Academic literature on the topic 'Trail running'
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Journal articles on the topic "Trail running"
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Roy, Brad A. "Trail Running." ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal 19, no. 3 (2015): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000115.
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Salesa, D., and A. Cerdà. "Four-year soil erosion rates in a running-mountain trail in eastern Iberian Peninsula." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3826.
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During the last decades, the use of mountain trails for running is more and more popular. New trails are opened to allow the runners to practice and compete. This form of human impact on the landscape is new as the new trails do not follow the conservation strategies in design and maintenance as traditional mountain trails constructed by farmers, shepherds and muleteers do. This impact of sport events in nature is not measured and we know little about this impact on vegetation, fauna and soils. We surveyed in September 2018 a trail that was opened in September 2014 and was used for four official mountain trail races, and for training by local runners. Our interviews with organizers and users show that 1054 runners passed during the competition days (4 races in 4 years) and over the 4-year period the trail was used approximately 43,800 times by a runner. We measured the current topography and calculated the soil lost. The results show extremely high erosion rates in the sloping terrain, with the highest rates in the north-facing slope, reaching up to 180.29 Mg ha-1 y-1, while in the flat section of the trail soil erosion rates are 107.56 Mg ha-1 y-1 and in the south-facing slope trail 128.93 Mg ha-1 y-1. Our study demonstrates that (i) soil erosion rates on trails can be easily estimated by measuring the deepest trail position enabling fast and cheap surveys; and (ii) that there is a need to establish conservation strategies on new trails to avoid non-sustainable soil losses in the Mediterranean mountains due to the sport activities such as the mountain trail races.
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Suciana, Suciana, Haffafa Fayrooz Djiby, Nuryani Sidarta, and Erica Kholinne. "LITERATUR REVIEW: PENCEGAHAN CEDERA DAN REHABILITASI PADA PELARI TRAIL." Jurnal Akta Trimedika 1, no. 2 (April 4, 2024): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/aktatrimedika.v1i2.19709.
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Trail running is sports activity that combines two activities, namely mountain climbing and running. Trail running activities are carried out on mountains that have tracks in the form of paths, in the form of ground stones, or a mixture of sand and small rocks. Trail running was first carried out in the United States of America and continues to develop in Indonesia for example Bandung, Probolinggo, Lombok dan Banyuwangi, Which have been associated in the form of ITRA (International Trail Running Association). The majority of trail running injuries occur in the lower legs, especially the knees and ankles. The main mechanisms underlying injury and injury development include inadequate neuromotor control-balance-coordination ,running through fatigue and abnormal kinematics on a variety of terrain. Pre-Rehabilitation programs such as strengthening the kinetic chain consisting of dynamic flexibility, neuromotor strength and balance, plyometrics exercises can encourage stable and also controlled movement on trails. Educating patients about symptoms of early musculoskeletal soreness and training adjustments also proved to help prevent injuries from developing into serious overuse injuries. Regarding to the increasing number of the injury in trail runners, this article was wrote to describe the role of injury prevention and safe training to reduce the risk of injury and also early rehabilitation program for the injured runners. Study by Vincent et all that review the injury prevention, safe training and rehabilitation to return to sport was the main source in the discussion. The review result showed that educating the runners to prevent injury and how to do the safe running shown a positive impact to reduce the numbers of injury. Early rehabilitation program also shown a good impact in promoting healing in injured runners.
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de Waal, Simon J., Josu Gomez-Ezeiza, Rachel E. Venter, and Robert P. Lamberts. "Physiological Indicators of Trail Running Performance: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0812.
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Purpose: To provide a systematic overview of physiological parameters used to determine the training status of a trail runner and how well these parameters correlate with real-world trail running performance. Method: An electronic literature search of the PubMed and Scopus digital databases was performed. Combinations of the terms “trail run” or “trail runner” or “trail running” and “performance” were used as search terms. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Trail running performance most commonly correlated (mean [SD]) with maximal aerobic capacity (71%; r = −.50 [.32]), lactate threshold (57%; r = −.48 [.28]), velocity at maximal aerobic capacity (43%; r = −.68 [.08]), running economy (43%; r = −.31 [.22]), body fat percentage (43%; r = .55 [.21]), and age (43%; r = .52 [.14]). Regression analyses in 2 studies were based on a single variable predicting 48% to 60% of performance variation, whereas 5 studies included multiple variable regression analyses predicting 48% to 99% of performance variation. Conclusions: Trail running performance is multifaceted. The classic endurance model shows a weaker association with performance in trail running than in road running. Certain variables associated with trail running research (such as testing procedures, race profiles, and study participants) hinder the execution of comparative studies. Future research should employ trail-specific testing protocols and clear, objective descriptions of both the race profile and participants’ training status.
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EHRSTRÖM, SABINE, MARCUS P. TARTARUGA, CHRISTOPHER S. EASTHOPE, JEANICK BRISSWALTER, JEAN-BENOIT MORIN, and FABRICE VERCRUYSSEN. "Short Trail Running Race." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 3 (March 2018): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001467.
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Urbaneja, Jordi Segui, and Estela Inés Farias. "El trail running (carreras de o por montaña) en España. Inicios, evolución y (actual) estado de la situación (Trail running in Spain. Origin, evolution and current situation; natural áreas)." Retos, no. 33 (September 15, 2017): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.56462.
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Es objeto de este artículo explicar, desde un punto de vista descriptivo, los inicios y evolución del trail running (carreras de o por montaña) en España con el objetivo de determinar la existencia (o no) del boom del trail running. Se realiza el análisis cuantitativo de las carreras de trail running organizadas en el año 2015 (n=1901) a partir del cual se identifica que: a) la carrera a pie es la tipología de actividad deportiva más utilizada; b) las épocas en que más eventos se organizan son los periodos de primavera y otoño; c) Cataluña es la comunidad autónoma que más carreras organiza; d) los municipios de menos de 5000 habitantes son los que más pruebas acogen; e) atendiendo a la evolución en la creación de nuevas pruebas se observan tres periodos: 1) del 1940 hasta 1977, con un crecimiento nulo; 2) del 1978 hasta el 2006, con un ligero crecimiento y 3) del 2007 hasta el 2015, con un boom en la creación de nuevas pruebas; y finalmente f) se observa que en la creación de una prueba, mayoritariamente, se inicia con una distancia, posteriormente así como avanza en ediciones, aumenta el número de pruebas para a partir de la cuarta edición volver a una única distancia. Con estos resultados este es el primer estudio que demuestra la existencia del boom del trail running, a la vez que realiza una fotografía de la situación del trail running en España en el 2015 y de cómo ha llegado hasta aquí. Abstract. This article explains the beginnings and evolution of trail running in Spain from a descriptive point of view. The objective is to determinate the existence of the term trail running boom. The study is based on a quantitative analysis of trail running races organized in the year 2015 (n=1901). The results are: a) foot race is the most used type of trail running; b) spring and autumn are the two periods in which more events are organized; c) Catalonia is the autonomous community that more trail running races organizes; d) municipalities of less than 5000 inhabitants organize the highest number of trail running races; e) considering the evolution in the creation of new trail running races, three periods are observed: 1) from 1940 to 1977, with no growth; 2) from 1978 to 2006, with a slow growth and 3) from 2007 to 2015, with a boom in the creation of new races; and finally f) we could observe that the organization of trail running races usually starts with only one distance; successively, in following editions the number of modalities increases, whereas from the fourth edition again it comes back to a single distance. This is the first study that demonstrates the existence of the trail running boom, as well as it explains the situation of trail running in Spain in 2015 and how it has reached its current state.
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McEwan, Liynsey, Tracey McKay, and Melissa Baker. "Trail Running: Exploring South Africa’s Serious Leisure Economy." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 1027–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-66.
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A health-conscious mindset has grown rapidly among South African middle-class consumers. This can be seen by their embrace of sports watches, reward-based programmes, and participation in organised leisure activities such as cycling and running. Within this context, trail running is becoming increasingly popular; however, research on the nature of trail running in South Africa is limited. A theoretical understanding of the relationship that participants have with trail running, specifically the applicability of the serious leisure framework, could provide valuable insights into this emerging market. This study incorporated an exploratory case-study design. Quantitative data was collected using purposive sampling and an online survey to determine if trail runners undertook the activity as leisure careerists or not. The level of seriousness of respondents was measured using the six characteristics of serious leisure as defined in the Serious Leisure Inventory Measure (SLIM). The main findings were that many trail runners meet all six of the characteristics of serious leisure. ‘Perseverance’ and ‘Career’ followed by ‘Effort’ and ‘Identity’ were the most important factors to the trail runners. Motives of ‘Fun’ and ‘Sense of achievement’ were more important than ‘Fitness’ or ‘Social factors’, however. ‘Sense of achievement’ and ‘Social’ correlated the most strongly with respondents’ overall level of seriousness in the sport. Income impacted on motivations, however, with wealthier people more likely to report that they participated for Fun. In terms of gender, women were more likely to report that trail running boosted their self-image. In addition, trail running forms part of the serious leisure economy, as participants are prepared to spend substantial sums of money on related equipment and participation in events. This study provides valuable insights for marketing and design of trail-running events and contributes to the gap in the literature on serious leisure in South Africa.
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Drum, Scott Nolan, Ludwig Rappelt, Steffen Held, and Lars Donath. "Effects of Trail Running versus Road Running—Effects on Neuromuscular and Endurance Performance—A Two Arm Randomized Controlled Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 4501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054501.
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Running on less predictable terrain has the potential to increase the stimulation of the neuromuscular system and can boost aerobic performance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of trail versus road running on neuromuscular and endurance performance parameters in running novices. Twenty sedentary participants were randomly assigned to either a trail (TRAIL; n = 10) or road running (ROAD; n = 10) group. A supervised and progressive, moderate intensity, and work-load-matched 8 wk endurance running program on TRAIL or ROAD was prescribed (i.e., randomized). Static balance (BESS test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), gait analysis (RehaGait test, with regard to stride time single task, stride length dual task, velocity single task), agility performance (t-test), isokinetic leg strength (BIODEX), and predicted VO2max were assessed in pre- and post-tests. rANOVA analysis revealed no significant time–group interactions. Large effect sizes (Cohen’s d) for pairwise comparison were found for TRAIL in the BESS test (d = 1.2) and predicted (pred) VO2max (d = 0.95). Moderate effects were evident for ROAD in BESS (d = 0.5), stride time single task (d = 0.52), and VO2max predicted (d = 0.53). Possible moderate to large effect sizes for stride length dual task (72%), velocity single task (64%), BESS test (60%), and the Y-balance test left stance (51%) in favor of TRAIL occurred. Collectively, the results suggested slightly more beneficial tendencies in favor of TRAIL. Additional research is needed to clearly elucidate differences between TRAIL and ROAD, not only in novices but also in experienced exercisers.
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Matos, Sérgio, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Rui Silva, Joel Pereira, and José María Cancela Carral. "Performance and Training Load Profiles in Recreational Male Trail Runners: Analyzing Their Interactions during Competitions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 8902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238902.
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Endurance sports like trail running constitute an extensive individual modality causing numerous physiological changes to occur in the athlete. In this sense, an adequate monitoring of training load appears to be essential to improve competition performance. The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze trail runners’ weekly load variations in the four weeks leading up to a trail running competition, and (ii) to determine the relationship between the runners’ pacing in competitions and their physical fitness and workload parameters. Twenty-five amateur male trail runners (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years old; minimum International Trail Running Association performance index: 600) were monitored daily for the duration of a season (52 weeks). External load (distance covered, pace) and internal load (rate of perceived exertion) were measured daily. Additionally, weekly workload measures of acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony, and training strain were calculated. The runners were also assessed for maximal aerobic speed (MAS) every four months. No significant differences in workload measures (p > 0.05) were observed in the four weeks leading up to each short trail competition; however, leading up to the long trail, ultra-trail medium, and ultra-trail long/extra-long competitions, the differences in the runners’ workload measures were significant (p < 0.05). In the short trail, pace was found to be moderately correlated with the ACWR of total distance (r = −0.334) and with training monotony of rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (r = −0.303). In the ultra-trail, a large correlation was observed between pace and elevation accumulated (r = 0.677). We concluded that significant workload differences from one week to the next only occurred in preparation for longer-distance competitions, with sudden acute load decreases and very low ACWR values reported mainly in weeks 1 and 2 of the taper. Meaningful relationships were found between performance (pace) and MAS for longer trails and between pace and MAS for ultra-trail competitions.
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Cartón-Llorente, Antonio, Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Silvia Cardiel-Sánchez, Luis E. Roche-Seruendo, and Diego Jaén-Carrillo. "Training Specificity in Trail Running: A Single-Arm Trial on the Influence of Weighted Vest on Power and Kinematics in Trained Trail Runners." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 6411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146411.
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Participants in trail running races must carry their equipment throughout the race. This additional load modifies running biomechanics. Novel running powermeters allow further analyses of key running metrics. This study aims to determine the acute effects of running with extra weights on running power generation and running kinematics at submaximal speed. Fifteen male amateur trail runners completed three treadmill running sessions with a weighted vest of 0-, 5-, or 10% of their body mass (BM), at 8, 10, 12, and 14 km·h−1. Mean power output (MPO), leg spring stiffness (LSS), ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), step frequency (SF), step length (SL), vertical oscillation (VO), and duty factor (DF) were estimated with the Stryd wearable system. The one-way ANOVA revealed higher GCT and MPO and lower DF, VO, and FT for the +10% BM compared to the two other conditions (p < 0.001) for the running speeds evaluated (ES: 0.2–7.0). After post-hoc testing, LSS resulted to be higher for +5% BM than for the +10% and +0% BM conditions (ES: 0.2 and 0.4). Running with lighter loads (i.e., +5% BM) takes the principle of specificity in trail running one step further, enhancing running power generation and LSS.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trail running"
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Sjöö, Sandra, and Anton Estlund. "TRAIL RUNNING GENOM CROSS-MEDIA: : En kvalitativ studie av cross-mediamarknadsföring för John Bauer Trail Run." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Data- och elektroteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27614.
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The purpose of this study was to determine how to attract participants from all over Sweden to partake in the John Bauer Trail Run and increase the awareness of it employing a well planned cross-media strategy. To achieve this purpose a thorough study of litterature and research within the areas cross-media and marketing have been done. The method that was chosen for the study was a small-N-study which is a more quantitative type of case study. Eleven different running events have been examined and interviewed to collect the empirical data. The answers that the interviews produced have been analyzed in combination with the studied litterature and this has resulted in a cross-media strategy for John Bauer Trail Run. The key elements of this strategy is that they should have different purposes for their different marketing channels, some more brand oriented and some more call-to-action. These specific purposes should be taken in consideration each time an advert or a message is to be published in the channel and the content should be adapted accordingly. The results of the study are mainly applicable to John Bauer Trail Run but parts of it can be applied to other trail running-events with similar goals as well. This study was limited by the appointed time and resources regarding how many units that has been studied and that only one method was applied.
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Giandolini, Marlène. "Gestion de l'impact et de la fatigue neuromusculaire en trail running." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET009T/document.
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Bien que constitué anatomiquement et physiologiquement pour la course d’endurance, l’Homme est considérablement exposés à diverses blessures musculo-squelettiques liées à la répétition de contraintes mécaniques. Le coureur de trail running par exemple est soumis à de nombreux impacts ainsi qu’à une fatigue et des dommages musculaires sévères. Ces chocs répétitifs et dommages musculaires réduiraient la tolérance du coureur face aux contraintes mécaniques le poussant ainsi à altérer sa cinématique de course. Par conséquent, minimiser les dommages musculo-squelettiques serait déterminant pour la performance en trail running. Des évidences montrent que la pose de pied altère la localisation et l’intensité des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier l’influence du pattern de pose de pied sur l’impact et la fatigue neuromusculaire en trail running. Les phases de descente ont été tout particulièrement étudiées du fait qu’elles sont les plus traumatisantes. En effet, ce travail de thèse a mis en évidence qu’en situation de trail running, l’intensité de l’impact augmente lorsque la pente diminue, et que la fatigue neuromusculaire périphérique est aussi sévère à la suite d’une descente isolée qu’après un ultra-trail de plusieurs heures. En étudiant l’influence de la pose de pied adoptée au cours d’une descente en situation de trail running, il a été observé qu’attaquer le sol par l’avant du pied augmentait la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou. Cependant, une importante variabilité dans les patterns de pose de pied adoptés au cours de la descente a été associée à une baisse de la fatigue neuromusculaire aux extenseurs du genou et fléchisseurs plantaires. L’influence de la pose de pied sur l’intensité du choc et le contenu vibratoire le long des axes axial et transversal a également été démontrée : adopter une attaque talon diminue la sévérité du choc axial mais réduit l’intensité du choc transversal. La principale conclusion est qu’aucun pattern de course ne saurait être universellement recommandé du fait que « changer de pose de pied » est synonyme de « changer la localisation et la magnitude des contraintes appliquées au système musculo-squelettique ». En ce sens, alterner entre différents patterns de course serait une stratégie efficiente en trail runningAlthough Humans are “born” anatomically and physiologically adapted to long distances run, they are substantially exposed to various musculoskeletal overuse injuries. Trail runners sustain a high number of foot-to-ground contacts and develop severe muscle fatigue and damages. Repetitive shocks and muscle damages would reduce the runners’ tolerance to mechanical strains leading to changes in running kinematics. Minimizing musculoskeletal damages is therefore considered paramount for performance in trail running. Numerous studies highlighted that the foot strike pattern alters the localization and magnitude of the mechanical strains applied on the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this thesis was to study the influence of the foot strike pattern on impact and neuromuscular fatigue in trail running. Downhill sections were mainly investigated since they are the most mechanically stressful. Indeed, it was observed from this thesis’ work that, in real trail running practice, the impact intensity increases as the slope decreases, and that the neuromuscular fatigue induced by a single downhill run is as severe as the one induced by an ultratrail race that lasts several hours. Investigating the effect of the foot strike pattern adopted during a downhill trail run on fatigue, it was observed that forefoot striking increases the neuromuscular fatigue at knee extensors. However, a high variability in foot strike patterns adopted was associated to a lower neuromuscular fatigue at both knee extensors and plantar flexors. The effect of the foot strike pattern on axial and transversal shock and vibration content was also demonstrated: heel striking was correlated to a lower impact severity along the axial axis of the skeleton but a greater one along its transversal axis. The main conclusion of this thesis is that no single foot strike pattern should be universally advised due to “changing of foot strike” means “changing the localization and magnitude of the mechanical stress applied on the musculoskeletal system”. Switching between different running patterns might be an efficient strategy in trail running
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Balducci, Pascal. "La place du coût énergétique dans les facteurs de performance en trail running." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1043.
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Le trail running, course nature de distances, dénivelés et technicités variables, est une discipline récente à la popularité croissante. La performance en trail dépend de nombreux facteurs génétiques, énergétiques, techniques, stratégiques et motivationnels. Parmi ces facteurs, le coût énergétique de la locomotion fait débat. Les études de cette Thèse s'attachent aux corrélations plat/montée de cette variable, au calcul d'un coût en pente à partir d'un coût à plat, à l'influence de la modification forcée de la fréquence de foulée sur l'énergie consommée, et à l'impact de la fatigue générée par un ultra trail sur le coût à plat et en montée. La prise en compte des contraintes musculaires et biomécaniques en trail d'une part, des facteurs influençant l'économie de course d'autre part, ainsi que des résultats de notre principale étude de terrain, nous laissent émettre l'hypothèse que le coût énergétique et ses variations pre/post course à plat/montée, ne sont pas des indicateurs de performance de l'activité. La force, l'endurance de force et le pacing, en plus de la puissance aérobie et de l'endurance, sont les variables testées les mieux corrélées à la performance en ultra trailTrail running is a discipline with increasing popularity over the last 2 decades. Trail performance depends on many genetic, energetic, technical, strategic and motivational factors. Among these factors, the energy cost of locomotion is debated. The studies in this Thesis focus on the level/graded correlations of this variable, on the calculation of an uphill cost from a level cost, on the influence of a forced modification of stride frequency on running economy, and on the impact of fatigue generated by an ultra trail on level and uphill costs. Taking account of the muscular and biomechanical constraints on the one hand, and the factors influencing the running economy on the other hand, as well as the results of our main field study, we hypothesize that energy cost and its pre/post fatigue variations, are not performance indicators of the activity. Force, endurance of force and pacing, in addition to aerobic power and endurance, are the tested variables best correlated to ultra trail performance
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Rochat, Nadège. "Analyse énactive de l'activité en trail et ultra-trail : une approche multi-sourcing." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR037/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse était d’analyser l’activité en trail et ultra-trail en s’inscrivant dans le paradigme de l’énaction (Varela et al., 1993). Un observatoire multi-sourcing composé de discussions de forum, de récits de courses postés sur les blogs, d’entretiens énactifs et de données en troisième personne caractérisant les accélérations verticales du traileur et de son système de portage a été construit pour mener nos analyses. Les résultats des analyses des discussions de forums ont montré que les traileurs partagent des préoccupations relatives à l’entraînement et la santé. Les résultats des analyses des récits de blogs et des entretiens énactifs ont caractérisé l’activité des traileurs en situation de course, en reportant (a) des gestalts phénoménologiques dont l’agencement temporel a identifié des profils d’activité, (b) des états de vitalité dont la répartition et l’organisation temporelle différaient chez les finisheurs et les abandonneurs et (c) sept étapes-clés impliquées dans les abandons. Les résultats des analyses de l’usage du matériel ont montré que les sensations de ballotement du système de portage reportées par les traileurs étaient confirmées par les données comportementales. Pris dans leur ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que l’activité des traileurs peut être caractérisée avec différentes sources de données, rendant compte des expériences signifiantes multiples énactés en situation. Ils fournissent des implications pratiques pour le champ de la psychologie du sport et transformatives pour les entreprises souhaitant intégrer les utilisateurs dans leur processus de conceptionRooted in the enaction paradigm (Varela et al., 1993), the aim of this thesis was to analyse the activity in trail and ultra-trail running. A multi-sourcing observatory was constructed to conduct our analyses. It was composed of forum discussions posted on the community website of the Raidlight brand, races narratives posted on blogs, enactive interviews and third-person data characterising the vertical oscillations of both the runners and their carrying systems. The results of the discussion forums showed that trail runners share common concerns regarding health and training issues. The results of the blog narratives and enactive interviews analyses characterised trail runners’ activity in race situation, by reporting (a) phenomenological gestalts, which temporal layout identified activity profiles, (b) vitality states, which repartition and temporal organisation differed in finishers and withdrawers and (c) seven key-stages involved in withdrawals. The results of analyses of the use of equipment showed that the sensations of bouncing reported by runners were confirmed by the behavioural data. Taken together, these results suggested that trail runners’ activity can be characterised by different data sources, reporting the various meaningful experiences that trail runners enact in situation. They provide practical and transformative implications for the proposition of an intervention model in sport psychology as well as a proposition of a multi-sourcing conception model for companies, which seek to integrate users in their conception processes
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Camporesi, Pietro. "Problematiche sanitarie nell' Ultra Trail Running: studio di prevalenza e fattori di rischio associati." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Background: Le conoscenze scientifiche sugli infortuni nel Trail Running al momento sono molto ridotte. La rilevazione epidemiologica delle tipologie di infortunio prevalenti e delle associazioni con probabili fattori di rischio, intrinseci ed estrinseci, costituisce il primo passo per una corretta azione preventiva e riabilitativa
Obiettivi: Obiettivo primario è la rilevazione della prevalenza di infortuni nelle gare di Trail Running. Obiettivi secondari sono la ricerca di una correlazione tra probabili fattori di rischio, intrinseci (età, genere, BMI) ed estrinseci (volume e tipologia di allenamento, precedenti infortuni, esperienza di corsa, tipologia di scarpe, alimentazioine e idratazione in gara), e il numero di infortuni.
Materiali e Metodi: I dati sono stati rilevati mediante la somministrazione di un questionario pre-gara, al momento dell’iscrizione online, e di uno post-gara, immediatamente dopo l’arrivo delle competizioni, a due gare di Trail Running del nord italia: la “Ultra Trail Via Degli Dei 2019” e la “Dolomiti Extreme Race 2019”.
Risultati: Nel campione di 858 soggetti è stata rilevata una prevalenza di infortuni in gara del 79,8%, con coscia (28,6%) e ginocchio (17,6%) le localizzazioni più frequenti. La maggior parte delle problematiche sono subentrate gradualmente (74,5%), su terreno sterrato (69,2%) e in discesa (70%). Le uniche variabili ad aver influito in maniera significativa sull’ insorgenza di problemi in gara sono state la riduzione dell’età (OR 0,962; IC95% 0,938 - 0,986) e l’aumento del BMI (OR 1,205; IC95% 1,082 - 1,340).
Conclusioni: Il presente studio ha rilevato l’alta prevalenza di problematiche sanitarie nelle gare di Trail Running e ha messo in luce il ruolo di età e BMI come probabili fattori di rischio per infortunio. Per indagare le patologie specifiche nelle gare di Trail Running sono necessari ulteriori studi, nei quali si consiglia di considerare sempre un parametro relativo all’ intensità di corsa.
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ÅHLIN, ÅSA. "A cleaner kind of dirt : Naturally dyed trail wear for wild running forest gatherers." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18173.
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Natural Dye, Chemical, Trail running, Sportswear, Sustainable, Pigments, Chromatic, Toxins, Print, Dye, Dirt.Sammanfattning på engelska: This work explores natural dye’s ability to be used for trail running wear. The sustainable aspects in the clothing industry includes the production of nontoxic textiles that do not pollute in the production process nor when using the textile close to our bodies. Natural dyes usually have low toxicity and are produced from renewable resources. The explorative nature of trail running is used as a guideline and an entrance exam for the dyed fabrics to prove wash- and lightfastness durable for the sport. The idea of colouring clothes directly with nature is present in dirt prints printed with natural pigments. Organic printing with rust and vegetable oil is explored as an alternative to screen printing. The movements and comfort of running outdoors is understood by body indicated experiments as a method. Pattern construction is made from movement and sensation by exposing the body to friction, dirt and cold air. The results of these experiments were together with reshaping existing run wear the construction method. This work suggests viewing colour as nonstatic and with more dimensions such as locality and smell. By using slow dye processes and locally accessible dye materials unique expressions from natural dyes, prints and patinations can enhance sportswear in the appearance, health and environmental aspect.Program: Modedesignutbildningen
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Ehrström, Sabine. "Analyse de la performance en trail courte distance : Déterminants physiologiques, spécificité de la sollicitation musculaire et stratégies d’optimisation." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4104.
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Ce projet de thèse se situe dans une perspective d’amélioration des connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine du trail courte distance, une activité outdoor en plein essor. A l’intermédiaire entre les épreuves de course sur route “traditionnelles” et les épreuves d’ultra-trail, le trail courte distance a peu été abordé spécifiquement dans la littérature. Le premier objectif était de caractériser les déterminants physiologiques de la performance lors des épreuves de trail courte distance chez une population de coureurs très entrainés, à partir d’une interface d’évaluations entre des protocoles en laboratoire et une épreuve officielle, afin d’établir un modèle de performance plus adapté que le modèle de la course en endurance traditionnelle sur route, par l’inclusion de variables spécifiques. Ainsi, l’identification de l’endurance musculaire comme un facteur majeur de la performance a ensuite conduit à envisager le port de textile de compression comme une stratégie externe de préservation musculaire pendant l’effort. Le second objectif était donc d’étudier l’impact aigu et retardé du port de textile de compression lors d’un trail courte distance ou lors d’un exercice excentrique intense (i.e. course en descente prolongée) sur les vibrations des tissus mous, les paramètres neuromusculaires et énergétiques et les douleurs musculaires aigues et retardées chez des coureurs de trail très entrainés. L'atténuation des vibrations des tissus mous induite par le port de textile à haute intensité de compression peut contribuer, au moins en partie, à la réduction du déficit d’activation volontaire mesuré immédiatement après l’épreuve de trail ou la course en descente et à l'amélioration de la fonction neuromusculaire en phase de récupération. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'utilisation de textile à haute intensité de compression pendant l’effort exercerait un « effet protecteur mécanique », pouvant ainsi constituer une stratégie externe pour tolérer une charge d'entraînement élevée ou optimiser le processus de récupération dans les courses à plusieurs étapesThis thesis project aimed at improving scientific knowledge in the field of short distance trail running, a “booming” outdoor activity. Situated between "traditional" road races and ultra-trail races, limited research has focused on the analysis of short distance trail running. The first objective was to characterize the physiological determinants of performance during short distance trail running races in a population of highly trained runners, using an experimental setting between laboratory protocols and an official event, in order to establish a performance model more suited than the traditional endurance road running model, by including specific variables. Thus, the identification of muscular endurance as a major factor in performance led to consider the wearing of compression textiles as an external strategy for muscle function preservation during exercise. The second objective was therefore to study the acute and delayed impact of wearing a compression garments during a short distance trail or during an intense eccentric exercise (ie. downhill running) on the vibrations of the soft tissues, the neuromuscular and energetics parameters and acute and delayed muscle soreness in highly trained trail runners. The attenuation of soft tissue vibrations induced by wearing high intensity compression garments may contribute, at least in part, to the reduction of the voluntary activation deficit measured immediately after the trail or downhill run and to the improvement of neuromuscular function in the recovery phase. Our results suggest that the use of garments with high compression intensity during exercise could exert a “mechanical protective effect”, which could therefore constitute an external strategy to tolerate a high training load or optimize the recovery process in multi-stage races
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Emiliani, Francesco <1989>. "Piano di sviluppo, Strategie, Branding e analisi sulla penetrazione di un nuovo mercato. The North Face e il trail running." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8001.
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Questo progetto ha lo scopo di indicare le strategie migliori per la penetrazione di un nuovo mercato, verrà trattato il caso del mercato del trail running da parte del brand The North Face.
Dopo un’attenta acquisizione di dati di mercato per capire l’andamento di questo settore si analizza la struttura della concorrenza, evidenziando quelli che sono i protagonisti e la loro presenza sul territorio.
L’importanza del panorama di The North Face e le sue attivazione nel settore del trail running sono descritte a fondo, in maniera tale da capirne le potenzialità e i suoi sviluppi futuri per la penetrazione del mercato e l’inserimento del brand in questo settore.
L’elaborato presenta una profonda analisi delle rilevazioni di due esperti del mondo tecnico della corsa non in strada e degli eventi legati ad essa. Inoltre vengono effettuate analisi date da un questionario, con il quale si sono raccolte molteplici informazioni sul mercato del trail running, sull’acquisto di capi di abbigliamento del settore e sulla percezione emozionale del brand inserito in un ottica di questo tipo.
La strategia finale comprende una serie di attivazioni ed interventi che vengono proposti per aumentare l’awareness e le vendite di The North Face nel mercato preso in considerazione, i quali sono stati concepiti in linea con la brand guidelines e i principi etici del brand.
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Vermand, Stéphane. "Gestion des modifications podales et des pressions plantaires en ultra-trail par des semelles orthopédiques équipées de barres rétro-capitales métatarsiennes." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS005/document.
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La course d'ultra-trail en montagne provoque de nombreuses altérations d'ordre biomécaniques, physiologiques, neuro-musculaires, posturales et psychologiques qui peuvent engendrer certaines blessures. Cependant, assez peu d'études se sont intéressées aux modifications que peuvent subir les pieds. C'est dans ce cadre que nous avons réalisé 3 études. La première effectuée auprès de 10 coureurs a montré que les avants-pieds s'élargissent et la pression plantaire sous l'avant-pied augmente à partir de la mi-distance d'une épreuve d'ultra-trail de 170 km (UTMB®). La surpression sous l'avant-pied qui est due au déplacement vers l'avant du centre de pression, est susceptible d'accroitre le risque de fracture de fatigue des métatarses. Ces modifications qui ont été observées jusqu'à la fin de la compétition sont probablement liées à la fatigue des sujets. Pour contrecarrer ces modifications, nous avons proposé d'utiliser des semelles orthopédiques moulées comportant chacune une barre rétro capitale (BRC) placée en arrière des têtes métatarsiennes. La 2ème étude réalisée chez 48 coureurs a montré que cet élément orthopédique permet lors du maintien de la posture debout de diminuer les pressions plantaires sous les avants-pieds, de reculer le centre de pression, mais aussi les centres articulaires de la hanche, des épaules et de la tête. La 3ème étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer chez 10 coureurs à pieds l'effet immédiat, à court terme (après 4 semaines) et moyen terme (après 12 semaines) du port des semelles BRC sur la répartition des pressions plantaires et la cinématique articulaire. Un groupe contrôle de taille égale a utilisé pendant la même période des semelles moulées qui ne comportaient aucun élément orthopédique. Cette étude longitudinale a montré que les pressions plantaires sous les têtes métatarsiennes étaient réduites immédiatement avec le port des semelles BRC. Après 4 semaines, cette réduction s'accentuait et l'angle de flexion de la cheville était augmenté lors de l'appui. Après 12 semaines, l'extension maximale du genou était augmentée et la plupart de ces modifications étaient aussi observées même si les sujets utilisent des semelles plates. Aucune variable n'a été modifiée chez les sujets du groupe contrôle. En ce qui concerne les applications pratiques de ces travaux de thèse, au regard de nos résultats, nous pouvons conseiller aux coureurs de longue distance soufrant de douleur au niveau de l'avant-pied de choisir des chaussures un peu plus larges et, d'utiliser des semelles orthopédiques BRC pour réduire la pression sous l'avant-piedMountain Ultra Marathon is causing many biomechanical, physiological, neuromuscular, postural and psychological alterations which can lead to certain injuries. However, there are few studies has been focused on the feet. In this context, we conducted three original studies. The first one, performed with 10 runners has shown that the front feet width and the plantar pressure under the forefoot has increased from the mid-distance of a 170km ultra-trail race (UTMB®). The overpressure under the forefoot is due to the forward displacement of the center of pressure which may increase the risk of stress fracture of the metatarsals. These changes that were observed until the end of the competition are probably related to the increase of muscular fatigue of the subjects. In opposition of these changes, we proposed to use moulded orthopaedic insoles that comprising a metatarsal retro-capital bar (MRCB) placed behind the metatarsal heads. The second study carried out in 48 runners has shown that this MRCB element allows to reduce the plantar pressures under the front feet during the standing support by moving backward the center of pressure, and also the hip, the shoulders and the head. The objective of the third study was to evaluate the immediate, short-term (after 4 weeks) and medium-term (after 12 weeks) effect of wearing MRCB insoles on plantar pressure distribution and joint kinematics during running with 10 runners. A similar control group of equal size used during the same period of training moulded insoles without orthopaedic element. This longitudinal study showed that the plantar pressures under the metatarsal heads were reduced immediately with wearing MRCB soles. After 4 weeks, this reduction was accentuated and the ankle's angle of flexion was increased during the stride support. After 12 weeks, the maximum knee extension was increased and most of these changes described aboved were also observed even if the subjects used flat insoles. Any significant changes have been observed in the control group whatever the test period. Regard to these results, we can advise long-distance runners that suffer of pain in the forefoot region to choose slightly larger shoes and to use MRCB orthopaedic insoles to reduce pressure under the forefoot
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Degli, Esposti Ilaria. "Analisi dei parametri caratterizzanti la fase di appoggio nella corsa tramite l’utilizzo dei sensori inerziali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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La tesi consiste in una revisione della letteratura incentrata sull’analisi dei parametri caratterizzanti la fase di appoggio nella corsa tramite l’utilizzo dei sensori inerziali.
Il primo capitolo presenta un breve resoconto della storia dell’analisi del movimento umano; il secondo tratta degli strumenti disponibili per effettuare l’analisi del movimento in ambiente sportivo; il terzo capitolo analizza la biomeccanica della corsa. Inizialmente è presentata una descrizione generica dell’analisi della corsa poi la trattazione si incentra sulla definizione ed identificazione del tipo di appoggio del piede al suolo mediante diversi dispositivi quali stereofotogrammetria e pedane di forza; infine il quarto capitolo, approfondisce l’utilizzo dei sensori inerziali nell’identificazione del foot strike pattern presentando nello specifico il metodo validato da Giandolini. Per concludere sono riportati due studi che utilizzano il metodo Giandolini per analizzare il metodo di corsa effettuato durante competizioni di trail running.
Books on the topic "Trail running"
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Kimball, Ben. Trail running Western Massachusetts. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2015.
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Never wipe your ass with a squirrel: A trail running, ultramarathon, and wilderness survival guide for weird folks. [New York: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform], 2013.
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Jones, Peter N. Colorado Front Range Alpine trail running guide: Just the basics for those who are hardcore! Boulder, Colo: Bäuu Institute, 2003.
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Dave, Nevins, ed. Boise backcountry adventures: A select trail guide for hiking and running in the Boise Region. [Boise, Idaho: Sandy Epeldi], 2012.
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Nancy, Hobbs, ed. The ultimate guide to trail running: Everything you need to know about equipment, finding trails, nutrition, hill strategy, racing, avoiding injury, training, weather, safety. 2nd ed. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guides, 2010.
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Chase, Adam W. The ultimate guide to trail running: Everything you need to know about equipment, finding trails, nutrition, hill strategy, racing, avoiding injury, training, weather, safety. 2nd ed. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guides, 2010.
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United States. National Park Service., ed. Running Eagle Falls: Nature trail : Glacier National Park, Two Medicine Valley. [Washington, D.C.?: National Park Service, 1999.
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Soul, sweat and survival on the Pacific Crest Trail. Livermore, Calif: Bittersweet Pub. Co., 1994.
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Santiago, Marina, and Reid Marshall. Trail Running Utah. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Trail running"
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Canata, Gian Luigi, Valentina Casale, and Nico Valsesia. "Trail Running." In The Running Athlete, 201–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65064-6_22.
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"Mahican-Mohawk Trail." In Trail Running Western Massachusetts, 112–15. University Press of New England, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9b0v.32.
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"Hoosac Range Trail." In Trail Running Western Massachusetts, 27–29. University Press of New England, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9b0v.10.
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"Two Bridges Trail." In Trail Running Western Massachusetts, 105–7. University Press of New England, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9b0v.30.
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"Colrain Ridge Trail." In Trail Running Western Massachusetts, 116–18. University Press of New England, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9b0v.33.
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"Missing Link Trail." In Trail Running Southern Vermont, 203–5. University of Massachusetts Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.13167930.56.
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"West River Trail." In Trail Running Southern Vermont, 99–102. University of Massachusetts Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.13167930.30.
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"Keystone Arch Bridges Trail." In Trail Running Western Massachusetts, 93–96. University Press of New England, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9b0v.27.
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"Mohawk Trail State Forest." In Trail Running Western Massachusetts, 37–40. University Press of New England, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9b0v.13.
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"Acknowledgments." In Trail Running Eastern Massachusetts, vii. University of Massachusetts Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2vt057c.3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Trail running"
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D'Astuto, Magda, and Andrea Aliverti. "Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Ultra Trail Running During Performance and Recovery." In 2023 IEEE International Workshop on Sport, Technology and Research (STAR). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/star58331.2023.10302656.
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Viljoen, Carel, Willem van Mechelen, Evert Verhagen, Bruno Silva, Volker Scheer, Manuela Besomi, Rubén Gajardo-Burgos, et al. "443 FO23 – Injury risk factors in trail running: latest evidence from a living systematic review." In 7th IOC World Conference on Prevention of Injury and Illness in Sport, Monaco, 29 February–2 March 2024. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-ioc.22.
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Fontanili, Luca, Massimo Milani, Luca Montorsi, and Roberto Citarella. "Biomechanical Analyses of Professional Ultramarathon Athletes: The Effect of Repeated Long Distances on the Gait Kinematic and Kinetics." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23748.
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Abstract Constant monitoring of an athlete allows to foresee any injuries by acting on the dynamics of the movements. For runners, the conduct of a correct athletic gesture according to the athlete’s specific body biomechanics guarantees the minimization of non-accidental injury factors. For athletes who are engaged in endurance sports such as marathon runners, the long distances to which they are subjected increases the importance of this type of monitoring. This work reports the results of a study carried out on three IUTA (Italian Ultramarathon and Trail Association) athletes during a routine check carried out at a reference healthcare facility that takes care of their care. These athletes are all specialized in the 24-hour race in which they try to reach the most distance in this time. This type of effort can be made if the athlete undergoes an adequate training regime over long distances. The execution of the running pattern in such a repeated way can lead to the accentuation of postural and joint problems. It is therefore necessary to monitor the biomechanics parameters. In this work, therefore, various gestures are analyzed to show potential movement deficits in order to act in advance on the running technique.
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Cummings, Scott M., and Paul Krupowicz. "The Effects of Wheelset Position and Operating Environment on Rolling Contact Fatigue." In ASME 2008 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2008-74014.
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The Wheel Defect Prevention Research Consortium (WDPRC) conducted analyses of wheel impact load detector (WILD) data to explore how wheelset position and operating environment affect rolling contact fatigue (RCF). The typical three-piece freight car truck used in North America produces higher tangential wheel/rail contact forces on the wheelset in the lead position than on the wheelset in the trail position of a truck as a car negotiates a curve. An analysis of WILD data shows that these higher forces are contributing to more shelling damage on wheelsets that are consistently in the lead position of a truck. Datasets in which the cars are frequently oriented with the A-end leading show the largest percentage of elevated WILD readings in the lead position of the lead truck (axle 4) followed by the lead position of the trail truck (axle 2). Likewise, datasets in which the cars are frequently oriented with the B-end leading show the largest percentage of elevated WILD readings in the lead position of the lead truck (axle 1) followed by the lead position of the trail truck (axle 3). Additionally, datasets in which there is an equal mix of car orientations show a much more evenly distributed location of elevated WILD readings. Another analysis of WILD data from five trainsets of nearly identical cars shows that any differences in wheel tread damage due to component differences are insignificant in comparison to the differences in wheel tread damage associated with environmental factors. While this analysis does not address component specification differences that could potentially have a large influence on shelling (such as M-976 trucks in comparison to standard trucks), it does show that environmental factors can play a large role in wheel tread damage. Car routing and loading characteristics were investigated as possible wheel damage factors. It appears that cars running on routes through terrain with longer, steeper grades may be prone to increased wheel shelling, probably due to thermal mechanical shelling (TMS). Side-to-side imbalanced loading appears to play a minor role in wheel shelling for two of the five trainsets.
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Ogawa, Tomoyuki, Shinichi Manabe, Yoichi Imamura, Shingo Minobe, Junya Kawamura, Suguru Hiramatsu, Masahisa Kageyama, and Naoto Shimada. "Development of a train running energy simulator for commercial train running." In 2015 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles (ESARS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esars.2015.7101434.
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Nonaka, Nobuhide, Satoshi Suyama, Tatsuki Okuyama, Yuto Hama, Daisuke Kitayama, Takahiro Asai, Shoji Itoh, et al. "Experimental Trial aboard Shinkansen Test Train Running at 360 km/h for 5G Evolution." In 2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Spring). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtc2022-spring54318.2022.9860686.
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Alhossein, Mohamed, Qiyuan Peng, and Malik Muneeb Abid. "Algorithm for Running Diagram Preparation of Maglev Train." In First International Conference on Rail Transportation 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481257.107.
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Song, Xueyi, Jiaxin Wang, Yuanxiang Li, and Peng Li. "Research of Monitoring Device of Train Running Attitude." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicspi48186.2019.9095919.
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Hansen, Ingo A., Rob M. P. Goverde, and Dirk J. van der Meer. "Online train delay recognition and running time prediction." In 2010 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5625081.
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Young-Chan Kim, Young-Ger Seo, Soon-Chan Hong, Jong-Sun Ko, and Byung-Sung Lee. "A study of the train running simulation for train propulsion system performance analysis." In 2007 7th Internatonal Conference on Power Electronics (ICPE). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpe.2007.4692375.
Full textReports on the topic "Trail running"
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Sánchez-Ramírez, Celso, Claudia Gohurdet-Silva, and Enzo Bosco-Bau. Acute effects of trail running on neuromuscular fatigue in lower limbs. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.8.0099.
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Aguiar, Brandon, Paul Bianco, and Arvind Agarwal. Using High-Speed Imaging and Machine Learning to Capture Ultrasonic Treatment Cavitation Area at Different Amplitudes. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009773.
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The ultrasonic treatment process strengthens metals by increasing nucleation and decreasing grain size in an energy efficient way, without having to add anything to the material. The goal of this research endeavor was to use machine learning to automatically measure cavitation area in the Ultrasonic Treatment process to understand how amplitude influences cavitation area. For this experiment, a probe was placed into a container filled with turpentine because it has a similar viscosity to liquid aluminum. The probe gyrates up and down tens of micrometers at a frequency of 20 kHz, which causes cavitations to form in the turpentine. Each experimental trial ran for 5 seconds. We took footage on a high-speed camera running the UST probe from 20% to 35% amplitude in increments of 1%. Our research examined how the amplitude of the probe changed the cavitation area per unit time. It was vital to get a great contrast between the cavitations and the turpentine so that we could train a machine learning model to measure the cavitation area in a software called Dragonfly. We observed that as amplitude increased, average cavitation area also increased. Plotting cavitation area versus time shows that the cavitation area for a given amplitude increases and decreases in a wave-like pattern as time passes.
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Bernard, David Rhys, Gharad Bryan, Sylvain Chabé-Ferret, Jon de Quidt, Jasmin Claire Fliegner, and Roland Rathelot. How Biased are Observational Methods in Practice? Accumulating Evidence Using Randomised Controlled Trials with Imperfect Compliance. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/crpp9.
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Consider a policy maker choosing between programs of unknown impact. She can inform her decision using observational methods, or by running a randomised controlled trial (RCT). The proponents of RCTs would argue that observational approaches suffer from bias of an unknown size and direction, and so are uninformative. Our study treats this as an empirical claim that can be studied. By doing so we hope to increase the value of observational data and studies, as well as better inform the choice to undertake RCTs. We propose a large-scale, standardised, hands-off approach to assessing the performance of observational methods. First, we collect and categorise data from a large number of RCTs in the past 20 years. Second, we implement new methods to understand the size and direction of expected bias in observational studies, and how bias depends on measurable characteristics of programmes and settings. We find that the difference between observational estimators and the experimental benchmark is on average zero, but the resulting observational bias distribution has high variance.
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ji, yuqin, hao tian, qiang ye, zhuoyan ye, and zeyu zheng. Effectiveness of exercise intervention on improving fundamental motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0013.
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Review question / Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available randomized controlled trial studies concerning the effects of exercise interventions on fundamental motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Condition being studied: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complicated and highly prevalent neuro-developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The CDC reported that the prevalence of ASD was estimated to be 1 in 59 in the United States by 2020. Along with typical symptoms, a couple of studies have indicated that individuals with ASD encounter a variety of challenges, including sleep disturbance, obesity, executive function deficits, physical inactivity, and motor dysfunctions. Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are the unnaturally occurring basic motor learning model of the human body, which are the building blocks for advanced specialized motor skills and for children and adolescents to participate in sports, games, or other context-specific physical activity.FMS falls into three different categories: (a) locomotor skills (e.g., running and hopping), (b) object control skills (e.g., catching and throwing), and balance or stability skills (e.g., balancing and twisting).
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Ginzel. L51748 Detection of Stress Corrosion Induced Toe Cracks-Advancement of the Developed Technique. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010659.
Full textAbstract:
In the past few years an ongoing problem has existed with stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in pipelines around the world. Several member companies of the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. have experienced multiple incidents as a result of ERW defects and SCC. TCPL is running a series of hydrostatic tests and trial digs to identify the most severely affected areas. These excavations and failure studies have ascertained that most of the SCC causing failure has been on the outside diameter of long seam welded pipe at the edge of the weld. Defects at that location are known as "Toe-Cracks" Ginzel has developed an ultrasonic inspection technique that will detect both SCC colonies and toe cracks in long seam pipe. The main design objective for this research project was the selection and placement of ultrasonic transducers to combine weld, plate thickness and lamination inspection, along with SCC detection and sizing. Examination of sample pipe sections to demonstrate its success is reported. The primary stages for this research project are: �Assemble test equipment Establish test procedure System trials and data collection Evaluation of system performance and collected data Correlation of test data - Results
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Sakhare, Rahul Suryakant, Jairaj Desai, Jijo K. Mathew, Woosung Kim, Justin Mahlberg, Howell Li, and Darcy M. Bullock. Evaluating the Impact of Vehicle Digital Communication Alerts on Vehicles. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317324.
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Traditional methods for communicating the presence of maintenance activities and work zones have been done with a variety of fixed signs. The increase of in-vehicle connectivity on our roads—either directly integrated into the vehicle or via an application running on a mobile phone–provides an opportunity for additional communication to motorists about the presence of emergency vehicles, maintenance activities, or work zones. Although the exact form of the in-vehicle communication is evolving and will continue to do so, a critical first step is to leverage the extensive telematics currently deployed on the Indiana Department of Transportation Vehicles. The objective of this study was to conduct trial deployments on a variety of INDOT vehicles, and to begin a dialog with private sector partners about what information INDOT can share that will provide a safer roadway for all motorists, INDOT workers, and INDOT partners. The final design of connected vehicles will likely change considerably over the next few years as market forces determine what type of information is directly integrated into the vehicle and what information is integrated via cell phones. This report identifies several examples where in-vehicle notification alerting drivers to the presence of service and contractor vehicles was acknowledged by drivers. Hard braking data is being used to determine if these alerts have a meaningful impact on safety. Early results indicate substantial reduction in hard braking events (from 29 to 3) between conditions when queue trucks are not used and when they are used. A larger data set is currently being collected with Hoosier Helpers to isolate the impact of the in-vehicle alerts.
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Jenkins, Brian, Bruce Butterworth, and Sachi Yagu. Evolving Patterns of Violence in Developing Countries. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2344.
Full textAbstract:
In August 2022, MTI issued a report entitled Changing Patterns of Violence Pose New Challenges to Public Surface Transportation in the United States. That report analyzed the frequency and lethality of attacks on public surface transport in economically advanced countries. But what has been going on in non-economically advanced countries – the vast majority of countries in the world? Using the MTI database of Terrorist and Serious Criminal Attacks Against Public Surface Transportation, the authors analyzed attacks against passenger trains and train stations, buses and bus stations and stops, and all rail infrastructure and operating and security personnel in both sets of countries between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2022. For this analysis, countries that are economically advanced are based mostly on OCED membership and are designated as Group 1, and those with developing economies and others that are not OECD members, are designated as Group 2. (Group 3 countries are Israel and territory controlled by the Palestinian authority, which MTI will address in a separate report). This report focuses on Group 2 countries, comparing them to Group 1 countries. Group 2 had more than 7 times the number of attacks, and the lethality of its attacks was 3 times greater than in Group 1. In Group 2, many countries have long-running insurgencies that produce frequent and lethal attacks. There are far more attacks on buses and bus depots and stops in Group 2, reflecting greater reliance on bus travel. Explosives dominate attack methods, and while jihadist attackers are responsible for only 9.7% of attacks, they create 33.7% of fatalities. Jihadists are the most lethal attackers in both Group 1 and Group 2 countries. Suicide attacks account for only about 3% of the attacks in both groups, but while that percentage has gone down in Group 1, it has gone up in Group 2.
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Willson. L51709 Development-Test Electronic Gas Admission for Large Bore Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010114.
Full textAbstract:
The pipeline industry uses over 8,000 large bore engines in gas transmission/compression service". These engines are typically gas fueled and spark ignited. Some early versions of the engines are piston scavenged, but most are turbocharged. Some models, especially those equipped for lean burn operation, utilize pre-combustion chambers for enhanced ignition. Typically, the gaseous fuel is admitted directly into the top of the engine combustion chamber by a cam-operated, mechanical gas admission valve (MGAV). The MGAV is operated by an engine driven cam, cam follower, push rod, and rocker assembly. Such mechanisms offer little in the way of adjustability of the gas admission event: the ability to change the start of gas admission (SOA) and end of gas admission (EOA). The gas admission system is generally optimized for a particular mode of engine operation, typically rated speed and full load, and is fixed in that state. Desired changes in the gas admission cycle are not easily accomplished. At the same time, however, undesired changes commonly occur due to wear, failure, and mis-adjustment of the MGAV drive train. This report documents the development of a natural gas-fueled large-bore engine test bed (LBET) at Colorado State University and the subsequent test of an electronic gas admissions valve (EGAV) with in-cylinder pressure feedback. The LBET is now a state-of-the-art natural gas-fueled test facility. It will be open for use in late 1994 or early 1995 to all parties interested in testing equipment that might lead to safer, more economical and cleaner burning gas fueled engines. The EGAV tests were successful. The valve allows for precise control of fuel admission and end of admission timing. This results in the engine running in a real-time balance condition. Laboratory tests showed a 30% reduction of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides reductions with a 2% reduction in fuel consumption. Field testing will continue in 1995 prior to commercialization.
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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.