Relevant bibliographies by topics / Traffic shifting

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Traffic shifting'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 26 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Traffic shifting"

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Dan, Yasuaki. "Shifting Traffic Line towards Recreational Facilities:." Annual review of sociology 2015, no. 28 (2015): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5690/kantoh.2015.124.

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Solomon, Harris. "Shifting Gears: Triage and Traffic in Urban India." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 31, no. 3 (2017): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maq.12367.

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Aubin, Jean-Pierre. "Macroscopic traffic models: Shifting from densities to “Celerities”." Applied Mathematics and Computation 217, no. 3 (2010): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2010.02.032.

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Wei, Xueyan, Wei Wang, Weijie Yu, Xuedong Hua, and Yun Xiang. "A Stochastic User Equilibrium Model Under Traffic Rationing Based on Mode Shifting Rate." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (2020): 5433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135433.

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As a countermeasure to urban exhaust pollution and traffic congestion, traffic restriction based on the last digit of license plate numbers has been widely introduced throughout the world. However, the effect of traffic restriction is weakened as it causes the long-distance detour of restricted travel modes and induces travel demand to shift to unrestricted travel modes. To consider detour and shift of traffic demand caused by traffic restriction, we propose a stochastic user equilibrium model under traffic rationing based on mode shifting rate and the corresponding solution algorithm. A case study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of proposed model and algorithm. Main findings of numerical experiments include: (1) Compared with traditional stochastic user equilibrium model, the temporary traffic demand shift caused by long-distance detour are well considered in proposed model. (2) Sensitivity analysis of the consumption parameters used in the proposed model shows that, the involved cost parameters have different effectiveness on the mode shifting rate. This study provides a reasonable relaxation of the intensively used assumption, that all restricted vehicles outside the restricted district will detour in traffic rationing research, and provides a reasonable approach to evaluate the change of link flow and the beneficial effectiveness on the sustainability of traffic environment after implementation of traffic restriction policy.
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Stupin, Artem, Lev Kazakovtsev, Alena Stupina, Oleslav Antamoshkin, and Vladislav Stasiuk. "Improving the traffic situation by shifting the turn and adjusting the traffic lights." E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337604019.

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The article deals with the problem of the formation of a traffic jam on the one of the street Krasnoyarsk cities. According to statistics, the largest set of accidents occur when turning the vehicle. For convenience and traffic priority, traffic lights are set up and additional signals or sections of traffic lights are introduced. In Europe, additional lanes are added, designed separately for turning, where cars can continue to wait for their turn, but if there are a lot of cars, then the additional lane ceases to cope with the flow of cars and begins to load the lane. Another option, when all left turns are prohibited, you need to turn right, where there is one-way traffic, look for a place to turn around and return from another street in order to drive straight to the opposite side of the road where the turn was prohibited. These manipulations can affect the ecology near residential areas and overload small streets, where there is already 1 lane for traffic. The paper proposes the option of transferring the turn to the supermarket to the next intersection in order to increase throughput at large traffic flows, and also uses analytical optimization methods to minimize travel time and maximize passing cars per hour.
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Chen, Da Shan. "Characteristic Parameters Identification of Macro Traffic Flow on Urban Expressway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 1209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.1209.

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The macroscopic traffic flow parameters characteristic is an important research content in traffic flow theory. Urban expressway plays an important role in the urban road network. It is gradually shifting from large-scale infrastructure-oriented to refinement of traffic management. With the growing of traffic demand and much more traffic congestion and accidents, integrated active traffic management should be involved in urban expressway management on the back ground of car-road coordination. As the backbone road network, traffic flow characteristic parameters have great value for the control and management of urban expressway. Then the characteristic variables of the expressway traffic flow were identified which support meticulous management for urban expressway.
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Kono, Yutaka, and Kazuyuki Nakamura. "Prediction System of Subway Traffic Flow and Appropriate Parameters Shifting." Proceedings of the ISCIE International Symposium on Stochastic Systems Theory and its Applications 2017 (2017): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5687/sss.2017.168.

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Santhoshi, Ms Ravala. "Machine Learning-Driven Optimization of Driving Patterns Through for Fuel Efficiency." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 4 (2025): 584–87. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.68323.

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Reducing fuel consumption and pollution requires optimising driving practices to boost fuel economy. This article explores how driving behaviours can be optimised for increased fuel efficiency using machine learning techniques. We employ supervised learning, reinforcement learning, and clustering to assess behaviours such as braking, acceleration, and route selection by examining vehicle sensor data. While real-time decision-making tools respond to shifting traffic conditions, our framework offers fleet management systems and individual drivers tailored advise on how to reduce fuel use. By analysing driving behaviours including speed maintenance, braking, and acceleration. We develop prediction models. To identify fuel driving techniques, machine learning techniques such as clustering, supervised learning and reinforcement learning are employed. In response to shifting traffic conditions, the proposed techniques modify driving advice.
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Azevedo Cezila, Beatriz, Raoni Rebouças, and Cybele Sabino Lisboa. "Effects of traffic noise on calling activity of Aplastodiscus leucopygius (Anura, Hylidae)." Acta Herpetologica 19, no. 1 (2024): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/a_h-15334.

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Advertisement calls are the main communication form of anurans, and other individuals can use it to evaluate several aspects of the calling individual. In this context, environmental disturbances, such as traffic noise, can potentially affect this recognition. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the response of Aplastodiscus leucopygius to traffic noise in a fragment of Atlantic Forest within the city of São Paulo. The experimentation consisted of recording the calling individual previously, during and after an exposure to urban noise. After that, individuals were measured to evaluate the Scaled Mass Index (SMI), and individual and environmental temperatures were taken. Also, considering that individuals of this species present harmonic shifting, we tried to evaluate which factors (individual, acoustic, or environmental) are associated with this phenomenon. We observed that the individuals showed an increase in call activity after exposure to traffic noise, but none of the evaluated aspects here could explain the harmonic shifting in their calls. Considering that this increasing on call activity also means an increasing of individual’s expense of energy, traffic noise is potentially harmful to the communication of A. leucopygius and, consequently, to its permanence in the site.
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Al-Hussein Matar, Hazem Gamal, and Mohamed H. Abdelati. "Modeling the Impact of Traffic Density on Critical Gap Distribution at Unsignalized Intersections." Journal of Scientific Insights 2, no. 1 (2025): 56–60. https://doi.org/10.69930/jsi.v2i1.287.

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This study constructs mathematical models to evaluate the connection between critical gap dimensions and traffic flow volumes at traffic intersections without signals. Drivers need critical gap as the briefest gap between vehicles to safely move through the road. Traditional theoretical models maintain fixed traffic density patterns even though actual conditions from urban roads typically exhibit changing densities. Including fluctuating traffic density in this model will improve accuracy when studying how changing traffic conditions influence critical gap measurements. The model applies exponential distribution to compute acceptance probabilities of different gap sizes while traffic density adjusts. In more congested traffic conditions drivers accept shorter gaps because the critical gap becomes smaller. The conclusion matches what existing traffic flow theories have previously demonstrated. This model delivers meaningful information regarding traffic management procedures and road intersection design standards particularly for city areas experiencing shifting traffic congestion throughout the day.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Traffic shifting"

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Bigelow, Matthew Steven. "Examining the relative costs and benefits of shifting the locus of control in a novel air traffic management environment via multi-agent dynamic analysis and simulation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41142.

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The current air traffic management system has primarily evolved via incremental changes around historic control, navigation, and surveillance technologies. As a result, the system as a whole is not capable of handling air traffic capacities well beyond current levels, despite recent developments, such as ADS-B, that could potentially enable new concepts of operation. Methods of analyzing air traffic for safety and performance have also evolved around current-day operating constructs. Thus, attempts to examine future systems tend to use different analysis methods developed for each. Most notably, questions of 'locus of control' - whether the control should be centralized or de-centralized and distributed - have no common framework by which to judge relative costs and benefits. For instance, a completely centralized control paradigm is commonly asserted to provide an airspace-wide optimal traffic management solution due to a more complete picture of the state of the airspace, whereas a completely decentralized control paradigm is commonly asserted to provide a more user-specific optimal traffic management solution, to distribute the traffic management workload, and potentially be more robust. Given the disparate nature of these assertions and the different types of evaluations commonly used with each, some shared framework must be established to allow comparisons between very different control paradigms. The objective of this thesis was to construct a formal framework to examine the relative costs and benefits of shifting the locus of control in a novel air traffic management environment. This framework provides useful definitions and quantitative measures of flexibility and robustness with respect to various control paradigms ranging between, and including, completely centralized and completely decentralized concepts of operation. Multi-agent dynamic analysis and simulation was used to analyze the range of dynamics found in the different control paradigms. In addition, futuristic air traffic management concepts were developed in sufficient detail to demonstrate the framework. In other words, the objectives were met because the framework was demonstrated to have the ability to identify (or dispel) hypotheses about the relative costs and benefits of locus of control.
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Books on the topic "Traffic shifting"

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Office, General Accounting. Commercial motor carriers: DOT is shifting to performance-based standards to assess whether carriers operate safely : report to the Honorable Ray LaHood, House of Representatives. The Office, 1997.

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Transportation, Virginia Secretary of, ed. The potential for shifting Virginia's highway traffic to railroads: Report of the Secretary of Transportation to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia. Commonwealth of Virginia, 2001.

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Karim, Dewan Masud. Shifting Mobility. CRC Press LLC, 2023.

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Shifting Lines, Entangled Borderlands: Mobilities and Migration along the Prussian Eastern Railroad. Indiana University Press, 2024.

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Shifting Lines, Entangled Borderlands: Mobilities and Migration along the Prussian Eastern Railroad. Indiana University Press, 2024.

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Shifting Lines, Entangled Borderlands: Mobilities and Migration along the Prussian Eastern Railroad. Indiana University Press, 2024.

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Commercial motor carriers: DOT is shifting to performance-based standards to assess whether carriers operate safely : report to the Honorable Ray LaHood, House of Representatives. The Office, 1997.

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City Fights Back: A Nation-Wide Survey of What Cities Are Doing to Keep Pace with Traffic, Zoning, Shifting Population, Smoke, Smog, and Other Problems. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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Chung, Demi. Private Provision of Public Services. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.26.

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The first public–private partnership (PPP) motorway in Australia was open to traffic more than two decades ago, and yet no comprehensive evaluation of PPPs in the road transport sector has been sighted. It is the intention of this chapter to fill this gap. Although there have been noticeable advancements in contract design and use of incentive mechanisms to optimize risk allocation between the public and private sectors, Australian PPP motorways have yet to deliver an optimal outcome. It is questionable whether the current risk-shifting approach in the present PPP paradigm is suitable for providing infrastructure-based road services where long-term service provision is a requirement. In such cases, a proactive risk management approach may be preferred.
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Duffy, Brooke Erin. Rethinking Readership. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037962.003.0005.

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This chapter examines how the transformations associated with digitization are reshaping the ways in which publishers of women's magazines think about readership by focusing on their constructions of audiences. Editors and publishers of women's magazines have long targeted narrowly defined segments of the female populace based upon demographic factors (age, household income, marital status, educational level, and sometimes even race) as well as lifestyle traits and behaviors. They draw upon surveys and other measurement techniques to understand these segments and craft detailed profiles of their “ideal reader.” This chapter considers women's magazines' shape-shifting approaches to audiences, particularly between producers for the print and digital products. It discusses the magazine industry's progress in terms of providing advertisers with more precise and timely audience metrics, as well as magazines' understanding of audience demographics. It also explores recent developments in online tracking and consumer analytics and how they have inspired a new series of approaches to researching media audiences, including search engine optimization, content syndication and aggregation, and web traffic generation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Traffic shifting"

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Xu, Lexi, Xinzhou Cheng, Yue Chen, Kun Chao, Dantong Liu, and Huanlai Xing. "Self-optimised Coordinated Traffic Shifting Scheme for LTE Cellular Systems." In Self-Organizing Networks. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19746-3_9.

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"CONTROL: Just what we need, another traffic light." In Shifting Gears. The MIT Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14913.003.0012.

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"MOBILITY: Traffic is truly horrible, but does it actually matter?" In Shifting Gears. The MIT Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14913.003.0007.

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Colby, Robert K. D. "“Liable to Be Sold at Any Moment”: State-Making, Continuity, and the Slave Trade." In An Unholy Traffic. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578261.003.0006.

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Abstract Chapter 5 delves into the ways in which the specific context of the Civil War sparked a wave of transactions in enslaved people. Confederates bought and sold enslaved laborers to support their war effort. Enslaved workers made weapons and munitions, grew food, built fortifications, laid railroads, and performed a host of other tasks essential to the Confederate States of America’s war-making. Through the slave trade, Confederates controlled and allocated their labor amid the chaos of war, using the enslaved to help create the very state that held them in bondage. Individual Rebels also used the slave trade to counter the crises the war created: to offset shortages of food, shifting gender roles, and the innumerable hardships caused by the conflict. Amid all of this, the state mechanisms that underpinned much slave trading ground on, leading to court-mandated sales, as well as transactions intended to address enslavers’ perceived needs and to ensure the continuity of slavery even in a revolutionary moment.
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Miringoff, Marc, and Marque-Luisa Miringoff. "Indicators of Shifting Performance." In The Social Health of the Nation. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133486.003.0007.

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Abstract Much can be learned about the nation’s social health from indicators whose performance has shifted significantly over time. For some indicators this has occurred at one critical point; for others there have been periodic shifts. These course changes have been brought about by a number of factors, including social policy interventions, attitudinal changes in the society, and the cyclical nature of the economy. The indicators showing shifting performance are: Teenage drug use Teenage births Alcohol-related traffic fatalities Affordable housing Unemployment Both teenage drug use and teenage births have experienced several shifts caused by social policy and changes in attitude. Teenage drug use, at its peak during the late 1970s, was addressed by a variety of interventions, and improved during the 1980s. With fewer interventions during the 1990s, it has begun to worsen once again. In contrast, the rate of teenage births rose during the 1980s but has fallen during each of the past six years.
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Bobbio, Luigio, and Alberico Zeppetella. "Shifting tools and shifting meanings in urban traffic policy: the case of Turin." In The Politics of Improving Urban Air Quality. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1999. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035377527.00011.

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Decker, Frank, and Philipp Adorf. "From the Eternal Grand Coalition to the Traffic Light Alliance:." In Shifting Paradigms in Contemporary German Politics and Policy. Berghahn Books, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.9941336.5.

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Albert, Daniel M. "The Nut Behind the Wheel: Shifting Responsibilities for Traffic Safety Since 1895." In Silent Victories. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.17.

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Christie, Ian. "Traffic in Images: Visual Spectacle before Cinema in Brazil." In Towards an Intermedial History of Brazilian Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474452984.003.0002.

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Past generations of film historians, especially those exploring the early years of their national cinemas, have tended to focus on the birth of indigenous production. Adopting a media archaeological approach, this chapter argues instead for the inherent globality of technological media, whereby these were widely exported and welcomed as tokens of modernity and interconnection throughout the nineteenth century. More specifically, the chapter contends that the chronological beginning of Brazil’s film history needs to be re-placed in the shifting ensemble of pre-cinematic entertainment media. To that end, it describes a trajectory from paintings to panoramas that denotes Portugal’s censorious attempts to ‘hide’ Brazil from the world, as Latin American images became prime examples of the exotic for nineteenth-century audiences.
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Sura, Sahil, and Himmi Gupta. "DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZATION OF WAIT TIME AT A TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLED INTERSECTION FOR SMART TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT." In Futuristic Trends in Construction Materials & Civil Engineering Volume 3 Book 6. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bjce6p6ch2.

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The urban landscape is constantly shifting and adapting as a result of factors such as population increase, immigration, and changes in the economy, politics, and culture. Concerns like growing road obstruction, transit delays, pollution levels, consumption of gasoline, etc. have resulted from higher traffic volumes in metropolitan areas. Life expectancy, road safety, environmental quality, and commute times are all impacted by traffic congestion. At junctions, traffic lights play a crucial role in regulating vehicular flow. The traditional pre-timed traffic systems have been ineffective due to the dramatic growth in lights become insufficient in managing traffic clearance which leads to heavy traffic congestion at intersection. Another major issue is that the Emergency vehicles like ambulance, police van, fire brigade experience prolonged waiting time to cross the intersection. For these reasons, development of smart intersections with the aid of technologies such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, artificial intelligence, multiprocessor systems etc. can help to provide the solution and improve the urban traffic management problems. Smart cities are increasingly adopting solutions by using adaptive and intelligent approach to develop smart traffic lights to improve the traffic flow at intersections. The current study on smart traffic light system makes contribution in developing intelligent and adaptive systems to resolve traffic congestion problems at single and connected intersections with an objective to improve traffic clearance and prioritize passage of Emergency vehicle at an isolated intersection. Another problem is the one generally faced by pedestrians as they have to wait for a prolonged interval of time for getting way to cross the lane of major intersection specially at peak traffic hours. This problem has also been considered in the study. System performance has been tested for a twenty-four-hour traffic pattern at an isolated intersection. The outcomes of the simulations showed that the suggested design outperformed the standard fixed-time method in terms of automotive clearing, rescue vehicles passing, and pedestrians wait time.
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Conference papers on the topic "Traffic shifting"

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Xu, Lexi, Yue Chen, KoK Keong Chai, Dantong Liu, Shaoshi Yang, and John Schormans. "User Relay Assisted Traffic Shifting in LTE-Advanced Systems." In 2013 IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2013.6692800.

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Mancuso, Renato, Andrew V. Louis, and Marco Caccamo. "Using traffic phase shifting to improve AFDX link utilization." In 2015 International Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emsoft.2015.7318281.

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Blokus, Adam, and Henryk Krawczyk. "Improving Traffic Light Recognition Methods using Shifting Time-Windows." In 2018 25th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwssip.2018.8439187.

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Chapnevis, Amirahmad, Ismail Guvenc, and Eyuphan Bulut. "Traffic Shifting based Resource Optimization in Aggregated IoT Communication." In 2020 IEEE 45th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn48667.2020.9314781.

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Oaks, Robert D., and Mike M. Paglione. "Time shifting beacon radar reports in recorded air traffic data." In 2008 IEEE/AIAA 27th Digital Avionics Systems Conference. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2008.4702785.

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Petzinger, B., R. Oaks, and N. Nelson. "Jaguar: Time shifting air traffic scenarios using a genetic algorithm." In 2012 IEEE/AIAA 31st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2012.6382328.

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"Jaguar: Time shifting air traffic scenarios using a genetic algorithm." In 2012 IEEE/AIAA 31st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2012.6383004.

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Xu, Lexi, Yuting Luan, Kun Chao, Xinzhou Cheng, Heng Zhang, and John Schormans. "Channel-aware optimised traffic shifting in LTE-Advanced relay networks." In 2014 IEEE 25th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2014.7136423.

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Pang, Zhongwang, Guan Wang, and Bo Wang. "Time Shifting Deviation Method Enhanced Laser Interferometer for Traffic Monitoring." In 2023 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eftf/ifcs57587.2023.10272232.

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Wang, Guan, Zhongwang Pang, Fangmin Wang, Yufeng Chen, Hongfei Dai, and Bo Wang. "Time Shifting Deviation Method Enhanced Laser Interferometry: Traffic Vibration Localizing and Analyzing Using an Urban Fiber Link." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2022.jw5b.4.

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The time shifting deviation (TSDEV) method enhanced laser interferometry can utilize urban fiber cable as sensing network, to localize traffic vibration with ultrahigh precision and analyze daily traffic pattern (including 2022 Winter Olympics).
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Reports on the topic "Traffic shifting"

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Gunay, Selim, Fan Hu, Khalid Mosalam, et al. Blind Prediction of Shaking Table Tests of a New Bridge Bent Design. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/svks9397.

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Considering the importance of the transportation network and bridge structures, the associated seismic design philosophy is shifting from the basic collapse prevention objective to maintaining functionality on the community scale in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes (i.e., resiliency). In addition to performance, the associated construction philosophy is also being modernized, with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques to reduce impacts of construction work on traffic, society, economy, and on-site safety during construction. Recent years have seen several developments towards the design of low-damage bridges and ABC. According to the results of conducted tests, these systems have significant potential to achieve the intended community resiliency objectives. Taking advantage of such potential in the standard design and analysis processes requires proper modeling that adequately characterizes the behavior and response of these bridge systems. To evaluate the current practices and abilities of the structural engineering community to model this type of resiliency-oriented bridges, the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) organized a blind prediction contest of a two-column bridge bent consisting of columns with enhanced response characteristics achieved by a well-balanced contribution of self-centering, rocking, and energy dissipation. The parameters of this blind prediction competition are described in this report, and the predictions submitted by different teams are analyzed. In general, forces are predicted better than displacements. The post-tension bar forces and residual displacements are predicted with the best and least accuracy, respectively. Some of the predicted quantities are observed to have coefficient of variation (COV) values larger than 50%; however, in general, the scatter in the predictions amongst different teams is not significantly large. Applied ground motions (GM) in shaking table tests consisted of a series of naturally recorded earthquake acceleration signals, where GM1 is found to be the largest contributor to the displacement error for most of the teams, and GM7 is the largest contributor to the force (hence, the acceleration) error. The large contribution of GM1 to the displacement error is due to the elastic response in GM1 and the errors stemming from the incorrect estimation of the period and damping ratio. The contribution of GM7 to the force error is due to the errors in the estimation of the base-shear capacity. Several teams were able to predict forces and accelerations with only moderate bias. Displacements, however, were systematically underestimated by almost every team. This suggests that there is a general problem either in the assumptions made or the models used to simulate the response of this type of bridge bent with enhanced response characteristics. Predictions of the best-performing teams were consistently and substantially better than average in all response quantities. The engineering community would benefit from learning details of the approach of the best teams and the factors that caused the models of other teams to fail to produce similarly good results. Blind prediction contests provide: (1) very useful information regarding areas where current numerical models might be improved; and (2) quantitative data regarding the uncertainty of analytical models for use in performance-based earthquake engineering evaluations. Such blind prediction contests should be encouraged for other experimental research activities and are planned to be conducted annually by PEER.
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Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.

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Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.
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