Academic literature on the topic 'Traditional grazing system'
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Journal articles on the topic "Traditional grazing system"
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Hungwe, Tinoziva, Charles Mutisi, Prisca Mugabe, and Rachel Gwazani. "Influence of Communal Area Grazing Management System on the Foraging Behaviour of Steers in a Semi-Arid Area of Zimbabwe." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 12 (2013): 787–93. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2013.12.101613903.
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A study was conducted to determine the influence of grazing management system on the foraging behaviour of steers in semiarid area of Zimbabwe. Foraging behaviour was determined through direct observations of focal animals. Four draught steers were observed in either the grazing scheme or under the traditional grazing management over the early, mid and late rainy seasons. Grazing was found to be the most dominant foraging activity under the two grazing systems. The time spent grazing was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the interaction between grazing management system and season. As the season progressed, grazing time increased for animals in grazing schemes. In grazing schemes, browsing was strongly marked during the early and late rainy seasons. The time spent by animals walking was higher (P<0.05) for steers under the traditional system. Other idling activities, such as drinking water were curtailed in grazing schemes due to the absence of watering points in some paddocks. These findings suggest that grazing schemes tended to limit foraging activities, possibly due to limited range resources. The ability of cattle under traditional grazing system to switch effectively among different patches might have contributed to their foraging activities.
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Tinoziva, Hungwe, Mugabe Prisca, Mutisi Charles, and Gandiwa Edson. "Influence of Communal Area Grazing Management System on the Nutritive Value of Forages Selected by Cattle in a Semi-Arid Area of Zimbabwe." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 9 (2013): 663–68. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2013.9.061713678.
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A study was conducted to determine the effect of grazing management system on the nutritive value of forages selected by cattle. Animals were observed while grazing and the grazed samples were collected. The samples were analysed for chemical composition and digestibility. There were significant (P<0.05) interactions between grazing system and month of sampling on acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein (CP) contents of the forages. Month of sampling had a significant (P<0.05) effect on all the parameters analysed. Samples collected under the traditional grazing system had significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and less ADF and NDF content compared to those forages from the grazing scheme. The CP content of the forages selected was not affected by grazing system (P>0.05). These findings suggest that grazing schemes tended to compromise the quality of forages selected under poor range conditions, possibly due to limited range resources. The ability of cattle under traditional grazing system to switch effectively among the different range resources might have enhanced the quality of forages selected.
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Caballero, Rafael. "Sheep stocking under traditional and improved grazing systems in the cereal-sheep system of Castile-La Mancha (south-central Spain)." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 17, no. 4 (2002): 177–87. https://doi.org/10.1079/ajaa200222.
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AbstractLand-based systems of low stocking rate are usually associated with low environmental concerns. However, we hypothesized that traditional unrestructured grazing systems may represent more environmental costs than benefits. Community-based research work was conducted in the 1990s in the cereal-sheep system of Castile–La Mancha, with the objective of assessing the typology of the system, including the grazing structures and social groups involved in grazing management. Results showed that traditional management represented a heterogeneous spatio-temporal distribution of grazing at the regional level, with high variability at the local level. Occasional overgrazing may occur, but a trend towards fewer grazing-days with correspondingly more indoor feeding and widespread underuse of grazing resources was more apparent. Proposals to improve the grazing system reached a high degree of consensus among farmers, but the two social groups (cultivators and landless pastoralists) showed divergent views in some important management issues. The imbalance in group numbers indicated that collective action is difficult to achieve. Implementation of improved grazing practices would require a policy intervention based on the disentangled constraints and consensus among interested farmers.
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Tinoziva, Hungwe. "Influence of Communal Area Grazing System on Cattle Performance and Vegetation Parameters in a Semi-arid Area of Zimbabwe." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 6 (2014): 252–57. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2014.6.011714045.
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A study was conducted to determine the impact of grazing management system on cattle performance and vegetation parameters in a semi-arid area of Zimbabwe. Two areas, where traditional grazing management and grazing schemes were practised, were selected for the study. The performance of cattle was determined through body condition scoring of the animals. The assessments were done at the end of the rainy season, after the cattle had spent five months under either traditional grazing system or grazing scheme. Body condition scores were higher (P<0.05) for cattle under the traditional system than those from grazing schemes. Vegetation parameters analysed in the grazing areas included basal cover, species composition, plant vigour and the overall veld score. Under both grazing management systems, overall veld ratings were poor. Grazing schemes have not resulted in improved basal cover, plant vigour and species richness. These findings suggest that grazing schemes tended to compromise performance under poor range conditions, possibly due to limited range resources. The ability of cattle under traditional grazing management system to switch effectively among the different range resources might have enhanced their body condition going into the dry season.
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A, Belete. "A Review on Traditional L ivestock Movement Systems (Godantu) in Bale Zone: An Implication to Utilization of Natural Resources." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 2, no. 4 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000144.
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Livestock is a key livelihood component for the majority of inhabitants of the Bale Eco region and sh ould be central to sustainable land and resource use planning and management in the area. In majority of bale zone Livestock management is maintained through high level of seasonal mobility ( Godantu ) which allows access to vital grazing, water resources an d mineral springs as rotational grazing system and risk minimization mechanism of pastoralist. Even though, Godantu system is efficient and effective mechanism of natural resources utilization and management, the system is challenged by factors like Shorta ges in grazing land, reduced water availability (particularly in the dry season); long distance and time to access grazing area and watering point, resource user conflicts (between livestock and crop farming/forest protection/National Park conservation, animal health problems due to increased vulnerability, lack of support and government policy towards pastoralists .
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DEVI, INDU, A. K. SHINDE, ARUN KUMAR, and A. SAHOO. "Stall feeding of sheep and goats: An alternative system to traditional grazing on community lands." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 3 (2020): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i3.102317.
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Sheep and goats in the country are mostly raised on grazing resources. But these resources are gradually shrinking over the periods both in term of areas under them and also in yield and quality. On the contrary, populations of sheep and goat are increasing rapidly to meet the demand of meat. This is resulting in overstocking and overcrowding on available grazing lands and sharp deterioration of grazing resources. The intensive system (stall feeding) as an alternative to traditional grazing and semi-intensive system, may be useful to maintain pace with growing meat demand in the changing scenario of grazing resources in the country. Studies have shown that lambs and kids on stall feeding with adequate nutrition and management attain faster growth, attain slaughter weights at an early age and produce heavier carcass weights, more dressing yield and desirable lean, fat and bone contents. Although initially intensive system seems costly due to more feed cost and more capital investment, but this is justified by higher economic returns to farmers. Therefore, it can be concluded that intensive feeding system for sheep and goats is better than extensive system and at par or better than semi-intensive system for lamb and kid fattening purpose from 3–6 months of age. This review article also discusses the possibility of economic viability of sheep and goats rearing under stall feeding.
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GOODHUE, RACHAEL E., and NANCY McCARTHY. "Traditional property rights, common property, and mobility in semi-arid African pastoralist systems." Environment and Development Economics 14, no. 1 (2009): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x08004555.
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ABSTRACTTraditional pastoralist land management institutions in sub-Saharan Africa have been stressed by an increasing human population and related forces, including private enclosure of grazing land; government-sponsored privatization; and the increasing prevalence of violent conflicts and livestock theft. We model the incompleteness and flexibility of traditional grazing rights using fuzzy set theory. We compare individual and social welfare under the traditional system to individual and social welfare under a private property system and a common property system. Whether the traditional system is preferred to private property depends on whether the value of mobility, as defined by the traditional system, is more valuable than the right of exclusion inherent in private property. We find that under some conditions the imprecision which characterizes traditional rights can result in higher social returns than a common property regime characterized by complete symmetric rights across all members of the user group and complete exclusion of non-members.
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Long, R. J., L. M. Ding, Z. H. Shang, and X. H. Guo. "The yak grazing system on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and its status." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 2 (2008): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08012.
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Yaks are a multifunctional and dominant livestock species on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The yak grazing system is a traditional transhumance system. Research is focussed on both understanding and improving the system. Development of local economies and the use of new knowledge from yak research and modern technology are improving the system. However, the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau ecosystem is becoming dysfunctional through adverse climate sequences, over-population and over-grazing. The Chinese Government has implemented regional projects to address these degradation problems. Several policies have recently been introduced to improve yak grazing management. This paper reviews current knowledge on the system and the options for improving and optimising the system.
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Winsten, Jonathan R., Robert L. Parsons, and Gregory D. Hanson. "A Profitability Analysis of Dairy Feeding Systems in the Northeast." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 2 (2000): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500005359.
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This study analyzes the use and profitability of three distinct feeding systems; confinement feeding, traditional grazing, and management-intensive grazing from a randomly selected sample of northeastern dairy farms. The confinement feeding farms were significantly larger and produced more milk per cow, while the farms using management-intensive grazing incurred the lowest production costs. Both confinement feeding and management-intensive grazing generated significantly higher rates of return to farm assets relative to farms using a mixed system. Multiple regression analysis confirms the critical importance of herd size, milk production per cow, debt level and veterinary expenses to farm profitability in all production systems.
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Caballero, Rafael. "Castile—La Mancha: A once traditional and integrated cereal—sheep farming system under change." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14, no. 4 (1999): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008389.
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AbstractFarming systems are often complex elaborations of the human societies to which they belong, with many traditional and social implications. Untangling the main social and structural constraints may improve productivity without an increase in environmental costs. Integration of cereal and sheep farming throughout the Mediterranean basin has been traditional. Mutually beneficial relationships between the sheep industry and cereal farming, and the vital role of forage legumes in meeting the modest needs of sheep for nitrogen, are stressed. This agropastoral system, however, is endangered in central Spain mainly because the pastoralist (sheep owner) is land-less, while the cultivator (land owner) has little interest in enforcing the law; fees for grazing rights are very low. Farmers, particularly young farmers, reject the current sheep operation because of the harsh working conditions. Restructuring of the grazing system would require a new policy scenario that would link European Union farm subsidies to structural reforms and would stress cooperative behavior.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Traditional grazing system"
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Smith, David G. "The impact of grazing time allowance on the dry matter intake and foraging behaviour of cattle and donkeys managed under traditional African grazing systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29998.
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Restricted nutrient intake is the largest, single factor that limits the productivity of grazing animals. Traditional African grazing systems (TAGS) appear to exasperate this constraint by restricting the amount of time available to feed. This project set out to investigate the effect of TAGS on the forage intake of free-ranging cattle and donkeys in order that recommendations for their improved nutrition and productivity could be formulated and disseminated to resource-poor livestock owners in Africa. The thesis is sub-divided into two sections, the first section reports the modification of techniques used to carry out the study and the second the results of animal studies carried out in Scotland, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe. Modifications of techniques for the estimation of DMI using the ratio technique included: 1) development of a method for the rigid simultaneous dosing of even-chain alkane and chromic oxide external markers in order to reduced circadian variation of faecal marker output; 2) the identification of acid-detergent lignin (ADL) as the most reliable internal marker for the estimation of dry matter digestibility (DMD); 3) the development of an <i>in vitro</i> DMD technique that improved correlation (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.96) with <i>in vivo</i> DMD measured in equids compared to the non-modified method (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.85); 4) a hand-plucking method for obtaining a representative sample of forage ingested by free-range cattle and donkeys. Restricting the grazing time of cattle to only eight hours per day had no effect on their DMI in both Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. Cattle compensate for RFT by increasing ETPH and by increasing bite rate. Traditional grazing management in African communal systems does not therefore appear to significantly limit nutrient intake by cattle. The effect of TAGS on the nutrient intake by donkeys is much greater than in cattle; restricting the time available for eating limits DMI and reduces the quality of ingested forage because the animals are less selective. Donkeys must therefore be managed separately from cattle and this is particularly important, when they are used for work. Donkeys are much less able to compensate for loss of eating time due to work than are cattle, because they have evolved to spend much longer eating.
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Ballesteros, Raúl David Guevara. "Enteric Methane and Nitrogen Emissions in Beef Cattle Grazing a Tannin-Containing Legume Relative to Feedlot and Traditional Pasture-Based Production Systems." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7666.
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Beef cattle production is highly criticized because of the high use of land and water resources, and by the pollution (e.g., the gas methane in a cow’s breath and nitrogen in urine) produced by cows fed in feedlots. In contrast to feedlots diets and grasses, some plants (e.g., legumes) contain bioactive compounds (condensed tannins) that reduce pollution and enhance animal nutrition. In my research, I observed that cows grazing a tannin-containing legume (birdsfoot trefoil; BFT) had methane emissions similar to cows fed a feedlot ration with comparable weight gains. Cows in the BFT treatment gained more weight than cows grazing grass (meadow brome) or a legume without tannins (cicer milkvetch). Additionally, I estimated the potential areas in the state of Utah than can sustain birdsfoot trefoil production, with 412,250 ha distributed mostly in the Box elder, Cache, Millard and Sanpete counties. Thus, feeding tannin-containing legumes to cows is a viable alternative to feedlot rations, with greater levels of productivity than other pasture-based systems, which can lead to a more sustainable production of beef.
Book chapters on the topic "Traditional grazing system"
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Myers, Kathleen Ann. "1. New Directions in the Sierra Norte de Sevilla." In A Country of Shepherds. Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0387.01.
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Featuring the case study of Juan Vázquez Morán and his family, this chapter describes life within the industry of transhumance as well as the incredible dedication and commitment needed to excel in this profession, particularly to ensure ethical practices. It depicts transhumance, the seasonal movement of herd animals, as an extensive grazing model undergoing a (not entirely voluntary) process of modernization. Morán and other shepherds now own their livestock, and their family members look for other ways to develop markets for their products. He talks of the hardships and prejudice of growing up in a shepherding family but also of the heart-warming solidarity that can be found within this community. The chapter provides insights into communication between shepherds and their sheep or goats and into ethical milking practices. While highlighting the challenges of traditional pastoralism, this chapter also comments on the growing hope amongst workers as the profession develops and a larger system of support emerges. This chapter concludes with an update on Juan’s life and profession following the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Oskal, Anders, Ravdna Biret Marja Eira Sara, Kia Krarup-Hansen, Inger Anita Smuk, and Svein Disch Mathiesen. "Reindeer Herders’ Food Knowledge Systems." In Reindeer Husbandry. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42289-8_6.
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AbstractReindeer husbandry is part of an Arctic civilization strongly tied to nature and dependent on it in multiple aspects, including the diets of its peoples. Food production in nomadic Sámi reindeer herding has, through generations, been nested within the seasonal use of pastures, securing biodiversity, and traditional knowledge of food preservation techniques. The traditional knowledge, culture, and language of reindeer herders provide a central foundation for building sustainable food systems and social-ecological resilience in the Arctic. Food knowledge systems of Arctic Indigenous peoples should be viewed as indicators of social-ecological resilience. There is a need to rethink the food systems’ strategies in the governance of Indigenous reindeer herders’ societies, their economy, and external relations. Arctic Indigenous food knowledge systems are damaged due to climate change, loss of biodiversity, loss of grazing land, and failure in economic reforms since traditional knowledge about food was not included in sustainable development planning and public management.
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Myers, Kathleen Ann. "Conclusions." In A Country of Shepherds. Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0387.07.
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This chapter offers a brief overview of common points raised by shepherds, resident landowners, and activists whom we have met in A Country of Shepherds. Putting these distinct voices in conversation with one another, we gain a wider view of the practices of transhumant shepherding and extensive grazing, as well as the collective efforts keeping them alive. Our author summarizes obstacles the informants have pointed out and how they relate to larger systemic issues. Lastly, we hear of the resilience of this tradition and new paths forward that foster hope for the future of pastoralism in Andalusia.
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Shetto, Richard, Saidi Mkomwa, Ndabhemeye Mlengera, and Remmy Mwakimbwala. "Conservation agriculture in the southern highlands of Tanzania: learnings from two decades of research for development." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development. CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0006.
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Abstract Since its introduction into the Southern Highlands of Tanzania by researchers 25 years ago, Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been well received, researched and the concept proven to be increasing productivity and incomes, enhancing resilience of livelihoods and contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. CA research, as defined by the three interlined principles, was introduced into the Southern Highlands by the Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) Uyole, formerly Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) Uyole around 1995. Research results showed a labour saving of up to 70% in CA compared to conventional tillage, yield increases of 26%-100% and 360% for maize and sunflower, respectively, partly attributed to higher moisture content (18%-24%) in CA systems. CA was also found to be much more effective in mitigating dry spells and increasing productivity in maize production in areas where average annual rainfall is less than 770 mm. Economic analysis of maize production showed that profits in CA were three times more than in conventional tillage production at US$526.9 ha<sup>-1</sup> and US$ 176.6 ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Profits were twice as much for beans under CA at US$917.4 ha<sup>-1</sup> compared to US$376.3 ha<sup>-1</sup> for conventional practice. Studies confirm that 5% of farmers in the Southern Highlands have adopted CA. Increased uptake requires addressing challenges including resistance to change in mindset, inaccessibility of appropriate mechanization and cover crop seeds, traditions of free-range communal grazing of livestock (which makes it difficult for farmers to retain crop residue in their farms) and shortage of investment capital. A holistic value chain approach is recommended in CA interventions, bringing together various stakeholders including scientists, trainers, extension workers, administrators, policy makers, agro-inputs and machinery dealers, machinery service providers, agro-processors and financial institutions. The innovations adaptation set-up brings service providers closer to farmers for co-innovation. Long-term CA programmes are recommended, with farmers being taken through the complete learning cycle in testing CA technologies under their own farm environments. This should be complemented by entrepreneurial CA machinery hire services provision to increase the availability of farm power to smallholders unlikely to have the capital or skills to buy and manage their own machinery. The proof of application of the CA concept in the Southern Highlands has set the stage for further scaling the adoption of CA through support from national policies and programmes.
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Wakchaure, Monali, Mohammad Faheem Siddiqui, and Akshay Sonawane. "The Reproductive Performance of Native Osmanabadi Goat of India." In Landraces - Traditional Variety and Natural Breed. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96106.
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Among the goat breeds of India, Osmanabadi goat breed is one of the most popular goat breed of the arid and semi-arid region of Maharashtra state. Historically this breed is known to exist on Deccan Plateau since decades. The name Osmanabadi is derived from its origin, i.e. Osmanabad district in Maharashtra state. The breeds is distributed mainly in 2 southern states of India viz. Western Telangana and North Eastern Karnataka state and are having largest contribution to meat production in Southern India as their meat is very tasty when compared with local breeds. The Osmanabadi breed is suited to all types of rearing systems, the most ideal being the semi-intensive system (grazing and closed enclosure) where higher production has been observed compared to extensive (grazing system) and intensive systems (zero grazing system). Osmanabadi goats reared in the Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana border region had been analysed with reproductive parameters and found that, the female kids attend puberty at the age of 349.8 ± 6.9 days with 17.45 ± 0.23 Kg body weight. The average gestation period found was 152.24 ± 0.24 days. The mean age at first kidding was found to be 494.4 ± 8.1 days. The average duration of post-partum anoestrus period was 67.34 ± 6.31 days which was responsible for short inter-kidding interval which shows high profile reproductive efficiency. The mean kidding interval recorded as 232.62 ± 5.45 days. Majority of kidding resulted in single births (87.27%) and with only 12.73% of multiple births. Breeding season and kidding season of Osmanabadi goats was observed from the month of June to September and November to February as a major.
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Salachna, Anna, Katarzyna Kobiela-Mendrek, Maria Kohut, Monika Rom, and Jan Broda. "The Pastoralism in the Silesian Beskids (South Poland): In the Past and Today." In Sheep Farming [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99722.
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The Silesian Beskids (Poland), the westernmost part of the Carpathian Mountains is an area with long pastoral tradition. For centuries sheep grazed in clearings located among forested ridges have been an integral part of the mountain landscape and pastoral customs have become essential elements of regional cultural heritage. In the chapter, the history and the current state of pastoralism in the Silesian Beskids are presented. The specific pastoral system developed in the region, based on annual migration of flocks between summer highland and winter lowland pastures is described. Local breeds and specific regional sheep products are depicted. Furthermore, the importance of pastoralism for the environment, landscape and plant biodiversity is analysed and efforts to recover sheep grazing in the mountains after a period of a deep recession caused by social and economic transitions connected with the collapse of the communist system are presented. The approach to restoration of pastoralism is illustrated using a case study of a pastoral centre which combines traditional sheep grazing with cheese production, education and several activities to promote pastoral tradition.
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Stephen Hanah, Sapunii, and Vijay Paul. "HIGH ALTITUDE PASTURE MANAGEMENT - A PREVENTIVE MEASURE FOR TRANSBOUNDARY AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES." In Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 18. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bcag18p4ch3.
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Livestock rearing in high-altitude regions, particularly in the trans-Himalayan and Himalayan areas of India and neighbouring countries, has deep historical roots in traditional nomadic animal husbandry. Thriving in challenging conditions, this agricultural practice utilizes temperate and alpine pastures above 1500 meters as primary grazing resources for high-altitude animals like yak, yak-cattle hybrids, and hill cattle. Beyond a livelihood pursuit, this eco-friendly system significantly contributes to food and livelihood security for pastoral communities. Pastoral nomads heavily rely on natural pasturelands, strategically migrating between diverse pastures to optimize feed resource utilization. In the high-altitude Mountains, livestock rearing involves a migratory system, with nomads continuously moving with their herds in a transhumance. This includes a two-pasture strategy, grazing in lush summer pastures from May to September and transitioning to winter pastures with fodder trees at lower altitudes from November to February. The productivity of these animals is linked to herbage availability, growth, and nutritive values. Supplementary feeding is infrequent, peaking in July and August when grass quality and quantity reach their zenith. The traditional pastoralist lifestyle is transforming due to socio-political and land use changes in high-rangelands of Asia. Intensification of pasture use across borders has led nomads to embrace semi-sedentary livestock rearing alongside traditional transhumant pastoralism. Ensuring sustainable livestock production and preventing diseases in high-altitude rangelands requires proper management and utilization strategies for pastures. A comprehensive approach is necessary, considering dynamic socio-political and environmental factors influencing traditional practices of these pastoral communities.
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Stuth, Jerry W., and Jay Angerer. "Livestock Early Warning System for Africa’s Rangelands." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0032.
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Rangelands in Africa (i.e., grasslands, savannas, and woodlands, which contain both grasses and woody plants) cover approximately 2.1 × 109 ha. Africa’s livestock population of about 184 million cattle, 3.72 million small ruminants (sheep and goats), and 17 million camels extract about 80% of their nutrition from these vast rangelands (IPCC, 1996). Rangelands have a long history of human use and are noted for great variability in climate and frequent drought events. The combination of climatic variability, low ecological resilience, and human land use make rangeland ecosystems more susceptible to rapid degeneration of ecosystems. From a land-use perspective, there are differences between West Africa and East Africa in rangelands use. In arid and semiarid areas of West Africa (rainfall 5–600 mm), millet (or another crop) is planted over a unimodal (one peak in rainfall per year) rainy season (three to four months); then fields remain fallow during the dry season, ranging from eight to nine months. Livestock eat crop residues. Land use is dominated by cultivation, with livestock playing a subsidiary role in the village economy. In East Africa, by contrast, areas with higher rainfall (up to 600 mm) are inhabited by pastoralists rather than farmers. In dry parts, cultivation occurs mainly where irrigation is possible or where water can otherwise be sequestered and stored for cropping. Rainfall is bimodal (two peaks in rainfall per year) in most rangelands, resulting in two growing seasons. As much as 85% of the population live and depend on rangelands in a number of countries in Africa. With emerging problems associated with the increasing population, the changes in key production areas, and the prevalence of episodic droughts and insecurity due to climatic change and ecological degradation and expansion of grazing territories, the traditional coping strategies of farmers, ranchers, and pastoralists have become inappropriate. More uncertainties require new innovations in characterizing, monitoring, analyzing, and communicating the emergence of drought to allow pastoral communities to cope with a rapidly changing environment. To this end, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) awarded the Texas A&M University System an assessment grant to develop a Livestock Early Warning System (LEWS) as part of the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program.
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Riebesell, Ulf, and Philippe D. Tortell. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on Pelagic Organisms and Ecosystems." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0011.
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Over the past decade there has been rapidly growing interest in the potential effects of ocean acidification and perturbations of the carbonate system on marine organisms. While early studies focused on a handful of phytoplankton and calcifying invertebrates, an increasing number of investigators have begun to examine the sensitivity to ocean acidification of various planktonic and benthic organisms across the marine food web. Several excellent review articles have recently summarized the rapidly expanding literature on this topic (Fabry et al. 2008; Doney et al. 2009 ; Joint et al. 2011). The focus of this chapter is on the potential ecosystem-level effects of ocean acidification. Starting with a brief review of the basic physical, chemical, and biological processes which structure pelagic marine ecosystems, the chapter explores how organismal responses to perturbations of the carbonate system could scale up in both time and space to affect ecosystem functions and biogeochemical processes. As with many chapters in this volume, and indeed much of the ocean acidification literature at present, our review raises more questions than it answers. It is hoped that these questions will prove useful for articulating and addressing key areas of future research. Complexity in marine pelagic food webs results from the interactions of multiple trophic levels across a range of temporal and spatial scales. The traditional view of marine food webs (Steele 1974) involved a relatively short trophic system in which large phytoplankton (e.g. net plankton such as diatoms) were grazed by a variety of mesozooplankton (e.g. copepods), which were in turn consumed by second-level predators, including many economically important fish and invertebrate species. This ‘classic’ marine food web is typical of high-productivity regions such as coastal upwelling regimes (Lassiter et al. 2006). A characteristic feature of these systems is a strong decoupling between primary production and grazing, which results from the different metabolic rates of consumers and producers and, in many cases, ontogenetic and seasonal delays in the emergence of feeding predators. The uncoupling between phytoplankton and their consumers leads to significant export of organic material out of the euphotic zone, the so-called biological carbon pump (discussed further below).
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Varese, Paolo, Eugenia Spinelli, and Jacopo Goracci. "Silvopastoralism, Forest Planning and Nature Conservation: Proposals for Sustainable Management Strategies." In Agricultural Sciences. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.115145.
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The need for additional fodder resources in times of climate change has led to the identification of the use of new areas for grazing. This includes wooded or naturally reforested areas as advocated in recent European project deliverables. Many forest areas were traditionally grazed by grazing livestock in the past, and some still are today in some particular agro-silvo-pastoral systems such as the Alpine larch forests, the “paturages boisés” of the Jura and NW Alps, the Baltic wooded meadows, the “dehesas”, “montado” and “meriagos” of the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia, the acorn and others oak forests of many southern European countries. In the context of forest legislation, which is more favourable to the practice of reasoned planned and managed grazing in forest woodland and pre-forest areas, however, the question arises of how to plan and regulate such practices. These were once traditionally carried out, but inefficient management has resulted in a number of negative outcomes for forest conservation over time. An integration of forest and pastoral typologies is currently underway in order to provide a framework and appropriate technical measures for a sustainable management of the regional silvo-pastoral resources.
Conference papers on the topic "Traditional grazing system"
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Lees, Albert, Andrea Jalbert, and M. Traverso. "Assessment of Success Biostabilization Techniques on Selected Watercrossings in Alberta." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10082.
Full textAbstract:
Since the early 1980’s TransCanada PipeLines Ltd. (TransCanada) has employed a number of stream bank stabilization measures in an effort to minimize the loss of fish habitat and to reduce the risk of long term erosion and sedimentation. Traditional stream crossing stabilization involved the re-contouring of streambanks to a stable slope (generally 2:1) and then lining the banks with rock armour and seeding. TransCanada began using alternate techniques, primarily log-walls in 1981. Since 1981 TransCanada has evolved the use stream bank stabilization techniques to include bio-stabilization techniques such as live log-walls, fascines, live staking, and brush layering in combination with more traditional structures. In 2004, TransCanada initiated a two year project to assess the success of biostabilization techniques used on a number of watercrossing throughout the its’ Alberta System. A total of 22 stream crossings were assessed in 2004 and 24 in 2005. Sites assessed were located the foothills and boreal forest areas of Alberta. In the majority of cases the biostabilization methods utilized were still intact and functioning as planned by providing stable streambanks and fish habitat. Several factors appeared to be influencing the value of the measures employed. Cattle grazing on sites where fencing did not exclude cattle from the crossing site resulted in destruction or reduced value of the measures employed. Uncontrolled All Terrain Vehicle activity resulted in a reduced value of the measure employed. Implementation of biostabilization techniques in the winter months (frozen ground conditions) created challenges in implementation of biostabilization measures resulting in less favorable results compared to other sites constructed in early and late fall. Seeding to control surface erosion also appeared to affect overall success of woody vegetation used as part of the biostabilization techniques. Biostabilization techniques employed by TransCanad have been effective in stabilizing watercrossings and providing fish habitat. In designing biostabilization systems for watercrossings consideration should be given to overall stabilization objectives, stream flow information, fish and fish habitat values, and likelihood of success given the geographic region, timing of construction, and surrounding land-use pressures.
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Lewotsky, Kristin, and James E. Harvey. "Optical fabrication tolerances for synchrotron beamline optics." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.fqq3.
Full textAbstract:
Recent advances in optical fabrication techniques have resulted in a resurgence of activity in the field of x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging systems. However, traditional optical design and analysis techniques (geometrical ray tracing) are woefully inadequate for predicting the performance of high resolution imaging systems at these very short wavelengths. Diffraction effects of grazing incidence optics and small angle scattering effects due to residual optical fabrication errors will frequently dominate geometrical design errors in the degradation of image quality. Surface scattering theory must be implemented to model the image degradation effects of residual surface irregularities over the entire range of relevant spatial frequencies. These include small angle scattering effects due to mid spatial frequency surface errors falling between the traditional figure and finish specifications. Performance predictions can then be presented parametrically to provide some insight into the optical fabrication tolerances necessary to meet a particular image quality requirement.
Reports on the topic "Traditional grazing system"
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Lundy, Erika L., Dan D. Loy, and David Bruene. Performance Comparison of Fall-Calving Cow-Calf Pairs Grazing Cover Crops vs. Traditional Drylot System. Iowa State University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-568.
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Bowles, David, Michael Williams, Hope Dodd, et al. Protocol for monitoring aquatic invertebrates of small streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network: Version 2.1. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284622.
Full textAbstract:
The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks. Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropo-genic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol.