Academic literature on the topic 'Traditional rulers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Traditional rulers"
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Ihemeje, Godwin C. "Traditional Rulers, Electoral Process, and Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: Exploring Relevance." Advances in Politics and Economics 2, no. 1 (December 6, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v2n1p1.
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<p><em>This study examines the role of traditional rulers in the Nigerian electoral process with a view to revealing perceptions arising from such engagement, specifically in democratic transitional process. The study also explores opinions of selected traditional ruler ship councils. It adopts a structural-functionalism approach and qualitative method of data analysis. Thus, the paper argues that there are various controversies surrounding the institution of the traditional rulers in Nigeria showing mix of conspiracy, corruption, dictatorship, and disrespect for the rule of law with incumbent political leaders; which suggests that such alignment indices by some traditional rulers are borrowed from modern democratic leaders. Thus, study concludes that the continuous contributions of the traditional rulers in electoral process will further guarantee their relevance in modern democratic governance.</em></p>
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ALI, MUSTAPHA ALHAJI. "An Overview of the Role of Traditional Institutions in Nigeria." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (May 18, 2019): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i3.862.
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he British officials in Nigeria mounted and imposed rules and laws through the traditional rulers who only served as mediators between the people and the British officials. Though, the cultures and traditions of the Nigerian citizens were cherished and reserved by the British government in order to accept and welcome them by the citizens of the country. However, this system worked out well because of the support of the traditional rulers who claimed that since their cultures and traditions were not interfered with, they have no problem with the British authorities (Teslim, 2019).
Before traditional rulers are attached with some important functions among which are contributing to development administration, linkage or "brokering" between grassroots and capital, extension of national identity through the conferral of traditional titles, low-level conflict resolution and judicial gate-keeping, ombudsmanship and institutional safety- valve for overloaded and sub-apportioned bureaucracies. In addition to the above roles, traditional rulers are meant to create educated chieftaincies meaningfully improves the success of traditional rulers (Miles, 1993). Furthermore, traditional rulers serve as another institute of conflict resolution in any nation where the state legal system is weakening to fully provide the judicial requirements of the country (Zeleke, 2011).
A study by Isaac (2018) disclosed that in the olden days, traditional institutions are the administrative organizations in Nigeria. These establishments are entrenched in the history, cultures, and the traditions of several ethnic groups and cultural background. He further explained that traditional institutions plays an important role in the managerial process before, during, and after colonial rules, these institutions have contributed to the history of the nation. The role of traditional organizations was important and highly respected during these periods.
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Creese, Helen. "Acts of citizenship? rulers and ruled in traditional Bali." Citizenship Studies 23, no. 3 (April 3, 2019): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2019.1603269.
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Jooji (PhD), Innocent. "TRADITIONAL RULERS AND CONFLICT PREVENTION AND RESOLUTION IN KOGI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 09 (September 30, 2022): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15397.
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Conflict can be a serious problem if it is allowed to escalate as it could create chaotic conditions that make it nearly impossible for people to relate or live together peacefully. This study seeks to examine the roles and challenges facing traditional rulers in conflict prevention and resolution in Kogi Local Government area of Kogi State. Data for this study were collected from various secondary sources such as textbooks, journals and other internet sources, while, content analysis was used to analyse the data collected. This study revealed that for traditional rulers to participate meaningfully on matters of security in villages in Kogi Local Government area, there is the need for them to be re-positioned so as not to just serve as agents of conflict resolution but also as security managers which they were before. One of the major challenges has to do with the restrictions imposed on traditional rulers in performing some key roles that will address the increasingly violent conflict emanating from land and other chieftaincy affairs. On the whole, this study recommends that the role of the traditional rulers in conflict prevention and resolution should be enshrined in the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This will among other things legalize most actions taken by the traditional rules as it relates to conflict prevention and resolution in their domain.
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Itua, Paul Okhaide. "Succession Under Customary Law in Nigeria. The Rule of Primogeniture versus the Deposition of a Traditional Ruler (Onojie) in Edo State: A critique of the Provisions of the Traditional Rulers and Chiefs Edicts No 16 of 1979." International Journal of Culture and History 6, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v6i2.15125.
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Before the advent of colonial administration in the area, which is presently known as Nigeria, there existed a people occupying vast areas of territories, which were traditionally dominated by highly diverse ethnic groups with highly sophisticated language systems. Apart from the variation in the languages, there also exist shape differences in terms of customs and traditions. However, with the amalgamation of the southern and northern protectorate by Lord Frederick Lugard the former Governor-General of Nigeria in 1914 these territories were brought together for the convenience of British Colonial Administration. The new territory was called Nigeria. In furtherance of their quest for effective colonial administration, the British used to their advantage the traditional institutions that were well established in the country. Although traditional structures differ considerately from one ethnic group to another, but it was a common feature for these various ethnic groups to have their own established traditional institution with a recognised ruler, who may in turn be subordinate to the ruler of a larger community. The procedure regulating succession to the throne of these various traditional institutions are well defined by customs and traditions. These traditional ruler exercises absolute powers, and wade considerable influence in the affairs concerning their area of jurisdiction. However since the attainment of Independence in 1960, and followed by alternating between Military rule and civilian administration saw the decline and in some cases the eroding of the powers once excised by these traditional rulers. The once reviled absolute rulers suddenly discover that they are now subject to the powers of the state as provided in the various Traditional Rulers and Chief Law of the various states in the federation. These laws prescribed the mode of selection, appointment and discipline of a traditional ruler, which could include deposition or dethronement. In Edo State, succession to the throne as a traditional ruler in most of the communities is governed by the rule of primogeniture. Among the Esan people of Edo State their traditional ruler is known as the “Onojie” and succession to the throne is strictly by the principle of primogeniture. Recently, the Onojie of Uromi was deposed by the Edo State Government acting in accordance with provision of the Traditional Rulers and Chief Edict No 6 Laws of Bendel State of Nigeria 1979 applicable to Edo State. This article seeks to examine critically the aforesaid deposition of the Onojie against the Rule of primogeniture that regulate succession to the throne under Esan customary law.
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Utile, Timothy Igbakula, and Hinjam Wilfred Tarnongo. "Traditional Institutions and the Management of Communal Conflicts in Gwer-East Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. IV (2024): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.804018.
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This study examined traditional rulership institution and the management of communal conflicts in Gwer-East local Government Area, Benue State of Nigeria. The study aimed at finding out why there is a persistence of communal conflicts in the study area even with the efforts by traditional rulers to help manage them. The study pursued objectives that range from; ascertaining the relevance of the traditional rulers in communal conflict management, identifying the causes of communal conflicts, examining the effectiveness of traditional rulers in the management of communal conflicts, identifying the challenges faced by traditional rulers in the management of communal conflicts and advancing ways of ensuring the effectiveness of traditional rulers in the management of communal conflicts in the study area. The descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Questionnaires were used for data collection and the analyses done using simple percentage presented in tabular form. Structural functionalism was adopted for the study. The findings of the study revealed that land dispute is the major cause of communal conflicts in the local government area. Equally too, it was found out that traditional rulers have not been effective in the management of communal conflicts owing largely to the lack of cooperation from warring communities. This showed, as revealed from this finding, the lack of respect for the traditional rulership institution in the local government area. The study also revealed that sensitization and awareness campaigns for attitudinal change by community members are the major ways of enhancing the effectiveness of traditional rulers in the management of communal conflicts in the area. The study concludes that traditional rulers are relevant in communal conflicts management as they are considered traditional administrative structure for community mobilization. The study made recommendations in the light that; traditional rulers should be given additional powers other than mere advisory and assistance roles, the government should revisit community boundaries and make them clearer to curtail issues of encroachment into peoples’ lands in the area and the beef-up of check mechanisms on traditional rulers to help unfold irregularities of biased settlements, corruption and primordialism.
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ALI, MUSTAPHA ALHAJI, and Hadiza Mali Bukar. "Traditional Institutions and Their Roles: Toward Achieving Stable Democracy in Nigeria." Journal of Public Value and Administration Insights 2, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jpvai.v2i3.899.
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Traditional institutions are formed to play a vital role in society, this paper examined the roles of traditional rulers in accomplishing stable democracy in Nigerian. Indeed, in the olden days, traditional rulers are believing to be royal fathers in their various domain, and they perform better in accomplishing firm democracy, but with coming of colonialist and democracy, the role of the traditional rulers became less recognized in the democratic system. This paper is qualitative in nature where data were obtained from secondary sources, and systematically reviewed these includes; books, journals, newspapers, magazines, published and unpublished documents. The study found that traditional institutions play a significant role in the olden days. But with the advent of the British colonial master and democracy, their power became less recognized in the democratic movements, this is because the traditional rulers were negated and have less power in the society. In explaining the topic under study, the researcher adopted two theories; these are Servant Leadership theory and Dependency theory, these theories centered on the autonomy of the traditional rulers and the qualities of the rulers in each society. the paper recommended that in order to have a steady democracy traditional institution need to be independent in discharging their duties, they also need to serve their people first not people to serve them. The paper concludes that traditional institutions play an important role in achieving a stable democracy if given autonomy and possess all leadership qualities.
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Uchon, Fidelis. "Engaging Traditional Authorities in the Political Process: Traditional Rulers and Decentralisation in Cameroon." American Journal of Public Policy and Administration 9, no. 4 (June 15, 2024): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajppa.2217.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of traditional authorities in the political process with focus on decentralisation in Cameroon. Over the years, the role and place of traditional chieftaincy has constantly evolved. As custodian of customs and traditions, traditional authorities also known as chiefs, traditional rulers, Fons or Fos have been involved in several different ways in the political process. With colonisation, they played a collaborative role which, serving as relay between the local population and the foreign administration and in the modern state they still engage in the political process as auxiliaries of the central administration. Material and Methods: The methodology consists of document analysis and observation. I identify the legal framework of decentralisation, implemented by Law No. 96/06 of 18 January 1996, and show how the status of traditional authorities has been enhanced with an increase visibility in the decentralised local authority setting combined with their role as auxiliary to the administration. Findings: Findings reveal that bringing in traditional rulers in the decentralisation process does not only enhance their power but also brings them in conflict with other local authorities and their ‘subjects’ particularly when they engage in partisan politics. Implication to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends a genuine collaboration and understanding between traditional authorities and other local stakeholders if the local development goal through decentralisation must be achieved.
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Ayeni, Victor. "Traditional Rulers as Ombudsmen in Search of a Role for Natural Rulers in Contemporary Nigeria." Indian Journal of Public Administration 31, no. 4 (October 1985): 1318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119850409.
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Igwubor, Joseph I. "Traditional Institution and Nation Building: The Role of Traditional Rulers in the Maintenance of National Security for Sustainable Development." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 4 (May 21, 2021): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i4.12.
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Nigeria has been faced with many security challenges especially since her return to democracy in 1999. Since 1999, the nation witnessed serious security challenges that has not only threatened her existence as a nation but has defied all solutions for its eradication including the efforts of the security agencies to tackle the problem. This calls for an urgent attention and collaboration of the traditional rulers in checking the rising tide of insecurity in Nigeria. As the rulers of various communities, and the custodian of the people’s culture, they have a grip of the people at the grass root and therefore can mobilize the people for action against insecurity in their domain and by extension the nation. The paper is to examine not only the roles of the traditional rulers in the maintenance of security for an effective nation building but also how the institution to be restructured for it to perform better in the maintenance of national security for sustainable development in Nigeria. This demands that the traditional institution be restructured in a way and manner that it will operate optimally in the maintenance of national security
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Traditional rulers"
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Sango, Tonson John Damishi. "The role of traditional rulers in protracted communal conflicts in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604285.
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This thesis questions the view that the contemporary role of traditional African rulers is pre-dominantly in mediating and resolving social conflicts within States. The thesis argues that while Chiefs and Emirs in Nigeria play a significant role in resolving conflicts within their ethnic communities, their role is less significant when communal conflicts escalate in intensity and scope. By analysing the interaction between (a) the actions and strategies of traditional rulers, and (b) the escalation, de-escalation and re-escalation of conflicts involving or affecting their ethnic communities, this thesis finds that the cultural role of traditional rulers contributes to re-escalating past conflicts, thereby making communal conflicts protracted. Edward Azar's Protracted Social Conflict (PSC) theory serves as a foundation on which this thesis develops an analytical framework for mapping the Ife-Modakeke conflict and the Jos-Plateau conflict in Nigeria. Both conflicts have a history of sporadic violence that spans three political eras; pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial. The fact that some of the traditional rulers that govern the affected communities also existed from pre-colonial times, presents an opportunity to analyse their past and present actions/strategies in relation to the conflicts' protracted cycle, as well as the political and contextual dynamics that shaped these actions. Although PSC theory serves the purpose of explaining the role of historical and contextual factors in shaping the genesis of PSCs, it focuses more on the role of the State as the sole intervening actor that influences the process dynamics of PSCs. However, the role of traditional actors cannot be neglected when analysing protracted communal conflicts involving identity groups such as Ife and Modakeke, because of their centrality in the governance of ethnic communities in Nigeria. As such, this thesis modifies Azar's PSC theory to include traditional rulers as secondary intervening actors in protracted communal and social conflicts.
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Fankomo, Felix Christopher. "Integrating traditional leaders and contemporary local governance in South Africa: A case study of the Northern Province." University of the Western Cape, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7788.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPAIntegration of indigenous leaders into modem political structures and process of local government has been a source of contention for several decades on the African continent. This study describes, analyses and assesses efforts made by postcolonial, apartheid and the liberal democratic government to incorporate indigenous leaders in their governmental structures and processes. Based on this examination, the study presents elements of a model on how a democratic South Africa could in grate indigenous leaders into the current liberal democratic structures, especially in rural municipal authorities of the Northern Province. Data used for the study was collected from government documents, articles, law books and anthropological sources. In the discussion and analysis, attempts were made, wherever appropriate to cite experiences of other African countries. Such experiences were designed to inform certain aspects of this study, especially in the manner in which traditional leaders were integrated into local government. Further, data regarding current attitudes among stakeholders were collected from questionnaires administered to women, youth, traditional leaders, national, provincial and local government officials and legislators The study revealed several aspects of leadership such as the system employed by French and British colonizers (i.e. 'direct' and 'indirect' rule system). These colonial powers both identified traditional rulers as a link between their governments and indigenous communities. To confirm this, both appointed puppet traditional rulers and deposed authentic traditional rulers who were opposed to colonial rule. Since traditional leaders form part of indigenous people's background, colonial powers subjected indigenous rulers stances at different places. If traditional rulers were conquered, their powers were drastically reduced, suppressed, their power-base was weakened and authority on land and matters of justice were usurped. On the other hand, those traditional rulers who signed treaties with the colonial government received favours such as sending their family members abroad to further their education and the traditional ruler retained the status of 'King'. The British government introduced a policy of indirect rule. This rule had echoed even in South Africa after the British rule through to the days of apartheid. This rule prescribed that each tribe was to be supervised by a Paramount chief for centralized authority with sub-chiefs who were in charge of regions. This system continued through the apartheid era. The current democratic government has entrenched in the constitution a provision for the recognition of the institution of traditional rulers, but it lacks clarity on the role and function of traditional leaders at local government level. Thus, chiefs ought to be genuinely engaged in modem governance and face realities of change and adapt to the new order for their future existence and continue serving their communities in the northern province in particular and South Africa in general.
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Hamusunse, Pamela. "The role of traditional leadership in supporting municipal service delivery : a case study of Polokwane Municipality in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1578.
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Thesis (MPA. (Public Administration)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the role of traditional leaders in supporting service delivery in the communities of Polokwane Municipality as a third sphere of government. Moreover, not much research has been conducted in this field especially in Limpopo Province. The latest policy document on Transforming Public Service Delivery stipulates that public services are not a privilege in a civilised and democratic society, they are a legitimate expectation. Hence, meeting the basic needs of all citizens is one of the five key programmes of the government’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). From the literature review, it was evident that service delivery is essential in the communities and traditional leaders and the municipality have a critical role to play. Therefore this study also aimed at examining the problems and challenges the community is confronted with during the provision of services and also reflects on the strategic importance of the municipality in service delivery. This information may be used as a point of departure in showing the municipalities and traditional leaders the perception of communities and their level of satisfaction and serves as a yardstick in terms of their effectiveness in delivering services to the community. The study used data collection instruments such as interview schedule, questionnaires and supporting documents, such as the Polokwane Integrated Development Plan and relevant scientific articles to collect data in the four selected villages. The participants ranged from the youth, adults, to people with disabilities and the elderly. The main patterns of concern that emerged from the data related to the low levels of satisfaction among the community in terms of service delivery in general. From the analysis of data it was realised that the lack of proper service delivery impacts negatively on members of the community. It is advisable for the Municipality to take note of these findings and concerns. In an effort to improve and ensure effectiveness in this sphere as stipulated in the White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery and the Reconstruction and Development Programme documents. Therefore, it can be concluded that the provision of service delivery in the municipality is of a substandard quality, and that the provision of quality services in the municipality is required. This can be achieved through the participation of traditional leaders, municipalities and community members.
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Publicaciones, Comisión de. "The influence of populism on traditional models of creation and application of law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117854.
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The present paper seeks to make a brief exposition of the different conceptions about the idea of justice related to Law that have been given though history, from the creationist and applicable perspective of the rules. It is also a question of reflecting on the effects that populism used by political authorities in recent years has on these traditional legal models.El presente artículo busca realizar una breve exposición de las distintas concepciones acerca de la idea de justicia ligada al Derecho que se han dado a lo largo de la historia, desde la perspectiva creacionista y aplicativa de la norma. Asimismo, se trata de brindar una reflexión acerca de los efectos que el populismo empleado por las autoridades políticas en los últimos años tiene en estos modelos jurídicos tradicionales.
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Hedlund, Erik. "Yrkesofficersutbildning, yrkeskunnande och legitimitet : En studie av yrkesofficersprogrammet i spänningsfältet mellan förändring och tradition." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för undervisningsprocesser, kommunikation och lärande (UKL), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118.
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The new Swedish Armed Forces will be radically different from the previous invasion-oriented defence and the Armed Forces will be a smaller and more flexible organization, better adapted to the international sphere. With the aim of meeting up with the demands of the transformed Armed Forces posture for professional competence, the Regular Officer Programme (YOP) was introduced in the autumn of 1999. This dissertation aims at attempting to illustrate, address the problems and investigate to what degree the basic officer training of the Regular Officer Programme (Swedish: YOP) and the professional competence of newlygraduated Second Lieutenants can be seen as being legitimate within the scope of professional practices of the Swedish Armed Forces, and how this legitimacy can be described and understood. The theoretical framework of the dissertation is comprised of a sociocultural perspective and institutional theory. The five central concepts of the dissertation are: professional practice, institutional rules, professional competence, learning and legitimacy. The empirical elements of the dissertation were collected during 2001 and 2002 and comprise data from six part-studies. The informants were officer cadets after their first year of the Basic Officer Training Programme (YOP) and officers up to the rank of general. The methods for collecting data have been in the form of a questionnaire study, focus group conversations at thirteen military units, three document studies and a study with questions via e-mail. The questionnaire study was processed by using the computer programme SAS. The focus group conversations, the document studies and the answers via e-mail to questions were analyzed and put into categories contents wise according to the sentence category principle in positive and negative statements, respectively, in relation to YOP and the professional competence of the newly-graduated Second Lieutenants. Results show that both YOP as well as the professional competence of the newly-graduated Second Lieutenants cannot be regarded as being fully legitimate among the informants or within the all the professional practices of the Armed Forces.
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Vaughan, Olufemi Olaseni. "The impact of party politics and military rule on traditional chieftaincy in western Nigeria, 1946-1988." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304948.
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Khunou, Samuel Freddy. "A legal history of traditional leadership in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho / by Khunou, Samuel Freddy." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1144.
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Aim of the study: The main aim of the study is to examine and pursue research
regarding the history and role of law in the disintegration of the institutions of
traditional leadership in South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho in order to make
recommendations regarding the challenges and opportunities facing traditional
authorities in these countries. The traditional systems, roles and functions of
these institutions are traced from the pre-colonial era up to the period of
democratic regimes in these countries. This study is based on the premises that
the jurisprudence of the institution of traditional leadership is as old as mankind
and that this institution is rooted in the rural soil of African communities.
Research Methodology: This study is based on legal comparative research with
reference to South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho. A literature survey of the most
important sources dealing with history, legislation and policy documents was
undertaken.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The institution of traditional leadership is
one of the oldest traditional institutions of governance in South Africa, Botswana
and Lesotho. During the pre-colonial era traditional authorities constituted an
important component in the traditional system of the administration of the
traditional community. Traditions placed a great amount of responsibility on
traditional leaders to look after the best interests of their communities. When the
colonial government took over the reigns of these three countries, they changed
the pre-colonial form and nature of traditional authorities. These colonial
governments exercised control over traditional leaders and allowed minimum
independence in their traditional rule.
The post-colonial governments of South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho retained
the institution of traditional leadership. The Constitutions of these countries
provide the legal framework for the recognition and functioning of the office of
traditional leaders. However, it has been noted in this study that the relationship
between the traditional leaders and the governments of these countries has been
a mixture of conflict and cordiality. One of the reasons for this uneasy
relationship between the traditional leaders and the central governments of these
countries is that the status, authority, power and functions of traditional leaders
have been reduced considerably when new institutions such as Local
Governments, Land Boards, District Councils and Village District Councils were
given powers and functions previously exercised by traditional leaders.
The post-colonial transformation of traditional leadership in these three countries
has led to a steep decline in the authority of traditional leaders. In order to
encourage active participation of the traditional leaders in the new democratic
structures and bodies, the institution of traditional leadership must be adapted to
the changing political, social and economic environments. Rural local
government bodies and the national governments of these countries should not
view the institutions of traditional leadership as competitors for political power.
The post-colonial governments of South Africa, Botswana and Lesotho should
introduce traditional leaders as equal partners in the development and
advancement of rural communities. In order to achieve this goal the governments
of these countries should empower and capacitate traditional leaders so that they
do not become misfits in the new constitutional and democratic settlements.Thesis (LL.D. (Indigenous Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Durisotto, Paolo. "Traditional rule and modern conventions : the maharajahs of Bikaner and their relationship with the Raj, 1887-1947." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249679.
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Pauck-Borchardt, JUrgen. "Business as usual -small and micro enterprise support versus traditional business practices in Western Namibia." University of Western Cape, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7758.
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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)This research describes the current situation of small and micro enterprises (SME) in Western Namibia, its problems and constraints, but also its potential for growth and its capacity for absorption of the unemployed particularly in the informal sector. The thesis addresses a set of problems, especially regarding research in the region, impact of apartheid rule on SMEs as well as lack of business acumen on micro level and the new government SME support strategy which is ignoring traditional differences in business practices on macro level.
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Blasco, Llopis Milagro. "Gender, identity and tradition in meera syal, Nisha minhas and B.K. Mahal: Lights and Shadows in unwritten rules of conduct." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31819.
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The objective of this thesis is the analysis of the female characters, members of
the second generation, created by Meera Syal, Nisha Minhas and B. K. Mahal from the
point of view of discourse and gender identity in a context of multiculturalism and
culture clash like the British. I propose a reading of their books as a metaphor of
conduct books following Armstrong and Tennenhouse (1987), and which point to the
construction of new models of femininity.
The reasons for having chosen these authors and works are of a different kind. All
of them are female writers born in England but whose parents came from the Indian
Subcontinent. As such not only are they aware of contemporary British society but they
are also direct heirs of the attitude concerning first generation Indians. They are also
more sensitive as to the role of women, their identity and the importance of their
struggle to gain their own ground and break with all the expectations, stereotypes and
demands made on them in social terms.
In Chapter 1 the focus of attention is laid on the selection of some issues that
better approached the reading of the primary bibliography along the line of conduct
books as far as identity, gender and ideology are concerned. The treatment of issues
from the point of view of British Asian women as direct receptors of a dual message
and the female writers’ desire to have their voices heard emphasise gender
consciousness and polarisation in the reformulation of social and cultural roles, a
polarisation forced by a strict social order which is symbolically changing from the
silence and subjugation of its women to a system where the self prevails over traditional
norms.
Chapter 2 gathers some key issues on Indian culture as the frame within which
to better understand its precepts and to situate and analyse the gender conflict in a dual
culture, the British one. All the concerns derive from the maintenance of tradition and
point to an indirect guide of conduct whose fulfilment is weakening and becoming
subject to negotiation and rethinking on a social, cultural and political scale. Whereas in
previous years the voice of women was silenced, what these female writers are doing is
revealing the experiences of individuals not wishing to be known for the same
submissiveness and culture barriers imposed on their mothers. Chapter 3 focuses on the
possible terminology to refer to this new literature and the new projects aimed at the
spread and knowledge of new writers from different ethnic communities.
In Chapter four the discussion is organised around selected passages from the
primary bibliography as the starting point for analysis and comparison with the
theoretical accounts from chapters one and two. The preservation of the rules
historically dictated by tradition is being challenged and redefined not without a set of
subsequent conflicts and controversies of what means living between two worlds-the
Hindu -Sikh heritage and a new dual British identity. A perspective is provided by the
reality of the Indian household and another one by the outside world. Even within the
same family, the battle between tradition and contemporaneity is observed on the
diversity of opinions. Consequently, the challenge of power relations is being redefined
in the micro context of the Indian household so as to transfer it to the community first
and then to a more global sphere. Given the difficulty to achieve personal fulfilment the
female characters create their own strategies of survival. With this not only do they
offer a new and modified discourse on the pillars of Indian culture but also a new
reading of the existing stereotypes.L´objectiu d’ aquesta tesi doctoral és l´anàlisi dels personatges femenins, membres de la segona generació, creats per Meera Syal, Nisha Minhas i B. K. Mahal des del punt de vista del discurs i de la identitat de gènere en el context multicultural i de xoc de cultures britànic. Així mateix, es propasa una lectura de les seues obres com a metàfora de manuals de conducta seguint a Armstrong and Tennenhouse (1987) i, que com a tal, apunten a la construcció de nous models de femininitat. La importància i l´elecció d´aquestes autores respon a diversos motius. Per una banda, es tracta d´autores nascudes a Anglaterra de pares procedents de l´Índia i, per tant, hereves directes de dos bagatges culturals oposats. Molts dels seus personatges femenins adopten una actitud crítica que qüestiona, entre altres aspectes, la imposició de formes de comportament codificades sobre els fills, nascuts i educats a Gran Bretanya. De fet, i com s´observa en les obres analitzades, en el context multicultural britànic els membres de la primera generació encara intenten reproduir formes de desig acceptades a l´Índia però que els nous personatges reten i redefineixen en un procés de qüestionament i final renegociació de la tradició. Donada la dificultat d’ autorealització creen les seues pròpies estratègies de supervivència i ofereixen no només un nou discurs dels principis que regeixen la cultura índia sinó també una nova lectura dels estereotips imposats. Per l´altra, en el moment de tancament del corpus destacava la dificultat de trobar escriptores que se centraren en els problemes i experiències de la comunitat britànico-asiàtica. La tesi es divideix en quatre parts. La primera inlcou alguns supòsits teòrics sobre el gènere en relació als conceptes d´identitat, llenguatge i ideologia. La segona introdueix el lector en alguns dels aspectes que han definit la cultura índia a través de les diferents generacions. Alguns d´aquests aspectes inclouen, sempre amb la tradició com a punt d´origen, la posició de la dona, la família, el matrimoni o la sexualitat, entre altres, per després comparar-los amb la situació a Anglaterra. La tercera intenta ser un acostament a la possible terminologia per a referir-se a aquest tipus de literatura i a l´aparició de projectes. En la quarta, la discussió s´organitza a partir d´alguns fragments triats de la bibliografia bàsica per al seu análisi i comparació.
Books on the topic "Traditional rulers"
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Olusanya, P. Olufemi. Rulers as underdogs: Nigeriaʼs traditional rulers in a multi-ethnic republic. Lagos: Olu-Nla Publications, 1990.
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Oladimeji, Aborisade, University of Ife. Local Government Training Programme., and National Conference on the Roles of Traditional Rulers in Local Government (1983 : University of Ife), eds. Local government and the traditional rulers in Nigeria. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 1985.
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Burton, Jean-Dominique. Naabas: Traditional chiefs of Burkina Faso. Brussels: Snoeck, 2005.
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(Nigeria), Anambra State, ed. Autonomous communities and their recognized traditional rulers, Anambra State. Enugu: Govt. Printer, 1988.
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Gboyega, 'Bade. "Obas and justice": Traditional rulers in the administration of justice. Ado-Ekiti [Nigeria]: Ajomoro Publications, 2005.
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Arhin, Kwame. Transformations in traditional rule in Ghana (1951-1996). Legon [Ghana]: Institute of African Studies, 2007.
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Adefolu, Akinbode I., Stoten Bryan, Ugorji Shedrack Rex Uzo, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (Ilorin, Nigeria), and National Seminar on the Role of Traditional Rulers and Local Governments in Nigerian Agriculture (1984 : Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, Ilorin, Nigeria), eds. The Role of traditional rulers and local governments in Nigerian agriculture. Ilorin, Nigeria: Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, 1986.
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Okeke, Igwebuike Romeo J. The chieftaincy institution and government recognised traditional rulers in Anambra State. Enugu: Media Forum Nig., 1994.
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Charan, Tripathi Gaya, and Kulke Hermann, eds. Kaṭakarājavaṃśāvaliḥ =: Kaṭakarājavaṃśāvali : a traditional history of Orissa with special reference to Jagannatha Temple. Allahabad, India: Vohra Publishers & Distributors, 1987.
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Kradolfer, Regula B. Avatime Traditional area AMUFEST: Brown Rice Festival. [Ghana]: Ghana-Art Publications Ltd. and in collaboration with the Avatime State, 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Traditional rulers"
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Sansom, Basil. "Traditional Rulers and their." In The Bantu-Speaking Peoples of Southern Africa, 246–83. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032709499-10.
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Day, Lynda R. "African Women Traditional Chiefs and Rulers." In The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77030-7_28-1.
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Day, Lynda R. "African Women Traditional Chiefs and Rulers." In The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies, 2085–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_28.
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Tade, Oludayo. "Traditional rulers and the Amotekun Regional Security Network in the South-West." In Traditional Authority and Security in Contemporary Nigeria, 191–208. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003428596-12.
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Alao, David Oladimeji. "The Diminishing Relevance of Traditional Rulers and Securitization in the South-West." In Traditional Authority and Security in Contemporary Nigeria, 105–26. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003428596-7.
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Onuoha, Freedom C., and Chukwuemeka Enyiazu. "Politicisation of the Appointment of Traditional Rulers and The Challenges Of Conflict And Security Management in Umuahia, Abia State." In Traditional Authority and Security in Contemporary Nigeria, 233–70. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003428596-14.
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Clossey, Luke. "7. Expansion of the Jesus Cult." In Jesus and the Making of the Modern Mind, 1380-1520, 129–61. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0371.07.
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The fifteenth century saw Christian expansion northward to the Lithuanians, Sámi, and Komi peoples, westward to the Caribbean and Brazil, and southward to central Africa, alongside a Muslim expansion eastward into maritime southeast Asia. Legally, the Christian expansion rested on an old debate about whether non-Christian leaders could hold dominion, the right to rule. The traditional argument held that all earthly rulers yielded their dominion to Jesus at his birth, which prohibited non-Christians from holding any authority. A medieval counterargument, renewed in this century by John Wycliffe and Paweł Włodkowic, turned to the plain ken: Dominion was not absolute, but depended on the ruler being in a state of grace, and so the Christian right to conquest was not an eternal truth but one contingent on human actions in time. A recurring theme in the Christian expansion was the importance of the cross as technology; many Indigenous peoples already made use of crosses, and were attracted by the possibility of an updated version.
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Burt, Ben. "Land and People, Relationships and Rules." In Tradition and Christianity, 21–50. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315077222-2.
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Chapman, Don. "15. Stalwarts, SNOOTS and Some Readers: How ‘Traditional Rules’ are Traditional." In Prescription and Tradition in Language, edited by Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade and Carol Percy, 238–52. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781783096510-017.
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Leeson, Robert. "Hayek’s ‘Framework of Traditional and Moral Rules’." In Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, 69–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52054-4_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Traditional rulers"
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Yucel, Bilal. "THE ART OF MATHEMATICS IN THE RUBAI OF ZAHIIR AD-DIN MUHAMMAD BABUR." In The Impact of Zahir Ad-Din Muhammad Bobur’s Literary Legacy on the Advancement of Eastern Statehood and Culture. Alisher Navoi' Tashkent state university of Uzbek language and literature, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/bobur.conf.2023.25.09/iilo5785.
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Gāzı̄Zahir ad-Din Muhammad Babur, who was among the first rulers of world history,established great empires. He was also one of the rare figures who produced literary works at the highest level in world literature. His masterpiece calledBāburnāmais the reference work of academics from various disciplines. Besides that, hisDivanwith its unique style in the field of poetry,Treatiseof Aruzin the field of poetry theory,Treatise of Vâlidiyyein Sufism,Mübeyyenin verse style in the fiqh are all examples of Babur’s talent and success beyond imagination. Babur’s literary works are distinctive when compared to the other literary works of his time since they present originality as well as classical and traditional. One of these original ideas is thatBabur perfectly combined literary art and mathematics in a rubai. In this article, the numbers of the izharul-muzmer art in his rubai and the cultural aspects of these numbers will be discussed
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Fuehne, Joseph. "A New, Gateway Class Emphasizing Metrology." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2017.05.
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The Purdue Polytechnic Institute is one of ten colleges on the campus of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. Also included in the Institute is an outreach effort that includes ten locations spread throughout the state of Indiana to engage local communities and industries and to provide an alternative to the main campus for traditional and non-traditional students in those geographic areas. One of those areas is Columbus, Indiana, about an hour south of Indianapolis, and this paper relates experiences from that location. The Purdue Polytechnic Institute is using modernized teaching methods that are "research-proven, state-of-the-art teaching methods that are different, fun, challenging and more effective." One element of this is to bring these methods to a first-semester class so that the newest students can experience these methods and understand what to expect over their time with the Polytechnic Institute. Purdue Polytechnic Columbus is unique among the outreach locations due to a partnership with diesel-engine manufacturer Cummins Inc. that has led to an environmentally-controlled metrology lab located within the university facility. The lab contains a calibrated coordinate measuring machine, calibrated tensile tester, a surface finish instrument, a roundness tester and a plethora of donated hand tools including calipers, micrometers, height gauges, bore gauges, PI tapes, sine blocks, and several sets of gauge blocks. This new class attempts to integrate nearly all facets of the metrology lab into the learn-by-doing activities to provide a fun, unparalleled experience for the first-time students. Activities described in the paper include micrometer calibration using gauge blocks, a study of springs using a height gauge and mass standards, pressure and force measurements of footballs, load-displacement characteristics of various bandages, and calculation of volume and surface area of various objects using calipers, micrometers, and rulers. In all cases, students are required to summarize data by developing graphs and tables using spreadsheet software.
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Esan, Oluwasegun. "Cultural heritage: an urban memoir towards Idanre city prosperity." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/gnbv3886.
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The present tasks facing most of the cities in Nigeria is over reliance on crude oil. The task ahead is to ensure cities function properly and cater for its inhabitants adequately. Several efforts to diversify and develop other sectors of the economy over the last two decades yielded little result. The crash in global crude oil economy is compelling Nigerian cities to explore alternative source of income. At this crucial time, a closer look at creative industry to leverage on heritage resources is being explored. The paper examines precious Idanre heritage as a developmental tool towards urban prosperity. Idanre is a relatively small and historic town in Ondo State situated at the foot of scenic Idanre hills with unique cultural heritage and propensity to attract diverse tourist locally and internationally. The study adopts qualitative research approach through purposive interview and focus group discussion. Community participation will permit inclusive planning for the city. This research findings include 1350AD ancient palace on the hill: unique Orogho, Usalu and Udale quarters; Orosun Sacred Groove and Festival; Agaga Hills; Idanre Forest Reserve; and small-scale Cocoa Agricultural Estates. Community consensus identified heritage memorabilia, cottage industry, small scale local chocolate industry, community sacred forest tour guides and Orosun festival as to enhance the prosperity of the town. Conclusively, community opinion, cultural custodians, traditional rulers, heritage tourists were various elements of Idanre city system as Idanre city is tied to its heritage resources. The legibility of Idanre city is influenced by heritage resources as the collective memory that can be translated into urban prosperity. This paper recommends that innovation capacity and citizenry interaction are fundamental for desired Idanre prosperity through a robust heritage resource deeply rooted in creative industry rooted in heritage resources. Government need to promote the development of cultural heritage and creative industries. Furthermore, urban planning policies should be in favour of mixed-use, well defined and connected spatial clusters within the urban network. An integrated and comprehensive strategy is also needed for the development of creative industries.
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Vo, Bay, and Bac Le. "Mining traditional association rules using frequent itemsets lattice." In Industrial Engineering (CIE39). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccie.2009.5223866.
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She, Kankan, and Wenmin Yang. "Mining the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine for thyroid diseases based on improved association rule algorithm." In 2023 2nd International Symposium on Computer Applications and Information Systems (ISCAIS 2023), edited by Nikolaos M. Freris and Lei Chen. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2683534.
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Beiser, Alexander, Markus Hecher, Kaan Unalan, and Stefan Woltran. "Bypassing the ASP Bottleneck: Hybrid Grounding by Splitting and Rewriting." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/360.
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Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a key paradigm for problems in artificial intelligence and industrial contexts. In ASP, problems are modeled via a set of rules. Over the time this paradigm grew into a rich language, enabling complex rule types like aggregate expressions. Most practical ASP systems follow a ground-and-solve pattern, where rule schemes are grounded and resulting rules are solved. There, the so-called grounding bottleneck may prevent from solving, due to sheer grounding sizes. Recently body-decoupled grounding (BDG) demonstrated how to reduce grounding sizes by delegating effort to solving. However, BDG provides limited interoperability with traditional grounders and only covers simple rule types. In this work, we establish hybrid grounding — based on a novel splitting theorem that allows us to freely combine BDG with traditional grounders. To mitigate huge groundings in practice, we define rewriting procedures for efficiently deferring grounding effort of aggregates to solving. Our experimental results indicate that this approach is competitive, especially for instances, where traditional grounding fails.
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Xiaoyan, Shen, and Qian Xiaotang. "Association Rules Mining of Traditional Chinese Medical Syndrome Differentiation Oriented." In 2007 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security Workshops (CISW 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisw.2007.4425516.
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Zhou, Hongmei, Jinrui Guo, Xiaoxia Ren, Rongfen Dong, Jinrong Zhang, Zhaoli Cui, Na Ge, et al. "Rules of traditional physical therapies in treating hypertension through text mining." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm.2013.6732636.
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Miano, Sebastiano, Fulvio Risso, and Hagen Woesner. "Partial offloading of OpenFlow rules on a traditional hardware switch ASIC." In 2017 IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netsoft.2017.8004107.
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Afonso, Filipe. "Study of the Compositional Rules of Design in Chaoshan Traditional House." In ARTECH 2021: 10th International Conference on Digital and Interactive Arts. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3483529.3483721.
Full textReports on the topic "Traditional rulers"
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Soramäki, Kimmo. Financial Cartography. FNA, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.69701/ertx8007.
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Geographic maps have been of military and economic importance throughout the ages. Rulers have commissioned maps to control the financial, economic, political, and military aspects of their sovereign entities. Large scale projects like the Ordnance Survey in the UK in the late 18th century, and the Lewis and Clark Expedition a few decades later to map the American West, are early examples of trailblazing efforts to create accurate modern maps of high strategic importance. Digitalization, globalization, and a larger urban and educated workforce necessitate a new understanding of the world, beyond traditional maps based on geographic features. Many of today's most critical threats know no geographic borders. For instance, cyber attacks can be orchestrated through globally distributed bot networks; just-in-time manufacturing relies on the free flow of goods across jurisdictions; global markets and the infrastructures that support them relay information and price signals globally within seconds. A lack of understanding financial interdependencies was clearly demonstrated by the freezing of credit markets in the last financial crisis and the uncertainty created by Brexit. Ten years after the financial crisis, we are still only beginning to map, model and visualise these critical maps of the financial world. We call for attention to work on a large scale project of "Financial Cartography" to address this gap. In financial cartography, we replace geographic proximity with logical proximity, such as financial interdependence, similarity (e.g., of portfolio or income streams), a flow of transactions or a magnitude of exposures. Similar to geographic maps, financial maps will find many important uses across business, government and military domains. Critically, they are needed for protection and projection of state power, for optimizing and managing risks in business, and in making policy decisions related to the major challenges of climate change, mass migration and geopolitical instability. Fundamentally, cartography is a way that reality can be modeled to communicate information on “big data” sets. Cartography allows one to simplify and reduce the complexity of the data to highlight salient features of the data, and to filter out noise. This makes maps ideal devices to increase the bandwidth by which information can be communicated to its users, for making quick decision based on complex data. In the following pages, we make a case and provide starting points for a research agenda around "Financial Cartography" in three interrelated parts: Maps of Trade Networks Maps of Financial Markets and Maps of Financial Market Infrastructures
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Parrado, Eric. An Exchange Rate Policy Rule. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005491.
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This paper introduces a novel monetary policy framework where the exchange rate becomes the central instrument. Using Singapore as a case study, it explores the Monetary Authority's adoption of the exchange rate as the primary tool since 1981, diverging from conventional approaches centered on interest rates or monetary aggregates. The estimated exchange rate reaction function aligns well with actual deviations, supporting the hypothesis that Singapore's forward-looking policy rule effectively responds to inflation and output volatility, especially during economic crises. This framework offers a promising alternative for countries with open economies and challenges in implementing traditional interest rate instruments.
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Dvorianyn, Paraskoviya. UNDERSTANDING THE STANDARD: SEARCHING FOR NEW RULES IN WAR JOURNALISM. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12146.
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Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has changed the media landscape not only in Ukraine but also around the world. The established standards that journalists have been using in their work for a long time need to be revised and adapted to the new conditions. The article analyzes the challenges that Ukrainian journalists have to overcome in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. A comparative analysis of standards and rules for covering events in peacetime and wartime is presented. The essence of the new terms for standards that have been used in Ukraine during the full-scale war is revealed. The author emphasizes the ability of Ukrainian journalists to adhere to ethics and morality, to experience and comprehend the new reality, and to form new rules of journalistic creativity. Different opinions and positions of journalists who cover military events in Ukraine on a daily basis are collected. The article analyzes the experience of Ukrainian and foreign journalists in acting, understanding and forming content within the standards of journalistic creativity, and the development of new rules by the journalistic community and state institutions, taking into account the challenges faced by Ukrainian journalism during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author theoretically substantiates the standards and their features; highlights the basic principles of preparation of materials taking into account traditional standards; substantiates the need to improve the rules, expand their understanding and formulation, taking into account the latest challenges. Key words: standards of journalistic creativity; media ethics; military journalism, balance of opinion, reliability of sources, media analytics, commentary, efficiency, accuracy.
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Krishnaswamy, Sudhir, Aparna Ravi, Jayna Kothari, and Varsha Iyengar. Rights in Review: The Supreme Court in 2014. Centre for Law and Policy Research, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/gzzi5012.
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Rights in Review is a CLPR publication which analyses 15 key judgements ruled by the Supreme Court in 2014. This publication is aimed at acquainting the reader with various aspects of fundamental rights protection and the relevance and impact of the decisions in public life. The focus among the decisions in 2014 was the introduction of several procedural safeguards regarding death penalty review and mercy petitions by the Court. Apart from this, the Court also ruled on the issue of state regulation of religious and traditional practices and highlighted the secular freedom to adopt.
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Estevadeordal, Antoni. Negotiating Preferential Market Access: The Case of NAFTA. Inter-American Development Bank, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011086.
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There is a growing interest related to the theoretical analysis of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Nevertheless, there has been as yet very little empirical research on the topic, in particular, on the negotiating dynamics of these types of agreements. This paper attempts to make a contribution in this direction examining the relationship between the two most important market access instruments in the case of NAFTA negotiations: the preferential tariff phase-outs and the accompanying rules of origin (RoO). The traditional literature has viewed market access negotiations solely in terms of tariff (and non-tariff) negotiations. From an analytical point of view, the role of RoO, that is the rules that are designed to determine the origin of products in international trade, has usually been restricted to a "secondary" or "supportive" function. As such, RoO were seen to assist in the application or implementation of other "primary" instruments. In the case of preferential RoO, they help to determine when a particular good will be granted preferential tariff treatment. Using a newly constructed data set this paper estimates a simultaneous equation model where the endogenous variables are the preferential tariff phase-outs between Mexico and the United States and the RoO under the NAFTA agreement. The empirical findings of this paper support the view that in accordance with recent literature, the NAFTA RoO were used as an independent commercial policy instrument with a "primary" market access function as it is the case with the traditional preferential tariffs.
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum. War-Algorithm Accountability. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/fltl8789.
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In War-Algorithm Accountability (August 2016), we introduce a new concept—war algorithms—that elevates algorithmically-derived “choices” and “decisions” to a, and perhaps the, central concern regarding technical autonomy in war. We thereby aim to shed light on and recast the discussion regarding “autonomous weapon systems” (AWS). We define “war algorithm” as any algorithm that is expressed in computer code, that is effectuated through a constructed system, and that is capable of operating in relation to armed conflict. In introducing this concept, our foundational technological concern is the capability of a constructed system, without further human intervention, to help make and effectuate a “decision” or “choice” of a war algorithm. Distilled, the two core ingredients are an algorithm expressed in computer code and a suitably capable constructed system. Through that lens, we link international law and related accountability architectures to relevant technologies. We sketch a three-part (non-exhaustive) approach that highlights traditional and unconventional accountability avenues. We focus largely on international law because it is the only normative regime that purports—in key respects but with important caveats—to be both universal and uniform. In this way, international law is different from the myriad domestic legal systems, administrative rules, or industry codes that govern the development and use of technology in all other spheres. By not limiting our inquiry only to weapon systems, we take an expansive view, showing how the broad concept of war algorithms might be susceptible to regulation—and how those algorithms might already fit within the existing regulatory system established by international law.
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Dorsey, Jessica, and Nilza Amaral. Military drones in Europe. Royal Institute of International Affairs, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784134556.
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The use of armed drones, particularly to conduct targeted killings outside formal war zones, is highly contentious. In the contemporary context, where conflict has moved beyond the theatres of traditional warfare to take place in undefined battle zones, and is chiefly characterized by counterterrorism and counter-insurgency operations, drone use has brought to the fore critical questions on civilian casualties, the rule of law, secrecy and lack of accountability, among others. This paper has been developed as part of a project focusing on the policy implications for the UK and the EU of the use of armed drones. The analysis draws on discussions that took place at two research workshops and a simulation exercise held at Chatham House in 2019. The authors argue that the troubling questions raised by armed drone use should not just be a concern for countries that may use them in permissive ways. The EU and the UK, with a shared interest in upholding democratic values, need to work together on developing guidance on best practice for improving transparency and accountability around the use of armed drones.
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Khan, Mahreen. The Role of Clans in Moldova in Politics and Economics. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.116.
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Moldova’s politics, economy, justice system and media are increasingly dominated by a powerful group of elites, led by oligarchs - a new breed of businessmen-politicians who have emerged in the past decade - controlling strategic sectors of the economy and finance, hijacking the political system, taming the judiciary and acquiring monopolistic control of mass media, to promote and protect their vast business empires. Alongside traditional clan, kinship and patronage networks these elites exert influence through informal politics , shaping Moldova’s politics and economy, often hindering reforms for democratisation, rule of law, meritocracy and transparency. This helpdesk report looks at the nature and role of clans in Moldova in the country’s politics and economy. This literature review utilises academic as well as grey sources, research papers, media and blogs published mainly in the past ten years. The sources reveal a paucity of Moldova centric material, especially on the sub-issue of clans, but much more literature is available on the role of informal politics and state capture by elites, especially oligarchs, in Moldova. The evidence found did not address gender and disability issues.
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Vaskivskyj, Yurij. STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: PERSONNEL ASPECT. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12144.
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The article analyzes the state of development of Ukrainian advertising in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Studying the work of Ukrainian advertising agencies during the war is a unique experience of Ukrainian specialists during the war. The article emphasizes that Ukrainian advertising agencies have become an example for global corporations with their resilience and courage. The study of the place of Ukrainian advertising agencies in the world system made it possible to state that the domestic industry is developing in step with the world one. This was facilitated by the fact that Ukrainians quickly adapt to modern technologies and catch global trends. In some areas of advertising, Ukrainian agencies are one step ahead of European and American ones. Communication with Ukrainian heads of advertising campaigns, marketers and target specialists, who were directly involved in the “rescue” of companies at the beginning of the war, made it possible to find out how the business development strategy changed, what tactical solutions they used at the beginning of the war, and how they optimized the work of the team. The results of the research give grounds for asserting that in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, many brands have developed new rules for content and communication in social networks. The content strategy of brands needs maximum adaptation to new realities. The traditional division of content into branded, selling, fan and interactive content is losing its relevance. This market niche is occupied by social, supportive and useful content. In particular, as an example of social brand content, we can name: the national position of an advertising agency, support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, assistance to consumers, new adapted services, HR information about agency support, assistance to temporarily displaced persons, volunteering. Ukrainian advertising agencies were able to quickly adapt to the conditions of the war, entered international markets, took care of their employees and continue their work. Keywords: advertising, agencies, Russian-Ukrainian war, social networks, work with clients, personnel problems.
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Miller, Eric T. Financial Services in the Trading System: Progress and Prospects. Inter-American Development Bank, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008609.
Full textAbstract:
In the winter of 1996, Canada's third largest financial institution, the Bank of Montreal, launched a now infamous advertising campaign in which it asked the question: Can a bank change? While the resulting ads naturally responded in the affirmative, many other large financial institutions were asking themselves the same question. The dramatic acceleration since the mid-to-late 1980's of the rate at which banks are establishing branches and/or investing in financial institutions outside of their home markets combined with the dismantling by governments around the world of many traditional regulatory restrictions is resulting in the re-making of the financial services industry in its entirety. Central to this process has been a wave of mergers and alliances, many of which increasingly cut across the classical sectoral sub-divisions (commercial banking, securities, insurance etc.). The end result has been the gradual emergence of singular financial amorphisms capable of offering any service globally. In addition to these structural changes, an important result of this wave of mergers, alliances and foreign investment has been that financial institutions have become global players in terms of market presence, rather than just loan portfolios. This, in turn, has meant that the volume and importance of international trade in financial services has substantially increased in recent years. As the international trade of financial services has developed, governments have sought to establish a framework of rules to govern it. However, this process has not occurred in a vacuum. Over the past 15 years, international trade in goods has become substantially freer, international trade in services (of which financial services constitute a part) has grown dramatically, and international capital flows have become more open. While volumes have been written about both international trade in goods and international capital flows and a burgeoning literature exists on trade in services, comparatively little has been written specifically about international trade in financial services. This paper is designed to help fill this void. The core of the paper consists of three specific cases: (1) the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA); (2) the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); (3) the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade in Financial Services. These selections constitute a logical progression. The CUSFTA was the first trade agreement ever to include provisions on financial services. The NAFTA, negotiated shortly thereafter contains the most far-reaching provisions in the world in this area. Finally, the WTO Financial Services Agreement marks the first time that such disciplines have been successfully negotiated on a global level. In order to make an examination of an Agreement consisting of 56 different schedules possible, this section will focus on the commitments of a number of sample countries in a specific region of the world, namely Latin America.