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1
Alnadish, Adham Mohammed, Madhusudhan Bangalore Ramu, Abdullah O. Baarimah, and Aawag Mohsen Alawag. "Development of Enhanced Stress Prediction Models for Fixed Traffic Loads on Flexible Pavements Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Machine Learning (ML) Techniques." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031623.
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Pavement design is influenced by traffic load, which affects its lifespan. Traditional methods classify traffic load into fixed traffic, fixed vehicle, variable traffic, and vehicle/axle loads. In fixed traffic, pavement thickness is based on the maximum expected wheel load without considering load repetitions. Meanwhile, in fixed vehicle scenarios, it is calculated by the repetitions of a standard axle load. For nonstandard axle loads, the equivalent axle load is determined by multiplying repetitions by the corresponding equivalent load factor. In variable traffic, each axle and its repetitions are analyzed independently. This study proposes enhanced models for fixed traffic loads, focusing on single, dual, and tridem axles in a single-layer pavement model, to improve stress prediction accuracy. The results show that a quadratic model with a base-10 logarithmic transformation accurately predicts stresses. Additionally, machine learning models, especially Gradient Boosting, provided more accurate predictions than traditional models, with lower mean squared error (MSE) and root mean squared error (RMSE). The results show that these models are effective in predicting the stress in pavement. These findings provide valuable insights that can lead to better pavement design and more effective maintenance practices.
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Asp, Olli, and Anssi Laaksonen. "Traffic Load Model Calibration and Comparison to Evolving Traffic Loads In 2014–2018." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 18, no. 3 (2023): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.612.
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The national calibration of Eurocode load model 1 (LM1) for road bridges was made by a calibration of the load effects of LM1 against the corresponding load effects of a former load model used in Finland. Due to the increased gross vehicle weights in legislation, a national calibration of LM1 was necessary and the stochastic simulation was needed. The aim of this study is to generate a traffic model together with a predictive model for simulation purposes by using and combining long-time monitoring data measured on a road network in different surveys. In this paper, the performance of the predictive model of increases in axle loads and gross vehicle weights is evaluated against short-term bridge weight in motion (BWIM) measurements. The results achieved with a simulation can be used to gain more information of statistical parameters and the evolution of load effects caused on bridges by road traffic in Finland. The simulation model presented in this study served as a basis for updated national calibration of load model LM1. The follow-up comparison between predictive model and traffic monitoring shows the suitability of the estimation of the evolution of traffic loads and also necessity of the raise of LM1.
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Wu, G., T. Chen, and G. Zhang. "Deformation characteristics of red-mud embankment under monotonic and cyclic loads." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1332, no. 1 (2024): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1332/1/012017.
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Abstract The rapid growth in the production of the red mud has led to the shortage of land for stockpiling in recent years. Although red mud has been considered as the filling material for embankments, the deformation characteristics of a red-mud embankment under traffic loads has not yet been clarified. To promote its application in embankment construction, a series of centrifuge model tests of red-mud embankment under monotonic and cyclic loads were conducted. The deformation and failure processes of red-mud embankment under normal and overproof traffic loads were analyzed. The results show that the deformation characteristics of red-mud embankment varied significantly depending on the value of the external load. The deformation induced by monotonic load was greater than that induced by the cyclic load of the normal traffic load. The monotonic and cyclic loads of normal traffic load induced similar influential areas, and their deformation processes can be divided into rapid and slow growth parts. Shear failure occurred in the red-mud embankment under overproof traffic load. The same load increment induced more deformation of red-mud embankment after failure. Under reasonable dry density and water content, the deformation of red mud was acceptable, thus meeting the engineering requirements of embankment construction.
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Zhang, Mingyang, Xuejing Wang, and Yaohan Li. "Fatigue Reliability Assessment of Bridges Under Heavy Traffic Loading Scenario." Infrastructures 9, no. 12 (2024): 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9120238.
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Uncertainties in traffic flows pose significant challenges for the accurate fatigue safety assessment of bridge structures. Fatigue analysis requires detailed information on heavy vehicle-induced loads, which can be obtained from weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems. This paper develops a stochastic traffic load model based on site-specific WIM measurements to evaluate the fatigue reliability of steel bridges by enhancing simulation efficiency and incorporating correlations in traffic load parameters. Traffic loading is measured on site by WIM systems and used to develop a probabilistic model. A heavy traffic scenario load model is developed based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and Poisson distribution. The correlation between traffic load parameters is addressed using the Nataf transformation. The fatigue reliability of critical components is evaluated using this procedure as an illustrative example. The results show that annual increases in traffic load significantly impact fatigue damage. This research provides a theoretical basis for improved traffic management and structural maintenance strategies.
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Au, Alexander, Clifford Lam, Akhilesh C. Agarwal, and Bala Tharmabala. "Bridge evaluation by mean load method per the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 4 (2005): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-015.
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The Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) provides two alternative methods for evaluating the strength of existing bridges. The load and resistance factor method provides a general approach and covers the most extreme load situations that can occur in a general bridge population. The mean load method considers the uncertainties of loads acting on a specific bridge, the method of analysis, and resistance of the structure involved, and thus can provide a more accurate evaluation of individual bridges. Since traffic load represents a major portion of bridge loads, a better evaluation of specific bridges is obtained by using the statistical parameters of traffic loads observed on the structure. However, the overall accuracy depends heavily on capturing the most critical loading conditions during the survey periods. The mean load method is particularly valuable where actual traffic loads are expected to be significantly lower than those used in code calibration and when the potential economic benefits arising from a more realistic evaluation outweigh the extra costs of live load data collection and analysis. This paper demonstrates that the mean load method using site-specific traffic loading information can lead to a significantly higher live load-carrying capacity of a bridge.Key words: highway bridges, bridge evaluation, reliability, mean load method, bridge testing.
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Gao, Lian-sheng, Han-cheng Dan, and Liang Li. "Response Analysis of Asphalt Pavement under Dynamic Loadings: Loading Equivalence." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 18, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7020298.
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This paper establishes the equivalent relationships between the half-sinusoidal load, triangular load, vertical stepwise load, and moving traffic load. The governing equation was established for analyzing the dynamic responses of pavement, and half-sinusoidal load, triangular load, and vertical stepwise load functions were transformed into Fourier series expressions. The partial differential governing equations were simplified as ordinary differential equations and the analytical solutions were obtained. Further, the solutions were validated through comparing the theoretical results with numerical simulated results. Calculation results revealed that, for unchanged load periods, increasing the amplitudes of the three loads by 1.06, 1.31, and 1.35 times can better simulate the moving traffic loads. For unchanged load function amplitudes, increasing the function periods by 1.07, 2.23, and 2.1 times (for half-sinusoidal, triangular, and vertical stepwise loads, resp.) can improve the simulation performance. The fatigue life of asphalt pavements under the moving traffic load agrees with that of the three load simulations, indicating that the fatigue life of asphalt pavements is only associated with the load amplitude but not the load patterns.
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Klymyshyn, Nazarii. "The Network Load Balancer in Decentrilized Systems." Advances in Cyber-Physical Systems 8, no. 1 (2023): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/acps2023.01.025.
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This article explores the implementation of network load balancing in decentralized systems using OpenWrt, Quality of Service (QoS), and traffic balancing techniques. The increasing demand for high-quality net- work services and the surge in network traffic requires the adoption of more efficient load-balancing methods to main- tain network performance. This paper discusses the use of OpenWrt, an open-source firmware for network routers, to configure and manage network traffic. The article also covers the implementation of QoS and traffic balancing techniques to optimize network performance and reduce network congestion. The study employs iperf3 to evaluate network performance and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed network load-balancing approach. The index terms include OpenWrt, QoS, balancing, traffic, and ip- erf3.
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Zhao, Yue, Xuelian Guo, Botong Su, Yamin Sun, and Yiyun Zhu. "Multi-Lane Traffic Load Clustering Model for Long-Span Bridge Based on Parameter Correlation." Mathematics 11, no. 2 (2023): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11020274.
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Traffic loads are the primary external loads on bridges during their service life. However, an accurate analysis of the long-term effect of the operating traffic load is difficult because of the diversity of traffic flow in terms of vehicle type and intensity. This study established a traffic load simulation method for long-span bridges based on high authenticity traffic monitoring data, and an improved k-means clustering algorithm and Correlated variables Sampling based on Sobol sequence and Copula function (CSSC) sampling method. The monitoring traffic data collected through a weigh-in-motion (WIM) system was processed to generate a multi-lane stochastic traffic flow. The dynamic response of a prototype suspension bridge under a traffic load was analyzed. The results show that the traffic load can be divided into clusters with identical distribution characteristics using a clustering algorithm. Combined with CSSC sampling, the generated traffic flow can effectively represent daily traffic and vehicle characteristics, which improves the accuracy of the assessment of the loads long-term effect. The dynamic response of the bridge to different traffic flows varied significantly. The maximum and minimum vertical displacement of the main girder was 0.404 m and 0.27 m, respectively. The maximum and minimum bending stresses of the short suspender were 50.676 MPa and 28.206 MPa, respectively. The maximum equivalent bending stress and axial stress were 16.068 MPa and 10.542 MPa, respectively, whereas the minimum values were 9.429 MPa and 8.679 MPa, respectively. These differences directly influence the short and long-term evaluation of bridge components. For an accurate evaluation of the bridge operation performance, the traffic flow density must be considered.
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Zhao, Jingnan, Hao Wang, Pan Lu, and Jiaqi Chen. "Mechanistic–Empirical Analysis of Pavement Performance Considering Dynamic Axle Load Spectra Due to Longitudinal Unevenness." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052600.
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Pavement distresses are induced by mechanistic responses in pavement structure subjected to dynamic loads of moving vehicles. Pavement surface evenness deteriorates as pavement distresses propagate, which results in dynamic axle loads and faster pavement deterioration. It is vital to consider the dynamic axle load spectra to predict pavement deterioration using traffic-monitoring data. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dynamic loads and overweight traffic on asphalt pavement overlay performance using mechanistic–empirical (M–E) pavement analysis. The relationship between dynamic load coefficients (DLCs), axle loads, and international roughness index (IRI) was obtained for accurate quantification of dynamic axle loads. Then the dynamic axle load spectra were derived by shifting the static axle load spectra in weigh-in-motion (WIM) data, given the DLC value. AASHTOWare Pavement ME software was used to analyze pavement performance with static and dynamic axle load spectra, and the impact of overweight traffic on asphalt pavement overlay performance. The impact of dynamic loads on reflective fatigue cracking was distinguished at an early stage of the service period and eliminated after the 10-year analysis period, when the propagation of reflective cracking reached a specific level. On the other hand, the consideration of dynamic axle loads increased the impact of overweight truck traffic on pavement distresses, and pavement structures of major highways tend to be more sensitive to overweight traffic because of greater DLC excitement at higher operational speeds.
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Hamarashid, Hozan Khalid, Miran Hama Rahim Saeed, and Soran Saeed. "Designing a Smart Traffic Light Algorithm (HMS) Based on Modified Round Robin Algorithm." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 1 (2017): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.1.8.
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Nowadays, traffic light system is very important to avoid car crashes and arrange traffic load. In the Sulaimani City / Iraq, there are many traffic problems such as traffic congestion or traffic jam and the amount of time provided manually to the traffic light system. This is the main difficulty that we try to solve. The traffic lights exist but still do not manage traffic congestion due to the fixed time provided for each lane regardless of their different load. Therefore, we are proposing to change the traditional traffic system to smart traffic system (adaptive system). This paper Focuses on the existing system (fixed system), then propose the adaptive one. The main crucial side effects of the existing system are:
 
 
 Emergency cases: congested traffics might block the way of emergencies for instance ambulance, which transports people to the hospital
 Wasting time of people generally and specially
 Delays, which lead people to not to be punctual, this means people arrive late to the work
 Wasting more fuels as staying more in the traffics, which affects the environment by increasing pollution.
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LYAPIN, S. A., Y. N. RIZAEVA, D. A. KADASEV, and N. V. VORONIN. "INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF TRAFFIC FLOW CONTROL ON THE LOADS OF THE MAIN LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS AND THE CAPACITY OF BRIDGES." World of transport and technological machines 77, no. 2 (2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2022-77-2-27-35.
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The article shows the influence of such methods of traffic flow management as limiting the speed of vehicles on the loads of the main load-bearing elements and the capacity of bridge structures on the example of the Oktyabrsky Bridge in Lipetsk. To determine the density of traffic flow and the load on the bridge structure, to collect information about the parameters of traffic flows, road traf-fic simulation is used. The vertical moving load on the bridge is calculated.
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Lu, Zebin, Junru Lei, Yihao He, Zhengfa Li, Shuhua Deng, and Xieping Gao. "Energy Optimization for Software-Defined Data Center Networks Based on Flow Allocation Strategies." Electronics 8, no. 9 (2019): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091014.
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Nowadays, energy consumption has become an important issue in data center networks. The most promising energy-saving schemes are those that shut down unnecessary network devices and links while meeting the demand of traffic loads. Existing research mainly focuses on the strategies of energy savings in software-defined data center networks (SD-DCN). Few studies have considered both energy savings and the quality of service (QoS) of the traffic load. In this paper, we investigate the energy savings guaranteed by traffic load satisfaction ratio. To ensure the minimum-power consumption in data centers, we formulate the SD-DCN energy consumption optimization problem as an Integer Linear Programming model. To achieve a high success rate for traffic transmission, we propose three flow scheduling strategies. On this foundation, we propose a strategy-based Minimum Energy Consumption (MEC) heuristic algorithm to ensure the QoS satisfaction ratio in the process of energy optimization. The results show that our algorithm can save energy efficiently under the conditions of low traffic load and medium traffic load. Under high traffic load, our algorithm can achieve better network performance than existing solutions in terms of quality of service satisfaction ratio of flow allocation.
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Kennedy, D. J. Laurie, Darrel P. Gagnon, David E. Allen, and James G. MacGregor. "Canadian highway bridge evaluation: load and resistance factors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 6 (1992): 992–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-119.
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Consistent load and resistance factors are developed for a range of target values of the reliability index, β, following first-order second-moment analysis techniques for use in the evaluation of highway bridges. Dead load factors are established for steel girders, concrete girders, concrete bridge decks, and wearing surfaces, taking into account the statistical variations of weights and the range of load fractions as determined from field measurements. Live load factors are established for four categories of live loads: NP — non-permit traffic that are permitted by legislation; PM — permit, multiple trip, bulk haul, divisible loads; PS — permit, single trip, unsupervised, mixed with non-permit traffic; and PC — permit, controlled, supervised extremely heavy loads with escort. These live load factors are based on field surveys of truck weights, in Alberta and elsewhere. The event curves for NP, PS, and PM traffic have been used to determine the maximum annual truck, as the period of evaluation was chosen as 1 year based on a life-safety criterion-related to the consequences of failure. Because PC traffic is so rare, it was dealt with on an event basis. Impact data of others were analyzed to determine the appropriate bias coefficients and coefficients of variation. Uncertainties in the transverse distribution of both dead and live loads were also considered.Resistance factors are based on statistical data reported in the literature and take into account the variation in material properties, member size, and the resistance formulations. Key words: dead and live load factors, resistance factors, impact, maximum annual, traffic categories, transverse distribution, weight fractions.
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Lu, Naiwei, Jing Liu, Honghao Wang, Heping Yuan, and Yuan Luo. "Stochastic Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Welded Joints of Steel Bridge Decks under Simulated Traffic Loading." Sensors 23, no. 11 (2023): 5067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115067.
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The fatigue cracking of orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSDs) is a difficult problem that hinders the development of steel structures. The most important reasons for the occurrence of fatigue cracking are steadily growing traffic loads and unavoidable truck overloading. Stochastic traffic loading leads to the random propagation behavior of fatigue cracks, which increases the difficulty of the fatigue life evaluations of OSDs. This study developed a computational framework for the fatigue crack propagation of OSDs under stochastic traffic loads based on traffic data and finite element methods. Stochastic traffic load models were established based on site-specific, weigh-in-motion measurements to simulate fatigue stress spectra of welded joints. The influence of the transverse loading positions of the wheel tracks on the stress intensity factor of the crack tip was investigated. The random propagation paths of the crack under stochastic traffic loads were evaluated. Both ascending and descending load spectra were considered in the traffic loading pattern. The numerical results indicated that the maximum value of KI was 568.18 (MPa·mm1/2) under the most critical transversal condition of the wheel load. However, the maximum value decreased by 66.4% under the condition of transversal moving by 450 mm. In addition, the propagation angle of the crack tip increased from 0.24° to 0.34°—an increase ratio of 42%. Under the three stochastic load spectra and the simulated wheel loading distributions, the crack propagation range was almost limited to within 10 mm. The migration effect was the most obvious under the descending load spectrum. The research results of this study can provide theoretical and technical support for the fatigue and fatigue reliability evaluation of existing steel bridge decks.
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Yusuf, Muhamad, P. Pratikso, Rachmat Mudiyono, Totti Aditya Susanto, and Zoggy Ardi Eka Saputra. "Development of Paving Block Structure Variation for Traffic Safety and Comfort." Journal of Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering 7, no. 2 (2025): 215. https://doi.org/10.30659/jacee.7.2.215-226.
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Urban traffic congestion worldwide leads to air pollution, increased vehicle noise, and longer travel times for both private and public transit. Congestion adversely affects the well-being of road users and urban residents, and traffic accidents are closely linked to congestion. Traffic composition, road infrastructure, environmental conditions, vehicle design, and human behavior can cause congestion. Concrete block pavement is a practical option for improving traffic safety and increasing driving comfort at intersections with traffic lights. Concrete block paving roads are a cost-effective engineering solution for residential, commercial, municipal, and industrial environments. The study uses the Autocad program to create a simulation of a paved surface and a research tool to analyze the model of the research subject. Results indicate that pavement types subjected to higher loads exhibit more deformation than those under lower loads. Pavements with higher weights are more likely to deform, with the Herringbone 90� pavement type able to withstand a maximum load of 2100 kg and exhibiting the highest load deformation rate of 0.21 cm/kg. The study investigates the load-bearing abilities of different pavement kinds and patterns. The Basketweave pavement type has the lowest load capacity at 2077.9 kg and the lowest load deformation rate of 0.41 cm/kg.
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Hoxha, E., M. Scherz, and A. Passer. "Influence of traffic load on the environmental impacts of roads: A1 and A2 highways in Austria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (2022): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012118.
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Abstract Professionals should aim to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by implementing the best road construction technologies to develop low-carbon projects. Although the traffic loads vary over the road length, the environmental impacts are assessed based on the average values of the traffic loads. Consequently, there is a gap between reality and the impacts calculated with fixed traffic load. This paper aims to assess the gap in terms of the environmental impacts of two roads by considering both a constant and a variable traffic load. With the help of a life cycle assessment (LCA), the environmental impacts of the A1 and A2 highways in Austria are calculated. We have calculated the impacts in the first scenario by considering an average traffic load. In the second scenario, based on real measurements, the environmental impacts of both highways are calculated for a variable traffic load. In the end, the results show a gap in the range of 25 %. This difference was because some parts of the roads required frequent repair. Besides, we figured out the optimal thickness of the wearing course, which improves the impact calculation and makes it less likely that the results will be different along the length of the road.
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Li, Wen-zheng, Qiao Guo, and Wei-min Guo. "Internet load and traffic balancing." Journal of Shanghai University (English Edition) 9, no. 2 (2005): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11741-005-0067-1.
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Colbourn, Charles J., Alan C. H. Ling, Gaetano Quattrocchi, and Violet R. Syrotiuk. "Grooming traffic to minimize load." Discrete Mathematics 312, no. 3 (2012): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2011.03.016.
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Paeglitis, Ainars, and Andris Freimanis. "Comparision of constant-span and influence line methods for long-span bridge load calculations." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11, no. 1 (2016): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2016.10.
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Traffic load models available in building standards are most often developed for short or medium span bridges, however, it is necessary to develop traffic load models just for long span bridges, because the most unfavourable traffic situations are different. Weigh-in-Motion system data from highway A1 and A3 were used in this study. Measurement errors from data were cleaned using two groups of filters. The first group was based on vehicle validity codes recorded by both systems, if any circumstances might have influenced the measurements, the second group cleaned data using general filters for all vehicles and specific filters for trucks and cars. Additionally, vehicles were adjusted for influence of temperature. Data cleaning increased the average gross vehicle, so it could be considered as a conservative choice. Six traffic scenarios, each with different percentage of cars in the traffic, were made to assess the difference in loads from different traffic compositions. Traffic loads for long-span bridges were calculated using two approaches: the first assuming constant span length, the second, using influence lines from a bridge currently in design stage. Gumbel distribution were fitted to the calculate loads and they were extrapolated to probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 year period. Results show that influence line approach yield larger loads than those from constant-span. Both approaches result in loads larger than ones in Eurocode 1 Load Model 1, however, increase might have been caused by an increase in vehicle weight.
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Su, Ruoyu, Meinan Zhang, Fei Ding, Guilong Hu, and Qi Qi. "Scenario-Based Configuration Refinement for High-Load Cellular Networks: An Operator View." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (2022): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031483.
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With the rapid growth of users and sustained network demands powered by different industries, the quality of service (QoS) of the cellular network is affected by network traffic and computing loads. The current solutions of QoS improvement in academia focus on the fundamental algorithms within the physical and medium access control (MAC) layer. However, traffic features of various scenarios extracted from field data are rarely addressed for practical network configuration refinement. In this paper, we identify significant indicators of high traffic load cells according to the field data provided by telecommunication operators. Then, we propose the analysis flow of high traffic load cells with basic principles of network configuration refinement for QoS improvement. To demonstrate the proposed analysis flow and the refinement principles, we consider three typical scenarios of high traffic load cells, including high population density, emergency, and high-speed mobility. For each scenario, we discuss traffic features with field data. The corresponding performance evaluation demonstrates that the proposed principle can significantly enhance the network performance and user experience in terms of access success rate, downlink data rate, and number of high traffic load cells.
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Kwocan, Aceronga, Mohammed Dahiru Buhari, Kelechi Ukagwu, and Jonathan Serugunda. "On-site Energy Utilization Evaluation of Telecommunication Base Station: A Case Study of Western Uganda." KIU Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/kjset-2023-2-1-01.
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Due to the widespread installation of Base Stations, the power consumption of cellular communication is increasing rapidly (BSs). Power consumption rises as traffic does, however this scenario varies from geolocation to geolocation because sites in rural and urban areas have variable traffic loads. Therefore, in order to address various power consumption issues, it is necessary to analyze these sites and offer validate data that network operators can employ. This study took into account the impact of traffic load on the energy consumption both in rural and urban locations in western Uganda because prior models did not adequately account for the impact of traffic load on both rural and urban sites. Regression models are used to examine these effects of traffic load on power consumption. Based on measurements taken for twenty-eight days in a row at six urban and rural areas, linear models have been presented. The findings showed that both rural and urban BTS were well-fitted by the suggested linear models. Depending on the layouts of the sites, it was found that energy consumption varied along with traffic, with the number of transceivers present having an impact on both the traffic load and energy consumption.
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Miranti, Miranti, Lydia Sari, Muhamad Doris, Syah Alam, and Indra Surjati. "User Capacity Optimization Using The Mobility Load Balancing Algorithm For Downlink Data Long Term Evolution." Jurnal Ecotipe (Electronic, Control, Telecommunication, Information, and Power Engineering) 12, no. 1 (2025): 103–12. https://doi.org/10.33019/jurnalecotipe.v12i1.4532.
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The increasing number of users in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network often decreases network performance. A cell that has high traffic experiences a decline in network performance due to unavailable resources for certain users, while in cells with low traffic, the use of resources in these cells is inefficient. The mobility load balancing (MLB) algorithm balances the intercellular loads in an LTE network and improves the performance by distributing part of the load in a high traffic cell to neighboring cells that have low loads. An activated MLB will detect the network load and calculate the available resource for each cell to determine which cells are overloaded. The MLB will consider the candidate cell where the load could be distributed. MLB simulation results show that the application of MLB has succeeded in reducing the percentage of unsatisfied users by 9.4% and increasing throughput system to 5.617 Mbps.
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Qi, Hui, Xuesen Zhang, Jian Liu, et al. "Study on Deformation Characteristics of Low-Highway Subgrade under Traffic Load." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073406.
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Highway subgrade bears millions of traffic loads over the years, and its strength, stiffness, and long-term stability gradually decline. In this paper, dynamic triaxial tests were carried out to study the time evolution and spatial distribution of strain and pore pressure of highway-subgrade soil under the action of traffic load. The influence of traffic load on subgrade deformation was analyzed. Furthermore, a numerical-calculation model of the subgrade was established. The deformation characteristics of subgrade under driving load were analyzed. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) With the increase in loading times, the cumulative strain and pore pressure can be roughly divided into three stages: rapid-growth stage, slow-growth stage, and equilibrium stage. (2) The influence of traffic load on the cumulative strain and pore-water pressure of subgrade soil decreases rapidly with the increase in depth. (3) The amplitude of traffic load has a tremendous influence on the strain and pore pressure of subgrade soil, especially for shallow subgrade. (4) As the distance from the subgrade surface increases, the maximum deformation appears at the edge of the subgrade.
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Solahudin, Nur, and Muhammad Daffa Putra Susanto. "Analysis of Road Damage Factors Based on Vehicle Load and Volume on K.H. Zaenal Arifin Road Segment Cikulak – Cibogo." Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 6, no. 4 (2025): 417–25. https://doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v6i4.25454.
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Road damage on K.H. Zaenal Arifin Cikulak–Cibogo, characterized by potholes, crocodile cracks, and flooding, disrupts traffic and safety and is exacerbated by heavy vehicle loads and poor maintenance. This study analyzes damage factors (vehicle load, traffic volume) and assesses pavement conditions to recommend repair methods. A quantitative approach with field surveys, visual documentation, and PCI analysis was employed, supported by traffic volume conversion to passenger car units (smp) and ESAL calculations. The PCI score of 42 ("fair") reflected significant damage, with ESAL values indicating excessive axle loads (407,188). The key contributors were peak traffic (1,971 vehicles/hour) and inadequate pavement thickness. The study advocates for immediate repairs (e.g., patching, 7 cm overlay) and policy interventions to regulate vehicle loads. Future research should integrate sustainable materials and dynamic load modeling.
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Vozniuk, Andrii, Oleg Zagornyak, Vitalii Raikovskyi, and Volodymyr Kaskiv. "STUDY OF WEIGH IN MOTION DATA FOR TRAFFIC VOLUME COEFFICIENTS UPDATING." Dorogi i mosti 2022, no. 26 (2022): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2022.26.228.
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Introduction. The implementation of the Weighing in Motion System (WIM) in Ukraine has been started in compliance with the State Targeted Economic Program for the Development of Public Highways of State Importance in 2018-2022 and was aimed at preserving the road surface from damaging and reducing expenses for road maintenance. In order to ensure transparency in the field of state planning for the road construction, reconstruction and repair, Ukravtodor ensures the publication of up-to-date WIM information via interactive map http://bit.ly/wiminbrief and annual statistical reports. The paper describes an analysis of traffic volume coefficients based on WIM data. Problems. The need for improving the method of calculating of road pavement structures (non-rigid and rigid) reliability under existing traffic loads, taking into account the WIM data on traffic volume and traffic condition. Purpose. Clarification of traffic conditions and traffic loads on road pavement. Materials and method. Mathematical modelling using survey data. Results. Up-to-date traffic volume coefficients. Conclusions. The implementation of WIM System and WIM sites network expansion is a progressive way for traffic volume and traffic load monitoring and reducing destructive impact of overloaded vehicles on road pavement. WIM data is suitable for traffic load modelling loads and road pavement designing.
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Raad, Lutfi, Eric Johnson, Dave Bush, and Stephan Saboundjian. "Parks Highway Load Restriction Field Data Analysis: Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, no. 1 (1998): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-05.
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The loss of pavement strength during spring thaw could result in excessive road damage under applied traffic loads. Damage assessment associated with the critical thaw period is essential to evaluate current load restriction policies. The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities proposed a plan that will provide an engineering analysis of field conditions with 100-percent loads on the Parks Highway for 1996. Extensive data were collected and analyzed in an effort to monitor pavement damage during the spring of 1996 and to determine loss of pavement strength. Field data included truck traffic data from scalehouse and weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations, pavement temperature data, profilometer data for roughness and rutting, and falling weight deflectometer data. Analyses were performed to compare WIM and scalehouse traffic data and to determine the fraction of overweight axle-loads and corresponding pavement damage during spring thaw. Northbound and southbound truck traffic and its effect on pavement damage were considered. Ground temperature measurements were analyzed to determine when thaw initiates and how long seasonal load restrictions are required. In addition, comparisons of remaining life with and without load restrictions using mechanistic methods were conducted.
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Mao, He, and Xiu Hua Xu. "Research on Second Ring Expressway Traffic Congestion in Beijing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 1339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.1339.
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According to the urban expressway traffic congestion of Beijing, from the perspective of traffic flow, the study makes a calculation and analysis on road network congestion rate, load of road network and traffic operation index. Training the traffic congestion and load of road network by using the BP neutral network in MATLAB, and put forward some countermeasures to solve the problem of traffic congestion. Through analyzing the load of different section and congestion rate, we can obtain the spatial distribution of the traffic flow and grasp the overall traffic on the Ring Road running load, develop appropriate management control programs for traffic managers, provide service and travel mode for travelers at the same time, so that balance the overall network load tends.
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Kiran, Noolvi, Nallamalli Swetha, Godasu Apoorva, and Sai Krishna Mohan Pitchikala Naga. "Load Balancing using OpenDaylight Controller." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 6 (2020): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950015.
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In this study, we focused on setting up load balancers and improving load balancing in a network that uses a Fat Tree design using Open Daylight system. We built the network using tools like Mininet and Instant Virtual Network (IVN). Open Daylight, which is an open-source controller for software-defined networks (SDN), was used to manage and control the traffic flow in the network. To test the network, we created traffic using a tool called IPERF and measured key factors like bandwidth, delay (latency), and overall network performance. The aim of this research is to study how the traffic flows through the network, analyze the performance of different ports, and improve how new traffic is scheduled using Open Daylight’s load balancing features.
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Li, Yan, Da Gang Lv, and Hong Fei Sheng. "Fatigue Reliability Analysis of the Stay Cables of Cable-Stayed Bridge under Combined Loads of Stochastic Traffic and Wind." Key Engineering Materials 456 (December 2010): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.456.23.
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The existent studies on cable stays fatigue for the serviced cable-stayed bridge generally only considered traffic or wind load action respectively. The long span cable-stayed bridges are very sensitive to wind load, so the fatigue estimation of cable stays considering traffic and wind load simultaneously is very important for the bridge safety. In the present research, taking an actual bridge as an example, based on linear cumulative damage theory, fatigue reliability of cable stays is analyzed under combined load of vehicles and wind. Firstly, based on the long-term traffic survey and wind speed data, traffic and wind load probability distribution models for the bridge are built respectively. Secondly, an intensive computational work is performed to obtain stress time history of the stay cables in the typical time block by running self-compiled Bridge-Vehicle-Wind interaction dynamic response analysis program. Thirdly, the stress result is updated in accordance with traffic growth and extreme wind speed changing in service period. The stress amplitude and frequency are attained by rain-flow cycle counting method. Finally, the fatigue damage limit state function of cable stays is proposed based on linear cumulative damage theory, and solved by Monte-Carlo method. The analysis result shows that the effect of buffeting wind load on the fatigue reliability of cable stays is significant, the influence degree increases generally in accordance with the order from short cable to long cable. The fatigue life of cable under designed safety probability reduces by the range from 2% to 63%, average 50% compared to only considering traffic load. So fatigue assessment of stay cables should take traffic and wind loads together into account. The proposed analysis framework offers a referenced fatigue assessment approach for conventional long span bridges.
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Mir, G. M., N. A. Lala, and A. A. Balkhi. "Flexible Channel Allocation for Better Traffic Management in Microcellular Mobile Communication System using Fuzzy logic." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 11, no. 1 (2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst11.01.06.
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Various channels have high traffic density during peak hours the problems are further exacerbated by the traffic overloading in downtown areas at peak hours. The reliable and efficient communication demands unnoticed handoff to the user without deteriorating the signal strength. Current cellular system exhibits a varying traffic conditions depending upon the corresponding variations in population which is low in rural areas and high in downtown areas. The traffic density becomes even higher at peak hours and low at night hours. The acceptable service quality demands optimum use of frequency spectrum for obtaining maximum traffic throughput. The efficient allocation of channels on need basis can be one of the solutions for efficient traffic management during peak hours. In Flexible Channel Allocation scheme (FlCA), the available channels are divided in fixed and flexible set channels. Fixed set channels are normally assigned to all the cells and the number of channels is decided by the approximate calculated load of particular cell that typically suffices the traffic load of cell. The flexible channels are assigned to those cells whose channels are inadequate under increased traffic load conditions. These channels are assigned in accordance with demand of increased traffic loads. Fuzzy logic approach being flexible is explored for assigning these flexible channels for enhanced QoS.
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Nemine, Ebiserigha A., and Orie U. Ogheneale. "Determination of Assessment Live Load For Short-Span Bridges." European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 6 (2024): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(6).05.
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A key component of bridge structural assessment is the formulation of an appropriate assessment live load for the bridge evaluation. Values for assessment live load from codes can produce overly conservative effects hence the need for the application of site-specific assessment live load. This research employs the application of basic statistical analysis on traffic count data to determine a bridge assessment live load using the Benin-Sagamu Overpass bridge as a case study. Inspection of the vehicular movements on the bridge was carried out to estimate the traffic composition while there was also the performance of traffic count under five different vehicle weight classes. The results from the statistical analysis of the traffic count data were modified with factors that defined the traffic composition of the bridge in other to produce a site-specific assessment live load model. The statistical analysis produced a mean vehicle assessment live load of 29.2T (286.4KN) and a characteristic load of 46T (451KN). The mean vehicle assessment live load was enhanced with bridge traffic composition factors adopted from CS 454 to derive the assessment vehicular load in this study. The axle weights and equivalent distances of the live load vehicle were also adopted from CS 454. The bridge can thus be analysed with the derived vehicular load and its durability determined.
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Du, Hao-Ming, Zi-You Gao, Zhi-Hong Zhu, and Jian-Feng Zheng. "Impact of traffic demands on load distribution in congested scale-free networks." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 10 (2014): 1450055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114500557.
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Traffic demand is one of the most important factors to affect the traffic flow pattern or load distribution in congested networks. In this paper, we investigate the load distributions and relations between the load and degree of the node for different traffic demands in scale-free networks. Different kinds of load distributions are obtained under different traffic demands. Furthermore, the impact of link capacity on load distribution in congested scale-free networks is also discussed.
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Tadić, Bosiljka. "Cyclical Trends of Network Load Fluctuations in Traffic Jamming." Dynamics 2, no. 4 (2022): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dynamics2040026.
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The transport of information packets in complex networks is a prototype system for the study of traffic jamming, a nonlinear dynamic phenomenon that arises with increased traffic load and limited network capacity. The underlying mathematical framework helps to reveal how the macroscopic jams build-up from microscopic dynamics, depending on the posting rate, navigation rules, and network structure. We investigate the time series of traffic loads before congestion occurs on two networks with structures that support efficient transport at low traffic or higher traffic density, respectively. Each node has a fixed finite queue length and uses next-nearest-neighbour search to navigate the packets toward their destination nodes and the LIFO queueing rule. We find that when approaching the respective congestion thresholds in these networks, the traffic load fluctuations show a similar temporal pattern; it is described by dominant cyclical trends with multifractal features and the broadening of the singularity spectrum regarding small-scale fluctuations. The long-range correlations captured by the power spectra show a power-law decay with network-dependent exponents. Meanwhile, the short-range correlations dominate at the onset of congestion. These findings reveal inherent characteristics of traffic jams inferred from traffic load time series as warning signs of congestion, complementing statistical indicators such as increased travel time and prolonged queuing in different transportation networks.
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Avant, Lloyd L., Alice A. Thieman, and Michael W. O'Boyle. "The Effect of Related and Unrelated Memory Loads on the Prerecognition Visual Processing of Traffic Signs." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 14 (1994): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801426.
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Prerecognition visual processing of traffic signs was evaluated while subjects maintained one of four different types of memory load: low imageability nouns, traffic sign words, random shapes, or traffic sign shapes. Recall was uniformly high (mean=92%) and did not differ among groups. There was a highly significant interaction among groups (different memory loads), sign messages (Stop, Right, Left, Slow), and sign formats (symbol vs. word). Holding random shapes in memory eliminated prerecognition processing differences among sign messages for symbol format signs. However, for all other memory loads, differences among sign messages were significant. Tests across the memory load conditions for each format of each sign message showed that, for the Stop symbol, the Right symbol, and the Right word signs, the various memory load conditions produced no significant differences. For all other sign messages in both symbol and word format, there were significant differences among memory loads. In summary, these data show that the action message presented in traffic signs is being unconsciously processed within the first few milliseconds of visual processing, and that these operations involve unconscious activation of memory processes that store the meanings of various signs.
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Marchenko, Artem, Rolands Kromanis, and André G. Dorée. "Characterizing Bridge Thermal Response for Bridge Load Rating and Condition Assessment: A Parametric Study." Infrastructures 9, no. 2 (2024): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9020020.
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Temperature is the main driver of bridge response. It is continuously applied and may have complex distributions across the bridge. Daily temperature loads force bridges to undergo deformations that are larger than or equal to peak-to-peak traffic loads. Bridge thermal response must therefore be accounted for when performing load rating and condition assessment. This study assesses the importance of characterizing bridge thermal response and separating it from traffic-induced response. Numerical replicas (i.e., fine element models) of a steel girder bridge are generated to validate the proposed methodology. Firstly, a variety of temperature distribution scenarios, such as those resulting from extreme weather conditions due to climate change, are modelled. Then, nominal traffic load scenarios are simulated, and bridge response is characterized. Finally, damage is modelled as a reduction in material stiffness due to corrosion. Bridge response to applied traffic load is different before and after the introduction of damage; however, it can only be correctly quantified when the bridge thermal response is accurately accounted for. The study emphasizes the importance of accounting for distributed temperature loads and characterizing bridge thermal response, which are important factors to consider both in bridge design and condition assessment.
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Zhan, Xue Fang, and Yu Hui Zhang. "Influence of Traffic Load on the Crack Widths of Full Jointless Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.401.
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Traffic load not only increases the original crack widths of the reinforced approach pavement of full jointless bridges, but also generates the development of new small cracks. Using lab experiments, this paper mainly studies the influence of traffic load on the crack width of the approach pavement of full jointless bridges. The results show that the load of traffic not only increases the crack width, but also increases the vertical settlement. In order to control the crack width we need to consider the influence of the traffic load. And the traffic load influence factor here we choose to be equal to 1.45.
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Böning, Sebastian, and Ursula Freundt. "Simulation of heavy load traffic based on actual traffic measurements." IABSE Symposium Report 94, no. 8 (2008): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137808796106378.
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Liu, Chien-Ping, and Ho-Ting Wu. "A Loading-Aware TDMA Sleep Scheme to Improve Power Consumption Performance on Medium to High Traffic for NG-EPON Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610238.
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The inter-cycle sleep design previously proposed as a power-saving scheme for next-generation Ethernet passive optical networks (NG-EPONs) is able to effectively decrease the power consumption of heavy-load traffic. However, with a medium to high traffic load, these networks may still suffer from a high level of power consumption if no enhanced mechanisms are used. It was noted that the optical line terminal (OLT) often fully opens all communication channels at a medium to heavy load. Moreover, the number of opened channels was changed cyclically according to the traffic loading status. Accordingly, optical network units (ONUs) may be frequently allocated to different channels with changing loads. This may lead to inefficient operation and result in significant channel tuning delays. We thus propose a loading-aware time-division multiple access (TDMA) mechanism that allows the OLT to reserve a maximum bandwidth for each ONU when the network experiences heavy-load traffic. The performance results of our simulations reveal that the proposed scheme is able to reduce power consumption for targeted medium to high loads since ONUs under such loads can extend their sleep time because the cycle length is maximized. Moreover, the total delay is maintained at a relatively low level after applying the proposed scheme since the tuning delay is reduced significantly; however, the transmission delay is slightly increased due to the increased cycle length.
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Shchur, Vadym, and Ahmad Ali AlZubi. "OPTIMIZED ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING METHOD IN SDN NETWORKS USING THE ADAPTIVE ANT COLONY APPROACH." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 84, no. 4 (2023): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2023.04.062.
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In modern software-defined networks, providing efficient load balancing is a crucial task for optimal resource utilization and ensuring stable quality of service. To achieve these goals, in this paper, we propose a new innovative load- balancing method for SDN networks based on an anticolonial approach with dynamic parameter settings. This proposed method demonstrates high efficiency in the face of variable network dynamics and diverse node loads. Its main advantage is the ability to adapt to changing load and traffic conditions in real-time. The algorithm continuously analyses the load on the nodes and dynamically adjusts the weighting factors to ensure optimal traffic distribution. The proposed method stands out due to its ability to effectively maintain load balance under a variety of calls and loads, making it a powerful tool for ensuring reliability and performance in networks.
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Zu, Fajin, Chao Du, Chunpeng Han, Lanyu Xu, and Qiuying Peng. "Applicable Conditions of Room-and-Pillar Mining Goaf Treatment Methods under a Traffic Load." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13032024.
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The disturbance depth of traffic load has a direct impact on the stability of a room-and-pillar mining goaf. To quantitatively calculate the relationship between the traffic load disturbance depth and influencing factors, 49 groups of horizontal combinations of different influencing parameters are designed in this study, based on the orthogonal experimental design method. Midas GTS is used to simulate and obtain the corresponding traffic load disturbance depth data. A multivariate linear regression analysis of the traffic load disturbance depth is conducted, and a regression formula for calculating the traffic load disturbance depth is established. According to the traffic load disturbance depth, goaf depth, and the stability of the roof, coal pillar, and base plate under traffic load conditions, a judgment flow of the room-and-pillar mining goaf treatment method under traffic load conditions is established, and it is applied to the reconstruction and expansion project of the Jixi section of the Dan-A national highway. The results show that a geogrid can be used for treatment purposes when the traffic load disturbance depth is 1.5 times lower than the depth of the room-and-pillar mining goaf, or when the traffic load disturbance depth is 1.5 times greater than the depth of the room-and-pillar mining goaf but the roof, coal pillar, and base plate are stable. Additionally, grouting is needed for treatment in other cases. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the selection of treatment methods for room-and-pillar mining goafs underlying highways in the future. The results are of great significance in the field of engineering for the safety measures concerning highway room-and-pillar mining goafs.
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Gocal, J., J. Odrobinak, and J. Vican. "On the load-carrying capacity produced by different load models for road bridges." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no. 1 (2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012030.
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Abstract The evaluation of existing bridges is an important process and source of information within the bridge management system. Except for the load-carrying capacity represents the basic evaluation parameter, it moreover expresses a relevant and decisive parameter for the transition of actual road traffic. The paper presents the continuation of an already published analytical study aimed at comparing the effects of traffic load produced by different load models on road bridges. There are presented calculated load-carrying capacities for model cases of bridges with an upper deck with eight alternative spans and six different cross-sectional arrangements. On each of them, multiple load models simulating the effects of traffic were considered, while a certain predefined part of the considered load represented the required weight of the vehicle defining the load-carrying capacity of the respective bridge. The discussion is mainly focused on the pitfalls and possibilities of correctly defining the dependence of the weight of the vehicle representing the load-carrying capacity from the traffic load consideration schemes themselves, which are mostly defined by design codes.
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Nikhil, Bhagat. "SSL Offloading and Load Balancers: Enhancing Security and Reducing Server Load." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6, no. 11 (2019): 123–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14044886.
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The internet and web applications are now more complicated and scalable, and an effective load balancing strategy is increasingly important. It’s necessary to use a load balancer with the ability to dynamically allocate the load across different backend servers to handle the scale of traffic. Using the HTTPS protocol to protect internet traffic further increase the computing overhead for web servers. SSL/TLS offloading, which redirects the SSL/TLS termination to the load balancer rather than the web servers, is one way to overcome these issues. This strategy not only preserves the computation power of the web servers but also allows the load balancer to allocate the traffic to the server pool in a more cost-effective manner. This paper summarizes the current challenges with terminating SSL on the web servers, advantages of using SSL offloading, various scenarios where SSL offloading would be beneficial, and the design considerations for using SSL offloading mechanism.
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Fadila, Aina, Muhammad Nasir, and Safriadi Safriadi. "Implementasi Sistem Load Balancing Web Server Pada Jaringan public Cloud Computing Menggunakan Least Connection." Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering (J-AISE) 3, no. 2 (2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jaise.v3i2.4578.
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Web adalah sebuah perangkat lunak dengan berbasis data yang berfungsi untuk menerima permintaan dari client dan tanggapan permintaan dengan mentranfer melalui browser yang merupakan halaman situs web. Dibalik kemudahan pengaksesan segala informasi terdapat permasalahan yang terjadi pada trafik yang menuju web server yaitu dengan meningkatnya permintaan informasi akan dapat menjadikan trafik menuju web server menjadi overload dan akhirnya menjadi down karena tidak mampu menjalankan permintaan yang berlebihan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan load balancing yang bertugas untuk mendistribusikan beban trafik kebanyak server. Rumusan masalah yang terdapat adalah Bagaimana sitem monitoring jalanya trafik secara real time dan Bagaimana performa web server yang menggunakan load balancing dan web server tidak menggunakan load balancing. Tujuannya untuk melihat system monitoring secara real time dan mengetahui performa web server menggunakan load balancing dan tidak menggunakan load balancing.Pada penelitian ini diselesaikan dengan menerapkan load balancing pada jaringan public dan menerapkan load balancing Haproxy pada server serta didukung algoritma least connetion. Bedasarkan analisis, dapat diperoleh hasil bahwa keberhasilan system jalannya traffic secara real time yaitu 90 % dan hasil uji performa dari web server menggunakan aplikasi jmeter dengan jumlah traffic 1000 permintaan dalam satu waktu dengan looping 1,10,50 dan 100 pada load balancing nilai rata-rata throughput 630.2/sec dan tidak menggunakan load balancing nilai rata-rata throughput 354.5/sec.Kata Kunci : Load balancing, Web Server, Apache, JMeter, DockerAbstractWeb is a software with data-based that functions to receive requests from clients and respond to requests by transferring through a browser which is a website page. Behind the ease of accessing all information, there are problems that occur in traffic to the web server, namely with the increase in requests for information, it will be able to make traffic to the web server become overloaded and eventually down because it is unable to carry out excessive requests. To overcome this problem is to use load balancing which is in charge of distributing traffic loads to many servers. The formulation of the problem is how the system monitors traffic in real time and how the performance of web servers that use load balancing and web servers do not use load balancing. The goal is to see the monitoring system in real time and find out the performance of the web server using load balancing and not using load balancing. This research was completed by applying load balancing on public networks and applying Haproxy load balancing on servers and supported by least connetion algorithms. Based on the analysis, and the results of performance tests from the web server using the JMet application with the number of traffic 1000 requests at one time with looping 1, 10, 50 and 100 on load balancing average throughput value of 164.2 / sec and not using load balancing average throughput value of 612.2 / sec.Keywords— Load balancing, Web Server, Apache JMeter, Docker.
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P J, Jopxon, and Arun Soman. "Network Traffic Load Balancing In Gateways." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 16, no. 3 (2014): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-16338487.
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Leahy, Cathal, Eugene OBrien, and Alan O’Connor. "Traffic Load Effect Forecasting for Bridges." IABSE Symposium Report 105, no. 28 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815818358231.
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Cremona, Christian. "Optimal extrapolation of traffic load effects." Structural Safety 23, no. 1 (2001): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4730(00)00024-2.
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Kwak, Sanglog, Sangahm Kim, Jinkyun Park, and Wondae Jung. "UTO Traffic Controller Task Load Assessment." Journal of the Korean Society for Railway 27, no. 6 (2024): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2024.27.6.503.
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Xu, Ting Xia, Yan Li, and Zhi Wen Wu. "Vehicle Load Spectrum Simulation of Long-Span Bridges." Key Engineering Materials 648 (June 2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.648.35.
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Based on the requirement for fatigue damage evaluation of long-span bridges, and existing research literatures, the vehicle type, vehicle weight and time duration are taken as characteristic parameters of random vehicle load. Taking the Second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge as an example, the characteristics of traffic load are obtained by traffic investigation and the data from existing research results. In the paper the method and process for vehicle load spectrum simulation which includes data acquisition of random traffic load, statistical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation is proposed. The simulation program of random traffic flow is verified using the measured data. The proposed method can provide a reference for random traffic load simulation.
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C., Fancy, and Pushpalatha M. "Traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing for softwaredefined networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (2021): 2211–18. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2211-2218.
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Servers in data center networks handle heterogeneous bulk loads. Load balancing, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing network bandwidth and minimizing response time. A complete knowledge of the current network status is needed to provide a stable load in the network. The process of network status catalog in a traditional network needs additional processing which increases complexity, whereas, in software defined networking, the control plane monitors the overall working of the network continuously. Hence it is decided to propose an efficient load balancing algorithm that adapts SDN. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm TAASLB-traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing to balance the flows to the servers in a data center network. It works based on two parameters, residual bandwidth, and server capacity. It detects the elephant flows and forwards them towards the optimal server where it can be processed quickly. It has been tested with the Mininet simulator and gave considerably better results compared to the existing server load balancing algorithms in the floodlight controller. After experimentation and analysis, it is understood that the method provides comparatively better results than the existing load balancing algorithms.
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Wysokowski, Adam. "Impact of Traffic Load Randomness on Fatigue of Steel Bridges." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, no. 5 (2020): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.505.
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The article considers the influence of the randomness of traffic load on the fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. The phenomenon occurs specifically in the case of bridges characterized by significant width, with many traffic lanes and a high vehicle velocity, especially in the case of heavy goods vehicles. It has been shown that underestimation of operational durability, including fatigue durability, can be up to 23%. Operational loads increase due to the overlapping of traffic loads, which leads to the increased fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. In an effort to assess this influence and its value, elements of the problem of the randomness of road traffic loads were compiled and described, and a simulative analysis of the operational strength of various lengths (spans) of the main girders of bridges was carried out. The analyses showed that for the structures with spans length of up to 10.0 m, the influence of passing vehicles could be skipped in calculations, especially in the case of weak traffic.