彭怡嘉. "The Tradition Hog Industry is Transforming into Leisure Farms with The Application of the Diversification Strategy Sixth Industry." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gcw47f.
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碩士明新科技大學
服務產業暨管理研究所碩士班
107
Therefore, the study is based on the traditional pig farm in Taiwan to import the basis theory of Japanese sixth industrial sectors to investigate the development tragedy of transforming from animal husbandry to agricultural recreation. The study goes by depth interview, participation, and observation. It classifies requirement, strategy, and cooperation to discuss summarize, and analyze with experts, operators, and government officials individually.The study collects some suggestions from Japanese dealers who have experienced of practical transformation to find out that the dealers of the pasture who are classified into transforming to the sixth industrial sectors still might be successful. If cross-domain vertical integration is carried out by some organizations, such as the government or cooperatives, it will be difficult to encounter the media processing manufacture which is commissioning to the type of processing business.In addition, although the dealers from Japan have developed sixth industrial sectors for 20 years, they still haven’t solved the problem of human resources which needs toward experiencing tourism due to population aging in the country. They are eager to need youth to return.But also promotes the application mode of modern digital technology and develops other languages to bring food, culture, and history into the tourism and also to have industry-academia collaboration with local schools or create new marketing strategies.For lacking of developing sixth industrial sectors of dealers and government in Taiwan, the result is a value of reference. The study is carrying on field trips and interviewing the successful dealers many times. After completing the current status analysis of dealers in Taiwan and the probe of the development tactic, we found industry transforming involves a wide perspective. So we suggest the follow-up related researchers could refer to the result of this and use Delphi method or level analysis to build the strategy index of developing animal husbandry transforming in Taiwan.
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Yang, Chien-Wen, and 楊健文. "A Study on the Possibility of Traditional Aquaculture Transforming to Recreation Farms—A Case of Soft-shelled Turtle Aquaculture in Jodying Company for Example." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vugumx.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班
105
Operators face the era of rapid market changes, not only to think about how to maintain the leading position in the professional technology, but also should be actively aware of the business strategy to gain a competitive advantage. Operators must make good use of innovative management, so that enterprises can quickly change in the competitive market to move forward. Today's operators or industries are not only in the era of rapid change, and subject to rapid expansion of competitive pressure, so the operators are facing serious business crisis and innovation challenges. In order to break through the bottleneck, operators should speed up the transformation of enterprises, and improve the core values of enterprises, business performance and competitiveness, which is the industry is imperative. This study uses the depth interview as the research method, mainly for the case in the traditional soft-shelled turtle breeding industry process, in the face of enterprise bottlenecks and explore the response to the transformation of the model for the leisure agriculture business model for the study of the feasibility of the subject. Using the five aspects of the assessment of the feasibility of the transition from market analysis, technical analysis, financial analysis, benefit and risk analysis. The results of this study found that soft-shelled turtle recreational farms in the market analysis which including the competitiveness, the target market and the product development is feasible. In the technical analysis for the interpretation of service and recreational experience planning, recreational farms can meet the feasibility of development. It is found that the feasibility of developing recreational fish farms is high when the environmental analysis includes the regional distribution of the external environment, the characteristics of the tourists, the policies and regulations and the main body of the internal environment, the land properties, the resource characteristics, and the professional functions. After the financial analysis, Jodying soft-shelled turtle farms have been breeding 20 years of experience, farms has existing hardware equipment, so the investment cost is relatively low. In addition to the maximum benefits for the farms can bring operating income, but also can drive the development of the local. In the risk side is mainly caused by abnormal climate change can result in changes in soft-shelled turtle growth habits, but also associated with the activities of the recreational experience, as well as recruitment and reception of international tourists, the case also have countermeasures. Therefore, after exploring the market, technical, environmental, financial, efficiency and risk side, the traditional soft-shelled turtle breeding transform recreation farm is feasible.