Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trafic routier sur réseaux'
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Costeseque, Guillaume. "Contribution à l'étude du trafic routier sur réseaux à l'aide des équations d'Hamilton-Jacobi." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1081/document.
Full textThis work focuses on modeling and simulation of traffic flows on a network. Modeling road traffic on a homogeneous section takes its roots in the middle of XXth century and it has generated a substantial literature since then. However, taking into account discontinuities of the network such as junctions, has attracted the attention of the scientific circle more recently. However, these discontinuities are the major sources of traffic congestion, recurring or not, that basically degrades the level of service of road infrastructure. This work therefore aims to provide a unique perspective on this issue, while focusing on scale problems and more precisely on microscopic-macroscopic passage in existing models. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the relationship between microscopic car-following models and macroscopic continuous flow models. The asymptotic passage is based on a homogenization technique for Hamilton-Jacobi equations. In a second part, we focus on the modeling and simulation of vehicular traffic flow through a junction. The considered macroscopic model is built on Hamilton-Jacobi equations as well. Finally, the third part focuses on finding analytical or semi-analytical solutions, through representation formulas aiming to solve Hamilton-Jacobi equations under adequate assumptions. In this thesis, we are also interested in a generic class of second order macroscopic traffic flow models, the so-called GSOM models
Zaydan, Mamdouh. "Equations de Hamilton-Jacobi sur des réseaux et applications à la modélisation du trafic routier." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR08/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the analysis and homogenization of partial differential equations (PDE) posed on networks with application to traffic. Two types of work are done : the first line of work consists to consider microscopic traffic models in order to establish a connection between these models and macroscopic models like the one introduced by Imbert and Monneau [1]. Such connection allows to justify rigorously the macroscopic models of traffic. In fact, microscopic models describe the dynamic of each vehicle individually and so they are easy to justify from the modelization point of view. On the other hand, these models are complicated to implement in order to describe the traffic at large scales (cities for example). Macroscopic models do the opposite : they are effective for describing the traffic at large scales but from the modelization point of view, they are incapable to predict all traffic situations (for example free or congested flow). The passage from microscopic to macroscopic is done using the viscosity solutions theory and in particular homogenization technics. The second line of work consists to consider a Hamilton-Jacobi equation coupled by a junction condition which moves in time. This equation can describe the circulation of cars on a road with the presence of a particular vehicle (slower than the cars for example). We prove existence and uniqueness (by a comparison principle) of viscosity solution of this PDE. [1] Cyril Imbert and Régis Monneau. Flux-limited solutions for quasi-convex hamilton-jacobi equations on networks. Annales Scientifiques de l’ENS, 50(2) :357–448, 2013
Delle, Monache Maria Laura. "Lois de conservation pour la modélisation du trafic routier." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4056/document.
Full textIn this thesis we consider two coupled PDE-ODE models. One to model moving bottlenecks and theother one to describe traffic flow at junctions. First, we consider a strongly coupled PDE-ODE systemthat describes the influence of a slow and large vehicle on road traffic. The model consists of a scalarconservation law accounting for the main traffic evolution, while the trajectory of the slower vehicle isgiven by an ODE depending on the downstream traffic density. The moving constraint is expressed byan inequality on the flux, which models the bottleneck created in the road by the presence of the slowerDépôt de thèse – Donnéescomplémentairesvehicle. We prove the existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for initial data of bounded variation.Moreover, two numerical schemes are proposed. The first one is a finite volume algorithm that uses alocally nonuniform moving mesh. The second one uses a reconstruction technique to display thebehavior of the vehicle. Next, we consider the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model on ajunction composed by one mainline, an onramp and an offramp, which are connected by a node. Theonramp dynamics is modeled using an ordinary differential equation describing the evolution of thequeue length. The definition of the solution of the Riemann problem at the junction is based on anoptimization problem and the use of a right of way parameter. The numerical approximation is carriedout using a Godunov scheme, modified to take into account the effects of the onramp buffer. Aftersuitable modification, the model is used to solve an optimal control problem on roundabouts. Two costfunctionals are numerically optimized with respect to the right of way parameter
Laurent-Brouty, Nicolas. "Modélisation du trafic sur des réseaux routiers urbains à l’aide des lois de conservation hyperboliques." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4056.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the modeling of traffic flow using hyperbolic conservation laws, with a specific focus on urban applications. Urban areas are today facing severe episodes of air pollution and increasing congestion due to traffic. The objective is to overcome some of the current limitations of macroscopic traffic flow models in urban situations. We first study the seminal Aw-Rascle-Zhang model with relaxation. We prove well-posedness of the model using wave-front tracking approximations and splitting technique in a Lagrangian setting. Besides, we provide an estimate on the decay of positive waves. We then show that the solutions of the Aw-Rascle-Zhang system with relaxation converge to a weak solution of the LWR model when the relaxation parameter goes to zero. Finally, we propose a discussion on the entropy aspect of this weak solution of the LWR model. We then propose a new macroscopic traffic flow model accounting for the boundedness of traffic acceleration, which is required for physical realism. Our model is built on the coupling between the scalar conservation law accounting for the conservation of vehicles and a number of ordinary differential equations describing the trajectories of accelerating vehicles, which we treat as moving constraints. We detail a wave-front tracking algorithm to construct approximate solutions of the model, with general flux functions and show existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for a piecewise constant initial datum. Finally, we provide numerical simulations of the model in different urban situations, from a single Riemann problem to sequences of traffic lights, and confront the results to numerical simulations of the LWR model. Finally, we introduce a new macroscopic traffic flow model with buffers on road networks. This model features buffers of finite size, enabling backward propagation of congestion on the network, and time-dependent routing functions at the junctions. The dynamics are first defined on the level of conservation laws, and then transformed in an Hamilton-Jacobi formulation. We prove existence, uniqueness and stability of the solutions with respect to the routing ratios and initial datum using a fixed-point problem in a proper Banach space. Thanks to stability, the model provides a controllable framework, using routing ratios as control parameters. This represents an advance towards solving the Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) problem. In the end we detail how this framework applies to a classical road network with several intersections and finite-length links
Lee, Kyeongja. "Modèle global pour la Qualité de Service dans les réseaux de FAI : intégration de DiffServ et de l'ingénierie de trafic basée sur MPLS." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00112088.
Full textDans ce travail, nous avons commencé par effectuer une étude comparative d'un point scalabilité et stabilité, de plusieurs algorithmes de routage multi-chemins, basés sur MPLS. Cela nous a permis de retenir WDP pour la sélection des chemins candidats et LDM pour la distribution des demandes de trafic reçues par un routeur entrant du réseau d'un FAI. Nous proposons dans ce travail PER, un algorithme qui est une amélioration de l'algorithme de distribution de LDM. Ces différents algorithmes nous ont permis de réaliser plusieurs algorithmes « hybrides » dont LBWDP (Load Balancing over Widest Disjoint Paths) qui par simulation a été prouvé comme étant un algorithme plus performant que des modèles comme LDM ou MATE.
Pour une meilleure garantie de QdS nous avons cherché à intégrer la différentiation de service (DiffServ) avec notre technique d'ingénierie de trafic (DiffServ-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering : DS-TE). Nous proposons PEMS (PEriodic Multi-Step algorithm for DS-TE network) comme un modèle de DS-TE pour différencier la qualité du service selon la classe du trafic. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons un nouvel algorithme de sélection de chemins candidats en fonctions des critères préférentiels de chaque classe de trafic. L'utilisation de PER permet ensuite de distribuer en fonction de critères dynamiques les demandes reçues sur les meilleurs chemins de chaque classe. Par simulation à l'aide de ns-2, nous avons montré que PEMS répartie moins bien la charge que LBWDP mais que les classes EF et AF ont une qualité de service meilleure que dans le cas de LBWDP.
Elloumi, Mouna. "Surveillance de cibles mobiles fondée sur un réseau de drones." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/25918/1/Elloumi_Mouna.pdf.
Full textUAV-based systems are an appropriate solution for surveillance, especially for mobile targets. The high mobility of UAVs, their low maintenance costs, their easy deployment and their hovering capability make them an attractive solution for mobile target monitoring. Our first contribution deals with the scenario where a single UAV monitors a single moving target. For this case, we have proposed a method to manage the mobility of the UAV, which ensures a continuous monitoring of a mobile target and which reduces the energy consumption of the UAV. The trajectories of the UAV were calculated according to the distance between the position of the target and the center of the UAV's field of view. We have considered three zones, and depending on the position of the target in those three zones, the UAV makes different adjustments to minimize unnecessary movements. Our second contribution deals with the scenario where several drones monitor multiple moving targets. For this case, we proposed adaptive methods to manage the placement and movement of UAVs. We applied these methods in the context of road traffic monitoring. The trajectories of UAVs have been adapted according to the positions of the groups of vehicles, or according to the positions of the events of the road (traffic jams and speeding violations). These methods ensure the coverage of vehicles, the detection of abnormal events and the reduction of energy consumption of UAVs. We have used a combination of the centralized architecture and the distributed architecture, indeed the communications between the UAVs and with the central point are all possible. The communication is done via LTE links. We were interested in real mobility traces of vehicles and mobility traces generated by a vehicular mobility model that uses real road maps. We studied the influence of vehicle mobility traces on the performance of UAV mobility management methods
Dimon, Catalin. "Contributions à la modélisation et la commande des réseaux de trafic routier." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801762.
Full textDochy, Thierry. "Arbres de régression et réseaux de neurones appliqués à la prévision de trafic routier." Paris 9, 1995. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1995PA090034.
Full textBillot, Romain. "Analyse et modélisation de l'impact de la météorologie sur le trafic routier." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557812.
Full textKSONTINI, Feirouz. "Modèle d'agent fondé sur les affordances : application à la simulation de trafic routier." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982059.
Full textBriant, Régis, and Régis Briant. "Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765205.
Full textKsontini, Feirouz. "Modèle d'agent fondé sur les affordances : application à la simulation de trafic routier." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0027/document.
Full textThe work described in this thesis aims to improve the validity of traffic simulations in urban and suburban areas. We propose to consider the driving context, the heterogeneity of vehicles (motorized two-wheelers, vehicle, truck, etc.) and the driver behavior in terms of space occupation. The purpose is to produce in simulation the observed real world phenomena such as faufilement behavior (two-wheelers, emergency vehicles, cases of intersections). We address the traffic simulation byconsidering a behavioral approach based on multi-agent systems. Previous work have proposed non- generic solutions, for the particular case of motorized two-wheelers. We propose a new agent model to better take into account the context of driving and driver behavior in terms of space occupation. We endow agent driver with an ego-centered representation of the environment based on the concept of affordances. We use the affordances to identify the possible actions, in terms of space occupation, afforded by environment. The proposed agent model was implemented with ArchiSim. This implementation has allowed to reproduce a real traffic situation and to compare the results to real data. Different experiments were conducted to assess the quality of the proposed solution
Briant, Régis. "Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1115/document.
Full textRoadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution
Liang, Man. "Optimisation du réseau de routes en zone terminale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30003/document.
Full textCongestion in Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) at hub airports is the main problem in Chinese air transportation system. Facing extremely dense operations in complex TMA, we can consider reducing traffic complexity by solving all potential conflicts in advance with a feasible trajectory control for controllers, or automating a large proportion of routine operations, such as sequencing, merging and spacing. As parallel runways are a common structure of Chinese hub airports, in this thesis, we propose a novel system to integrated sequencing and merging aircraft to parallel runways. Our methodology integrates a Area Navigation (RNAV)-based 3D Multi-Level and Multi-Point Merge System (MLMPMS), a hybrid heuristic optimization algorithm and a simulation module to find good, systematic, operationally-acceptable solutions. First, a Receding Horizon Control (RHC) technique is applied to divide 24-hour traffic optimization problem into several sub- problems. Then, in each sub-problem, a tailored Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm and a trajectory generation module worn together to find a near-optimal solution. Our primary objective is to rapidly generate conflict-free and economical trajectories with easy, flexible and feasible control methods. Based on an initial solution, we continuously explore possible good solutions with less delay and shorter landing interval on runway. Taking Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) as a case to study, numerical results show that our optimization system performs well. First, it has very stable de-conflict performance to handle continuously dense traffic flows. Compared with Hill Climbing (HC), the tailored SA algorithm can always guarantee a conflict-free solution not only for the mixed or segregated parallel approach (arrivals only) pattern, but also for the independent parallel operation (integrated departures and arrivals) pattern. Second, with its unique Multi-Level Point Merge (ML-PM) route network, it can provide a good trajectory control solution to efficiently and economically handle different kinds of arrival flows. It can realize a shorter flying time and a near-Continuous Descent Approach (CDA) descent for arrival aircraft, compared with baseline. It also realizes an easier re-sequencing of aircraft with more relaxed position shifting as well, compared with conventional sequencing method. Theoretically, the Maximum Position Shifting (MPS) can be up to 6 positions, overcoming the hard constraint of 3 position shifts (MPS <= 3). Third, it is efficient for the segregated parallel approach patterns. Compared with hard constrained position shifting, which is often used in current Arrival Manager (AMAN) system and controller's manual-control First Come First Served (FCFS) method, it can reduce the average delay, average additional transit time in super dense arrival situations. The average time flown level per flight is less than 12% of total transit time in TMA. Fourth, in independent parallel patterns, it can provide a range of useful information concerning the associated objective value, the average flying time, crossing trajectories in hot spots between arrivals and departures, the efficiency of using different designed sequencing legs in ML-PM route network
Ngo, Minh Thanh. "Eléments d'analyse des réseaux d'accès optiques et ingénierie de trafic sur ces réseaux." Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TELE0010.
Full textIn recent years, the telecommunications industry observes a tremendous increasing of broadband access penetration level. Indeed, the number of subscribers with access to broadband Internet connections either at home or work is growing steadily. This can be explained both by the emergence of rich content applications and by the drop in access prices due to the broadband technologies' evolution and the fierce competition between access networks operators. The current trend in wired access networks are FTTx optical technologies (Fiber To The Home / Curb / Building / Premises), which present an alternative to xDSL networks (using copper loops deployed primarily for the phone system) and cable networks (using cable infrastructures originally deployed for TV distribution). The optical access networks differ first by the physical medium used to carry information. In the case of optical access networks, it is fiber, which have the largest capacity of all physical media used today. Using such a physical medium would potentially provide more bandwidth to the subscribers. However, optical access network architectures raises many issues. For economic reasons, it is necessary to limit both civil engineering (which cost is dominant), and the number of active equipments (which cost more than passive equipment from CAPEX and OPEX points of views). A popular solution is to deploy a tree architecture, and to focus the intelligence of the access network (active elements) at the root of the tree: this corresponds to a Passive Optical Network (PON). The absence of active equipment in the terminals, and the sharing of transmission capacity of fiber among several users, especially for upstream traffic, require the implementation of mechanisms used for controlling multiplexing. These mechanisms are implemented in MAC protocols, which are the main subject of this thesis. Downstream traffic is broadcasted and each end-point filters its own traffic. On the other hand, upstream traffic has to be controlled in order to avoid collisions. The present thesis presents mechanisms that can be implemented in a MAC for Ethernet PON (EPON) in order to control upstream traffic. We show that the proposed mechanisms can support multiple classes of traffic, can couple resource allocation with access control and can finally efficiently use the upstream capacity of the EPON. The various mechanism proposed in the present work are mostly analyzed by simulation; this is because the overall behavior of a PON is too complex to be analytically analyzed, except for simple studies reported in Chapter 3. A comprehensive simulation framework, based on Network Simulator, has been designed and is presented in Chapter 4. This framework has enabled the comparison between state of the art mechanisms and our proposals. We show in Chapter 5 that our mechanisms are simple to implement and behave significantly better than classical mechanisms regarding real time traffic support, while ensuring a quasi-optimal use of upstream bandwidth. More generally, we show in Chapter 6 how our mechanisms are part of a global command plane for PONs. Conclusions and perspectives are outlined in Chapter7
Mnassri, Radhia. "Réseaux de Petri Lots Triangulaires pour la modélisation mésoscopique et l'étude de la congestion dans le trafic routier." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4376.
Full textThe excessive use of roads can cause many adverse effects including pollution, insecurity and congestion. The available short-term solution is the implementation of traffic management systems which optimize the flow and reduce congestion without needing additional infrastructures. In this context, we proposed a new formalism, called Triangular Batches Petri Nets (Triangular BPN), which combines modeling and simulation of traffic in mesoscopic level as a discrete event system. The Triangular BPN describing the overall characteristics of the road traffic such as flow, density, speed by representing a new triangular relation flow-density. This relation implies the modification of batches dynamic, which is now used to represent the two road traffic states : fluid and congested, as well as the three behaviors :free, congestion and decongestion. The calculation of the instantaneous firing flows is achieved by adding a constraint that takes into account the state and behavior of batches. A set of controlled events integrated to the Triangular BPN, that allow the variation of the maximum speed of batch place and the maximum flow of batch and continuous transition. These controlled events used to model the control strategies, such as variable speed limit (VSL). All these theoretical contributions implemented in a software that is called SimuleauTri and used to study a motorway portions from real data. The simulation results are close to the measurements on the ground and show the pertinence of Triangular BPN
Harivelo, Fanilo. "Contrôle de trafic pour service privilégié sur réseaux sans fil." La Réunion, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LARE0020.
Full textDesigned as an extention to wired local area networks, wireless local area networks lead to new potentials such as ubiquity. Wireless channels characteristics as well as mobility of terminais complexify thé support of Quaîity of Service in thèse networks. This disser¬tation concentrâtes on thé support of service differentiation in IEEE 802. 11-based ad hoc networks. It begins wifch thé study of thé support of service differentiation in a single hop network. The idea consists in controlling thé traffic at thé IP level according to thé net¬work state. Two types of implementation are studied: computation of thé network state by means of message exchange and estimation of thé network state by local measurements. Then, a solution to channel acccss unfairness issues is proposed. Indeed, under certain con¬figurations, channel access does not dépend solely on thé traffic load but also on thé relative position of thé nodes. The proposed solution consists in thé propagation of thé receiving state of nodes and in thé synchronization of thé beginning of 802. 11 access opération. Fi-nally, in ordcr to simphfy resources management and to reduce co-channel interférences, a hierarchical organization of thé network is proposed. It is based on a topology control or clustcring sclieme and a, channel assignaient mechanism
Sipouo, Ngandjon Maurice. "Utilisation de l'échantillonnage compressif pour la détection des véhicules par un réseau de capteurs sans fil." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5510.
Full textFallah, Shorshani Masoud. "Modélisation de l’impact du trafic routier sur la pollution de l’air et des eaux de ruissellement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1068/document.
Full textRoad traffic emissions are a major source of pollution in cities. Modeling of air and stormwater pollution due to on-road vehicles is essential to understand the processes that lead to the pollution and to provide the necessary information for the development of effective public policies to reduce pollution. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility and relevance of modeling chains to simulate the impact of road traffic on air and stormwater pollution. The first part of the thesis consisted in assessing the state of the art of modeling tools available for the different relevant phenomena (traffic, emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and stormwater quality), highlighting challenges associated with the integration of the different models to create a consistent modeling chain in terms of pollutants and spatio-temporal scales. Two examples of modeling chains have been proposed, one static with hourly time-steps, the other based on a dynamic approach for traffic and its associated pollution. In the second part of the thesis, different interface tools have been developed to link models and construct modeling chains. These modeling chains were tested with different case studies: (1) coupling traffic and emissions for the simulation of an urban street using a dynamic model of traffic with instantaneous and time-averaged emission models, (2) coupling on-road emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition near a freeway, (3) coupling traffic, emissions and atmospheric dispersion/chemistry near a freeway, (4) coupling emissions and atmospheric dispersion/deposition in a suburban neighborhood (5) coupling atmospheric deposition and stormwater quality for an urban catchment, and finally (6) a complete modeling chain with traffic / emissions / air and stormwater quality models for urban catchment drainage. This work allows one to identify different possibilities of model integration to calculate air and stormwater pollution due to road traffic in urban areas. Moreover, it provides a solid basis for the future development of integrated numerical models of urban pollution
Farhi, Nadir. "Modélisation Minplus et Commande du Trafic de Villes Régulières." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349753.
Full textLa première partie de la thèse est sur le trafic 1D. Il s'agit de généraliser un modèle déterministe de trafic basé sur l'algèbre minplus, qui donne le diagramme fondamental du trafic sur une route. La généralisation permet de réaliser une large classe de diagrammes fondamentaux.
Dans la deuxième partie, j'étudie les systèmes dynamiques additivement homogènes de degré 1. En effet, tous les systèmes dynamiques donnés dans ce travail sont additivement homogènes de degré 1. Je m'intéresse dans cette partie à l'existence et à l'unicité de taux de croissance et de valeurs propres additives associées à ces systèmes. Je parts du cas général où zéro, un ou plus de taux de croissance et de valeurs propres peuvent exister, et où des comportement chaotiques peuvent apparaître. Je rappelle les résultats existants dans le cas où on suppose que le systèmes dynamique est, en plus, monotone, et dans le cas ou il est aussi convexe. A la fin de cette partie, je caractérise une classe de systèmes dynamiques additivement homogène de degré 1, non nécessairement monotone, mais dont le comportement asymptotique peut être décrit.
La troisième partie consiste à généraliser un modèle de trafic 1D basé sur les réseaux de Petri et l'algèbre minplus, dans le but de modéliser des intersections, et puis dériver le diagramme fondamental du trafic 2D. Une intersection peut être gérée de plusieurs façons, et peut être considérée avec ou sans possibilité de tourner (pour les véhicules). Plusieurs modèles tenant en compte ses hypothèses sont donnés dans cette partie.
Le modèle le plus exploré ici est celui de deux routes circulaires avec une intersection gérée par la priorité à droite, et avec possibilité de tourner. Dans ce cas, et sous certaines conditions, le problème de valeur propre additive associé au système dynamique peut être résolu. Le taux de croissance du système dynamique, qui correspond au flot moyen des véhicules est obtenu numériquement. En comparant la valeur propre obtenue théoriquement et le flot moyen donné numériquement, j'ai conclus que les deux quantités, qui sont données en fonction de la densité des véhicules, sont très proches, et sont égales en plusieurs valeurs de la densité. Ainsi, la valeur propre représente une bonne approximation du diagramme fondamental du trafic 2D.
D'autres approches de gestion d'intersections consiste à les commander moyennant des feux de signalisation. Une évaluation de la commande de l'intersection peut se baser sur le diagramme fondamental obtenue pour chacune des approches considérées. Une comparaison des différentes approches est donnée.
Dans la quatrième partie j'ai développé un code en Scilab qui facilite la construction informatique de grands réseaux de trafic routier. Il s'agit de définir des systèmes élémentaires et des opérateurs sur l'ensemble de ces systèmes, et puis de combiner des systèmes basique pour construire de grands systèmes.
La dernière partie est sur la commande du trafic à deux modes: trafic des véhicules particulier, et trafic des véhicules de transport en commun. L'idée est de déterminer un plan de feux de signalisation qui favorise le trafic des véhicules de transport en commun.
Saumtally, Tibye. "Modèles bidimensionnels de trafic." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839526.
Full textLebbah, Mustapha. "Carte topologique pour données qualitatives : application à la reconnaissance automatique de la densité du trafic routier." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161698.
Full textCe travail de thèse a été réalisé à la direction de la recherche de RENAULT. Le travail s'est focalisé sur le développement d'un modèle de reconnaissance de trafic.
Le premier modèle proposé dans cette thèse est dédié aux données binaires ''BTM''. C'est un modèle de quantification vectorielle de type carte topologique. Ce modèle prend les caractéristiques principales des cartes topologiques. Pour ce nouveau modèle, afin de prendre en compte les spécificités des données binaires, on a choisi de changer la métrique usuelle utilisée dans les modèles de cartes topologiques et d'utiliser la distance Hamming.
Le second modèle est le premier modèle probabiliste de cartes topologiques dédié aux données binaires. Ce modèle s'inspire de travaux antérieurs qui modélisent une distribution par un mélange de mélange de lois de Bernoulli.
Le troisième modèle est un nouveau modèle de carte topologique appelé CTM (Categorical topological Map) adapté à la classification non supervisée des données qualitatives multi-dimensionnelles. Ce nouveau modèle conserve cependant les principales caractéristiques des deux modèles précédents. Afin de maximiser les vraisemblance des données, CTM utilise de manière classique l'algorithme EM.
Dans ce mémoire, on introduit le domaine d'application propre au travail mené chez RENAULT. Nous détaillerons l'apport original de notre travail: utilisation de l'information catégorielle pour traiter de la reconnaissance du trafic. Nous exposerons les différentes analyses effectuées sur l'application des algorithmes proposés.
Dorai, Atef. "Modélisation et gestion du trafic dans le cadre de réseaux sur puce multi-FPGA." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSES018/document.
Full textWith the increasing complexity of System-on-Chip, the design of efficient embedded systems dedicated for multimedia applications must integrate effective communication interconnects such as Network-on-Chip. Given the limited number of resources of a single FPGA, multi-FPGA platforms are considered the most appropriate means for experimentation, emulation and evaluation for such large systems. Deployment often involves partitioning the Network-on-Chip on several FPGA and replacing internal communication links with external ones. The limitation of this solution stems from the fact that with ongoing evolution of FPGAs, their I/O resources become scarcer in time. This, consequently, decreases intra-FPGA bandwidth. Currently, the number of inter-FPGA signals is considered a major problem to prototype a Network-on-Chip on multi-FPGA. Since there are more signals needed for routers than the number of available FPGA I/Os. Therefore, inter-FPGA links must be shared between routers, resulting in significant bottlenecks. Since the ratio of logical capacity to the number of IOs increases slowly for each FPGA generation, this technological bottleneck will be remaining for future system designs.The main contributions of this thesis are : (1). We have developed two collision management architectures, one is based on a random access (Backoff) and the other is based on a round-robin algorithm. Timing and resources comparisons are made to evaluate the two inter-FPGA traffic management architectures. The Backoff-based sub-NoC architecture effectively shares external links between multiple routers with a minimum number of collision and balances access between all routers. The new inter-FPGA architecture for the Network-on-Chip based on the BackOff algorithm achieves lower latency with fewer resources compared to other solutions such as Round-Robin and Hierarchical Round-Robin Arbiter. (2) A modeling methodology has emerged to estimate the number of resources used by each architecture. This modeling is based on linear regression. There are considerable over-estimations in the round-robin compared to the Backoff. (3) A NoC architecture dedicated for multimedia applications has been proposed. The objective of such architecture is to transmit traffic with different priority levels under right conditions. In this architecture of NoC multimedia, we have doubled the physical links instead of using virtual channels to allow high priority traffic to recover the delay and to ensure quality of service. In Additionally we have integrated within the routers a simple arbiter to deal with the priority levels for each packet. This new architecture has been compared with traditional architecture based on virtual channels using several test partitioning. Finally, an analytical study was proposed to estimate the number of APs needed for the NoC Multimedia deployed in multi-FPGA systemse to meet the user’s requirements
Mabiala, Moundele Dave Muriel. "Etudes des propriétés structurelles des réseaux ad hoc de véhicules." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112350.
Full textOur area of research is survey and analysis of Vehicular Ad Hoc NETworks or VANETS. A VANET consists of vehicle capable exchanging information via a wireless network in an effort to improve road safety and provide Internet access for passengers, which is our area of interest. Compared to a classical ad hoc network, VANET is characterized by high mobility of nodes making the network topology strongly dynamic. To counter this problem, we are therefore interested in the traffic dynamics on road and problems that arise due to wireless communications. Our questions were: 1) What is the VANET network topology? 2) Is Internet access possible? 3) What is the influence of vehicle movement on routing? 4) What is the capacity and throughput available in such a wireless network? These provisions are concerned with the study of road traffic's using analytical tools and simulation. We demonstrate how the network is fragmented and characterize the probability of path existence and connection duration. The results show that the connection time is too short for example to access Web. The simulator models with microscopic road traffic has been developed to interface with NS-2, which was then used to compare two routing algorithms, DSR and GPSR, Contrary to earlier publications, our findings show that DSR is better than GPSR in all viewpoints. Finally, our simulations evaluate the available capacity. We conclude that a VANET which is purely Ad Hoc is not viable for non-safety applications and we need to use a hybrid network
Kachroudi, Sofiene. "Commande et optimisation pour la régulation du trafic urbain mutimodale sur de grands réseaux urbains." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2009EVRY0035/document.
Full textThe need for traffic regulation and improving the transit regularity are facts widely shared within the research and operational environments. The objective of this thesis is to design a strategy to meet these goals through the traffic lights on large urban networks. Topics addressed in this thesis are: traffic modelling: whether it is for general or transit vehicles. For the former, the model reproduces the basic patterns already developed with improvements to accommodate all traffic situations. For transit vehicles, two original models were developed. Construction of criteria: we have constructed two criteria to measure the traffic state. The first, for cars, is the same as that used in other systems of traffic control. The criterion for transit vehicles has been built in an original way to measure the regularity of the vehicles. Multi-objective optimization: the models complexity, the highly non-linear criteria and the constraints of real-time environment have guided the choice of a meta-heuristic called Particle Swarm Optimization. We have implemented two versions and adapted the scheme to the multi-objective case. Closed loop control: the strategy had to respond in real time to changing trafic conditions. We have adopted a classic architecture of the Generalized Model Predictive control and an architecture involving predictive control and the linear quadratic control. This last one is used to initialize and limit the size of the search space for the optimization algorithm. The numerical results obtained by simulation on a virtual network show that the strategy significantly improves the overall traffic and regularity of the transit lines
Alvarez-Hamelin, José Ignacio. "Routage dans Internet : trafic autosimilaire, multicast et modèles de typologie." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112267.
Full textThe first part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of the Internet topology, and a survey of the Internet models. We present a new model for Internet. This model will allows us to test unicast and multicast routing protocols. The second part is dedicated to multicast protocols. First, we presented a survey of construction technique for multicast trees. We propose two multicast protocols. MSDA protocol optimizes the total delay of multicast messages in a multicast tree. In order to quantify the optimization, we tested MSDA with the topologies obtained with our topology generator. MCT protocol builds the optimal multicast tree according to some predefined quality-of-service parameter. We performed simulations with ARPANET (1995) network topology in order to compare MCT with other classical multicast protocols. These simulations prove the positive impact of MCT for multicast communications. The last part is dedicated to the self-similar model of Internet traffic, and to a new quality-of-service parameter: the probabilistic congestion. This parameter allows the estimation of the rate of packet loss. Probabilistic congestion is adapted to a long-term description of the traffic, and it can be used for unicast routing protocols. We performed a simulation in order to validate our ideas (in the UUNET network and in the generated topologies from our topology model). These simulations prove the usefulness of probabilistic congestion for multicast protocols
Nguyen, Thai Phu. "Conception et application d'un modèle de l'information routière et ses effets sur le trafic." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626631.
Full textGallo, Massimo. "Gestion du trafic et des ressources dans les réseaux centrés sur le contenu : design et évaluation." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01002134.
Full textGAUCHARD, David. "Simulation hybride des réseaux IP-DiffServ-MPLS multi-services sur environnement d'exécution distribuée." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011034.
Full textMai, Hai Dang. "Sur la capacité opérationnelle des modèles d'affectation dynamique du trafic, et la convergence des algorithmes d'équilibrage." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002183.
Full textScherrer, Antoine. "Analyses statistiques des communications sur puce." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00195131.
Full textDiego, Maza William David. "Contrôle de trafic et gestion de la qualité de service basée sur les mécanismes IP pour les réseaux LTE." Thesis, Télécom Bretagne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TELB0406/document.
Full textThe mobile data landscape is changing rapidly and mobile operators are today facing the daunting challenge of providing cheap and valuable services to ever more demanding customers. As a consequence, cost reduction is actively sought by operators as well as Quality of Service (QoS) preservation. Current 3GPP standards for LTE/EPC networks offer a fine tuning QoS (per-flow level), which inherits many characteristics of legacy telco networks. In spite of its good performance, such a QoS model reveals costly and cumbersome and finally, it remains very rarely deployed, thereby giving way to basic best-effort hegemony. This thesis aims at improving QoS in mobile networks through cost-effective solutions; To this end, after an evaluation of the impact and cost of signaling associated with the standard QoS model, alternative schemes are proposed, such as the IP-centric QoS model (per aggregate) inspired from the DiffServ approach widely used in fixed IP networks. This model provides a simple, efficient and cost-effective IP level QoS management with a performance level similar to standardized solutions. However, as it requires enhancements in the eNB, this scheme cannot be expected in mobile networks before a rather long time.Thus, we introduce Slo-Mo, which is a lightweight implicit mechanism for managing QoS from a distant point when the congestion point (e.g. eNB) is not able to do it. Slo-Mo creates a self-adaptive bottleneck which adjusts dynamically to the available resources taking advantage of TCP native flow control. Straightforward QoS management at IP level is then performed in the Slo-Mo node, leading to enhanced customer experience at a marginal cost and short term
Belloul, Malika. "Influence du confinement sur les mécanismes physiques régissant le trafic de gouttes au sein de réseaux micro et milli fluidiques." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S111.
Full textIn this work, we investigate repartionning of monodisperse droplets at a simple asymmetric bifurcation. We show that a trac of discrete uid in microuidic systems is regulated by two distincts mechanisms : collective hydrodynamic feedback and local colisions. The competition between these two mechanisms is controlled by the connement of the droplets. For each mechanism, we propose simple phenomenological models in terms of the various pertinent parameters of the problem. Furthermore, we develop a passive method to measure pressure drops in microuidics channels. We measure the excess hydrodynamic resistance of each droplet channel for channels having circular and rectangular cross-sections. We show that the geometry of a channel aects the mobility of droplets. Droplets travel faster (slmower) than the average ow speed for channels having circular (rectangular) cross sections
Taktak, Rached. "Contribution à la détection automatique des véhicules sur autoroute par vision artificielle." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL019N.
Full textMorizot, Sylvie. "Etude sur une population jeune et en bonne santé des effets d'un bruit de trafic routier, d'une benzodiazépine, et de leur conjugaison, sur les potentiels évoqués auditifs précoces, l'appareil cardiovasculaire et l'anxiété." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOS011.
Full textGallego, Jean-Louis. "Nouvelles approches pour la commande des carrefours." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ESAE0029.
Full textDhaou, Riadh. "Modélisation de réseaux composés de constellations de satellites." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066405.
Full textRamamonjisoa, David. "Architecture de copilotage et de contrôle d'exécution basée sur un système expert temps réel." Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMP574S.
Full textZhang, Ming-Yu. "Apports des systèmes d'information à l'exploitation des réseaux de voies rapides. Le cas du réseau d'Ile-de-France." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529501.
Full textSalotti, Julien. "Méthodes de sélection de voisinage pour la prévision à court-terme du trafic urbain." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI077.
Full textIn the context of Smart Cities, there is a growing need to inform drivers, anticipate congestion and take action to manage the state of the traffic flow on the road network. This need has driven the development of a large number of traffic forecasting methods. The last decades have seen the rise in computing power, in storage capacity and in our ability to process information in real-time. More and more road segments are equipped with traffic sensors. These evolutions are new elements to take into consideration in order to design accurate traffic forecasting algorithms. Despite the large amount of research efforts on this topic, there is still no clear understanding of which criteria are required in order to achieve a high forecasting performance at the network scale. In this thesis, we study two real datasets collected in two main French cities: Lyon and Marseille. The Lyon dataset describes the traffic flow on an urban network. The Marseille dataset descrobes the traffic flow on urban freeways. We evaluate the performance of methods from different fields: time series analysis (autoregressive models), and different subfields of machine learning (support vector machines, neural networks, nearest-neighbors regression). We also study different neighborhood selection strategies in order to improve the forecasting accuracy, while decreasing the complexity of the models. We evaluate a well-known approach (Lasso) and apply for the first time on traffic data a method based on information theory and graphical models (TiGraMITe), which has shown very effective on similar physics applications. Our experimental results confirm the usefulness of neighborhood selection mechanisms in some contexts and illustrate the complementarity of forecasting methods with respect to the type of network (urban, freeway) and the forecasting horizon (from 6 to 30 minutes)
Kyeongja, Lee. "Modèle global pour la Qualité de Service dans les réseaux de FAI : intégration de DiffServ et de l’ingénierie de trafic basée sur MPLS." Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Kyeongja.pdf.
Full textMultipath routing is a mechanism for load balancing in which the total load is spatially distributed over several paths. It can reduce congestion probability given by routing into the shortest path in the current Internet. LSPs of MPLS provide path controllability by explicit route in the connectionless IP network. Multipath routing scheme is composed of two steps, the selection of multiple candidate paths and the traffic splitting among these selected paths. We compare some recent multipath routing algorithms based on MPLS on the point of scalability and stability. Among them, we pick up WDP and LDM for our hybrid approach which combines cross-steps of different algorithms. PER algorithm is proposed in the improvement of LDM’s traffic splitting step. Using LDM, WDP and PER, three hybrid QoS algorithms are made. Their performances are proved by simulation that they, especially LBWDP (Load Balancing over Widest Disjoint Paths), are more effective than LDM or MATE. For better QoS guarantee, we integrate DiffServ with our traffic engineering technique (DiffServ-aware MPLS Traffic Engineering : DS-TE). PEMS (PEriodic Multi-Step algorithm in DS-TE network) is proposed as one DS-TE model to differentiate the quality of service according to the class. For PEMS algorithm, we propose a new algorithm to select candidate paths by proper metric of each traffic class. PER algorithm distributes the traffic among its own candidate paths by dynamic metric of requested class. Simulation results using ns-2 showed that PEMS can balance the load less than LBWDP but EF and AF classes can be ensured of the better quality of service than LBWDP
Nabaa, Michel. "Morphodynamique de réseaux viaires - Application au risque." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00623691.
Full textGoncalves, Gomes Danielo. "Un modèle connexionniste pour la prédiction et l'optimisation de la bande passante : Approche basée sur la nature autosimilaire du trafic vidéo." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EVRY0021.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is the bandwidth forecasting optimization of a MPEG-4 video flow aggregate in a scenario of provisioning of Video on Demand (VoD) service over Internet. The proposed approach takes into account the self-similar nature of the IP traffic to estimate the Hurst parameter. This metric characterizes the degree of self-similarity of a process such as Internet traffic. A first contribution of this thesis is the design and implementation of a connectionist model which estimates and predicts the Husrt parameter of an aggregate video traffic. A new model called Predictive Connectionist Model (PCM) has been defined and is trained with MPEG traces patterns. The estimation of the bandwidth utilisation is achieved using two prediction techniques which evaluated and compared. Another contribution of this thesis is the integration of the Predictive Connectionist Model in a dynamic provisioning system between a VoD provider and an ISP (Internet Service Provider). This system is designed according to the Policy Based Management architecture of IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) and is implemented using Web technologies
Hénocq, Xavier. "Contrôle d'erreur pour transmission de flux vidéo temps réel sur réseaux de paquets hétérogènes et variant dans le temps." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10020.
Full textLosserand, Sylvain. "Dispersion et temps de transit de globules rouges dans les capillaires et réseaux microcirculatoires." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY002.
Full textBlood is a dense suspension of red blood cells (RBCs, about 50% in volume) which are highly deformable cells whose function is oxygen transport from lungs to organs. This gas exchange function in organs involves flow in a dense and ramified capillary network where several coupled phenomena lead to a complex traffic flow (organisation of RBCs in flow, rheology, separation at bifurcations). An essential parameter of microcirculation is the transit time of RBCs in an organ, that can be a limitation to diffusion and disponibility of oxygen and lead to non-optimal desaturation before leaving the microvascular network to reach the veinous system. Depending on mechanical properties of RBCs that can be modified by pathologies, and their en concentration, their transit time can vary in large proportions, and also be quite dispersed around the mean value for the same sample : some RBCs are faster than others. The mechanisms involved are the rheology of blood (the apparent viscosity varies with confinement in capillaries and RBC rigidity), and the hydrodynamic migration dispersion of RBCs due to interactions between cells and with vessel walls. This phenomenon can be qualitatively related to the well known phenomenon of Taylor dispersion of a solute in a channel and is also known for colloidal suspensions.Numerical simulations in the host team have revealed that the dispersion of average transit velocities of RBCs in a microcirculatory network was very sensitive to the mechanical properties of cells, as well as their transverse spatial dispersion in the network. This thesis proposes to explore several aspects of RBC dispersion in different model situations. The first chapter will be dedicated to the study of the transverse migration of RBCs from the walls towards the center of the canal in a very diluted medium, in fact this phenomenon plays a very important role in the establishment of a depletion layer at the walls. The second chapter will be dedicated to the study of structuration dynamics observed in flows, the idea is to measure the evolution of the concentration profile of RBCs along a rectilinear canal after a T intersection. chapter will focus on the evolution of a bolus of RBCs in a rectilinear pseudo-2D channel, it dynamic to observe the influence of the mechanical properties of red blood cells and concentration on the dispersion of transit time
Domga, Komguem Rodrigue. "Autonomous wireless sensor network architecture for vehicular traffic monitoring at an intersection." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI050.
Full textIn many countries, because of the limited financial budget, the growth of road infrastructures is low compared to the growth of population and the number of vehicles in urban areas. Such a context does not make the task easy for authorities in charge of the management of transportation systems. The introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) allows to better address these issues. Vehicular traffic management at intersections has an impact on the traffic jam observed in the whole city. In this thesis, our goal is to propose a low-cost, lightweight and autonomous Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) architecture for vehicular traffic monitoring, especially at an intersections. Vehicular traffic data collected can be used, for instance, for intelligent traffic lights management. In the WSN architecture proposed in the literature for vehicular traffic monitoring, underground sensors are used. In terms of network communication, these architectures are not realistic. Nowadays, surface-mounted sensors are proposed by manufacturers. The first contribution of this thesis is an experimental characterization of wireless links in a WSN with sensors deployed at the ground level. We evaluate the impact of several parameters like the proximity of the ground surface, the communication frequency and the messages size on the link quality. Result show a poor link quality at ground level. Based on the conclusions of the experiments, the second contribution of this thesis is WARIM, a new WSN architecture for vehicular traffic monitoring at an intersection. In WARIM, the sensors deployed on a lane form a multi-hop WSN with a linear topology (LWSN). In this network, all the data are forwarded toward the sink. In a network with such properties, the computation and communication requirements are highest in the neighborhood of the sink. Thus, the third contribution of this thesis is a virtual nodes-based and energy efficient sensors deployment strategy for LWSN. Compared to a uniform deployment, this deployment improves the network lifetime by 40%. In our intersection monitoring application, it is important to correlate the messages generated by a sensor to its position with respect to the intersection. Therefore,the fourth contribution of this thesis is, a centroid-based algorithm for sensors ranking in a LWSN. We evaluate the performance of this algorithm considering a realistic channel model, a uniform deployment, as well as the virtual nodes based-deployment proposed in this thesis. Finally, putting all our contributions together, simulations show that WARIM can be used for reliable and real-time vehicular traffic monitoring at an intersection
Werner, Stéphane. "Optimisation des cadastres d'émissions: estimation des incertitudes, détermination des facteurs d'émissions du "black carbon" issus du trafic routier et estimation de l'influence de l'incertitude des cadastres d'émissions sur la modélisation : application aux cadastres Escompte et Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/WERNER_Stephane_2009.pdf.
Full textEmissions inventories have a fundamental role in controlling air pollution, both directly by identifying emissions, and as input data for air pollution models. The main objective of this PhD study is to optimize existing emissions inventories, including one from the program ESCOMPTE « Experiments on Site to Constrain Models of Atmospheric Pollution and Transport of Emissions ». For that emissions inventory, two separate issues were developed: one designed to better assess the emissions uncertainties and the second to insert a new compound of interest in this inventory: Black Carbon (BC). Within the first issue, an additional study was conducted on the Nord-Pas-de-Calais emissions inventory to test the methodology of uncertainties calculation. The emissions uncertainties calculated were used to assess their influence on air quality modeling (model CHIMERE). The second part of the research study was dedicated to complement the existing inventory of carbon particulate emissions from road traffic sector by introducing an additional class of compounds: the BC. The BC is the raw carbonaceous atmospheric particles absorbing light. Its main source is the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels and compounds. It can be regarded as a key atmospheric compound given its impact on climate and on health because of its chemical reactivity
Hassan, Khaldon. "Architecture De Contrôleur Mémoire Configurable et Continuité de Service Pour l'Accès à la Mémoire Externe Dans Les Systèmes Multiprocesseurs Intégrés à Base de Réseaux Sur Puce." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656470.
Full textKhaldon, Hassan. "Architecture de contrôleur mémoire configurable et continuité de service pour l'accès à la mémoire externe dans les systèmes multiprocesseurs intégrés à base de réseaux sur puce." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENT051/document.
Full textThe ongoing advancements in VLSI technology allow System-on-Chip (SoC) to integrate many heterogeneous functions into a single chip, but still demand, because of economical constraints, a single and shared main off-chip SDRAM. Consequently, main memory system design, and more specifically the architecture of the memory controller, has become an increasingly important factor in determining the overall system performance. Choosing a memory controller design that meets the needs of the whole system is a complex issue. This requires the exploration of the memory controller architecture, and then the validation of each configuration by simulation. Although the architecture exploration of the memory controller is a key to successful system design, state of the art memory controllers are not as flexible as necessary for this task. Even if some of them present a configurable architecture, the exploration is restricted to limited sets of parameters such as queue depth, data bus size, quality-of-service level, and bandwidth distribution. Several classes of traffic co-exist in real applications, e.g. best effort traffic and guaranteed service traffic, and access the main memory. Therefore, considering the interaction between the memory subsystem and the interconnection system has become vital in today's SoCs. Many on chip networks provide guaranteed services to traffic classes to satisfy the applications requirements. However, very few studies consider the SDRAM access within a system approach, and take into account the specificity of the SDRAM access as a target in NoC-based SoCs. This thesis addresses the topic of dynamic access to SDRAM in NoC-based SoCs. We introduce a totally customizable memory controller architecture based on fully configurable building components and design a high level cycle approximate model for it. This enables the exploration of the memory subsystem thanks to the ease of configuration of the memory controller architecture. Because of the discontinuity of services between the network and the memory controller, we also propose within the framework of this thesis an Extreme End to End flow control protocol to access the memory device through a multi-port memory controller. The simple yet novel idea is to exploit information about the memory controller status in the NoC. Experimental results show that by controlling the best effort traffic injection in the NoC, our protocol increases the performance of the guaranteed service traffic in terms of bandwidth and latency, while maintaining the average bandwidth of the best effort traffic
Majid, Hirsh. "Contribution à l'estimation et à la commande des systèmes de transport intelligents." Thesis, Artois, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ARTO0203/document.
Full textThe works presented in this PhD dissertation fit into the framework of Intelligent TransportationSystems. Although the beginnings of these systems have started since the 60s, their development, basedon information and communication technologies, has reached maturity during the early 80s. The ITS usesthe intelligence of different systems (embedded systems, intelligents sensors, intelligents highways, etc.)in order to optimize road infrastructures performances and respond to the daily problems of congestions.The dissertation presents four contributions into the framework of road traffic flow and tackles theestimation and control problems in order to eliminate or at least reduce the “recurrent" congestionsphenomena. The first point treats the problem of traffic state estimation which is of most importance inthe field of ITS. Indeed, the implementation and performance of any control strategy is closely relatedto the ability to have all needed information about the traffic state describing the dynamic behavior ofthe studied system. Two estimation algorithms are then proposed. The first one uses the “metanet"model and high order sliding mode techniques. The second is based on the so-called Cell TransmissionModels. Several comparative studies with the Kalman filters, which are the most used in road traffic flowengineering, are established in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Thethree other contributions concern the problem of traffic flow control. At first, the focus is on the isolatedramp metering using an algorithm based on the high order sliding mode control. The second contributiondeals with the dynamic traffic routing problem based on the high order sliding mode control. Such controlstrategy is enriched by introducing the concept of integration, in the third contribution. Indeed, integratedcontrol consists of a combination of several traffic control algorithms. In this thesis the proposed approachcombines an algorithm of on-ramp control with a dynamic traffic routing control. The obtained results arevalidated via numerical simulations. The validated results of the proposed isolated ramp metering controlare compared with the most used ramp metering strategy : ALINEA. Finally, the last contributiontreats the coordination problems. The objective is to coordinate several ramps which cooperate andchange information in order to optimize the highway traffic flow and reduce the total travel time in theapplied area. All these contributions were validated using real data mostly from French freeways. Theobtained results show substantial gains in term of performances such as travel time, energetic consumptiondecreasing, as well as the increasing in the mean speed. These results allow to consider several furtherworks in order to provide more interesting and efficient solutions in the ITS field