Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trafic transnational de drogues'
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Ordoñez, Martinez Gustavo Eduardo. "Reconversion des doctrines militaires de lutte contre la subversion dans le cadre de la lutte contre le crime organisé transnational en Amérique Latine : ruptures et continuités." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10006/document.
Full textIn a context of widespread powerful organized crime and drug trafficking groups, as well as illegitimate police forces, there is a general tendency in Latin America, particularly in Mexico and Colombia, to assign military personnel to policing tasks. In the name of the “National Security”, Latin American armed forces are now deployed in their national territory to fight organized crime and drug trafficking. While the ground forces are the most mobilized, they are not the only ones engaged in these internal-security missions. In Mexico and Colombia, the Navy also plays a decisive role in the implementation of counter-narcotic operations and must coordinate with the public security forces which, in theory, hold operational primacy. This imprecise interpretation of the concept of "security" has led to confusion that makes it difficult to clearly conceptualize the outlines of the national security, and thus, the differences between “Defense” and “internal security”. Latin American internal order means the security and defense of the State, which is threatened by phenomena such as subversion, terrorism, drug trafficking and organized crime. However, each country has a different concepts of internal order and different levels of intervention by the armed forces such as : the defense of the territory against an external enemy, the protection of strategic infrastructures and counter-narcotics operations and eradication of illicit crops, in which this research work is concentrated to understand the continuity of the missions of the armed forces within the framework of the said national security doctrine
Figueroa-Lopez, Flor Aurora. "Du trafic de la cocai͏̈ne en Colombie à "la guerre contre la drogue" : une interprétation historique de la stratégie américaine jusqu'au Plan Colombie." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082162.
Full textThe objective of this search is to guide, inform and bring to the readers a general and historical knowledge of the production and traffic of drugs in Colombia, nerve centre of the world traffic of cocaine, till the "war against the drug" carried out by the United States. We analyze contradictions and the hidden side of Colombian and American politics applied to the fight against drug and we wonder about the ambiguity of the repressive policy to the American one. We note through the events that "the war against drug" is on the ground a political objective of the United States to apply its securty and interventionist doctrines in Colombia and Latin America. We observe, from the point of view for "the war against drug", somes connections at the continental level which are explicables only because they answer the postulate of the "war of low intensity" worked out by the Pentagon in 1985 to be opposed to the threats against the security of the United States being able to be born in the Third World. We show that cocaine became pretext, for the United States, to withdraw ground of the ideological confrontation : particularly in Colombia, their adversaries are not today any more of the opponents but delinquents and criminals. "The war against drug" is geting heavy consequences for Colombia now dived in a dirty war. The traffic and the industry of cocaine are always flourishing: it is in great part because repression and warlike speech are based on politics methods of infiltration and provocation which cause to perpetuate it
Poret, Sylvaine. "L' impact des politiques publiques sur le marché des drogues illicites : approches positive et normative." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010038.
Full textHerrera, Vega Eliana. "Le trafic de drogues dans la perspective de la philosophie sociale." Paris 8, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA082356.
Full textDrug traffic is an informational paradox caused by the encounter of organized modern complexity with non modern societies, depriving men from their capacity of judgment and direct action upon society. The starting point is the complexity of society, followed by an analysis of the sources and of the theory of systemic development (Luhmann, 1970) and continued with an explanation of the relationships between systems based on the concept of interference (Teubner, 1983). The core of the thesis is divided in two. First, we evaluate a particular experience: Colombia's history, and second, there is a theoretical analysis that spells out the patterns of global capitalism within the world scope of drug trafficking
Labrousse, Alain. "Implications géopolitiques de la production et du trafic international des drogues." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010639.
Full textBailet, François Napoléon. "L' approche juridique du système international d'interdiction du narco-trafic maritime dans la région Caraibe/Atlantique Nord-Ouest." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0049.
Full textAlvarez, Hoyos Clara Fernanda. "Portrait socio-politique des petits cultivateurs de coca et pavot : témoignage de réalité quotidienne des départements de Nariño, Putumayo, Caquetá et Huila (Colombie) dans la période 1998-2006." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100176.
Full textThis research work consists in the study of the engagements, motivations, hopes and forms of territorial management of the small growers of coca and poppy in the departements of the South of Colombia (Caquetá, Putumayo, Nariño and Huila). The main actors of this work are : the grewers, the pickers (of the illicit cultures), the farm employees, the leaders, the NGO members, the politics and the teachers. We could establish that ilicit cultures are the only profitable cultures, and that, taking in consideration the precariousness of the social condition, the isolation of the territories, the lack of alternatives and the illiteracy of the population, the small producers are taking chance on coca and poppy to survive. We could equally estabish that the antidrug politics put in place by the Colombian State in order to control the production of coca leafs and poppy cultures do not bring any improvement to the life conditions of the concerned populations but on the contrary, they make the situation worse by reenforcing the preconceived idea that the only issue is to be found in the use of force and that the armed conflict is the consequence of the circulation of the money generated by the drug trafic. Money seems to come and go as if by magic, leaving behind violence and despair. No hope is given to the communities that are living on these territories and their life conditions are even worse than those they had before the arrival of the illicit cultures
Colombié, Thierry. "Grand banditisme et trafic de drogues en France : analyse stratégique des organisations criminelles." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0151.
Full textFrom the study of the heroin trafficking in France (French Connection, 1935-1985), this research brings to light the French’s organized crime, usually named «grand banditisme ». The French Connection’s study is not an accident: as in Italy and in the United States, the heroin trade has been the most efficient way of expansion for criminal organizations. Based on official data, the first part of this thesis describes the evolution and the organization of the heroin trade, from France to United States. The second part endeavor to better understand what is called « grand banditisme » through interviews of their operators. We manage to do a new typology of drug dealers, describing alliance and agreements between transnational firms involved in the drug market. From a theoretical approach stemmed from industrial economics, this thesis introduces two news concepts: the "trafficker" firm, within which operators have to escape from law enforcement policies by specific strategies; and the "trafficker" coterie, pole leader in which actors of french criminal world, named "Milieu", are associated with individuals of legal spheres
Guez, Sabine. "Une anthropologie de l'ordinaire du trafic de drogue à Ciudad Juarez (Mexique) et El Paso (Etats-Unis)." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0715.
Full textThis thesis, about the ordinariness of drug trafficking in Ciudad Juárez–El Paso, aims to understand the phenomenon of the interpenetration of drug trafficking with a border region in all its historical depth, and to describe this interpenetration at ground level, in daily life. This research proposes to study drug trafficking as a field of complex social relationships by means of which this trade endures and evolves. It seeks to embrace this complexity by espousing the points of view of characters. The analysis, which focuses mainly on three key moments – the 1930s, the 1980s, the 2000s –, endeavours to weave together into one narrative three threads, three stories that enlighten one another. The first thread pertains to the regional history of drug trafficking. The thesis throws into relief the role of the Mexican state as spearheading the social movement of legitimization of drug trafficking. The state laid the groundwork and planted the seeds of the idea that to instrumentalize this windfall of resources (for public use and/or personal gain) was possible; to profit from crime was rational. The second thread sewn into the narrative is the individual history of a multitude of protagonists. From one portrait to another, the points of view of my interlocutors produce a kind of oral history with multiple voices, and begin to shed light on a given historical moment, through personal actions. The thesis also revisits the armed conflict in which over 10,000 people died in Ciudad Juárez between 2008 and 2011. The story of this ethnographic investigation – a process of knowing that is existential, relational and intersubjective – is the third thread braided into the narrative
Pourzand, Pejman. "L'internationalisation pénale en matière de trafic de drogue : étude critique de l'enchevêtrement des espaces normatifs /." Clermont-Ferrand : [Paris] : Fondation Varenne ; diff. LGDJ, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41406609h.
Full textVerchère, Céline. "Les entre-dits des je(ux) : significations et logiques de l'usage de substances psychoactives en lien avec le contexte festif techno, enjeux identitaires et sociaux." Grenoble 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE29007.
Full textBourahla, Rachida. "Le trafic international de stupéfiants et l'économie des pays du tiers-monde." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32057.
Full textEveryone use to see the international drug traffic as an under development problem. But this assumption unanimous and universally admitted, that third world economy's countries is the cause of the international traffic drug, has never been demonstrated. The purpose of this study is precisely to appreciate the reality of this link. The such study is all the more necessary as actually, the approach of drug question is quite focused on supply side problem. Found the reality of the link required a global approach. It needed not only to analyze the traffic in each countrie involved in, but also to study the drug story and his international law. What wee discovered is that the international drug traffic have nothing to do directly with the third world economy's countries. In effect, the fact is that it's quite technically impossible to demonstrate that the economy of the under developed contries is the whole cause of the drug traffic, and so precisely because of the contain of the concept of third world economy's countries. But in return, it appear, and wee have proved it, that the international traffic drug is the result of numerous causes, not only socio-economical, but also cultural, geographical, historical and legal, which are not specific to the third world economy's countries, in such a way that the third world economy's countries can not be regarded as the cause of international drug traffic, but at more as an propitius factor. The fact is, finely, that international drug traffic is not an under development problem but fundamentally a criminal one
Carter, Raymond H. A. "Evolution et lutte contre la production, la consommation et le trafic des drogues en Afrique subsaharienne." Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0058.
Full textLike other continents, Africa is hit by the scourge of narcotic drugs. Over the past two decades illicit trade in narcotics and psychotropic substances has kept increasing in the hands of international criminal organisations bent on promoting narcotic drugs as a "cultural element" throughout the world. For lack of domestic structures and inter-state cooperation, the subsaharan countries combine today all the "conditions" conducive to the development of such dreadful destabilisation factor. Hence a noticiable rise in drug addiction generating what might be termed a "pharmacodelinquancy" resulting from an illicit trafic covering local production of psychotropic substances and cannabis, transiting drugs (cocaine, heroine) and perversion of lawful trade (medicines), supplemented by recent attemps at growing opium poppies and even coca shrubs locally. Various means (international conventions and other judicial instruments) make it possible to start developing effective strategies against that baneful trend of which political spheres are not always conscious confronted as they are with day to day social and economic problems. Some institutions, however, are endeavouring to improve as best they can cooperation through better coordination. Unfortunately, such a policy seems to be suffering from conflicting laws and regulations that vary from one african state to the other, indeed a severe handicap when fighting has become a world-wide curse. What looks like a last chance battle is being engaged in against the three-pronged strategy of international criminal organisations (namely : 1) promoting drug-addiction from locally produced and transit narcotics, 2) developing papaver somniferum production, 3) creating on a global scale new narcotics sources (heroine) all of which otherwise may lead sooner or later to the isolation of africa
Pourzand, Pejman. "L'internationalisation pénale en matière de trafic de drogue : étude critique de l'enchevêtrement des espaces normatifs." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010328.
Full textBisiou, Yann. "Les monopoles des stupéfiants." Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100118.
Full textThis thesis concerns the study of opium and marijuana monopolies in French colonies between the years 1850 and 1954. Its presents the administrative and material organization of the monopolies and try to explain the failure of this system. Smuggling development, inefficiency of the penal law and international movement against narcotics drugs abuses make up limits of the tax monopolies of drugs. Conclusion proposes a new type of drug's control based on health and social monopoly of drugs to fight against drug abuse
Lalam, Nacer. "Déterminants et analyse économique de l'offre de drogues illicites en France." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010058.
Full textMissaoui, Lamia. "Les fluidités de l'éthnicité ou les compétences de l'étranger de l'intérieur : Tsiganes et santé, jeunes des "honorables familles locales" trafiquants de psychotropes, Maghrébins des économies souterraines." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20024.
Full textMouna, Khalid. "Les structures traditionnelles du Rif central (Maroc) entre mutation et résistance : le cas de Ketama." Paris 8, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA082861.
Full textThis study focuses on the Ketama group. We first present the history of Rif as a social and political unit. Then, we investigate the Ketama group in present time, by analysing its social, ritual, economic and politico-religious structures. We consider these two approaches as necessary in order to understand the dialectic between, resistance and change, traditional and modern structures. Our research deals with the change induced by the culture of kif and its derivatives. With the trade of cannabis and the development of international market, the Ketama traditional structures, that used to be characterized by the solidarity of group, disapeared
Bocobza, Catherine. "La politique internationale de lutte contre le trafic illicite de drogues dans le cadre des nations unies. Tendances recentes." Paris 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA020091.
Full textThe objective of the international drug control through the un is to ensure the availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for medical and scientific requirements while protecting society from their harmful effects - the 1961 single convention and the 1971 convention established administrative mechanims for the control of illicit supply. The 1988 convention centres on law enforcement. Despite calls for the legalization or depenalization, certain states are conscious that the problem of public health is becoming a problem of security (see : efforts to bring the question to the security council and to declare illicit traffic a crime against humanity) - the un response is a global counter-offensive seeking to harmonize international cooperation with the principle of national sovereignty as the fight against illicit traffic should not give rise to a right of interference. The 1987 conference and the 1990 ga special session defined programmes of action. Assistance to developing countries is no longer the principal objective. The illicit drug cultivation exists because there is a demand for drugs. The responsability for illicit traffic being therefore collective, all countries should combat drug demand
Brun, Jean-François. "La lutte contre le trafic de cocaïne dans les Caraïbes et en Afrique de l'Ouest : un enjeu européen." Thesis, Antilles, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANTI0395/document.
Full textThe EU must provide solutions to major security challenges mainly the one related to drugs viewed in all its dimensions. If in 2018, canabis remains the most used drug on the old Continent with 17,2 million users, cocaïne takes second place with 2,3 million, nearly 2% of the population aged 15-34. While this drug is produced exclusively in Latin America from coca leaves, mainly in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, its use has become popular in Europe with health consequences. Their, cocaïne traffickers have been able to product their supply channels in the contest of a globalized and ever changing drug market that benefits them fully. A very dynamic and flexible market which is all the more dangerous for countries on the road of cocaïne trafficking. West Africa and the Caribbean are two regions particularly affected by this phenomenon to the point of being considered as essentiel crossroads for the transit of white powder. As such the translation, at least partielly, between the Caribbean and West Africa in terms of drug trafficking reveals the extent to which networks are interconnected and able to adopt to the evolution of geopolitics on a global and sub global scale regions, to take advantage if the specificities of the States, but also their weaknesses. The real challenge for the EU lies in the fact that the scale of cocaïne trafficking now based on a distribution of roles between the Caribbean and West Africa is a real danger for the old Continent and populations. The interest of the EU, even if its means of action end intervention are limited and more difficult to coordinate compared to those mobilized by the United States, is to deploy strategies to curb the phenomenon, by putting in place devices that stand out from the American model of repression
Arnabal, Rocca Luis Rodrigo. "Essays on Public Economics." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10003.
Full textThis thesis consists of three essays in public economics. They are concerned on the impact of government intervention in markets characterized by the presence of harmful goods. The first chapter considers a setting where individuals can consume two types of sin goods differ in their consumption observability (taxability) by the government. As a benchmark, the first-best taxes for the observable and non-observable sin good are derived, considering homogeneous individuals. In the second-best setting, where observability on sin good consumption is limited, the rule for the taxable sin good is shown to depend on the degree of complementarity or substitutability with the unobservable sin good. Finally, redistributional considerations are incorporated by extending the analysis to a setting where individuals differ in their wealth and in their degree of misperception of the health damage caused by sin good consumption. Policy implications are illustrated considering physical inactivity and illicit drugs as non-taxable sin goods, while alcohol, tobacco, fat and sugar account for the taxable sin goods. The second chapter studies the optimal policies related to the legalization of marijuana, in a setting where consumers differ in their utility from consumption of the psychoactive component of cannabis, THC, and suffer from misperception on the health damage it causes. We analyze this problem through a vertical differentiation model, where a public and a black market firm compete in prices and quality (THC content). A paternalistic government would like to correct for the misperceived health damage caused by marijuana consumption, as well as to reduce the size of the black market. We show that it is the undesirability of black market profits, rather than the health damage misperception, what makes the first-best allocation impossible to decentralize. We find two possible equilibria, in which the public firm serves either the consumers with the highest or the lowest willingness to pay for quality. Allowing the public firm to move first, à la Stackelberg, does not provide it an advantage and social welfare remains second-best. The third chapter analyses on how the scheme towards harmful drugs adopted by a symmetric neighboring jurisdiction, impacts in the domestic optimal drug policy in a imperfectly competitive market for harmful drugs, characterized by the presence of a black market firm and where consumers may engage in cross-border shopping. In our setting, a drug policy consists in adopting either a scheme of prohibition or one of legalization, and to decide how much to invest in enforcement activities to tackle black market supply. We consider a negative social valuation for consumption of harmful drugs, as well as for the profits generated in the black market. We find that for a low (high) concern for consumption of harmful drugs, both jurisdictions adopt in equilibrium a scheme of legalization (prohibition). More interestingly, for an intermediate social valuation for consumption of harmful drugs, different scenarios may arise, that can for instance explain why two symmetric jurisdictions may end up adopting different schemes towards harmful drugs. Furthermore, under some circumstances governments may face a prisoner’s dilemma, where the resulting equilibrium is one where both jurisdictions legalize the harmful drug, despite that both sticking to a scheme of prohibition would yield a better outcome
Retaillaud-Bajac, Emmanuelle. "Usages et usagers de drogues dans la France de l'entre-deux-guerres, 1916-1939." Orléans, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ORLE1035.
Full textToghranegar, Hasan. "La politique criminelle iranienne à l'épreuve du crime organisé : l'exemple du trafic de drogue." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010279.
Full textLaliberté, Annie. "Gestion interaméricaine du trafic de drogues, la norme, l'évaluation multilatérale et la sécurité humaine, ou, Le miroir, la belle et la bête." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ53962.pdf.
Full textMartin, Gérard. "Quand le trafic de cocaïne est arrivé à Medellín : réseaux mafieux, violences et politiques de sécurité (1975-2014)." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0140.
Full textThe author analyses the violent phenomena that during four decades (1975-2014) effected the city of Medellin (Colombia), a period during which the city experienced 90 000 murders. The author shows that this period of violence can hardly be explained as the continuity of an earlier one (1948-1963, known as La Violencia). It can also not be understood as the mere product of guerrilla, paramilitary and other violent illegal organizations, which claim political motives, or as the direct result of weakly regulated urban development and problems of poverty and exclusion. Rather, as the author shows, a major role is reserved for the extensive criminal networks of cocaine traffickers and the interferences they engage in. Thru solidly documented analytical descriptions this study offers a detailed panorama of the power these networks were able to impose on the local society and a large part of the country. The 22 chapters of this dissertation are chronologically ordered into seven parts: the progressive loss of local elites over the city; the imposition of criminal networks, including the criminal career of Pablo Escobar and his gang; the city in the grip of terror, gangs, militias, and hit killers; civil society reactions and the counter actions taken by criminal networks; the hardening of the armed conflict; paramilitary demobilization, new national security policies, audacious urban policies, and increased recognition of the victims; criminal reconfigurations (and a new wave of murders) and the reactions provided by the government, the local administration and certain civil society organizations. The conclusion offers numerous reflections
Lacuisse, Marie-Esther. "La controverse sur le développement alternatif à la coca : la comparaison de la mise en œuvre des projets de coopération en Bolivie et au Pérou." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0070.
Full textThis thesis deals with a development cooperation policy that includes the battle against drugs. It is indeed the so-called Alternativ Development policy implemented as a new concept by the United Nations to reduce the production supply of some plants well known for their narcotic nature, such as the coca leaf or opium poppy. The thesis aims to explain the divergences of opinions on Alternativ development within the key players, and much precisely the various reactions of the target countries from the analysis of the controverse on coca leaf and by the conditions of production of the projects. Thus, this approach means to underline more the analysis of the issue than the effects of the projects. This thesis builds itself on an inductive reasoning that compares the implementation of projects in Peru and Bolivia, from a "projet au concret" point of view to understand the variety of stakes of this controverse. This thesis hinges on the different approaches to achieve a multi-level and multi-sectional goal where the policies stakes become intermingled ( fight on narcotratic drugs, development of the State and rural local development ). Beyond the divisions of the key players on the strategy to apply to fight against drugs, the thesis will also intend to compare the various reactions of the producers on the cooperation project in some local areas where little public policies are being led
Gkotsinas, Konstantinos. "« Ulcères sociaux » : la société grecque de l'entre-deux-guerres face à la drogue." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0018.
Full textFrom the end of the 20 th century and the diffusion of Indian hemp to the 1920s and the dissemination of heroin, the recreational use of psychoactive substances spread across Greece giving birth to a "drug scene" with its popular substances, its principal actors and its favorite consumption places. This development was accompanied by the promulgation of restrictive measures, which culminated in the imposition of a State Monopoly on Narcotics during the Interwar period, as well as in a series of repressive or, in a lesser degree, therapeutic responses. If these responses were on the whole of a rather limited scope, the establishment of a prohibitive regime - a development that occurred simultaneously in several countries across the world - expressed actually the rise of an unprecedented social problem : "drug addiction". Although the number of drug addicts recorded in police, court, penitentiary, and psychiatric statistics remained low during the Internal period, the imaginary concerning drug traffickers and users proved to be rich and potent. The reason was that the problem echoed broader questions which preoccupied Greek society at the time and which were related first to the nation's future, the "Greek race's" survival, the country's position in the world, the society's relations to modernity and change ; second to the attitudes towards Otherness, whether defined by sex, age, nationality, or social position ; third to the agitated sociopolitical context of the Interwar period
Nechadi, Sif Islam. "Le trafic de drogue comme menace sur la sécurité des pays." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080057.
Full textNothing undermines as much efforts of worldwide organizations fighting against drug trafficking and those of governments and civil society aimed at stemming illegal drug trade, as criminal acts of intimidation, corruption and violence leading sometimes to murder.Through this doctoral thesis, which is the result of several years of research, we, my sponsors and I, attempted to highlight the numerous challenges faced by the international community and, tried to highlight a realistic state of the situation, the legal arsenal, as well as tools to eradicate the phenomenon.International agencies and non-governmental organizations regularly participate in the drafting of laws, and tools required against drug trafficking and transnational organized crime. Thus, the international community, with the support of international and regional cooperation, can truly progress in the field of drug-related problems prevention.Serious threats to peace and stability, which weigh on drug trafficking and transnational organized crime arising on an international scale, have now become a significant and worrying matter, which challenges the fragile balance established by the international community, trampling the authority of states, their security and stability, good governance, social and economic development and the rule of law.The security instability could be both a product and a cause of the malfunction of governance mechanisms; it develops when policies and regulations encourage it and when oversight institutions are weak. The illicit drug trade can have a destabilizing effect on the national economy, the political process and civil society. Drug dealers find ways to get into the political process by exchanging votes against favours.Proximity is increasingly narrower between drug trafficking and the spread of transnational organized crime, including trafficking of firearms, human beings and terrorism. The increasing violence arising from criminal organizations activities involved in drug trafficking is now the subject of a second pillar of an integrated strategy implemented by the United Nations. While reaffirming that border security is the prerogative of States, United Nations, through its integrated strategy, calls on states to strengthen the management of their borders to curb transnational threats such as drug trafficking.International organizations and non-governmental organizations insist that organized criminal groups are dynamic, always looking for the least difficult way. In reality, by acting as a whole, through cooperation, the international community can meaningfully progress in preventing drug-related problems and continue to ensure the availability of medical and scientific use of controlled substances
Reid, Timothy. "La conjoncture économique dans le marché mondial de la cocaïne." Paris 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA02A005.
Full textManneville, Julien. "Production territoriale et identité en situation post-migratoire : l'exemple du Chapare (Bolivie)." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUEL003.
Full textChapare area (Bolivia) has caused a lot of ink to flow. It is associated particularly with the problematics of the complex coca/cocaine and the figure of the current president Morales. We thus try to understand this region by a general approach, to avoid sensationalism and the weight of a priori. We shall approach it as the result of an agricultural colonization. It is consequently the creation of a coherent space, so its structuring and its dynamics have to matter to us. The colonization is also approach by its ligratory aspect, as a movement from andean area to this margin of the Amazonian Basin. It is also the study of representations and practices that are propers to this population, and, of course, the economy, that even there is considered beyong the only problem of the coca leaf, drug trafficking and the substitution policies. Finally, the question of identity is appoach from a viewpoint more extensive than that of the indigenism. It is the chaparean pour-soi which matters, either to the identification of the space or the identification of the people, with in background, the distinction of an inside and an outside that supposes the territorial identity
Michalareas, Ilias. "La Géographie de la drogue en Grèce." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN1418.
Full textSirvent, Bruno. "Le trafic d'armes à feu dans l'Union européenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0653/document.
Full textFirearms trafficking within the European Union is a worrying threat to the area of freedom, security and justice, prompting the Union and its Member States to react in order to strengthen their legal framework. Nevertheless, the issue of firearms is complex to legislate because of its characteristics and its cross-cutting nature. Firearm stocks at the borders of the European Union are diverted in order to be introduced into the border-free area by multiple actors with diverse interests and motivations. These characteristics make it difficult to establish a harmonised legal framework in areas that remain under the yoke of national sovereignty. These difficulties have led to the development of an imperfect and limited legal framework creating legal loopholes from which traffickers benefit. Nevertheless, solutions exist and some of them are already present in the European Union's normative framework. However, the evolution of firearms trafficking and its actors also leads us to consider the development of new mechanisms and new areas of the law
Delisle, Pascal. "Colonisation agricole et développement soutenable en forêt tropicale : pour une approche multidimensionnelle, le cas de l'Amazonie colombienne." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010055.
Full textIn the south of Colombia, the Amazonian rainforest has been suffering a process of agricultural colonisation for the last forty years. Along with a more usual process of rural exodus, the interior colonisation has represented an outlet for the demographic and social pressure of the andean rural areas. The economic failure of small peasants' colonisation has given birth to a process of land concentration accompanied by social conflicts and cattle ranching. Since the end of the 1970's, this economic failure and socio-political situation have opened the way to a powerful illegal economy based on the coca culture. In reaction to social inequality, the guerrilla movements have emerged and quickly got involved in the illegal economy. This thesis proposes to analyse the unsustainability of the colombian amazonian development on a multidimensional basis, taking into account the coevolution of the ecological, economic and socio-political dimensions. As neither the usual tools of conventional economics nor the environmental economics analysis seem capable to explain the current dynamics and propose effective alternative solutions, a multidimensional approach seems to be needed. The argumentation is made in three steps: - the first one consists in understanding the historical and social causes of the amazonian colonisation and expose its multidimensional failure. - the second step consists in evaluating the capacity of the main international agencies'analysis and proposals to deal with the deforestation problem. - At last, the thesis proposes an alternative approach for the amazonian development that deals simultaneously with the socio-political and economic aspects of the current situation. A way towards sustainability is proposed via the reconstruction of the local and regional governance on the basis of a multidimensional project, already accepted by the legislator : the peasants' reserve
Abu, El Eed Mohamed. "Les dispositions des lois portant sur le blanchiment d’argent : esquisse d'une phénoménologie comparée du droit français et du droit lybien." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10025.
Full textMoney laundering is a crime both national and international perspective; it is a great problem for all countries of the world as representing one of the most serious current offenses. Hence the study of crime character that takes money laundering in international law and in national laws, in particular French and Libyan. We divided our research into three parts; the first deals with the legal system of money laundering crime by addressing in the first chapter the concept of money laundering phenomenon in its definition, its characteristics, the different stages of the offense and the effects on national and international; and in the second chapter studied the sources of the money issues including drug trafficking laundering and the fight against terrorism, corruption and organized crime. In the second part, we examined mechanisms for the fight against money laundering, which shows a high rate of crime at the international level; and, looking in the first chapter the most remarkable international conventions, European regulations, international organizations such as the FATF, and the final order of the 2015 European Union for the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering or terrorist financing. The second chapter of this second part dealt with the money laundering at the national level by studying mechanisms to fight against this scourge and the role of TRACFIN in French law; and in Libyan law, the role of the FIU in the fight against this crime. The last part, meanwhile, tackles in the first point this crime at the importance of comparative law sketch on a contemporary theme in terms of the lessons of a comparison (right in power, act right) and relationship between human rights and humanitarian law with the market; was also discussed the opinion of philosophers focused on money and more precisely the one contained in the philosophy of Montesquieu in this regard. In the second point of this part, we studied the limits of a comparison between the religions, and the crime of money laundering in Islamic law who hired a struggle to the following address specific control methods
Gaudard, Deborah. "La lutte contre la criminalité organisée au Brésil et les unités spéciales de police : droit de la guerre ou droit de la paix ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3050.
Full textFor several decades, numerous favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil have been controlled by narco-traffickers. As a consequence, extremely violent conflicts have occurred between several key players, the traffickers, the police, and militias made up of active and retired police officers, firemen, and security officers. To handle this situation, public order policy has focused on repression and the use of force. This context leads to a question as to whether the Basilian authorities are facing internal troubles, or if they are involved in a non-international armed conflict as defined by international rules. In the first case (internal troubles), the internal law of the country applies, as well as Human Rights International law. In the second case (non-international armed conflict), International Humanitarian Law (war law section) should apply. This question is what this research aims to study by measuring which positive effects could result from it for the affected people and if the efficiency of the fight against narco-traffickers could be improved, bearing in mind that in Rio, characteristics of both hypothesis could be combined. It is about establishing new rules in law, which prove essential to control or reduce the violence due to narco-traffickers considering the obvious failure of current security policies
Silva, Corrêa Diogo. "Anjos de fuzil : uma etnografia das relações entre tràfico e igreja evangélica na Cidade de Deus, Rio de Janeiro." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0191.
Full textThis thesis is a study on life trajectories and changes of the self, following the transformation processes that have occurred in Rio de Janeiro's favelas during the last two decades and focusing on the relationship between evangelicals and drug traffickers. Based on an ethnography of almost two years in Cidade de Deus, I argue that religion and trafficking are entangled ways of life. I present, in three different scales, changes arising from this phenomenon, from a macroscopic framework to an individual scale. At first, I overview the strengthening of drug trafficking as well as the increase of evangelical population in poor and remote areas in Brazil and particularly in Rio de Janeiro, where Cidade de Deus can be held as an emblematic case. In the second part, I show these transformations through the narratives of former high-rank dealers that have become believers. In the third part, I present, in detail, the trajectory of a single individual, a former drug dealer and crack addict who switched between the church and the traffic throughout the fieldwork process. In this last part, I develop what I call a sociology of intimate problems, that is, a methodology that aims to capture the actors through their problems. I argument, finally, that this analysis of the transformation processes in the three alluded scales allow me to re-elaborate the concept of conversion, moving beyond its native and classical narrative treatment
Jiang, Jie. "La criminalité à Shanghai pendant la guerre sino-japonaise (1937-1942)." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0943.
Full textBy focusing on the relationship between war and criminality, this study concentrates on the transformation of crime and the influence of this conflict on crimes in Shanghai during the years of the hostilities. Around three main types of crimes: offence against property, homicide and drug crime, this research examines the change of crime caused by the evolution of the environment of Shanghai, which has actually undergone a radical modification in politics, economy, society and urban space after the outbreak of the war in the summer of 1937. In order to realize this objective, three main methods are used in this study: a quantitative comparison, statistical and spatial analysis. So as to highlight the change in the situation of criminality and in the public order after the eruption of the war, a quantitative comparison between the crimes during the Nanjing decade (1927-1936) and the period of war is carried out. Meanwhile, a statistical analysis of the evolution of criminal activities in the different years of the wartime is implemented to reveal the various state of crime in different periods of the war. Finally, based on GIS software, a spatial analysis is performed to confirm the correlation between crimes and the spatial factor
Gallouët, Emmanuelle. "Le transport maritime de stupéfiants." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32103.
Full textIn the 1970s, the drug trafficking underwent a fast growth and continually increased to globalize in the 1990s reaching a geopolitical dimension.Criminal organizations began to use large sea routes to transport the flow of drugs. These increased sea routes along with the measures related to the maritime sector contributed to the development of the world exchanges and the economic prosperity. Thus, this turned to be convenient to the development of drug trafficking.This important threat of sea transportation of narcotics made the States aware that it was necessary to repress this threat at international level.The previous international Agreements that were established by the United Nations are still valid. The latest Convention against the illicit traffic in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic substances, signed in Vienna in 1988 under article 17 determines how ships suspected of engaging in drug trafficking in open sea would be inspected.The Montego Bay Agreement of 1982 defined the freedom of seas along with the States desire to remain sovereign are two basic fundamental principles combined in this capacity. However with the fight against the drug trafficking over the seas, the freedom of seas became framed.The numerous difficulties of interpretation and application of texts led States, often hampered in their action by many structures, to look for solutions for cooperation on an operational plan or more globally with regional agreements, to meet short or long term solutions.In this context, the governments mainly perceived the necessity of setting up a series of practical measures intended to prevent the threats at the level of the various links of the maritime transport network, first of all, by establishing an information and monitoring system of the maritime approaches, then, by adopting a set of measures likely to organize better harbour safety with the International Ship and Port Security Code (code ISPS) and better safety concerning containers with American security Container Initiative.Once again, the institution of frames of legal and operational cooperation remains, today as for the future, an indispensable condition of the success of the fight against a world plague
Castro, Oliva Jesus Francisco. "La sécurité au Mexique : échec d'une fonction régalienne de l'Etat." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD005/document.
Full textAfter the Mexican President for the period 2006-2012 declared war against drug trafficking, the State faced a severe security crisis
Pressacco, De La Luz Coralie. "La violence dans la littérature mexicaine actuelle. Approche littéraire, lexicologique et traductologique." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIML002/document.
Full textGiven the emergence in Mexico since the end of the twentieth century of a literary trend commonly called narco-literature, we propose through this work to highlight the diversity of the tools chosen by the authors to write about violence related to drug trafficking. The first step is to explore the historical and social roots of this ever-growing literary cycle and to determine its characteristics in order to better understand its development and wide success. Then, through the analysis of lexical processes used by authors within a body of literature published between 2002 and 2014, we characterize the different trends identified in the writing of violence. Noting the increasing diffusion of these works beyond Mexico’s borders, the final step of our study is devoted to the analysis of the strategies implemented by the translators to depict in another language a local reality that is, quite often, very particular and very foreign to the language and culture of the potential reader
Constant, Chloé. "Trajectoires et dynamiques carcérales au féminin. Le cas de Lima." Phd thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979203.
Full textBlazquez, Adèle. "« L'aube s'est levée sur un mort ». Anthropologie politique de la violence armée et de la culture du pavot à Badiraguato (Sinaloa, Mexique)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0132.
Full textIn a political anthropology approach, this thesis describes the everyday experience of the inhabitants of Badiraguato, a municipality located in the state of Sinaloa (Northwestern Mexico). Regularly described as the "cradle of drug trafficking" and the base of the "Sinaloa Cartel", this rural and marginalized municipality is heavily affected by armed violence and its economy relies on poppy production. Contrary to the common focus on the State, armed groups and drug trafficking, I aim to put these actors and activities in their rightful place, in what they do to the social context, so that they cease to be a prior determinant of its reading. Through the study of a situated social configuration, the articulation between institutional stability and armed violence appears to be constitutive of the precarious condition in which the inhabitants are caught. Thus, this research weaves together several dimensions: the everyday experience of violence, the meanings given to violent acts and the ambivalent relationships of predation, exploitation and protection in which violent practices take place. In a pragmatic and materialistic approach, each chapter is organized around a logic of action, so that the description of situations gradually reveals the context. The thesis follows the social experience of the inhabitants through the successive study of displacements, daily sociabilities, modes of subsistence and accumulation, access to land, predation in gender relations, homicides, municipal administration and impeded attempts to transform this context. It is based on an 18-month ethnography conducted between 2013 and 2016 in the main village, the offices of the town hall and the hamlets that dot the territory
Villegas, Santiago Diana Milena. "L’ordre juridique mafieux : étude à partir du cas de l’organisation criminelle colombienne des années 1980 et 1990." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020059.
Full textThe legal pluralism relativises the state’s monopoly to create norms by taking into consideration the possibility that different social groups contribute to the production of law. The mafia and its rules can form a legal order in contradiction with the legality and the structure of the state legal order. It seems difficult to consider the mafia as a legal order because it is in contradiction with the traditional legal and state criteria. Indeed, the analysis of legal pluralism rarely does this link between legal pluralism and violent, arbitrary and illegal systems. However, from a socio-legal perspective, it is absolutely possible to affirm a sort of legal pluralism issued from the mafia phenomenon. This hypothesis explores, in a violent context, the contradictory relation between different kinds of orders, such as State, mafia and community order.In order to analyse this issue, the Colombian drugs traffic between the 80’s and 90’s shows a specific legal culture and legal consciousness, which in a specific context reveals interesting characteristics for a socio-legal study. The mafia and its multiple networks can infiltrate the legal culture of the regions where it acts, and sometimes, its actions and operations may be intertwined with the State and other legal actors. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider a mixed legal system, where the legal and illegal co-exist; and where the mafia, popular and state law became a "mélange" as a product of the interaction between the different legal systems as well as a product of the porosity existing between all the legal systems. This research explores the mafia, in real life and in theory, as a sui generis legal order that has a normative force without limits
Petit, Frère Renel. "La répression pénale de la criminalité organisée : étude comparée des droits français et haïtien." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30055.
Full textOrganized crime is a major concern for the French and Haitian public forces and the related crime repression methods are at the core of the French and Haitian Criminal Law. In that sense, both legislators had to adapt their criminal legislation in order to provide the judicial system with new instruments of crime control to help detect and punish organized crime offenses. The latter are fought down via a double punishment approach that is proactive and reactive. We notice that the criminal law of organized crime, whether substantive or formal, slides from the reactive towards the proactive. It is a repressive logic that favours efficient repressive methods over the respect of fundamental principals. And therefore, the right of a fair trial is ill-used. In both Rights, the people involved in organized offences are severally sanctioned and the criminal assets are forfeited in order to apply preventive and repressive measures. This repression takes place within a cooperative efficient framework between the police and the judicial body and causes the emergence of new instruments of cooperation and the sharing and regionalization of the norms of criminal sanctions against organized crime. This comparative study shows that Haiti can benefit from the French judiciary expertise founded on the specialisation of the judiciary actors who participate in the criminal proceedings
Boivin, Rémi. "Le monde à l'envers : analyse de la structure du trafic transnational de drogues illicites." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6068.
Full textThis dissertation proposes an analysis of the structure of transnational drug trafficking. Based on the world-system perspective, it is hypothesized that cocaine, heroin and marijuana form separate markets that are opposite to other legal trades in many ways. The analysis relies on two data sources. The first is a unique compilation of seizures gathered together by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The seizures were made between 1998 and 2007 (n = 47629). It is completed by intelligence published by various agencies across the world. The dataset allows the construction of directed networks of drug trade between most countries of the world. Chapters 3 and 4 analyze the structure of the trade itself. Firstly, the roles played by the countries in each market are described and compared. The flow of drugs and interception rates are estimated for each 16 geographic areas defined by the UNODC. Secondly, several structural characteristics of the drug markets are compared to other legal trade, namely coffee and chocolate. It is shown that drug trade networks are less dense and that peripheral countries play more important roles. While inequality is characteristic of both legal and illegal economies, their structure is reversed. In chapter 5, it is demonstrated that seizure data are mostly indicative of drug trafficking within a country. The expected law enforcement bias is negligible for quantities seized but more apparent when we look at the number of seizures. Thus, law enforcement agencies are better at planning operations against drug trafficking than at predicting their outcomes. The results presented in chapter 5 also suggest that traffickers use counter-strategies to reduce losses caused by drug seizures. The price and value of drugs show significant variations among countries. Those variations are usually explained by varying costs and pressures suffered by traffickers. Chapter 6 seeks to measure the impact of structural features on wholesale price and value. The value of drugs increases more sharply when the drugs are bound to countries where the risks of seizures are higher. Furthermore, price mark-ups are higher when the trade is directed to core countries. Again, the situation is reversed: richer countries that generally control all economic activities rely on peripheral countries to be supplied in drugs.
Perras, Chantal. "Souplesse et méfiance de la coopération policière transnationale." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6276.
Full textIn recent years, transnational police cooperation has been the subject of much attention, often with a prioritization on efficiency. However, relatively little information is available on the process itself. The main objective of the thesis is to formulate an analytical framework that integrates the concerns of political authorities and those of judicial and law-enforcement actors. Past research has illustrated that such actors are all pivotal in the transnational police cooperation system. Yet, in spite of such findings, researchers have generally approached this setting without placing the consistent overlap and interactions between such actors at the forefront. This has left us with a separate set of studies on political actors and the decisions taken by them in regard to the development of concepts and the signing of agreements and studies on police and judicial actors that are more concerned with the daily conduct of transnational policing and what follows (i.e., court proceedings). Using concepts and terms such as discretion, flexibility, familiarity, (dis)trust, scepticism, and avoidance, this thesis proposes an integrative framework designed to rally more recent concepts of mutual recognition and mutual trust with what actually happens in real life police operations. The study focuses primarily on transnational drug trafficking cases within the Canadian context and is based on two types of data. First, qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 police investigators and prosecutors. Next, a content analysis was performed on seven jurisprudences on transnational cases and a guide written by an attorney for investigators. The most important results of the thesis are presented here. In the first chapter, two power structures that are in constant interaction are revealed. Such interaction illustrates that the lever of influence of state actors on transnational policing actors can be quite powerful, but facades can still be used by police officers in specific cases. This supports Nadelmann (1993), who argued that a standard adopted at the transnational level is not necessarily helpful to achieve the common goal of states, which is to contain and immobilize offenders. The norm is the product of political negotiations and an ongoing power struggle, which, in the end, does not have a strong influence on the decisions taken by the police in transnational investigations. At best, formal agreements between states serve as an impunity guide for police actors on what not to violate openly. Furthermore, as countries and organizations use a system of rewards, incentives or threats of sanctions to promote cooperation in transnational policing, individuals working in transnational investigations uses familiarity and trust as a means to establish and maintain relationships. These individuals cannot bind themselves. On the contrary, there is the possibility to impose real sanctions between state actors. This problem is approached with two levels of analysis that reveal different relational patterns. In the second chapter of analysis, Canadian jurisprudence and a prosecutorial guide that was written for investigators are examined. These documents demonstrate the discretion left by judicial actors on those working in transnational police investigations. In fact, we found that judicial actors are well aware of the difficulties related to transnational investigations. They are more flexible in those cases than in national investigations. The third chapter pursues such discretion and highlights the many paths available to police actors involved in transnational cooperation. In particular, it is the management of uncertainty, the nature of information and its intended use that are important to them. Finally, the last chapter of analysis assesses the different types of relationships maintained between actors in transnational investigations. We found that, while scepticism overrides most relationships, cooperation continues as often as possible, at least when actors have interests in common. A level of familiarity between actors is necessary, but trust is not always essential to achieve transnational policing. In fact, it depends on the requested level of exchanges and in the context and is consistent with previous work by Gambetta (1988), who shows that even in a generalized context of distrust, a relatively stable social structure can maintain itself.
Pigeon, Jonathan. "Un portrait du trafic de drogues fait par les membres de gangs de rue à Montréal." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4076.
Full textIn a context where the gang phenomenon has become omnipresent in our neighbourhoods and represents a growing problem in several large cities in Quebec and Canada, paying particular attention to drug trafficking by members of street gangs is undoubtedly of great interest. The media strongly influences the image of gang phenomenon. As information conveyed by newspapers and news channels focus on the stereotypes associated with gangs and their behaviour, it enhances the fear that society has regarding street gangs. That being said, to shed light on gangs and their activities is an interest. We chose to focus on drug trafficking which is common in street gangs. The main objective of this research is to obtain the most accurate description and knowledge of drug trafficking from present and former street gang members related to their knowledge of drug trafficking as a result of their membership and their involvement in street gang activities. Drug trafficking is addressed through interviews with gang members. In total, fifteen semi-directive interviews were conducted among present and former gang members. All respondents but one were from the Centre jeunesse de Montréal-Institut universitaire. Overall, this study allows us to understand that in addition to drug trafficking, gangs or gang members indulge in polymorphic criminal activities; drug trafficking is rarely the sole source of income. Moreover, drug trafficking is not an activity exclusive to street gangs. Thus, even if a number of members are involved in drug sales as a structured gang activity, it is possible for a member to sell drugs on a freelance basis while being affiliated with a street gang. It appears that most respondents are part of a clique, identify a color or a district and buy drugs from older and higher ranked members that respondents identify as veterans. Regarding the veterans, respondents indicated the importance of being trusted by the highest ranked if they wish to evolve in the drug sales market. When trust is present and the new seller begins his activities, either he takes over a turf, usually within his area, or the veteran provides a place where the new seller can "work". The presence of a family member already affiliated to a gang seems to facilitate the process of access to new trafficking activities. There are several dimensions associated with the territory aspect according to the interviewees such as: competition, conflict, interactions with rival gangs and violence, to name a few. Members indicate selling a variety of drugs, cannabis and crack representing the two most commonly cited drugs. The profit margin varies among the type of drugs sold, the district and of customers’ characteristics. The customers, although diverse in nature, have something in common: addicted customers, as several interviewees have mentioned, are desperate to ensure their consumption. These are typically homeless, prostitutes, bars’ employees, partygoers and foreigners/ travellers. Respondents also indicate the presence of undercover police officers, which may arise as customers. Thus, it is essential to develop skills allowing them to distinguish the undercover police officers from regular customers. Regarding drug use, respondents assert themselves using mostly alcohol and cannabis. However, several admitted to having used a large variety of intoxicants during their lives.
Fleury, Véronique. "Le trafic de biens et de substances illicites au port de Montréal." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16625.
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