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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trafic crash'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Miyasaki, Grant W. "Automobile crash test facility and preliminary analysis of low speed crush characteristics." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26722.

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A large percentage of automobile accidents in city traffic occur at speeds below 15 mph. Unfortunately there is a scarcity of experimental crash data at these low speeds to help investigators to reconstruct accidents. Accident reconstruction experts have consequently attached a low level of confidence to speed predictions from vehicle crush at the low end of the speed spectrum. The need for more experimental crash data, especially in a low speed range, has repeatedly been mentioned by accident investigators. The University of British Columbia Accident Research Croup has constructed a crash tes
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2

Christoforou, Zoi. "Incidence occurrence and response on urban freeways." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626573.

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Research on road safety has been of great interest to engineers and planners for decades. Regardless of modeling techniques, a serious factor of inaccuracy - in most past studies - has been data aggregation. Nowadays, most freeways are equipped with continuous surveillance systems making disaggregate traffic data readily available ; these have been used in few studies. In this context, the main objective of this dissertation is to capitalize highway traffic data collected on a real-time basis at the moment of accident occurrence in order to expand previous road safety work and to highlight pot
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3

Al-Senan, Shukri Hasan. "A study of head-on crash sites." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21466.

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4

Mandavilli, Srinivas. "Data mining the Kansas traffic-crash database /." Search for this dissertation online, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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5

Silveira, Igor Machado da. "Avaliação da mobilidade urbana com ênfase na condição da acidentalidade do usuário vulnerável." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-16062016-171651/.

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Atualmente vive-se uma mudança de paradigma no planejamento dos transportes: o ser humano volta a ser o centro da tomada de decisões e o automóvel fica em segundo plano. Para que isso ocorra, são necessárias ferramentas confiáveis as quais avaliem a situação atual das cidades para que sejam traçadas metas no sentido de melhorar a vida da população. A mobilidade urbana sustentável busca a melhoria do transporte baseada no tripé social, ambiental e econômico. Esse trabalho busca avaliar a condição de segurança do usuário vulnerável (sem carenagem protetora) em relação ao usuário não vulnerável (
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6

Das, Subasish. "Effectiveness of Inexpensive Crash Countermeasures to Improve Traffic Safety." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10002395.

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<p> Highway safely improvement is a critical issue for local and national transportation authorities. One of the most important tasks in highway safety analysis is the identification of appropriate countermeasures that might be useful in making signicant safety improvement. Targeting safety at roadway segments has been the key focus of safety related projects at all levels. Recognizing that resources are limited in Louisiana, an emphasis is provided on the identication of strategies that will yield impressive results that are easily implemented from both time and cost perspective. An extensive
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7

Siddiqui, Chowdhury. "Macroscopic Traffic Safety Analysis Based on Trip Generation Characteristics." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3385.

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Recent research has shown that incorporating roadway safety in transportation planning has been considered one of the active approaches to improve safety. Aggregate level analysis for predicting crash frequencies had been contemplated to be an important step in this process. As seen from the previous studies various categories of predictors at macro level (census blocks, traffic analysis zones, census tracts, wards, counties and states) have been exhausted to find appropriate correlation with crashes. This study contributes to this ongoing macro level road safety research by investigating vari
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8

Wang, Chunyan. "Fatal crash trends and analysis in southeastern states." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04092006-023047/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-211). Also available online via the Georgia Institute of Technology ETD website (http://etd.gatech.edu/).
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9

Kieliszewski, Cheryl A. "Twisted Metal: An Investigation into Observable Factors that Lead to Critical Traffic Events." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29859.

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The purpose of this research was to explore traffic event severity relationships, evaluate the potentiality of a hazardous event, and develop a framework of observable event factors. Data was collected from three regions in Virginia, each assumed to exemplify a unique driving environment due to amount of traffic and infrastructure characteristics. In combination, a broad spectrum of site, traffic, and driver performance variables were accounted for. Observational techniques of surveillance, incident reporting, and inventorying were used to collect site, traffic, and driver data. This effor
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10

Sze, Nang-ngai. "Quantitative analyses for the evaluation of traffic safety and operations." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39707398.

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11

Zhu, Di. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Motorcycle-Motor Vehicle Crash Characteristics." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1406031500.

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12

Kuchangi, Shamanth. "A categorical model for traffic incident likelihood estimation." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4661.

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In this thesis an incident prediction model is formulated and calibrated. The primary idea of the model developed is to correlate the expected number of crashes on any section of a freeway to a set of traffic stream characteristics, so that a reliable estimation of likelihood of crashes can be provided on a real-time basis. Traffic stream variables used as explanatory variables in this model are termed as “incident precursors”. The most promising incident precursors for the model formulation for this research were determined by reviewing past research. The statistical model employed
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13

Arajärvi, Eero. "Maxillofacial, chest and abdominal injuries sustained in severe traffic accidents." Helsinki, Finland : Liikenneturva, 1989. http://books.google.com/books?id=NWZsAAAAMAAJ.

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14

Albertsson, Pontus. "Occupant casualties in bus and coach traffic : injury and crash mechanisms." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Deptartment of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Division of surgery, Umeå university, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-482.

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15

LeDew, Christopher. "SAFETY EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL INSTALLATIONS ON STATE ROAD INTERSECTIONS IN NORTHEAST FLORIDA." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3446.

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The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the installations of traffic signals affect crash experience at intersections, to identify those factors which help predict crashes after a signal is installed, and to develop a crash prediction model. It is the intent of this thesis to supplement the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Signal Warrant procedure and aid the traffic engineer in the signal installation decision making process. Crash data, as well as operational and geometric factors were examined for 32 state road intersections in the northeast Florida area before and after signa
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16

Siddiqui, Chowdhury Kawsar Arefin. "Macroscopic Crash Analysis and Its Implications for Transportation Safety Planning." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5497.

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Incorporating safety into the transportation planning stage, which is often termed as transportation safety planning (TSP), relies on the vital interplay between zone characteristics and zonal traffic crashes. Although a few safety studies had made some effort towards integrating safety and planning, several unresolved problems and a complete framework of TSP are still absent in the literature. This research aims at examining the suitability of the current traffic-related zoning planning process in a new suggested planning method which incorporates safety measures. In order to accomplish this
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17

Doohan, Isabelle. "Surviving a major bus crash : experiences from the crash and five years after." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-140198.

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Background Major road traffic crashes (RTCs) can have a significant impact on the survivors, their family, and their friends, as well as on emergency personnel, volunteers, and others involved. However, survivors’ perspectives are rare or missing in research on major RTCs in Sweden. A comprehensive understanding of the survivors and their experiences is also lacking. By studying what it is like to survive a major RTC, the care and support provided to survivors can be adapted and improved. The overall aim is to broaden the understanding of the short- and long-term consequences and experiences o
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18

Altwaijri, Saleh. "Analysing traffic crashes in Riyadh City using statistical models and geographic information systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12556.

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Road safety is a serious societal concern in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Because of the negative impact of traffic crashes which cause losses in the form of deaths, injuries and property damage, in addition to the pain and social tragedy affecting families of the victims, it is important for transport policy makers to reduce their impact and increase safety standards by reducing the severity and frequency of crashes in the city of Riyadh. It is therefore important to fully understand the relationship between traffic crash severity and frequency and their contributing factors so to es
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19

Jeffrey, Susanne K. E. "Epidemiology, cost and prevention of road traffic crash injuries in Strathclyde, Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1448/.

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Background Road traffic crash (RTC) injuries affect 20 to 50 million people worldwide every year, causing premature death or disability as well as incurring large costs to individuals and society. In the UK, the number of RTC casualties is underestimated if based solely on police records, as many casualties are unreported to the police. “Safety” (speed and red light) cameras have shown to be an effective way of combating RTCs and in 2000 a national scheme was rolled out in the UK. Aim and objectives The overall aim of the study was: To investigate the epidemiology, cost and prevention of RTC i
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20

Mohagheghi, Ali. "Effect of Pavement Condition on Traffic Crash Frequency and Severity in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100129.

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Previous studies show that pavement condition properties are significant factors to enhance road safety and riding experience, and pavements with low quality might have inadequate performance in terms of safety and riding experience. Pavement Management System (PMS) databases include pavement properties for each segment of the road collected by the agencies. Understanding the impact of road characteristics on crash frequency is a key step to prevent crashes. Whereas other studies analyzed the effect of different characteristics such as International Roughness Index (IRI), Rutting Depth (RD), A
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21

Dilmore, Jeremy Harvey. "IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR REAL-TIME TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS ON URBAN FREEWAYS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3254.

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This research evaluates Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) implementation strategies to improve the safety of a freeway once a potential of a crash is detected. Among these strategies are Variable Speed Limit (VSL) and ramp metering. VSL are ITS devices that are commonly used to calm traffic in an attempt to relieve congestion and enhance throughput. With proper use, VSL can be more cost effective than adding more lanes. In addition to maximizing the capacity of a roadway, a different aspect of VSL can be realized by the potential of improving traffic safety. Through the use of multiple m
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22

Jun, Jungwook. "Potential Crash Measures Based on GPS-Observed Driving Behavior Activity Metrics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19832.

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Identifying and understanding the relationships between observed driving behavior over long-term periods and corresponding crash involvement rates is paramount to enhancing safety improvement programs and providing useful insights for transportation safety engineers, policy markers, insurance industries, and the public. Unlike previous data collection methods, recent advancement in mobile computing and accuracy of global positioning systems (GPS) allow researchers to monitor driving activities of large fleets of vehicles, for long-time study periods, at great detail. This study investigates th
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23

Kowdla, Smitha. "MODELING CRASH FREQUENCIES AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS IN CENTRAL FLOR." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3836.

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A high percentage of highway crashes in the United States occur at intersections. These crashes result in property damage, lost productivity, injury, and even death. Identifying intersections associated with high crash rate is very important to minimize future crashes. The purpose of this study is to develop efficient means to evaluate intersections, which may require safety improvements. The area covered by the analysis in this thesis includes Orange and Seminole Counties and the City of Orlando. The aforementioned counties and city thus represent Central Florida. Each County/City provided da
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24

Ponnada, Sowjanya VJ. "Identifying Locations with High Rates of Alcohol Related Traffic Crashes in Ohio." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1335885375.

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25

Ulfarsson, Gudmundur Freyr. "Injury severity analysis for car, pickup, sport utility vehicle and minivan drivers : male and female differences /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10200.

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26

Fowler, Megan Leigh. "The Effect of Road Network Bendiness on Traffic Crash Occurrence in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1678.

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Recent researchers have suggested that the combination of horizontal curves or “bendiness” of a length of road contributes to traffic crash occurrence. A previous study of New Zealand fatal crashes using an aggregated approach found no significant correlation between crash occurrence and road bendiness for rural roads but a minor correlation for urban roads. This thesis further explores the effect of road bendiness on traffic crash occurrence in New Zealand by developing a method more suited to traffic engineering. The method involves Geographical Information Systems (GIS) firstly to proc
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27

Kumblekere, Jaikanth B. "A parametric evaluation of vehicle crash performance." Ohio : Ohio University, 1996. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178299084.

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28

Phan, Vu Le. "Crash risk models for motorcycle-dominated traffic environment of urban roads in developing countries." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7121/.

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This research developed a new methodology and new models for assessing the potential of motorcycle crashes and selecting countermeasures to improve motorcyclist safety in a motorcycle-dominated traffic environment of urban roads. The crash risk models were developed based on discrete choice models and traffic conflict techniques. The innovative features of this research are that the non-lane-based movements of motorcycles were captured to evaluate their contributions to crash risk and a new concept - that of the Conflict Modification Factor (CoMF) - was proposed to use as a surrogate measure t
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29

Sharma, Aasha Turochy Rod E. "Hypothetical analysis on cost effectiveness of centerline rumble strips as a crash countermeasure." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/SHARMA_ASHA_54.pdf.

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30

Wang, Chen. "A NEW SIMULATION-BASED CONFLICT INDICATOR AS A SURROGATE MEASURE OF SAFETY." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/3.

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Traffic safety is one of the most essential aspects of transportation engineering. However, most crash prediction models are statistically-based prediction methods, which require significant efforts in crash data collection and may not be applied in particular traffic environments due to the limitation of data sources. Traditional traffic conflict studies are mostly field-based studies depending on manual counting, which is also labor-intensive and oftentimes inaccurate. Nowadays, simulation tools are widely utilized in traffic conflict studies. However, there is not a surrogate indicator that
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31

Almonte-Valdivia, Ana. "Level-of-Service and Traffic Safety Relationship: An Exploratory Analysis of Signalized Intersections and Multiland High-Speed Arterial Corridors." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3372.

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Since its inception in 1965, the Level-of-Service (LOS) has proved to be an important and practical "quality of service" indicator for transportation facilities around the world, widely used in the transportation and planning fields. The LOS rates these facilities' traffic operating conditions through the following delay-based indicators (ordered from best to worst conditions): A, B, C, D, E and F. This LOS rating has its foundation on quantifiable measures of effectiveness (MOEs) and on road users' perceptions; altogether, these measures define a LOS based on acceptable traffic operating cond
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32

Barnes, Jo. "An exploratory study of road crash survivors : injury outcomes and quality of life." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/2369.

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The overall aims of this PhD were to examine what the real effects of injury are on survivors of road crashes and to explore the methods used to assess these effects. Three studies were conducted for this thesis to explore the effects of injury using quality of life outcomes for survivors of road crashes. Study 1 was a prospective follow-up study of 70 road crash survivors with relatively 'minor' injuries. The aim of study 1 was to determine the effects of the crash or injury on quality of life for a 'minor' injury sample over a 1 year follow-up period. Study 2 was a prospective follow-up stud
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33

Kullgren, Anders. "Validity and reliability of vehicle collision data : crash pulse recorders for impact severity and injury risk assessments in real-life frontal impacts /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1998/91-628-3280-8/.

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34

Lewis, Jeff S. "Assessing the Safety Impacts of Access Management Techniques." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1342.pdf.

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35

Wang, Qing. "Study on crash characteristics and injury severity at roadway work zones." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002924.

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36

Sze, Nang-ngai, and 施能藝. "Quantitative analyses for the evaluation of traffic safety and operations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39707398.

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37

Galgamuwa, Uditha Nandun. "Estimating crash modification factors for lane-departure countermeasures in Kansas." Diss., Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38756.

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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Civil Engineering<br>Sunanda Dissanayake<br>Lane-departure crashes are the most predominant crash type in Kansas which causes very high number of motor vehicle fatalities. Therefore, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) has implemented several different types of countermeasures to reduce the number of motor vehicle fatalities associated with lane-departure crashes. This research was conducted to estimate the safety effectiveness of commonly used lane-departure countermeasures in Kansas on all crashes and lane-departure crashes using Crash Modific
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Chowdhury, Panini Amin. "Identifying the Factors and Locations of Traffic Crash Severity of Dhaka Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh, 2007-2011." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo15380514492171.

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39

Li, Linhua. "A GIS-based Bayesian approach for analyzing spatial-temporal patterns of traffic crashes." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1766.

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40

Ribbe, David Paul. "Chronic psychological and psychophysiological sequelae among adolescents following a traumatic bus crash." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40472.

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This study examined chronic psychological and psychophysiological post-traumatic sequelae among eleven adolescent survivors of a fatal bus crash by means of a multimethod strategy. Measures included a structured DSM-m-R post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interview using the Diagnostic Interview for Children and AdolescentsRevised (DICA-R), self-report measures of PTSD symptoms with the Reaction Index, and the Impact of Events Scale. Other measures of stress-related symptomatology included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Fear Survey Schedule-IT, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Anxiety F
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Ekram, Al-Ahad Mohammad Yaseen. "Reduced visibility related crashes in Florida crash characteristics, spatial analysis and injury severity /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002903.

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42

Elghriany, Ahmed F. "Investigating Correlations of Pavement Conditions with Crash Rates on In-Service U.S. Highways." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1448454032.

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43

Ouedraogo, Nayabtigungu Hendrix. "The Safety Impact of Raising Trucks' Speed Limit on Rural Freeways in Ohio." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1576248242725121.

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44

Andrade, Gustavo Riente de. "Relationship between traffic operations and road safety." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-23012019-011508/.

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Since before the release of the Highway Safety Manual research has been indicating the need to incorporate mobility and control aspects to road safety analysis. The first part of this work developed and implement in an existing computational engine a signal timing optimization method that considers mobility, safety, and emissions measures simultaneously. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to provide insight on the practical effects and order of relevance of 20 key input variables. Mobility improvement performance usually coincides with emissions improvements, but sometimes at the expense of
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Grant, Timothy A. "Prehospital Staffing and Road Traffic Accidents: Physician Versus Trained Nonphysician Responders." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/237.

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Road traffic deaths, which affect people in their productive years, are projected to be the third leading cause of death by the year 2030. While most studies have focused on road infrastructure and vehicle safety, this study examined something new: the impact of prehospital response to road traffic accidents on the rate of death. Some countries send physicians to the scene of an accident; some send paramedics or registered nurses. The question this research sought to answer was whether the use of physician responders resulted in a lower rate of death compared to the use of nonphysician respond
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46

Kwong, Tse-hin Glenn, and 鄺子憲. "An autopsy-based epidemiological study of road traffic fatalities in Hong Kong: crash type, injury severity andprospects for intervention." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31228252.

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47

Zhou, Mo. "Crash Data Geospatial-Temporal Analysis: A Case Study on Vehicle-Vehicle Traffic Accidents on the University of Arizona Campus." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297807.

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To fill the gap in research on vehicle-vehicle (V-V) traffic accidents on the University of Arizona (UA) campus, this study takes advantage of Geographic Information Systems technology (GIS) to conduct a geospatial-temporal analysis of V-V traffic accidents that occurred on the UA campus between 2008 and 2012. The data used was documented by the University of Arizona Police Department. The data analysis was broken down into two main categories: Temporal Trend Analysis and Geospatial-Temporal Analysis. This study identifies the specific geographic locations for high-frequency accidents and prov
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48

Mangones, Matos Sonia Cecilia. "Impacts on Safety and Air Pollution From Transportation Policies in Bogotá, Colombia." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/953.

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This dissertation uses quantitative analysis to provide insights for the urban and transportation policy-making process in order to manage two transportation externalities: road safety and air pollution in Bogotá Colombia. I performed a safety transportation risk analysis, which shows a high fatality and injury risk from road crashes in Bogota. I then analyzed safety-related benefits and costs of crash avoidance technology used in transit buses. My analysis reveals that despite of the life-safety benefit expected, Bogota’s values of statistical life and injuries make an investment on the techn
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49

Chambers, Alexander Lindsay. "Benefits of Advanced Traffic Management Solutions: Before and After Crash Analysis for Deployment of a Variable Advisory Speed Limit System." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1653.

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Variable speed limit (VSL) systems are important active traffic management tools that are being deployed across the U.S. and indeed around the world for relieving congestion and improving safety. Oregon’s first variable advisory speed limit signs were activated along Oregon Highway 217 in the summer of 2014. The variable advisory speed system is responsive to both congestion and weather conditions. This seven-mile corridor stretches around Western Portland and has suffered from high crash rates and peak period congestion in the past. VSL systems are often deployed to address safety, mobility a
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Dowell, Ashley Lynn. "Evaluating the Safety Effects of Signal Improvements." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3575.

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As a result of high crash frequencies on roadways, transportation safety has become a high priority for the United States Department of Transportation and the Utah Department of Transportation. A large percentage of fatal and injury crashes on roadways occur at intersections and traffic signals have been implemented to reduce these severe crashes. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of the traffic signal improvements through the development of Crash Modification Factors (CMFs). Recent research has shown that traditional safety evaluation methods have been inadequate in developing CMF
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