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Journal articles on the topic 'Traffic Load'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Alnadish, Adham Mohammed, Madhusudhan Bangalore Ramu, Abdullah O. Baarimah, and Aawag Mohsen Alawag. "Development of Enhanced Stress Prediction Models for Fixed Traffic Loads on Flexible Pavements Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Machine Learning (ML) Techniques." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031623.

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Pavement design is influenced by traffic load, which affects its lifespan. Traditional methods classify traffic load into fixed traffic, fixed vehicle, variable traffic, and vehicle/axle loads. In fixed traffic, pavement thickness is based on the maximum expected wheel load without considering load repetitions. Meanwhile, in fixed vehicle scenarios, it is calculated by the repetitions of a standard axle load. For nonstandard axle loads, the equivalent axle load is determined by multiplying repetitions by the corresponding equivalent load factor. In variable traffic, each axle and its repetitio

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2

Asp, Olli, and Anssi Laaksonen. "Traffic Load Model Calibration and Comparison to Evolving Traffic Loads In 2014–2018." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 18, no. 3 (2023): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.612.

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The national calibration of Eurocode load model 1 (LM1) for road bridges was made by a calibration of the load effects of LM1 against the corresponding load effects of a former load model used in Finland. Due to the increased gross vehicle weights in legislation, a national calibration of LM1 was necessary and the stochastic simulation was needed. The aim of this study is to generate a traffic model together with a predictive model for simulation purposes by using and combining long-time monitoring data measured on a road network in different surveys. In this paper, the performance of the pred

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3

Wu, G., T. Chen, and G. Zhang. "Deformation characteristics of red-mud embankment under monotonic and cyclic loads." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1332, no. 1 (2024): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1332/1/012017.

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Abstract The rapid growth in the production of the red mud has led to the shortage of land for stockpiling in recent years. Although red mud has been considered as the filling material for embankments, the deformation characteristics of a red-mud embankment under traffic loads has not yet been clarified. To promote its application in embankment construction, a series of centrifuge model tests of red-mud embankment under monotonic and cyclic loads were conducted. The deformation and failure processes of red-mud embankment under normal and overproof traffic loads were analyzed. The results show

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4

Zhang, Mingyang, Xuejing Wang, and Yaohan Li. "Fatigue Reliability Assessment of Bridges Under Heavy Traffic Loading Scenario." Infrastructures 9, no. 12 (2024): 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9120238.

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Uncertainties in traffic flows pose significant challenges for the accurate fatigue safety assessment of bridge structures. Fatigue analysis requires detailed information on heavy vehicle-induced loads, which can be obtained from weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems. This paper develops a stochastic traffic load model based on site-specific WIM measurements to evaluate the fatigue reliability of steel bridges by enhancing simulation efficiency and incorporating correlations in traffic load parameters. Traffic loading is measured on site by WIM systems and used to develop a probabilistic model. A heav

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Au, Alexander, Clifford Lam, Akhilesh C. Agarwal, and Bala Tharmabala. "Bridge evaluation by mean load method per the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 4 (2005): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-015.

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The Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) provides two alternative methods for evaluating the strength of existing bridges. The load and resistance factor method provides a general approach and covers the most extreme load situations that can occur in a general bridge population. The mean load method considers the uncertainties of loads acting on a specific bridge, the method of analysis, and resistance of the structure involved, and thus can provide a more accurate evaluation of individual bridges. Since traffic load represents a major portion of bridge loads, a better evaluation of spe

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6

Gao, Lian-sheng, Han-cheng Dan, and Liang Li. "Response Analysis of Asphalt Pavement under Dynamic Loadings: Loading Equivalence." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 18, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7020298.

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This paper establishes the equivalent relationships between the half-sinusoidal load, triangular load, vertical stepwise load, and moving traffic load. The governing equation was established for analyzing the dynamic responses of pavement, and half-sinusoidal load, triangular load, and vertical stepwise load functions were transformed into Fourier series expressions. The partial differential governing equations were simplified as ordinary differential equations and the analytical solutions were obtained. Further, the solutions were validated through comparing the theoretical results with numer

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7

Klymyshyn, Nazarii. "The Network Load Balancer in Decentrilized Systems." Advances in Cyber-Physical Systems 8, no. 1 (2023): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/acps2023.01.025.

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This article explores the implementation of network load balancing in decentralized systems using OpenWrt, Quality of Service (QoS), and traffic balancing techniques. The increasing demand for high-quality net- work services and the surge in network traffic requires the adoption of more efficient load-balancing methods to main- tain network performance. This paper discusses the use of OpenWrt, an open-source firmware for network routers, to configure and manage network traffic. The article also covers the implementation of QoS and traffic balancing techniques to optimize network performance an

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8

Zhao, Yue, Xuelian Guo, Botong Su, Yamin Sun, and Yiyun Zhu. "Multi-Lane Traffic Load Clustering Model for Long-Span Bridge Based on Parameter Correlation." Mathematics 11, no. 2 (2023): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11020274.

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Traffic loads are the primary external loads on bridges during their service life. However, an accurate analysis of the long-term effect of the operating traffic load is difficult because of the diversity of traffic flow in terms of vehicle type and intensity. This study established a traffic load simulation method for long-span bridges based on high authenticity traffic monitoring data, and an improved k-means clustering algorithm and Correlated variables Sampling based on Sobol sequence and Copula function (CSSC) sampling method. The monitoring traffic data collected through a weigh-in-motio

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9

Zhao, Jingnan, Hao Wang, Pan Lu, and Jiaqi Chen. "Mechanistic–Empirical Analysis of Pavement Performance Considering Dynamic Axle Load Spectra Due to Longitudinal Unevenness." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052600.

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Pavement distresses are induced by mechanistic responses in pavement structure subjected to dynamic loads of moving vehicles. Pavement surface evenness deteriorates as pavement distresses propagate, which results in dynamic axle loads and faster pavement deterioration. It is vital to consider the dynamic axle load spectra to predict pavement deterioration using traffic-monitoring data. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dynamic loads and overweight traffic on asphalt pavement overlay performance using mechanistic–empirical (M–E) pavement analysis. The relationship between dynamic load

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10

Hamarashid, Hozan Khalid, Miran Hama Rahim Saeed, and Soran Saeed. "Designing a Smart Traffic Light Algorithm (HMS) Based on Modified Round Robin Algorithm." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 1 (2017): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.1.8.

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Nowadays, traffic light system is very important to avoid car crashes and arrange traffic load. In the Sulaimani City / Iraq, there are many traffic problems such as traffic congestion or traffic jam and the amount of time provided manually to the traffic light system. This is the main difficulty that we try to solve. The traffic lights exist but still do not manage traffic congestion due to the fixed time provided for each lane regardless of their different load. Therefore, we are proposing to change the traditional traffic system to smart traffic system (adaptive system). This paper Focuses

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11

LYAPIN, S. A., Y. N. RIZAEVA, D. A. KADASEV, and N. V. VORONIN. "INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF TRAFFIC FLOW CONTROL ON THE LOADS OF THE MAIN LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS AND THE CAPACITY OF BRIDGES." World of transport and technological machines 77, no. 2 (2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2022-77-2-27-35.

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The article shows the influence of such methods of traffic flow management as limiting the speed of vehicles on the loads of the main load-bearing elements and the capacity of bridge structures on the example of the Oktyabrsky Bridge in Lipetsk. To determine the density of traffic flow and the load on the bridge structure, to collect information about the parameters of traffic flows, road traf-fic simulation is used. The vertical moving load on the bridge is calculated.

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12

Lu, Zebin, Junru Lei, Yihao He, Zhengfa Li, Shuhua Deng, and Xieping Gao. "Energy Optimization for Software-Defined Data Center Networks Based on Flow Allocation Strategies." Electronics 8, no. 9 (2019): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091014.

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Nowadays, energy consumption has become an important issue in data center networks. The most promising energy-saving schemes are those that shut down unnecessary network devices and links while meeting the demand of traffic loads. Existing research mainly focuses on the strategies of energy savings in software-defined data center networks (SD-DCN). Few studies have considered both energy savings and the quality of service (QoS) of the traffic load. In this paper, we investigate the energy savings guaranteed by traffic load satisfaction ratio. To ensure the minimum-power consumption in data cen

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Kennedy, D. J. Laurie, Darrel P. Gagnon, David E. Allen, and James G. MacGregor. "Canadian highway bridge evaluation: load and resistance factors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 6 (1992): 992–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-119.

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Consistent load and resistance factors are developed for a range of target values of the reliability index, β, following first-order second-moment analysis techniques for use in the evaluation of highway bridges. Dead load factors are established for steel girders, concrete girders, concrete bridge decks, and wearing surfaces, taking into account the statistical variations of weights and the range of load fractions as determined from field measurements. Live load factors are established for four categories of live loads: NP — non-permit traffic that are permitted by legislation; PM — permit, m

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14

Lu, Naiwei, Jing Liu, Honghao Wang, Heping Yuan, and Yuan Luo. "Stochastic Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Welded Joints of Steel Bridge Decks under Simulated Traffic Loading." Sensors 23, no. 11 (2023): 5067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115067.

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The fatigue cracking of orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSDs) is a difficult problem that hinders the development of steel structures. The most important reasons for the occurrence of fatigue cracking are steadily growing traffic loads and unavoidable truck overloading. Stochastic traffic loading leads to the random propagation behavior of fatigue cracks, which increases the difficulty of the fatigue life evaluations of OSDs. This study developed a computational framework for the fatigue crack propagation of OSDs under stochastic traffic loads based on traffic data and finite element methods.

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15

Yusuf, Muhamad, P. Pratikso, Rachmat Mudiyono, Totti Aditya Susanto, and Zoggy Ardi Eka Saputra. "Development of Paving Block Structure Variation for Traffic Safety and Comfort." Journal of Advanced Civil and Environmental Engineering 7, no. 2 (2025): 215. https://doi.org/10.30659/jacee.7.2.215-226.

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Urban traffic congestion worldwide leads to air pollution, increased vehicle noise, and longer travel times for both private and public transit. Congestion adversely affects the well-being of road users and urban residents, and traffic accidents are closely linked to congestion. Traffic composition, road infrastructure, environmental conditions, vehicle design, and human behavior can cause congestion. Concrete block pavement is a practical option for improving traffic safety and increasing driving comfort at intersections with traffic lights. Concrete block paving roads are a cost-effective en

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16

Hoxha, E., M. Scherz, and A. Passer. "Influence of traffic load on the environmental impacts of roads: A1 and A2 highways in Austria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (2022): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012118.

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Abstract Professionals should aim to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by implementing the best road construction technologies to develop low-carbon projects. Although the traffic loads vary over the road length, the environmental impacts are assessed based on the average values of the traffic loads. Consequently, there is a gap between reality and the impacts calculated with fixed traffic load. This paper aims to assess the gap in terms of the environmental impacts of two roads by considering both a constant and a variable traffic load. With the help of a life cycle assessme

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17

Li, Wen-zheng, Qiao Guo, and Wei-min Guo. "Internet load and traffic balancing." Journal of Shanghai University (English Edition) 9, no. 2 (2005): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11741-005-0067-1.

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18

Colbourn, Charles J., Alan C. H. Ling, Gaetano Quattrocchi, and Violet R. Syrotiuk. "Grooming traffic to minimize load." Discrete Mathematics 312, no. 3 (2012): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2011.03.016.

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19

Paeglitis, Ainars, and Andris Freimanis. "Comparision of constant-span and influence line methods for long-span bridge load calculations." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11, no. 1 (2016): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2016.10.

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Traffic load models available in building standards are most often developed for short or medium span bridges, however, it is necessary to develop traffic load models just for long span bridges, because the most unfavourable traffic situations are different. Weigh-in-Motion system data from highway A1 and A3 were used in this study. Measurement errors from data were cleaned using two groups of filters. The first group was based on vehicle validity codes recorded by both systems, if any circumstances might have influenced the measurements, the second group cleaned data using general filters for

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20

Su, Ruoyu, Meinan Zhang, Fei Ding, Guilong Hu, and Qi Qi. "Scenario-Based Configuration Refinement for High-Load Cellular Networks: An Operator View." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (2022): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031483.

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With the rapid growth of users and sustained network demands powered by different industries, the quality of service (QoS) of the cellular network is affected by network traffic and computing loads. The current solutions of QoS improvement in academia focus on the fundamental algorithms within the physical and medium access control (MAC) layer. However, traffic features of various scenarios extracted from field data are rarely addressed for practical network configuration refinement. In this paper, we identify significant indicators of high traffic load cells according to the field data provid

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21

Kwocan, Aceronga, Mohammed Dahiru Buhari, Kelechi Ukagwu, and Jonathan Serugunda. "On-site Energy Utilization Evaluation of Telecommunication Base Station: A Case Study of Western Uganda." KIU Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/kjset-2023-2-1-01.

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Due to the widespread installation of Base Stations, the power consumption of cellular communication is increasing rapidly (BSs). Power consumption rises as traffic does, however this scenario varies from geolocation to geolocation because sites in rural and urban areas have variable traffic loads. Therefore, in order to address various power consumption issues, it is necessary to analyze these sites and offer validate data that network operators can employ. This study took into account the impact of traffic load on the energy consumption both in rural and urban locations in western Uganda bec

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22

Miranti, Miranti, Lydia Sari, Muhamad Doris, Syah Alam, and Indra Surjati. "User Capacity Optimization Using The Mobility Load Balancing Algorithm For Downlink Data Long Term Evolution." Jurnal Ecotipe (Electronic, Control, Telecommunication, Information, and Power Engineering) 12, no. 1 (2025): 103–12. https://doi.org/10.33019/jurnalecotipe.v12i1.4532.

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The increasing number of users in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network often decreases network performance. A cell that has high traffic experiences a decline in network performance due to unavailable resources for certain users, while in cells with low traffic, the use of resources in these cells is inefficient. The mobility load balancing (MLB) algorithm balances the intercellular loads in an LTE network and improves the performance by distributing part of the load in a high traffic cell to neighboring cells that have low loads. An activated MLB will detect the network load and calculate the

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Qi, Hui, Xuesen Zhang, Jian Liu, et al. "Study on Deformation Characteristics of Low-Highway Subgrade under Traffic Load." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073406.

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Highway subgrade bears millions of traffic loads over the years, and its strength, stiffness, and long-term stability gradually decline. In this paper, dynamic triaxial tests were carried out to study the time evolution and spatial distribution of strain and pore pressure of highway-subgrade soil under the action of traffic load. The influence of traffic load on subgrade deformation was analyzed. Furthermore, a numerical-calculation model of the subgrade was established. The deformation characteristics of subgrade under driving load were analyzed. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:

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Solahudin, Nur, and Muhammad Daffa Putra Susanto. "Analysis of Road Damage Factors Based on Vehicle Load and Volume on K.H. Zaenal Arifin Road Segment Cikulak – Cibogo." Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 6, no. 4 (2025): 417–25. https://doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v6i4.25454.

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Road damage on K.H. Zaenal Arifin Cikulak–Cibogo, characterized by potholes, crocodile cracks, and flooding, disrupts traffic and safety and is exacerbated by heavy vehicle loads and poor maintenance. This study analyzes damage factors (vehicle load, traffic volume) and assesses pavement conditions to recommend repair methods. A quantitative approach with field surveys, visual documentation, and PCI analysis was employed, supported by traffic volume conversion to passenger car units (smp) and ESAL calculations. The PCI score of 42 ("fair") reflected significant damage, with ESAL values indicat

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Vozniuk, Andrii, Oleg Zagornyak, Vitalii Raikovskyi, and Volodymyr Kaskiv. "STUDY OF WEIGH IN MOTION DATA FOR TRAFFIC VOLUME COEFFICIENTS UPDATING." Dorogi i mosti 2022, no. 26 (2022): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2022.26.228.

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Introduction. The implementation of the Weighing in Motion System (WIM) in Ukraine has been started in compliance with the State Targeted Economic Program for the Development of Public Highways of State Importance in 2018-2022 and was aimed at preserving the road surface from damaging and reducing expenses for road maintenance. In order to ensure transparency in the field of state planning for the road construction, reconstruction and repair, Ukravtodor ensures the publication of up-to-date WIM information via interactive map http://bit.ly/wiminbrief and annual statistical reports. The paper d

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Raad, Lutfi, Eric Johnson, Dave Bush, and Stephan Saboundjian. "Parks Highway Load Restriction Field Data Analysis: Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, no. 1 (1998): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-05.

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The loss of pavement strength during spring thaw could result in excessive road damage under applied traffic loads. Damage assessment associated with the critical thaw period is essential to evaluate current load restriction policies. The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities proposed a plan that will provide an engineering analysis of field conditions with 100-percent loads on the Parks Highway for 1996. Extensive data were collected and analyzed in an effort to monitor pavement damage during the spring of 1996 and to determine loss of pavement strength. Field data include

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Mao, He, and Xiu Hua Xu. "Research on Second Ring Expressway Traffic Congestion in Beijing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 1339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.1339.

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According to the urban expressway traffic congestion of Beijing, from the perspective of traffic flow, the study makes a calculation and analysis on road network congestion rate, load of road network and traffic operation index. Training the traffic congestion and load of road network by using the BP neutral network in MATLAB, and put forward some countermeasures to solve the problem of traffic congestion. Through analyzing the load of different section and congestion rate, we can obtain the spatial distribution of the traffic flow and grasp the overall traffic on the Ring Road running load, d

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Kiran, Noolvi, Nallamalli Swetha, Godasu Apoorva, and Sai Krishna Mohan Pitchikala Naga. "Load Balancing using OpenDaylight Controller." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 6 (2020): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950015.

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In this study, we focused on setting up load balancers and improving load balancing in a network that uses a Fat Tree design using Open Daylight system. We built the network using tools like Mininet and Instant Virtual Network (IVN). Open Daylight, which is an open-source controller for software-defined networks (SDN), was used to manage and control the traffic flow in the network. To test the network, we created traffic using a tool called IPERF and measured key factors like bandwidth, delay (latency), and overall network performance. The aim of this research is to study how the traffic flows

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Li, Yan, Da Gang Lv, and Hong Fei Sheng. "Fatigue Reliability Analysis of the Stay Cables of Cable-Stayed Bridge under Combined Loads of Stochastic Traffic and Wind." Key Engineering Materials 456 (December 2010): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.456.23.

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The existent studies on cable stays fatigue for the serviced cable-stayed bridge generally only considered traffic or wind load action respectively. The long span cable-stayed bridges are very sensitive to wind load, so the fatigue estimation of cable stays considering traffic and wind load simultaneously is very important for the bridge safety. In the present research, taking an actual bridge as an example, based on linear cumulative damage theory, fatigue reliability of cable stays is analyzed under combined load of vehicles and wind. Firstly, based on the long-term traffic survey and wind s

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Mir, G. M., N. A. Lala, and A. A. Balkhi. "Flexible Channel Allocation for Better Traffic Management in Microcellular Mobile Communication System using Fuzzy logic." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 11, no. 1 (2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst11.01.06.

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Various channels have high traffic density during peak hours the problems are further exacerbated by the traffic overloading in downtown areas at peak hours. The reliable and efficient communication demands unnoticed handoff to the user without deteriorating the signal strength. Current cellular system exhibits a varying traffic conditions depending upon the corresponding variations in population which is low in rural areas and high in downtown areas. The traffic density becomes even higher at peak hours and low at night hours. The acceptable service quality demands optimum use of frequency sp

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Du, Hao-Ming, Zi-You Gao, Zhi-Hong Zhu, and Jian-Feng Zheng. "Impact of traffic demands on load distribution in congested scale-free networks." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 10 (2014): 1450055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114500557.

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Traffic demand is one of the most important factors to affect the traffic flow pattern or load distribution in congested networks. In this paper, we investigate the load distributions and relations between the load and degree of the node for different traffic demands in scale-free networks. Different kinds of load distributions are obtained under different traffic demands. Furthermore, the impact of link capacity on load distribution in congested scale-free networks is also discussed.

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Nemine, Ebiserigha A., and Orie U. Ogheneale. "Determination of Assessment Live Load For Short-Span Bridges." European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 6 (2024): 55–63. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(6).05.

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A key component of bridge structural assessment is the formulation of an appropriate assessment live load for the bridge evaluation. Values for assessment live load from codes can produce overly conservative effects hence the need for the application of site-specific assessment live load. This research employs the application of basic statistical analysis on traffic count data to determine a bridge assessment live load using the Benin-Sagamu Overpass bridge as a case study. Inspection of the vehicular movements on the bridge was carried out to estimate the traffic composition while there was a

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Tadić, Bosiljka. "Cyclical Trends of Network Load Fluctuations in Traffic Jamming." Dynamics 2, no. 4 (2022): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dynamics2040026.

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The transport of information packets in complex networks is a prototype system for the study of traffic jamming, a nonlinear dynamic phenomenon that arises with increased traffic load and limited network capacity. The underlying mathematical framework helps to reveal how the macroscopic jams build-up from microscopic dynamics, depending on the posting rate, navigation rules, and network structure. We investigate the time series of traffic loads before congestion occurs on two networks with structures that support efficient transport at low traffic or higher traffic density, respectively. Each

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Avant, Lloyd L., Alice A. Thieman, and Michael W. O'Boyle. "The Effect of Related and Unrelated Memory Loads on the Prerecognition Visual Processing of Traffic Signs." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 14 (1994): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801426.

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Prerecognition visual processing of traffic signs was evaluated while subjects maintained one of four different types of memory load: low imageability nouns, traffic sign words, random shapes, or traffic sign shapes. Recall was uniformly high (mean=92%) and did not differ among groups. There was a highly significant interaction among groups (different memory loads), sign messages (Stop, Right, Left, Slow), and sign formats (symbol vs. word). Holding random shapes in memory eliminated prerecognition processing differences among sign messages for symbol format signs. However, for all other memor

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Marchenko, Artem, Rolands Kromanis, and André G. Dorée. "Characterizing Bridge Thermal Response for Bridge Load Rating and Condition Assessment: A Parametric Study." Infrastructures 9, no. 2 (2024): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9020020.

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Temperature is the main driver of bridge response. It is continuously applied and may have complex distributions across the bridge. Daily temperature loads force bridges to undergo deformations that are larger than or equal to peak-to-peak traffic loads. Bridge thermal response must therefore be accounted for when performing load rating and condition assessment. This study assesses the importance of characterizing bridge thermal response and separating it from traffic-induced response. Numerical replicas (i.e., fine element models) of a steel girder bridge are generated to validate the propose

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Zhan, Xue Fang, and Yu Hui Zhang. "Influence of Traffic Load on the Crack Widths of Full Jointless Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.401.

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Traffic load not only increases the original crack widths of the reinforced approach pavement of full jointless bridges, but also generates the development of new small cracks. Using lab experiments, this paper mainly studies the influence of traffic load on the crack width of the approach pavement of full jointless bridges. The results show that the load of traffic not only increases the crack width, but also increases the vertical settlement. In order to control the crack width we need to consider the influence of the traffic load. And the traffic load influence factor here we choose to be e

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Liu, Chien-Ping, and Ho-Ting Wu. "A Loading-Aware TDMA Sleep Scheme to Improve Power Consumption Performance on Medium to High Traffic for NG-EPON Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610238.

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The inter-cycle sleep design previously proposed as a power-saving scheme for next-generation Ethernet passive optical networks (NG-EPONs) is able to effectively decrease the power consumption of heavy-load traffic. However, with a medium to high traffic load, these networks may still suffer from a high level of power consumption if no enhanced mechanisms are used. It was noted that the optical line terminal (OLT) often fully opens all communication channels at a medium to heavy load. Moreover, the number of opened channels was changed cyclically according to the traffic loading status. Accord

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Böning, Sebastian, and Ursula Freundt. "Simulation of heavy load traffic based on actual traffic measurements." IABSE Symposium Report 94, no. 8 (2008): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137808796106378.

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Shchur, Vadym, and Ahmad Ali AlZubi. "OPTIMIZED ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING METHOD IN SDN NETWORKS USING THE ADAPTIVE ANT COLONY APPROACH." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 84, no. 4 (2023): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2023.04.062.

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In modern software-defined networks, providing efficient load balancing is a crucial task for optimal resource utilization and ensuring stable quality of service. To achieve these goals, in this paper, we propose a new innovative load- balancing method for SDN networks based on an anticolonial approach with dynamic parameter settings. This proposed method demonstrates high efficiency in the face of variable network dynamics and diverse node loads. Its main advantage is the ability to adapt to changing load and traffic conditions in real-time. The algorithm continuously analyses the load on the

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Zu, Fajin, Chao Du, Chunpeng Han, Lanyu Xu, and Qiuying Peng. "Applicable Conditions of Room-and-Pillar Mining Goaf Treatment Methods under a Traffic Load." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13032024.

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The disturbance depth of traffic load has a direct impact on the stability of a room-and-pillar mining goaf. To quantitatively calculate the relationship between the traffic load disturbance depth and influencing factors, 49 groups of horizontal combinations of different influencing parameters are designed in this study, based on the orthogonal experimental design method. Midas GTS is used to simulate and obtain the corresponding traffic load disturbance depth data. A multivariate linear regression analysis of the traffic load disturbance depth is conducted, and a regression formula for calcul

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Gocal, J., J. Odrobinak, and J. Vican. "On the load-carrying capacity produced by different load models for road bridges." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no. 1 (2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012030.

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Abstract The evaluation of existing bridges is an important process and source of information within the bridge management system. Except for the load-carrying capacity represents the basic evaluation parameter, it moreover expresses a relevant and decisive parameter for the transition of actual road traffic. The paper presents the continuation of an already published analytical study aimed at comparing the effects of traffic load produced by different load models on road bridges. There are presented calculated load-carrying capacities for model cases of bridges with an upper deck with eight a

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Nikhil, Bhagat. "SSL Offloading and Load Balancers: Enhancing Security and Reducing Server Load." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 6, no. 11 (2019): 123–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14044886.

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The internet and web applications are now more complicated and scalable, and an effective load balancing strategy is increasingly important. It’s necessary to use a load balancer with the ability to dynamically allocate the load across different backend servers to handle the scale of traffic. Using the HTTPS protocol to protect internet traffic further increase the computing overhead for web servers. SSL/TLS offloading, which redirects the SSL/TLS termination to the load balancer rather than the web servers, is one way to overcome these issues. This strategy not only preserves the comput

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Fadila, Aina, Muhammad Nasir, and Safriadi Safriadi. "Implementasi Sistem Load Balancing Web Server Pada Jaringan public Cloud Computing Menggunakan Least Connection." Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering (J-AISE) 3, no. 2 (2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30811/jaise.v3i2.4578.

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Web adalah sebuah perangkat lunak dengan berbasis data yang berfungsi untuk menerima permintaan dari client dan tanggapan permintaan dengan mentranfer melalui browser yang merupakan halaman situs web. Dibalik kemudahan pengaksesan segala informasi terdapat permasalahan yang terjadi pada trafik yang menuju web server yaitu dengan meningkatnya permintaan informasi akan dapat menjadikan trafik menuju web server menjadi overload dan akhirnya menjadi down karena tidak mampu menjalankan permintaan yang berlebihan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan load balancing yang be

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P J, Jopxon, and Arun Soman. "Network Traffic Load Balancing In Gateways." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 16, no. 3 (2014): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-16338487.

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Leahy, Cathal, Eugene OBrien, and Alan O’Connor. "Traffic Load Effect Forecasting for Bridges." IABSE Symposium Report 105, no. 28 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815818358231.

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Cremona, Christian. "Optimal extrapolation of traffic load effects." Structural Safety 23, no. 1 (2001): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4730(00)00024-2.

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Kwak, Sanglog, Sangahm Kim, Jinkyun Park, and Wondae Jung. "UTO Traffic Controller Task Load Assessment." Journal of the Korean Society for Railway 27, no. 6 (2024): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2024.27.6.503.

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Xu, Ting Xia, Yan Li, and Zhi Wen Wu. "Vehicle Load Spectrum Simulation of Long-Span Bridges." Key Engineering Materials 648 (June 2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.648.35.

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Based on the requirement for fatigue damage evaluation of long-span bridges, and existing research literatures, the vehicle type, vehicle weight and time duration are taken as characteristic parameters of random vehicle load. Taking the Second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge as an example, the characteristics of traffic load are obtained by traffic investigation and the data from existing research results. In the paper the method and process for vehicle load spectrum simulation which includes data acquisition of random traffic load, statistical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation is proposed. The

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C., Fancy, and Pushpalatha M. "Traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing for softwaredefined networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (2021): 2211–18. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2211-2218.

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Servers in data center networks handle heterogeneous bulk loads. Load balancing, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing network bandwidth and minimizing response time. A complete knowledge of the current network status is needed to provide a stable load in the network. The process of network status catalog in a traditional network needs additional processing which increases complexity, whereas, in software defined networking, the control plane monitors the overall working of the network continuously. Hence it is decided to propose an efficient load balancing algorithm that adapts SDN

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Wysokowski, Adam. "Impact of Traffic Load Randomness on Fatigue of Steel Bridges." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, no. 5 (2020): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.505.

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The article considers the influence of the randomness of traffic load on the fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. The phenomenon occurs specifically in the case of bridges characterized by significant width, with many traffic lanes and a high vehicle velocity, especially in the case of heavy goods vehicles. It has been shown that underestimation of operational durability, including fatigue durability, can be up to 23%. Operational loads increase due to the overlapping of traffic loads, which leads to the increased fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. In an effort to asses

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