Journal articles: 'Trafic routier'

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Planchon, Florent, Daniel Delahaye, and Claude Tougard. "Emissions polluantes et trafic routier." Études Normandes 48, no. 1 (1999): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/etnor.1999.2392.

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RICORDEL, S., L. DEDIEU, D. ASTRIE, R. TRAMOY, B. TASSIN, and J. GASPERI. "Macrodéchets et déchets plastiques issus du trafic routier." 6 6, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202206053.

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Les impacts négatifs des déchets dispersés dans l’environnement sont soulignés depuis des décennies, mais peu de données de terrain sont disponibles dans la littérature scientifique. Les eaux pluviales peuvent contribuer de façon importante à la propagation et à l’accumulation de débris plastiques dans l’environnement. Toutefois, peu de données existent sur les flux et la composition des macrodéchets dans les eaux pluviales, y compris les débris plastiques. Afin de combler ce manque de connaissances, cette étude a pour objectif d’étudier l’occurrence, l’abondance et la composition des macrodéchets issus du trafic routier. Pour y répondre, les macrodéchets, dont les débris plastiques, ont été collectés dans un bassin de rétention des eaux pluviales drainant une portion du périphérique nantais pendant une année. Cette portion correspond à la partie sud du pont de Cheviré qui présente un trafic important (~90 000 véhicules/jour en moyenne). Les macrodéchets sont triés et classés selon la classification Ospar/TG-ML. En un an, 88,5 kg de débris ont été collectés. Au total, les plastiques correspondent à 60 % de la masse de déchets récoltés. Ces déchets plastiques sont surtout des fragments, des mégots et filtres de cigarettes, ainsi que des morceaux de polystyrène. Une identification des sources de rejets a été réalisée en différenciant les déchets jetés volontairement (37,2 %), des déchets perdus accidentellement (62,8 %), parmi les 43 % de déchets pour lesquels cette différenciation était possible. La masse de déchets collectée est fortement corrélée au trafic. Ces résultats démontrent que les routes peuvent avoir une contribution importante dans les fuites de déchets, y compris les plastiques, vers les environnements récepteurs.

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Gillaizeau, Florence, Medhi Danech-Pajouh, and Jean-Claude Pierrelée. "Prévision qualitative du trafic routier par régression logistique." Recherche - Transports - Sécurité 23, no. 93 (December 30, 2006): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rts.93.295-315.

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-GROS, Jean-Paul. "Gestion du trafic routier et des terminaux de péage." Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique -, no. 02 (1995): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3845/ree.1995.022.

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KHELIFI, Asma, Jean-Patrick LEBACQUE, and Habib HAJ-SALEM. "Modélisation stochastique macroscopique d'ordre supérieur du trafic sur les réseaux routiers : implications managériales." Revue Française de Gestion Industrielle 37, no. 2 (September 21, 2023): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53102/2023.37.02.1156.

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Les systèmes de transport jouent un rôle primordial dans le développement de la croissance économique des pays. Cependant, l'apparition des véhicules autonomes et électriques et les restrictions mises en place pour limiter la diffusion et les impacts du Covid-19 dans les transports en commun ont eu un impact important sur l’augmentation des problèmes de transport notamment aux intersections. Le présent papier aide à résoudre ces problèmes. Cet article s'intéresse à la modélisation stochastique des flux du trafic sur les réseaux routiers, grâce à des modèles macroscopiques génériques de second ordre : la famille GSOM. Il a été montré que de tels modèles d'ordre supérieur peuvent être résolus dans un cadre lagrangien dont les coordonnées lagrangiennes se déplacent avec le trafic. La difficulté d'utiliser cette solution de résolution sur un réseau est de traiter les discontinuités eulériennes – fixes – telles que les jonctions. L'objectif de ce travail est double : d'une part, proposer des modèles d’intersection adaptés aux modèles stochastiques macroscopiques de flux de trafic de second ordre, et d'autre part, résoudre le modèle résultant dans le cadre d’un réseau routier. Quelques exemples numériques sont fournis pour montrer l'efficacité de l'approche proposée.

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Dussault, Christian, Catherine Laurian, and Jean-Pierre Ouellet. "Réactions comportementales de l’orignal à la présence d’un réseau routier dans un milieu forestier." Les routes et la grande faune 136, no. 2 (May 11, 2012): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1009106ar.

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Les accidents routiers impliquant l’orignal engendrent des dégâts matériels coûteux et peuvent causer des pertes de vies humaines. Nous avons étudié le comportement de l’orignal près des routes afin de développer des mesures d’atténuation pour réduire le nombre d’accidents routiers avec cette espèce. Nous avons muni plusieurs orignaux de colliers GPS entre 2003 et 2006 dans le nord de la réserve faunique des Laurentides, où se trouvent deux routes principales asphaltées et un réseau de chemins forestiers. Les axes routiers, même les chemins forestiers où le trafic était faible, furent généralement évités par les orignaux. Nos résultats suggèrent que la fréquentation par l’orignal des abords de routes pavées s’explique par la présence de sodium dans les mares d’eau stagnante. Cependant, la fréquentation des routes par l’orignal n’a pas augmenté en période d’abondance d’insectes piqueurs. Les abords des routes asphaltées ont généralement été visités au printemps et en été, périodes durant lesquelles les besoins en sodium de l’orignal sont les plus élevés. La présence de mares salines en bordure des routes augmente le risque de collision avec un orignal. L’élimination de ces mares pourrait donc améliorer sensiblement la sécurité routière, mais l’efficacité de cette approche à long terme n’est pas connue.

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Champion, Alexis, Jean-Michel Auberlet, René Mandiau, Stéphane Espié, and Christophe Kolski. "Simulation comportementale du trafic routier en intersection Un mécanisme de résolution de conflit." Recherche - Transports - Sécurité 28, no. 100 (September 30, 2008): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rts.100.185-194.

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Dacko, Marion. "Franchir les montagnes du Massif central à l’époque romaine. Sources antiques et données archéologiques." Aquitania : une revue inter-régionale d'archéologie 37, no. 1 (2021): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/aquit.2021.1640.

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À l’époque romaine, le Massif central est décrit par les sources textuelles comme un secteur délicat en termes de circulation routière. Dans cette région où les zones montagneuses couvrent les quatre cinquièmes de la superficie du territoire, la chaîne des Puys, la Haute-Combraille et le massif du Devès sont aujourd’hui encore considérés comme des points de passage difficiles. Traversés par des axes antiques de moyen et long parcours, ces trois espaces offrent de fortes contraintes climatiques (couverture neigeuse, vents vigoureux, cycles de gel et dégel) et topographiques (pentes, dénivellations) qui devaient considérablement peser sur la viabilité, notamment hivernale. Cette contribution propose de s’intéresser à la qualité des infrastructures de transport et à la gestion du trafic routier dans ces zones de relief.

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Doniec, Arnaud, René Mandiaud, Stéphane Espié, and Sylvain Piechowiak. "Comportements anticipatifs dans les systèmes multi-agents. Application à la simulation de trafic routier." Revue d'intelligence artificielle 21, no. 2 (April 12, 2007): 183–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ria.21.183-221.

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-MANDIAU, René. "Coordination multi-agent basée sur les jeux : application à la simulation de trafic routier." Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique -, no. 02 (2005): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3845/ree.2005.012.

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Leblond, Mathieu, Christian Dussault, and Jean-Pierre Ouellet. "Réponses comportementales du caribou forestier à l’élargissement d’un axe routier majeur." Projets entourant la route 175 136, no. 2 (May 11, 2012): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1009102ar.

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Nous avons évalué les réactions du caribou forestier (Rangifer tarandus caribou) face à une route majeure avant, pendant et après son élargissement. Nous avons suivi 53 individus par télémétrie GPS de 2004 à 2010, et avons étudié leurs déplacements et leur distribution par rapport à la route 175, en réfection depuis 2006. Nous avons comparé le taux des traversées réelles de la route par les caribous à des traversées de routes aléatoires, et avons mesuré le taux de déplacement des caribous au moment d’une traversée. Nous avons aussi évalué la sélection des ressources dans le domaine vital des individus, ainsi que dans des zones de 1 250, 2 500 et 5 000 m de chaque côté de la route. Seulement 12 caribous traversèrent la route, pour un total de 93 traversées en 7 ans. Moins de localisations de caribous furent observées près de la route pendant et après les travaux de réfection, qu’avant les travaux. Le taux de déplacement des caribous fut plus élevé à proximité de la route, particulièrement lorsque la densité du trafic était élevée. Nous concluons que la connectivité entre les 2 côtés de la route doit être maintenue afin de maximiser les chances de viabilité de cette population au statut précaire.

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Bouhri, Neïla, Florence Boillot, and Pierre Vinant. "Régulation multimodale du trafic routier et des transports en commun de surface. Une classification des méthodes." Recherche - Transports - Sécurité 28, no. 98 (March 30, 2008): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rts.98.53-72.

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Bonhomme, Alexandre, Philippe Mathieu, and Sébastien Picault. "Simuler le trafic routier à partir de données réelles. Vers un outil d’aide à la décision." Revue d'intelligence artificielle 30, no. 3 (June 28, 2016): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ria.30.329-352.

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Galand, Stéphane, Flavien Balbo, Gauthier Picard, Olivier Boissier, Nicolas Gaud, and Sebastian Rodriguez. "Environnement multidimensionnel pour contextualiser les interactions des agents. Application à la simulation du trafic routier urbain." Revue d'intelligence artificielle 30, no. 1-2 (April 28, 2016): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ria.30.81-108.

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Morizot-Martinet, Sylvie, Jean-Claude Petiot, Henri-Jacques Smolik, Pierre Trapet, and André Gisselmann. "Effets, sur les potentiels évoqués auditifs précoces, d'un bruit de trafic routier, d'une benzodiazépine et de leur conjugaison." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de la Vie 320, no. 11 (November 1997): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0764-4469(97)80872-4.

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Reungoat, P., M. Chiron, and I. Momas. "Évaluation de l’exposition à la pollution atmosphérique liée au trafic routier dans les études épidémiologiques : une revue de littérature." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 52, no. 3 (June 2004): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0398-7620(04)99052-9.

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Paul-Didi, Mpoyo Kumwimba, Dembo Emongo Claudine, Muyumba Nonga Welcome, Nsenga Nkulu Salvatore, Zeka Mujinga Léon, Kalonda Mutombo Emery, Banza Lubaba Nkulu Celestin, and Kyona wa Nsanga. "Contribution à l’étude de la pollution particulaire de l’air en milieu urbain: « Cas des PM2,5 et PM10 le long de la route Kasapa, dans la Ville de Lubumbashi, en R.D. Congo »." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 4130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n3-026.

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Résumé La ville de Lubumbashi en République Démocratique du Congo (R.D. Congo), comme la plupart des villes africaines est confrontée à une démographie galopante avec un accroissement d’activités anthropiques dont le trafic routier qui, à côté de l’industrie, est souvent pointé du doigt comme émetteur des polluants atmosphériques, notamment les matières particulaires (PM) (1–4). Plusieurs études ont prouvé que lors de leurs émissions dans l’atmosphère, les PM peuvent véhiculer des nombreuses substances toxiques comme les éléments traces métalliques (ETM)(5–7). Leur toxicité est également liée à leur taille qui favorise leur pénétration dans le système respiratoire. Une relation claire a également été observée entre l’exposition aux PM, la survenance des divers effets sanitaires(7) Afin de parvenir à mettre sur pied des politiques de surveillance, de prévention et de réduction de leurs émissions; l’étude de la concentration des PM dans l’atmosphère, des causes de leurs toxicités et de leurs impacts sanitaires s’avère indispensable. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’étudier la variation, d’une part, de la concentration des matières particulaires PM2,5 et PM10 définies comme l’ensemble des particules dont la taille est inférieure à, respectivement 2,5 et 10 micromètres(4) dans l’atmosphère, et d’autre part, la variation de la concentration de certaines substances toxiques, notamment les ETM dans les dépôts atmosphériques solides, susceptibles d’accentuer leur toxicité(3,5). Les analyses chimiques effectuées par ICP sur les échantillons des dépôts atmosphériques solides (poussières), celles des échantillons des pneus et des plaquettes de freins; se sont concentrées sur le cuivre (Cu), le cadmium (Cd), le zinc (Zn), le Nickel (Ni).et le plomb (Pb)à l’exception du fer (Fe) qui n’a été analysé que dans les dépôts atmosphériques solides Notre étude a été réalisée le long de la route Kasapa, longue d’environ 5 km (Figure 1), elle est l’une des routes ayant un grand trafic automobile: Les résultats obtenus montrent une présence des PM10 et PM2,5 à des valeurs supérieure à la norme de l’OMS sur toutes les 5 stations. L’analyse des ETM dans les dépôts atmosphériques solides a révélé une présence remarquable du Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn et du Pb; quant à celle effectuée sur les pneus et les plaquettes des freins, nous avons trouvé des fortes concentrations en Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, et Pb. Ces résultats nous ont amené à conclure qu’il y a pollution particulaire le long de la route Kasapa, et le trafic routier en est l’une des causes majeure suite à la remise en suspension, l’abrasion des pneus et l’usure des plaquettes de freins dont la composition chimique en ETM accentue la toxicité de PM. ABSTRACT The city of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R. Congo), like most African cities, is confronted with a galloping demography with an increase in anthropic activities including road traffic which, alongside industry, is often singled out as an emitter of atmospheric pollutants, particularly particulate matter (PM) (1-4). Several studies have shown that when emitted into the atmosphere, PM can carry numerous toxic substances such as trace metal elements (TMEs)(5-7). Their toxicity is also related to their size which favors their penetration into the respiratory system. A clear relationship has also been observed between PM exposure and the occurrence of various health effects(7) In order to set up policies for monitoring, prevention and reduction of their emissions, it is essential to study the concentration of PM in the atmosphere, the causes of their toxicity and their health impacts. The objective of this work is therefore to study the variation, on the one hand, of the concentration of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 defined as all the particles whose size is respectively lower than 2.5 and 10 micrometers(4) in the atmosphere, and on the other hand, the variation of the concentration of certain toxic substances, in particular the ETM in the solid atmospheric deposits, likely to accentuate their toxicity(3, 5). The chemical analyses carried out by ICP on the samples of solid atmospheric deposits (dust), those of the samples of tires and brake pads; concentrated on copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) Our study was carried out along the Kasapa road, which is about 5 km long (Figure 1), and is one of the roads with a lot of traffic: The results obtained show the presence of PM10 and PM2.5 at values higher than the WHO standard at all 5 stations. The analysis of TMEs in solid atmospheric deposits revealed a remarkable presence of Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb; as for the one carried out on tires and brake pads, we found high concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb. These results led us to conclude that there is particulate pollution along the Kasapa road, and road traffic is one of the major causes following the resuspension, abrasion of tires and wear of brake pads whose chemical composition in TME accentuates the toxicity of PM.

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Grassot, L., J. P. Nicolas, and P. Pluvinet. "De l’intérêt de contrôler l’impact des hypothèses de composition du parc automobile sur l’estimation des émissions liées au trafic routier." Recherche Transports sécurité 2012, no. 03-04 (December 2012): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13547-012-0040-x.

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Stritt, Marc-Alain. "Coût des salissures causées aux bâtiments par le trafic routier: aspects méthodologiques et résultats empiriques pour la ville de Neuchâtel (Suisse)." Science of The Total Environment 134, no. 1-3 (June 1993): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90336-5.

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BENZIDIA, Smaïl, and Omar BENTAHAR. "Numéro Spécial ¨PROLOG : La digitalisation des supply chains : défis et bénéfices." Revue Française de Gestion Industrielle 37, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53102/2023.37.02.1192.

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Ce numéro spécial de la Revue Française de Gestion Industrielle (RFGI) est associé à la 6ème édition du colloque PROLOG qui s’est tenue à Nantes (Cité des congrès) les 28, 29 septembre et 1er et 2 octobre 2021. L’édition a été organisée par le laboratoire LEMNA en collaboration avec l’université de Nantes. La conférence PROLOG est une manifestation scientifique qui promeut les recherches portant sur des problématiques contemporaines dans le domaine de la chaîne logistique et du management de projet, permettant ainsi une contribution incrémentale à la théorie et un apport managérial pour les organisations. Pour cette 6ème édition de cette conférence, c’est la digitalisation des supply chains et des projets qui a porté les débats de cette conférence qui a réuni 78 communications de chercheurs de différents pays : France, Canada, Italie, Angleterre, Danemark, Irlande, Maroc, Brésil… Ce numéro spécial nous permet de réunir 5 articles sur ces thématiques : trois articles sur les artefacts et les effets de la digitalisation dans la supply chain avec des cas d’application sur des grands groupes et des PME, un article sur le On Time Delivery (OTD) dans le secteur de l’aéronautique, et un article qui illustre la modélisation stochastique du trafic routier.

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Marcoux, Nancy, Lucien Tessier, and Yves Bégin. "Répartition estivale du dioxyde d'azote et de l'ozone dans une vallée alpine, Chamonix, France." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 52, no. 2 (October 2, 2002): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004848ar.

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Résumé Au cours de l'été 1995, la distribution des concentrations atmosphériques en dioxyde d'azote (NO 2 ) et enozone (O 3 ) a été analysée dans une vallée alpine (Chamonix, France). Sur 8 km, du fond de la vallée (1 020 m) à 2 000 m d'altitude, 42 sites répartis selon une maille de 1 km 2 ont fait l'objet de trois échantillonnages passifs hebdomadaires, du 17 juillet au 7 août 1995. Des mesures en continu des concentrations en NO 2 et en O3 effectuées simultanément sur deux des sites ont permis de vérifier les résultats obtenus par l'échantillonnage passif. Les concentrations en NO 2 s'atténuent graduellement du sud-ouest au nord-est suivant l'axe de la vallée, passant de 50,3 à 9,9 [.mu]g/m 3 . Par contre, elles diminuent rapidement avec l'altitude (de 27,3 [.mu]g/m 3 au fond de la vallée à 3,2 [.mu]g/m 3 à 2 000 m d'altitude). Les concentrations maximales sont relevées à proximité des zones de concentration du trafic routier: route principale (26 000 véhicules par jour), route d'accès au tunnel du Mont-Blanc (7 000 v/j) et aires de stationnement. L'ozone est en concentration maximale en altitude (125 [.mu]g/m 3 ) et diminue graduellement vers le fond de la vallée (67,1 [.mu]g/m 3 ). Le resserrement de la vallée dans la partie nord-est conduit à l'augmentation des concentrations dans cette zone. Le climat (turbulences de l'air, phénomènes d'inversion thermique), les phénomènes photochimiques et la configuration de la vallée sont les facteurs expliquant ce patron de distribution des concentrations en NO 2 et en O 3 dans la vallée.

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Hosseingholian, Mohsen, Daniel Levacher, and Matoren Khay. "Mesure en continu de la raideur dynamique d’une voie ferrée." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 3 (March 2011): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-003.

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La structure supportant le trafic ferroviaire est un des éléments les plus importants pour assurer la stabilité géométrique de la voie et son bon fonctionnement à long terme. Des couches de sols de faible portance et instables peuvent provoquer sous l’effet de la circulation des trains, des défauts géométriques, accélérant ainsi la dégradation des constituants de la voie. La raideur est considérée comme un indicateur structurel pertinent de la voie. Sa détermination reste difficile et dépend de la méthode utilisée. Ainsi, une étude fut réalisée pour mettre au point une technique automatisée de mesure de la raideur de la voie. Cette technique consiste à mesurer la raideur en continu sous des charges à l’essieu définies. La méthode proposée permet de localiser précisément les sections de voie présentant de fortes variations de raideur. Les essais pour des voies classiques effectués avec un chargement par vérin hydrodynamique et le Portancemètre routier ont montré que la raideur d’une voie dépend fortement des paramètres de charge et de fréquence d’excitation. La technique utilisée permet de connaître le comportement de la structure selon la réponse du sol support. Enfin, les résultats obtenus ont permis de développer un nouvel outil de mesure en continu de la portance.

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Lahousse, Philippe, and Catherine Romelé. "Le ravin des sables (Hautes-Alpes, France) : une nouvelle source de risque dans la vallée de la Clarée." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 54, no. 3 (October 2, 2002): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005652ar.

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Résumé Dans la soirée du 24 juillet 1995, une lave torrentielle d'un volume compris entre 12 000 et 15 000 m 3 s'est répandue sur le cône du torrent des Sables, provoquant l'interruption du trafic routier entre Briançon et Névache pendant plusieurs heures, ainsi que l'obstruction du lit de la Clarée sur une section d'environ 80 m. Après avoir décrit les caractéristiques de cette coulée (conditions de déclenchement, extension des engravements, vitesses de propagation et spécificité granulométrique), le caractère exceptionnel de l'événement est analysé à l'aide des données historiques, de relevés détaillés de la topographie du cône de déjection et de prélèvements de bois pour préciser l'âge de la colonisation végétale des anciennes coulées torrentielles identifiées sur le cône. Il en ressort qu'il s'agit d'un phénomène d'ampleur inhabituelle, au moins à l'échelle des 150 dernières années. En modifiant les conditions topographiques sur le cône de déjection, celui-ci a sensiblement accru le risque d'engravement de la route départementale 994g et d'obturation latérale du lit de la Clarée. En effet, les bourrelets latéraux édifiés à cette occasion canalisent dorénavant les écoulements, ce qui permet à des laves nettement plus modestes d'atteindre la confluence avec la rivière de fond de vallée. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui s'est passé dans la nuit du 19 au 20 septembre 1999, où une coulée d'un volume compris entre 1 500 à 2 000 m 3 a eu les mêmes effets que l'épisode du 24 juillet 1995. Ainsi, le ravin des Sables constitue désormais une menace réelle, au moins équivalente à celle reconnue depuis longtemps pour le torrent limitrophe de la Pinatelle.

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Nedellec, V., L. Mosqueron, H. Desqueyroux, J. Nicolas, G. Bruno, and C. Liousse. "P43 - Impact de la pollution atmosphérique due au trafic routier sur la santé des enfants urbains en France : situation en 2000 et prévision pour 2010." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 53, no. 4 (September 2005): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0398-7620(05)84665-6.

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Attouch-Bouras, S., H. Benhassaini, and A. Romane. "Évaluation du potentiel phytoremédiateur du Rosmarinus officinalis sur des sols pollués aux ETM émis par le trafic routier dans la ville de Sidi Bel-Abbès (Algérie occidentale)." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, no. 5 (May 2017): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tsm/201705053.

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PEQUIGNOT, E., J. F. CLOSET, D. ALRIVIE, S. FAYON, and V. HEIM. "Impact de la température de l’eau sur les casses de canalisations – Le cas d’étude du Sedif." 11, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202111055.

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La connaissance du risque de rupture d’un réseau d’eau potable est un enjeu important pour un service d’eau dans le cadre de sa politique patrimoniale. Elle permet de prioriser le remplacement des canalisations identifiées à risque afin de réduire les conséquences des ruptures de canalisations (interruption du service d’alimentation en eau potable, perte en eau, impact sur le trafic routier). Constatant l’augmentation du nombre de casses sur les canalisations en fonte de son réseau en hiver, le Syndicat des eaux d’Île-de- France (Sedif) a souhaité analyser plus finement l’impact de la température de l’eau sur la dynamique des casses. Une analyse de survie spécifique montre un fort impact de la probabilité de survie des canalisations soumises à une température de l’eau très froide (0-6 °C) et froide (6-12 °C). Elle montre également un risque potentiellement plus élevé pour une cohorte spécifique de canalisations en fonte grise posées entre 1930 et 1940 lorsque ces canalisations sont soumises à des températures très hautes de l’eau (24-30 °C). Le changement climatique induit une réduction de la fréquence des vagues de froid favorable à la réduction du taux de casse sur le réseau. Du fait de leur importance, la gestion patrimoniale des réseaux d’eau potable doit cependant tenir compte des variations mensuelles du risque de casse dans l’année afin d’optimiser les coûts inhérents d’exploitation du réseau (surcharge des services d’intervention). Ainsi, l’identification des canalisations connaissant les plus fortes variations de taux de casse mensuel permet potentiellement leur prise en compte dans les plans de renouvellement via l’intégration d’un nouveau critère de sélection, différent du taux de casse prévisionnel habituellement utilisé.

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Nagel, Kai, and Christopher L. Barrett. "Using Microsimulation Feedback For Trip Adaptation For Realistic Traffic In Dallas." International Journal of Modern Physics C 08, no. 03 (June 1997): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183197000412.

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This paper presents a day-to-day re-routing relaxation approach for traffic simulations. Starting from an initial planset for the routes, the route- based microsimulation is executed. The result of the microsimulation is fed into a re-router, which re-routes a certain percentage of all trips. This approach makes the traffic patterns in the microsimulation much more reasonable. Further, it is shown that the method described in this paper can lead to strong oscillations in the solutions.

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Khusnandar, Wahyudi, Fransiscus Ati Halim, and Felix Lokananta. "Design of TTL Based Routing Algorithm on UTAR Network on Chip Communication Architecture." International Journal of New Media Technology 5, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/ijnmt.v5i1.738.

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XY adaptive routing protocol is a routing protocol used on UTAR NoC communication architecture. This routing algorithm adapts shrotest-path first algorithm, which will forward will not be able to work optimally if the closest route no longer have enough bandwidth to continue the packet. Packet will be stored inside the router and forwarded to the nearest router when closest route has enough bandwidth. This paper suggest TTL based routing algorithm to resolve this issue. TTL based routing algorithm adapts XY adaptive routing protocol by adding several parameters on RTL UTAR NoC and additional bit in each packet sent by router. This additional bit and parameter will be used by TTL based algorithm as additional factors in choosing alternative routes inside the communication architecture. Use of TTL on TTL based routing different from use of TTL on communication network. Packets that carry TTL value that equal to Maximum TTL will be route using XY adaptive routing protocol. TTL based routing algorithm has shown better performance compared to XY adaptive routing on some of the experiment done using MSCL NoC Traffic Pattern Suite. This research also proves that TTL based routing algorithm cannot work optimally on small-scaled architecture.

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Sulaiman, Oris Krianto. "Analisis EIGRP Metric Dalam Penentuan Jalur Terbaik Pada Jaringan." JURIKOM (Jurnal Riset Komputer) 8, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/jurikom.v8i6.3781.

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In managing a large network, it takes the ability to manage the network so that traffic is good. To connect to such a large network requires many routers, each router will connect to one another. But the best choice of any router is required for network traffic efficiency. There are two routing protocols that can be used, namely static routing and dynamic routing. EIGRP is dynamic routing which, principally between routers, can communicate directly and dynamically, so that when there is a new router in a network, routers can communicate directly because they can exchange information. EIGRP uses the Diffussing Update Algorithm (DUAL) in determining the best path. In this study, EIGRP metrics will be analyzed to try the best path on the network by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets. There are two networks that will be tested with differences in the Fast Ethernet bandwidth interface of each router. This experiment resulted in different values between Fast Ethernet default bandwidth and non-default bandwidth, so that the value of the variable affects the selection of the best path of network traffic

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Susueno, Hendra Bayu, Imam Tri Wibowo, Siti Ummi Masruroh, Dewi Khairani, and I’im Umamil Khoiri. "Analisis Routing Protocol Is-Is Dengan MPLS Traffic Engineering Menggunakan GNS3." Jurnal Ilmiah FIFO 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/fifo.2021.v13i1.004.

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In the digital era is , the internet becomes a necessity . the increasing number of internet usage by various parties encourages ISPs to improve their service quality . To overcome the problem the IETF has introduced a service Multiprotcol . MPLS-TE allows for schemes TE where the tip router of the label switched path (LSP) can calculate the many routes efficiently through the network to the router tip of the tail of the LSP. TE consists of three steps principal that is the size , model, and control . MPLS-TE allows for schemes TE where the tip router of the label switched path (LSP) can calculate the many routes efficiently through the network to the router tip of the tail of the LSP. ISIS is one of the routing protocol that was created for the OSI mode, using the method of link state as a method of collecting the route , ISIS also will perform the collection of information and the status of all the links that exist in the network . Analysis of the IS-IS routing protocol with the Multiprotocol label switch Traffic Engineering based on the parameters of quality of service (QoS), namely throughput and packet loss where the simulation uses the GNS3 network emulator. The test results prove that the values of throughput and packet loss are not much different.

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Stojanovic, Igor, and Goran Djordjevic. "In-channel misrouting suppression technique for deflection-routed networks on chip." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 29, no. 2 (2016): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1602309s.

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Deflection routing, where port-contentions in routers are resolved by intentionally misrouting some of packets along unwanted directions instead of storing them, has been proposed as a promising approach for improving power and area efficiency of large-scale networks on chip (NoCs). However, at high network load, when packets are misrouted more frequently, the cost and energy benefits of this simple routing scheme are offset by the performance degradation. To address this problem, we propose a technique that uses small in-channel buffers to capture some of deflected packets before they take a misrouting hop. The captured packets are then looped-back to the routers where they suffered deflection and routed again. To improve the efficiency of this in-channel misrouting suppression scheme we also slightly modify the routing function of the deflection router by restricting the choice of productive directions for misrouted packets. Evaluations on synthetic traffic patterns show that the proposed misrouting suppression mechanism yields an improvement of 36.2% in network saturation throughput when implemented into the conventional deflection-routed network.

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Song, He, Xiaofeng Wang, Mengdong Zhai, and Guangjie Zhang. "High-Fidelity Router Emulation Technologies Based on Multi-Scale Virtualization." Information 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11010047.

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Virtualization has the advantages of strong scalability and high fidelity in host node emulation. It can effectively meet the requirements of network emulation, including large scale, high fidelity, and flexible construction. However, for router emulation, virtual routers built with virtualization and routing software use Linux Traffic Control to emulate bandwidth, delay, and packet loss rates, which results in serious distortions in congestion scenarios. Motivated by this deficiency, we propose a novel router emulation method that consists of virtualization plane, routing plane, and a traffic control method. We designed and implemented our traffic control module in multi-scale virtualization, including the kernel space of a KVM-based virtual router and the user space of a Docker-based virtual router. Experiments show not only that the proposed method achieves high-fidelity router emulation, but also that its performance is consistent with that of a physical router in congestion scenarios. These findings provide good support for network research into congestion scenarios on virtualization-based emulation platforms.

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Amin, Sadia, Saira Ahthasham, Aftab Ahmed Shaikh, Ahthasham Sajid, and Mirza Aamir Mehmood. "Improvement of BGP Session Maintenance." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 1, no. 2 (May 24, 2012): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v1i2.77.

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In the early days, the Internet used static routes, but very quickly network administrators couldnt keep manually updating their routing tables. Later, Internet network administrator used a protocol called EGP but EGP was not scalable so BGP was introduced to solve all problems and more. BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol and the most current version is BGP4. BGP is a routing protocol that runs on routers. BGP allows fully decentralized management of the Internet. That means, if BGP router is on the Internet, it can tell all other routers that what networks are available to everyone in the world. BGP calls each routing domain an autonomous system (AS). It selects the best path, through the Internet, by choosing the route that has to traverse the fewest autonomous systems. As BGP provides information for controlling the flow of packets between ASes, the protocol plays a critical role in Internet efficiency, reliability, and security. However, slow convergence and abnormal termination of session are major vulnerability of BGP. Simplifying BGP design complexity helps in research, for the root cause analysis of BGP. Deriving technique to prevent the loss of data, reduce the convergence time and maintaining the sessions of BGP by instantly diverting the traffic from teardown / flapped link to the backup link considering as active link. It will be a great success to achieve the goal to maintain the sessions and reduce the BGP convergence time.

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Sandi, Tommi Alfian Armawan, Rachmat Ad Purnama, Firmansyah Firmansyah, and Sujiliani Heristian. "Komparasi Static Routing Menggunakan IPv4 Dengan IPv6 Guna Meningkatkan Quality Of Service." Computer Science (CO-SCIENCE) 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/coscience.v2i1.891.

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The use of technology has recently increased in line with the increase in devices connected to the internet. The IP capacity that covers the device is starting to get out of hand. Routing is needed when the local network is already complex, especially broadcast traffic is only concentrated in each subnet/network. When using IPv4 and IPv6, a routing protocol is required for data exchange or interconnection from client to client or client to server. IPv4 routing performance decreases as the size of the routing table increases, this is due to checking the MTU header on each router and hop switch. IPv6 with its routing process is much more efficient than its predecessor, and also has the ability to manage the large capacity of the route table, so in this study the authors compare IPv4 and IPv6 in terms of static routing efficiency on MikroTik routers.

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Prasad, Madhushini Narayana, Nedialko Dimitrov, and Evdokia Nikolova. "Non-Aggressive Adaptive Routing in Traffic." Mathematics 11, no. 17 (August 23, 2023): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11173639.

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Routing a person through a traffic road network presents a tension between selecting a fixed route that is easy to navigate and selecting an aggressively adaptive route that minimizes travel time. In this paper, we propose a novel routing framework that strikes a balance between adaptability and simplicity. Specifically, we propose to create non-aggressive adaptive routes that seek the best of both these extremes in the navigation world. These selected routes still adapt to changing traffic conditions, but we limit the number of adjustments made en route. This framework improves the driver experience by providing a continuum of options between saving travel time and reducing navigation stress. We design strategies to model single and multiple route adjustments, and investigate numerous techniques to solve these models for better route selection. To alleviate the intractability of handling real-life traffic data, we devise efficient algorithms with easily computable lower and upper bounds. We finally perform computational experiments on our algorithms to demonstrate the benefits of limited adaptability in terms of reducing the travel time.

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Zhao, Dan, Xiao Feng Hu, and Chun Qing Wu. "ES-TMP: Inter-Domain Egress Selection Based on Traffic Migration Prediction." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 2147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2147.

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Hot-potato routing is commonly used to break tie among multiple equally-good exit points associating with inter-domain BGP routes. However, hot-potato routing only takes the network control plane into consideration, where it provides the routers the possibility of enabling early exit of traffic using barely protocol-related information of IGP distance. In this paper, we argue that egress selection of inter-domain routing should pay more attention to traffic forwarding, because the large traffic migration caused by egress change, although not quite often, can degrade the network performance or even make the network crash. We propose Egress Selection based on Traffic Migration Prediction (ES-TMP). We use traffic demand to predict the traffic migration, which is used as important criteria for egress selection. If the volume of traffic migration is large, ES-TMP keeps the egress unchanged. Otherwise, the small traffic migration enables the routers use the closest egress without apparent influence on network performance. ES-TMP can either be implemented with standard BGP protocol or by dedicated servers to perform global routing optimization.

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Effiong, Charles, Gilles Sassatelli, and Abdoulaye Gamatié. "Combined Distributed Shared-Buffered and Diagonally-Linked Mesh Topology for High-Performance Interconnect." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (December 17, 2022): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122246.

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Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) have become the de-facto on-chip interconnect for multi/manycore systems. A typical NoC router is made up of buffers used to store packets that are unable to advance to their desired destination. However, buffers consume significant power/area and are often underutilized, especially in cases of applications with non-uniform traffic patterns thus leading to performance degradation for such applications. To improve network performance, the Roundabout NoC (R-NoC) concept is considered. R-NoC is inspired by real-life multi-lane traffic roundabouts and consists of lanes that are shared by multiple input/output ports to maximize buffering resource utilization. R-NoC relies on router-internal adaptive routing that decides the lane path based on back pressure. Back pressure makes it possible to assess lane utilization and route packets accordingly. This is made possible thanks to the use of elastic buffers for control flow, a clever type of handshaking in a way similar to asynchronous circuits. Another prominent feature of R-NoC is that internal routing and arbitration are completely distributed which allows for significant freedom in deciding internal router topology and parameters. This work leverages this property and proposes novel yet unexplored configurations for which an in-depth evaluation of corresponding implementations on 45 nm CMOS technology is given. Each configuration is evaluated performance and power-wise on both synthetic and real application traffic. Several R-NoC configurations are identified and demonstrated to provide very significant performance improvements over standard mesh configurations and a typical input-buffered router, without compromising area and power consumption. Exploiting the distributed nature of R-NoC routers, a diagonally-linked configuration is then proposed which incurs moderate area overhead and features yet better performance and energy efficiency.

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Tang, Xian Tuo, Guang Fu Zeng, Feng Wang, Zuo Cheng Xing, and Chao Chao Feng. "Locality-Route Pre-Configuration Mechanism for Latency Optimization in NoCs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 571-572 (June 2014): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.571-572.381.

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By exploiting communication temporal and spatial locality represented in actual applications, the paper proposes a locality-route pre-configuration mechanism (i.e. LRPC) on top of the Pseudo-Circuit scheme, to further accelerate network performance. Under the original Pseudo-circuit scheme, LRPC attempts to preconfigure another sharable crossbar connection at each input port within a single router when the pseudo circuit is invalid currently, so as to produce more available sharable route for packets transfer, and hence to enhance the reusability of the sharable route as well as communication performance. Our evaluation results using a cycle-accurate network simulator with traces from Splash-2 Benchmark show 5.4% and 31.6% improvement in overall network performance compared to Pseudo-Circuit and BASE_LR_SPC routers, respectively. Evaluated with synthetic workload traffic, at most 10.91% and 33.72% performance improvement can be achieved by the LRPC router under the Uniform-random, Bit-complement and Transpose traffic as compared to Pseudo-Circuit and BASE_LR_SPC routers.

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Savva, Savvas, Konstantinos Tatas, and Costas Kyriacou. "Approximate Priority Hybrid 3DNoC Buffered-Bufferless Router." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020335.

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This paper introduces a novel 3D NoC router that combines buffered and bufferless routing with approximate priority comparison when deflecting flits. Our proposal is a modification of an asymmetrical router that is buffered in the z dimension ports and bufferless in the x and y dimension ports. Flits that request output ports in the x and y dimensions are granted or deflected based on approximate, instead of accurate, priority comparison. Experimental results show that the proposed router, in addition to effectively combining the advantages of both buffered and bufferless routers, achieves additional performance and area gains due to the reduced logic required for approximate priority comparison in flit deflections. Experimental results using synthetic and realistic traffic show that the proposed router begins to saturate at a significantly higher injection rate than a bufferless router, but at a slightly lower injection rate than when using accurate priority comparison. Furthermore, the proposed router achieves higher clock frequencies and a reduced area compared to bufferles routers due to the simpler permutation network. The increased routing efficiency is shown to also translate to energy gains.

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Madhu Mohan Swaminathan, S., N. K. Sakthivel, and S. Subasree. "FA-LAR: an efficient flow aware based load adaptive routing scheme for optical communication networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.27 (September 5, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.27.12637.

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Routing Protocols have been proposed to enable the network to identify and suggest various routes to number of demanded flows. In the Flow-Aware Network Models, the routes are identified and selected with the help of Flow Tables or Flow Identifiers that proposed by Flow Aggregation Mechanism. That is, users can define a Flow Aggregation Model to suggest routes depend on their defined-demanded flows and this model effectively handles many flows, which helps core routers to profit aggregate routing. This is an efficient and effective approach to identify a best route to achieve required performance. It is noted from the literature survey that the Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing (FAMTAR) was proposed for achieving higher Network performance through multipath solutions. This FAMTAR Model was implemented and studied thoroughly. From the experimental results, it was noticed that this model unable to i. detect and manage bulk flow, ii. Control Traffic Loss and iii. Maintain Deviation of Links Load against Traffic Load. To address the above mentioned issues, this research work is proposed an efficient Flow-Aware based Load Adaptive Routing (FA-LAR). This model is developed and implemented in ns3 and the simulation results are analysed carefully. From the experimental results, it is noticed that the prosed Model, FA-LAR is performing well as compared with the existing FAMTAR in terms of Queueing Delay, Throughput, Power Consumption (Energy Dissipation), and Load Deviation. It is also noticed that the proposed model unable to achieve higher Throughput for Low Load.

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Syahputra, Ramdhani, Rahmadi Kurnia, and Rian Ferdian. "Analysis of FHRP Design and Implementation in RIPv2 and OSPF Routing Protocols." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 4, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v4i1.1490.

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The high reliability of data access has become a problem faced by many companies, institutions, and universities. For this reason, a protocol required that can protect the network from a communication breakdown. One method used to maintain communication is by implementing a protocol redundancy system. One or more routers will act as the primary router for load balancing, and some routers are in standby mode if one main router is down. First hop redundancy protocols (FHRP) is a protocol that implements redundancy and load balancing systems. This protocol can transfer access data traffic if one of the routers on the network is down. FHRP divided into virtual router redundancy protocol (VRRP) and gateway load balancing Protocol (GLBP). This research analyzes the design and implementation to provide information about the quality of VRRP and GLBP services on the main router and the backup router, by using an application graphical network simulator (GNS) simulation 3. In the GNS3 application, a LAN network topology is designed with eight router devices in the form of a ring topology using RIPv2 and OSPF routing protocols, then implemented in protocols VRRP and GLBP. The analysis results show that GLBP can back up the network faster than VRRP when the primary router is down. If implemented into a LAN network with RIPv2 and OSPF routing protocols, VRRP has better service quality than GLBP.

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Ramadhani, Afifah Dwi, Alon Jala Tirta Segara, and Aditya Wijayanto. "Optimasi Protokol LEACH Menggunakan PSO Pada Mobile Ad-Hoc Network." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v6i1.3455.

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Mobile ad-hoc network is a wireless network with variable topology and communication routes. In a MANET network, nodes have the role of finding and handling routes to each node in the network. There are several challenges such as bandwidth, power, and direction of movement of nodes. A routing protocol is needed to determine the route and ensure that the packets sent successfully arrive at their destination to solve this problem,. In large-scale networks, the routing structure requires redundant route information, resulting in frequent overhead. We investigated the use of the LEACH protocol as a hierarchical protocol to solve the network overhead. The proposed research also adds a PSO algorithm to optimize the performance of the LEACH protocol. The research method uses simulation methods and evaluation of routing models using Network Simulator. Evaluation is prioritized on the use of traffic TCP and UDP. The results show that TCP traffic has better delay, packet loss, and PDR values compared to UDP traffic when using the LEACH protocol. When the PSO algorithm is added, the delay value in TCP traffic decreases by 47%, the packet loss value decreases by 78%, and the PDR value also increases by 0.1%.

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Gandhi, Kaushal, Rajneesh Narula, Sumeer Khullar, and Anish Arora. "Security Issues of Routing Protocols in MANETs." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2012): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v3i2c.2894.

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There are a number of routing protocols developed by researchers. Due to the nature of ad hoc networks, secure routing is an important area of research in developing secure routing protocols. Although researchers have proposed several secure routing protocols, their resistance towards various types of security attacks and efficiency are primary points of concern in implementing these protocols. This paper presents some of the available secure routing protocols and most common attack patterns against ad hoc networks. Routing protocols are subjected to case studies against the most commonly identified attack patterns such as: denial-of-service attack, tunneling, spoofing, black hole attack and wormhole attack etc. In MANET, the nodes also function as routers that discover and maintain routes to other nodes in the network. Establishing an optimal and efficient route between the communicating parties is the primary concern of the routing protocols of MANET. Any attack in routing phase may disrupt the overall communication and the entire network can be paralyzed. Thus, security in network layer plays an important role in the security of the whole network. A number of attacks in network layer have been identified and studied in security research. An attacker can absorb network traffic, inject themselves into the path between the source and destination and thus control the network traffic flow.

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Arora, Ashima, and Neeraj Kr Shukla. "An Efficient and Congestion Aware Fuzzy Based Output Selection Strategy for On-Chip Routers." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 8, no. 2 (April 2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2017040104.

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The network performance of an adaptive router largely depends on well designed selection strategy. The selection function selects one of the accepted output directions returned by the routing function. The effectiveness of any selection strategy relies on its congestion free traffic distribution mechanism for each incoming packet. This article proposes a fuzzy based output selection strategy that considers the congestion information from both neighboring routers as well as routers on global path. The strategy efficiently balances the traffic load by using the knowledge base of fuzzy controllers. Performance evaluation is carried out using a cycle accurate simulator under synthetic traffic conditions. The experimental results show that the fuzzy based selection strategy improves the performance by increased throughput and reduced packet latency when compared with other traditional selection strategies.

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Kumar, Sunil, Siddharth Khimsara, Kashyap Kambhatla, Kalyani Girivanesh, John D. Matyjas, and Michael Medley. "Robust On-Demand Multipath Routing with Dynamic Path Upgrade for Delay-Sensitive Data over Ad Hoc Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/791097.

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Node mobility in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) causes frequent route breakages and intermittent link stability. In this paper, we introduce a robust routing scheme, known as ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector with dynamic path update (AOMDV-DPU), for delay-sensitive data transmission over MANET. The proposed scheme improves the AOMDV scheme by incorporating the following features: (i) a routing metric based on the combination of minimum hops and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for discovery of reliable routes; (ii) alocal path updatemechanism which strengthens the route, reduces the route breakage frequency, and increases the route longevity; (iii) akeep alivemechanism for secondary route maintenance which enables smooth switching between routes and reduces the route discovery frequency; (iv) apacket salvagingscheme to improve packet delivery in the event of a route breakage; and (v) low HELLO packet overhead. The simulations are carried out in ns-2 for varying node speeds, number of sources, and traffic load conditions. Our AOMDV-DPU scheme achieves significantly higher throughput, lower delay, routing overhead, and route discovery frequency and latency compared to AOMDV. For H.264 compressed video traffic, AOMDV-DPU scheme achieves 3 dB or higher PSNR gain over AOMDV at both low and high node speeds.

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Wang, Yu, Shingo Mabu, Shinji Eto, and Kotaro Hirasawa. "Global Optimal Routing Algorithm for Traffic Systems with Multiple ODs." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 13, no. 6 (November 20, 2009): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2009.p0704.

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Global optimal routing for multiple Origin-Destinations (ODs) in traffic systems becomes extremely complicated when considering the traffic volumes on the road sections. This paper proposes a Combinational Algorithm which is combined by Conventional Method, U Algorithm, SU Algorithm, SRU Algorithm, SAU Algorithm and SRAU Algorithm to solve this problem. Among the above 6 algorithms, SRAU Algorithm contributes to the Combinational Algorithm the most, where firstly, all original ODs are sorted by their traffic volumes, and then the order is randomized to generate some routing candidates. For each candidate, before finding the optimal route of the current OD, the traveling times on the optimal routes calculated by ODs with high priority are adjusted and then Q Value-based dynamic programming is utilized to find the optimal route. Next, an updating process is needed to update the traveling time on the route using the current OD. Finally the best solution can be selected out of all solutions. Sufficient simulations show that the proposed routing algorithm is efficient enough to obtain the near optimal solution even in very large scale traffic systems. Also the consideration of the traffic volumes on the road sections enables our proposal to apply to real traffic systems.

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Yang, Licai, Yunfeng Shi, Shenxue Hao, and Lei Wu. "Route Choice Model Based on Game Theory for Commuters." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i3.1727.

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The traffic behaviours of commuters may cause traffic congestion during peak hours. Advanced Traffic Information System can provide dynamic information to travellers. Due to the lack of timeliness and comprehensiveness, the provided information cannot satisfy the travellers’ needs. Since the assumptions of traditional route choice model based on Expected Utility Theory conflict with the actual situation, a route choice model based on Game Theory is proposed to provide reliable route choice to commuters in actual situation in this paper. The proposed model treats the alternative routes as game players and utilizes the precision of predicted information and familiarity of traffic condition to build a game. The optimal route can be generated considering Nash Equilibrium by solving the route choice game. Simulations and experimental analysis show that the proposed model can describe the commuters’ routine route choice decisionexactly and the provided route is reliable.

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Abdel-Aty, Mohamed A. "Modeling Incident-Related Routing Decisions by Using a Nested Logit Structure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1645, no. 1 (January 1998): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1645-13.

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Unusual congestion that could be caused by an incident or other traffic problems is a major source of delay for drivers in urban areas. Real-time traffic information, the building block for advanced traveler information systems (ATIS), has a promising potential for alleviating such congestion by encouraging and assisting drivers to divert to less congested routes. Traffic information is envisioned to help more informed routing decisions in case of incident-related congestion. Drivers’ routing decisions made when they are faced with such unusual congestion are investigated. The factors that influence these decisions are explored, including the effect of traffic information. A nested logit modeling structure is introduced. This model proved that the nested logit approach is superior than the simple multinomial logit in modeling the choice in cases of incident-related congestion. The model also showed that the decisions not to divert from the usual route and to divert but only around the location of the problem share unobserved terms. Familiarity and usual use of alternative routes did not affect the decision in the case of an incident. Drivers who use more than one route to work do not necessarily switch routes if they encounter unusual congestion. The nested logit model also proved the significance of traffic information, indicating a promising potential benefit of ATIS in alleviating nonrecurring congestion.

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MA, LIANG, and MIESO K. DENKO. "ENHANCED ROUTING METRIC FOR LOAD-BALANCING IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 08, no. 04 (December 2007): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265907002107.

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Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have been drawing significant attention in recent years due to their flexibility in providing extensive wireless backbone. WMNs typically consist of mesh routers and mesh clients with each node operating not only as a host but also as a router. Due to the traffic patterns in WMNs, load-balancing becomes an important issue and may degrade the performance of the entire network. This paper proposes a routing metric known as Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time with Load-Balancing (WCETT-LB) for wireless mesh networks. WCETTT-LB enhances the basic Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (WCETT) by incorporating load-balancing into the routing metric. Unlike existing schemes, WCETT-LB implements load-balancing at mesh routers. WCETT-LB provides a congestion-aware routing and traffic splitting mechanism to achieve global load-balancing in the network. By conducting an extensive simulation experiments, the result shows that WCETT-LB outperforms the existing routing metrics in load-balancing in terms of achieving high packet delivery ratio, low average end-to-end delay and low average congestion level in wireless mesh networks. The qualitative and quantitative analysis also show the significance of the proposed scheme.

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Drieieva, Hanna, Yelyzaveta Meleshko, Oleksandr Drieiev, and Volodymyr Mikhav. "COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL OF A COMPUTER NETWORK WITH FRACTAL TRAFFIC FOR TESTING ROUTING ALGORITHMS." Advanced Information Systems 6, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2022.4.02.

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The object of research in this article is simulation modeling of a computer network and the process of traffic routing. The relevance of the research is due to the importance of ensuring the quality of service in computer networks, in particular, by necessity reducing the number of lost IP-packets at high traffic intensity values. Determining the routing of traffic packets is a complex process and is based on various indicators or combinations of indicators. If the routing process takes place in a dynamic mode, then the complexity of the route calculation increases, in this case, one of the tools for research and comparison of different routing algorithms can be a computer simulation model of a computer network. The goal of the work is the development and research of a computer simulation model of a computer network for testing traffic routing algorithms. The tasks: to develop computer simulation model of a computer network to generate the network structure and simulate the traffic distribution process with the ability to test different routing algorithms. Research methods: theory of computer networks, theory of fractal analysis, object-oriented programming, theory of algorithms and data structures, theory of complex networks, theory of Markov processes. Conclusions. The paper investigated the basic principles of traffic routing in computer networks. A simulation model of a computer network for testing traffic routing algorithms has been developed. A method based on the theory of complex networks has been developed to generate the structure of a computer network. Theory of fractal analysis and Markov processes are used for traffic generation. A series of experiments was conducted on a developed model to determine how different fractal dimensions of traffic at high traffic intensity values affect the number of lost packets, and therefore the quality of service. Analyzing the results of the experiment, the following conclusions can be drawn: the least number of lost packets occurs when the process is random or has weak trends. The fewest lost packets were at fractal dimension 1.5, i.e., when the process is completely random, there were also few lost packets at fractal dimensions close to this; persistent and anti-persistent processes (those with memory) cause more packet loss for the same traffic intensity and maximum number of packets sent from one device per unit of time. Moreover, anti-persistent processes cause significantly more losses than persistent ones. Thus, when performing traffic routing and finding optimal paths for sending IP-packets, it can be useful to determine and take into account the fractal dimension of traffic at the entrance of each router and use it when calculating metrics to determine the best routes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trafic routier'

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