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Journal articles on the topic 'Trail running'
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Roy, Brad A. "Trail Running." ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal 19, no. 3 (2015): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000115.
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Salesa, D., and A. Cerdà. "Four-year soil erosion rates in a running-mountain trail in eastern Iberian Peninsula." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3826.
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During the last decades, the use of mountain trails for running is more and more popular. New trails are opened to allow the runners to practice and compete. This form of human impact on the landscape is new as the new trails do not follow the conservation strategies in design and maintenance as traditional mountain trails constructed by farmers, shepherds and muleteers do. This impact of sport events in nature is not measured and we know little about this impact on vegetation, fauna and soils. We surveyed in September 2018 a trail that was opened in September 2014 and was used for four official mountain trail races, and for training by local runners. Our interviews with organizers and users show that 1054 runners passed during the competition days (4 races in 4 years) and over the 4-year period the trail was used approximately 43,800 times by a runner. We measured the current topography and calculated the soil lost. The results show extremely high erosion rates in the sloping terrain, with the highest rates in the north-facing slope, reaching up to 180.29 Mg ha-1 y-1, while in the flat section of the trail soil erosion rates are 107.56 Mg ha-1 y-1 and in the south-facing slope trail 128.93 Mg ha-1 y-1. Our study demonstrates that (i) soil erosion rates on trails can be easily estimated by measuring the deepest trail position enabling fast and cheap surveys; and (ii) that there is a need to establish conservation strategies on new trails to avoid non-sustainable soil losses in the Mediterranean mountains due to the sport activities such as the mountain trail races.
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Suciana, Suciana, Haffafa Fayrooz Djiby, Nuryani Sidarta, and Erica Kholinne. "LITERATUR REVIEW: PENCEGAHAN CEDERA DAN REHABILITASI PADA PELARI TRAIL." Jurnal Akta Trimedika 1, no. 2 (April 4, 2024): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/aktatrimedika.v1i2.19709.
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Trail running is sports activity that combines two activities, namely mountain climbing and running. Trail running activities are carried out on mountains that have tracks in the form of paths, in the form of ground stones, or a mixture of sand and small rocks. Trail running was first carried out in the United States of America and continues to develop in Indonesia for example Bandung, Probolinggo, Lombok dan Banyuwangi, Which have been associated in the form of ITRA (International Trail Running Association). The majority of trail running injuries occur in the lower legs, especially the knees and ankles. The main mechanisms underlying injury and injury development include inadequate neuromotor control-balance-coordination ,running through fatigue and abnormal kinematics on a variety of terrain. Pre-Rehabilitation programs such as strengthening the kinetic chain consisting of dynamic flexibility, neuromotor strength and balance, plyometrics exercises can encourage stable and also controlled movement on trails. Educating patients about symptoms of early musculoskeletal soreness and training adjustments also proved to help prevent injuries from developing into serious overuse injuries. Regarding to the increasing number of the injury in trail runners, this article was wrote to describe the role of injury prevention and safe training to reduce the risk of injury and also early rehabilitation program for the injured runners. Study by Vincent et all that review the injury prevention, safe training and rehabilitation to return to sport was the main source in the discussion. The review result showed that educating the runners to prevent injury and how to do the safe running shown a positive impact to reduce the numbers of injury. Early rehabilitation program also shown a good impact in promoting healing in injured runners.
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de Waal, Simon J., Josu Gomez-Ezeiza, Rachel E. Venter, and Robert P. Lamberts. "Physiological Indicators of Trail Running Performance: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0812.
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Purpose: To provide a systematic overview of physiological parameters used to determine the training status of a trail runner and how well these parameters correlate with real-world trail running performance. Method: An electronic literature search of the PubMed and Scopus digital databases was performed. Combinations of the terms “trail run” or “trail runner” or “trail running” and “performance” were used as search terms. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Trail running performance most commonly correlated (mean [SD]) with maximal aerobic capacity (71%; r = −.50 [.32]), lactate threshold (57%; r = −.48 [.28]), velocity at maximal aerobic capacity (43%; r = −.68 [.08]), running economy (43%; r = −.31 [.22]), body fat percentage (43%; r = .55 [.21]), and age (43%; r = .52 [.14]). Regression analyses in 2 studies were based on a single variable predicting 48% to 60% of performance variation, whereas 5 studies included multiple variable regression analyses predicting 48% to 99% of performance variation. Conclusions: Trail running performance is multifaceted. The classic endurance model shows a weaker association with performance in trail running than in road running. Certain variables associated with trail running research (such as testing procedures, race profiles, and study participants) hinder the execution of comparative studies. Future research should employ trail-specific testing protocols and clear, objective descriptions of both the race profile and participants’ training status.
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EHRSTRÖM, SABINE, MARCUS P. TARTARUGA, CHRISTOPHER S. EASTHOPE, JEANICK BRISSWALTER, JEAN-BENOIT MORIN, and FABRICE VERCRUYSSEN. "Short Trail Running Race." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 3 (March 2018): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001467.
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Urbaneja, Jordi Segui, and Estela Inés Farias. "El trail running (carreras de o por montaña) en España. Inicios, evolución y (actual) estado de la situación (Trail running in Spain. Origin, evolution and current situation; natural áreas)." Retos, no. 33 (September 15, 2017): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.56462.
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Es objeto de este artículo explicar, desde un punto de vista descriptivo, los inicios y evolución del trail running (carreras de o por montaña) en España con el objetivo de determinar la existencia (o no) del boom del trail running. Se realiza el análisis cuantitativo de las carreras de trail running organizadas en el año 2015 (n=1901) a partir del cual se identifica que: a) la carrera a pie es la tipología de actividad deportiva más utilizada; b) las épocas en que más eventos se organizan son los periodos de primavera y otoño; c) Cataluña es la comunidad autónoma que más carreras organiza; d) los municipios de menos de 5000 habitantes son los que más pruebas acogen; e) atendiendo a la evolución en la creación de nuevas pruebas se observan tres periodos: 1) del 1940 hasta 1977, con un crecimiento nulo; 2) del 1978 hasta el 2006, con un ligero crecimiento y 3) del 2007 hasta el 2015, con un boom en la creación de nuevas pruebas; y finalmente f) se observa que en la creación de una prueba, mayoritariamente, se inicia con una distancia, posteriormente así como avanza en ediciones, aumenta el número de pruebas para a partir de la cuarta edición volver a una única distancia. Con estos resultados este es el primer estudio que demuestra la existencia del boom del trail running, a la vez que realiza una fotografía de la situación del trail running en España en el 2015 y de cómo ha llegado hasta aquí. Abstract. This article explains the beginnings and evolution of trail running in Spain from a descriptive point of view. The objective is to determinate the existence of the term trail running boom. The study is based on a quantitative analysis of trail running races organized in the year 2015 (n=1901). The results are: a) foot race is the most used type of trail running; b) spring and autumn are the two periods in which more events are organized; c) Catalonia is the autonomous community that more trail running races organizes; d) municipalities of less than 5000 inhabitants organize the highest number of trail running races; e) considering the evolution in the creation of new trail running races, three periods are observed: 1) from 1940 to 1977, with no growth; 2) from 1978 to 2006, with a slow growth and 3) from 2007 to 2015, with a boom in the creation of new races; and finally f) we could observe that the organization of trail running races usually starts with only one distance; successively, in following editions the number of modalities increases, whereas from the fourth edition again it comes back to a single distance. This is the first study that demonstrates the existence of the trail running boom, as well as it explains the situation of trail running in Spain in 2015 and how it has reached its current state.
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McEwan, Liynsey, Tracey McKay, and Melissa Baker. "Trail Running: Exploring South Africa’s Serious Leisure Economy." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 1027–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-66.
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A health-conscious mindset has grown rapidly among South African middle-class consumers. This can be seen by their embrace of sports watches, reward-based programmes, and participation in organised leisure activities such as cycling and running. Within this context, trail running is becoming increasingly popular; however, research on the nature of trail running in South Africa is limited. A theoretical understanding of the relationship that participants have with trail running, specifically the applicability of the serious leisure framework, could provide valuable insights into this emerging market. This study incorporated an exploratory case-study design. Quantitative data was collected using purposive sampling and an online survey to determine if trail runners undertook the activity as leisure careerists or not. The level of seriousness of respondents was measured using the six characteristics of serious leisure as defined in the Serious Leisure Inventory Measure (SLIM). The main findings were that many trail runners meet all six of the characteristics of serious leisure. ‘Perseverance’ and ‘Career’ followed by ‘Effort’ and ‘Identity’ were the most important factors to the trail runners. Motives of ‘Fun’ and ‘Sense of achievement’ were more important than ‘Fitness’ or ‘Social factors’, however. ‘Sense of achievement’ and ‘Social’ correlated the most strongly with respondents’ overall level of seriousness in the sport. Income impacted on motivations, however, with wealthier people more likely to report that they participated for Fun. In terms of gender, women were more likely to report that trail running boosted their self-image. In addition, trail running forms part of the serious leisure economy, as participants are prepared to spend substantial sums of money on related equipment and participation in events. This study provides valuable insights for marketing and design of trail-running events and contributes to the gap in the literature on serious leisure in South Africa.
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Drum, Scott Nolan, Ludwig Rappelt, Steffen Held, and Lars Donath. "Effects of Trail Running versus Road Running—Effects on Neuromuscular and Endurance Performance—A Two Arm Randomized Controlled Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 4501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054501.
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Running on less predictable terrain has the potential to increase the stimulation of the neuromuscular system and can boost aerobic performance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of trail versus road running on neuromuscular and endurance performance parameters in running novices. Twenty sedentary participants were randomly assigned to either a trail (TRAIL; n = 10) or road running (ROAD; n = 10) group. A supervised and progressive, moderate intensity, and work-load-matched 8 wk endurance running program on TRAIL or ROAD was prescribed (i.e., randomized). Static balance (BESS test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), gait analysis (RehaGait test, with regard to stride time single task, stride length dual task, velocity single task), agility performance (t-test), isokinetic leg strength (BIODEX), and predicted VO2max were assessed in pre- and post-tests. rANOVA analysis revealed no significant time–group interactions. Large effect sizes (Cohen’s d) for pairwise comparison were found for TRAIL in the BESS test (d = 1.2) and predicted (pred) VO2max (d = 0.95). Moderate effects were evident for ROAD in BESS (d = 0.5), stride time single task (d = 0.52), and VO2max predicted (d = 0.53). Possible moderate to large effect sizes for stride length dual task (72%), velocity single task (64%), BESS test (60%), and the Y-balance test left stance (51%) in favor of TRAIL occurred. Collectively, the results suggested slightly more beneficial tendencies in favor of TRAIL. Additional research is needed to clearly elucidate differences between TRAIL and ROAD, not only in novices but also in experienced exercisers.
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Matos, Sérgio, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Rui Silva, Joel Pereira, and José María Cancela Carral. "Performance and Training Load Profiles in Recreational Male Trail Runners: Analyzing Their Interactions during Competitions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 8902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238902.
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Endurance sports like trail running constitute an extensive individual modality causing numerous physiological changes to occur in the athlete. In this sense, an adequate monitoring of training load appears to be essential to improve competition performance. The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze trail runners’ weekly load variations in the four weeks leading up to a trail running competition, and (ii) to determine the relationship between the runners’ pacing in competitions and their physical fitness and workload parameters. Twenty-five amateur male trail runners (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years old; minimum International Trail Running Association performance index: 600) were monitored daily for the duration of a season (52 weeks). External load (distance covered, pace) and internal load (rate of perceived exertion) were measured daily. Additionally, weekly workload measures of acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony, and training strain were calculated. The runners were also assessed for maximal aerobic speed (MAS) every four months. No significant differences in workload measures (p > 0.05) were observed in the four weeks leading up to each short trail competition; however, leading up to the long trail, ultra-trail medium, and ultra-trail long/extra-long competitions, the differences in the runners’ workload measures were significant (p < 0.05). In the short trail, pace was found to be moderately correlated with the ACWR of total distance (r = −0.334) and with training monotony of rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (r = −0.303). In the ultra-trail, a large correlation was observed between pace and elevation accumulated (r = 0.677). We concluded that significant workload differences from one week to the next only occurred in preparation for longer-distance competitions, with sudden acute load decreases and very low ACWR values reported mainly in weeks 1 and 2 of the taper. Meaningful relationships were found between performance (pace) and MAS for longer trails and between pace and MAS for ultra-trail competitions.
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Cartón-Llorente, Antonio, Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Silvia Cardiel-Sánchez, Luis E. Roche-Seruendo, and Diego Jaén-Carrillo. "Training Specificity in Trail Running: A Single-Arm Trial on the Influence of Weighted Vest on Power and Kinematics in Trained Trail Runners." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 6411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146411.
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Participants in trail running races must carry their equipment throughout the race. This additional load modifies running biomechanics. Novel running powermeters allow further analyses of key running metrics. This study aims to determine the acute effects of running with extra weights on running power generation and running kinematics at submaximal speed. Fifteen male amateur trail runners completed three treadmill running sessions with a weighted vest of 0-, 5-, or 10% of their body mass (BM), at 8, 10, 12, and 14 km·h−1. Mean power output (MPO), leg spring stiffness (LSS), ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), step frequency (SF), step length (SL), vertical oscillation (VO), and duty factor (DF) were estimated with the Stryd wearable system. The one-way ANOVA revealed higher GCT and MPO and lower DF, VO, and FT for the +10% BM compared to the two other conditions (p < 0.001) for the running speeds evaluated (ES: 0.2–7.0). After post-hoc testing, LSS resulted to be higher for +5% BM than for the +10% and +0% BM conditions (ES: 0.2 and 0.4). Running with lighter loads (i.e., +5% BM) takes the principle of specificity in trail running one step further, enhancing running power generation and LSS.
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Inaba, Agumi. "Running Down a Steep Trail." Pan Africa News 18, special issue (September 2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5134/147273.
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Vercruyssen, Fabrice, Mathieu Gruet, Serge S. Colson, Sabine Ehrstrom, and Jeanick Brisswalter. "Compression Garments, Muscle Contractile Function, and Economy in Trail Runners." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 1 (January 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0035.
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Background:Physiological mechanisms behind the use of compression garments (CGs) during off-road running are unknown.Purpose:To investigate the influence of wearing CGs vs conventional running clothing (CON) on muscle contractile function and running economy before and after short-distance trail running.Methods:Knee-extensor neuromuscular function and running economy assessed from two 5-min treadmill runs (11 and 14 km/h) were evaluated before and after an 18.6-km short-distance trail run in 12 trained athletes wearing either CGs (stocking + short-tight) or CON. Quadriceps neuromuscular function was assessed from mechanical and EMG recording after maximal percutaneous electrical femoral-nerve stimulations (single-twitch doublets at 10 [Db10] and 100 Hz [Db100] delivered at rest and during maximal quadriceps voluntary contraction [MVC]).Results:Running economy (in mL O2 · km–1 · kg–1) increased after trail running independent of the clothing condition and treadmill speeds (P < .001). Similarly, MVC decreased after CON and CGs conditions (–11% and –13%, respectively, P < .001). For both clothing conditions, a significant decrease in quadriceps voluntary activation, Db10, Db100, and the low-to-high frequency doublet ratio were observed after trail running (time effect, all P < .01), without any changes in rectus femoris maximal M-wave.Conclusions:Wearing CGs does not reduce physiological alterations induced during short-distance trail running. Further studies should determine whether higher intensity of compression pressure during exercises of longer duration may be effective to induce any physiological benefits in experienced trail runners.
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Schöffl, Isabelle, Dominik Jasinski, Benedikt Ehrlich, Sven Dittrich, and Volker Schöffl. "Outdoor Uphill Exercise Testing for Trail Runners, a More Suitable Method?" Journal of Human Kinetics 79, no. 1 (July 10, 2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0066.
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Abstract There is extensive knowledge about uphill running on a treadmill, although paucity regarding the influence of uphill trail running on exercise capacity in runners. The purpose of this study was to compare an uphill field test with a treadmill test with 1% inclination especially considering cardiopulmonary exercise variables. The difference in those tests between a group of trail runners and a group of road runners was tested for establishing a test specifically for trail runners. Ten male endurance road runners and ten male trail runners performed one maximal incremental treadmill test with 1% inclination and a maximal incremental field test on a hill at 16% inclination which they were instructed to run up four times for three minutes, each time with a higher pace. A mobile cardiopulmonary exercise testing unit was used to measure ventilation. There were no significant differences between trail runners and road runners. The equivalence factor was comparable between both groups. V ˙ O 2 p e a k $\dot{V} O_{2 p e a k}$ was comparable for both test protocols. However, there was a significant difference between the two test protocols regarding lactate concentration, the respiratory exchange ratio, running cost, heart rate, Breathing reserve, and O2pulse. The greater lactate concentration and running cost recorded uphill indicate a higher energy demand during trail running than level road running.
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Rață, Bogdan-Constantin. "Practicing The Activities By Trial-Running Type During The Free Time To High School Students." GYMNASIUM XIX, no. 1 (Supplement) (June 24, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2018.19.1s.02.
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The trail-running activities are mainly for active people who love to exercise in mountain areas. Trail-running is a physically demanding sport, not any person being able to easily perform it. Being performed as running along a mountain track, trail-running is very attractive and beneficial to one's fitness and health. This research tried to reach two objectives: to widen the knowledge in regards to the new types of exercise, and to know how the high-schoolers perceive the spreading of the new sports. This research included 50 students from the National Colleges Ferdinand I and ”Gheorghe Vrânceanu” from Bacau. The research methods were: the bibliographical study, the observation, the statisticalmathematical method, and the graphical representation method. The conclusions highlight a reduced knowledge of the new sport, the trail-running, but also a possibility for a widening of the theoretical and practical knowledge.
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Fora, Miguel, Jácome Pacheco, Nuno Pauleta, Luís Araújo, and Francisco Guerra Pinto. "Síndrome do seio do tarso em atleta de elite de trail." Revista de Medicina Desportiva Informa 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23911/cc_seio_tarso_2022_mai.
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Trail running, also known as mountain running or simply trail, it’s a running sport consisting in long course running in an uneven terrain usually at high altitude, occasionally in extreme weather conditions, although being sometimes performed in the desert or coastal areas. It’s an extremely high physiological demand sport, especially for the subtalar and tibiotalar joints, which makes these athletes particularly prone to ankle and hindfoot injury. Sinus tarsi syndrome can be defined as pain referred to sinus tarsi region and hindfoot instability, mainly after a traumatic event and with a difficult diagnosis. The authors present a case of sinus tarsi syndrome on an elite trail athlete, making a brief review of the literature.
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Berzosa, César, Cristina Comeras-Chueca, Pablo Jesus Bascuas, Héctor Gutiérrez, and Ana Vanessa Bataller-Cervero. "Assessing Trail Running Biomechanics: A Comparative Analysis of the Reliability of StrydTM and GARMINRP Wearable Devices." Sensors 24, no. 11 (June 1, 2024): 3570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24113570.
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This study investigated biomechanical assessments in trail running, comparing two wearable devices—Stryd Power Meter and GARMINRP. With the growing popularity of trail running and the complexities of varied terrains, there is a heightened interest in understanding metabolic pathways, biomechanics, and performance factors. The research aimed to assess the inter- and intra-device agreement for biomechanics under ecological conditions, focusing on power, speed, cadence, vertical oscillation, and contact time. The participants engaged in trail running sessions while wearing two Stryd and two Garmin devices. The intra-device reliability demonstrated high consistency for both GARMINRP and StrydTM, with strong correlations and minimal variability. However, distinctions emerged in inter-device agreement, particularly in power and contact time uphill, and vertical oscillation downhill, suggesting potential variations between GARMINRP and StrydTM measurements for specific running metrics. The study underscores that caution should be taken in interpreting device data, highlighting the importance of measuring with the same device, considering contextual and individual factors, and acknowledging the limited research under real-world trail conditions. While the small sample size and participant variations were limitations, the strength of this study lies in conducting this investigation under ecological conditions, significantly contributing to the field of biomechanical measurements in trail running.
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Reyes Oyola, Felipe Augusto, Sofía Gil Sánchez, Constanza Palomino Devia, Fernando Otero Saborido, and José Antonio González Jurado. "Lesiones en Trail Running, Cross-Country y Orientación: Una revisión sistemática (Trail Running, Cross-Country and Orienteering Injuries: A Systematic Review)." Retos 52 (January 23, 2024): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.99532.
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El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las lesiones más frecuentes entre corredores de trail running, comparándolas con las lesiones en corredores de cross-country y orientación, analizando la prevalencia e incidencia de lesiones en ambos perfiles de deportistas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática considerando las bases de datos Web of Science, Medline, Scopus y Sport Discuss, siguiendo la declaración PRISMA y la estrategia PICOS. Se obtuvieron 3160 artículos; se seleccionaron 19. Se analizó el riesgo de sesgo mediante la escala de calidad JBI y la escala de evidencia científica CEBM. Los resultados revelan que los corredores de trail running informaron de un mayor porcentaje de lesiones en el tobillo (49,5%) en términos de la ubicación anatómica y tendinopatías (29,8%) en lo que respecta al diagnóstico. Por otro lado, los corredores de cross-country y orientación mostraron un mayor porcentaje de lesiones en la rodilla (14,6%) en cuanto a la ubicación anatómica, así como afecciones inflamatorias y dolor (20,2% en hombres y 33,6% en mujeres en cross-country; 75,41% en corredores de orientación) según el diagnóstico. En lo que respecta a la incidencia, en el trail running, las tasas oscilan entre 1,6 y 187,9 por cada 1000 horas de carrera, mientras que en el cross-country son más bajas, variando entre 3,96 y 17 por cada 1000 exposiciones. Palabras clave: Lesiones, corredores, trail running, cross-country, orientación. Abstract. The objective of the study was to identify the most frequent injuries among trail running runners, comparing them with injuries in cross-country and orienteering runners, analyzing the prevalence and incidence of injuries in both profiles of athletes. A systematic review was conducted considering Web of Science, Medline, Scopus and Sport Discuss databases, following the PRISMA statement and the PICOS strategy. A total of 3160 articles were obtained; 19 were selected. The risk of bias was analysed using the JBI quality scale and the CEBM scientific evidence scale. The results reveal that trail runners reported a higher percentage of ankle injuries (49.5%) in terms of anatomical location and tendinopathies (29.8%) in terms of diagnosis. On the other hand, cross-country and orienteering runners showed a higher percentage of knee injuries (14.6%) in terms of anatomical location, as well as inflammatory conditions and pain (20.2% in men and 33, 6% in women in cross-country; 75.41% in orienteering runners) according to the diagnosis. Regarding the incidence, in trail running, the rates oscillate between 1.6 and 187.9 per 1000 hours of running, while in cross-country they are lower, varying between 3.96 and 17 per every 1000 exposures. Keywords: Injuries, runners, trail running, cross-country, orientation.
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Kungku, Christian, Tri Murtono, and Rahmah Rahmah. "PHYSICAL CONDITION TEST OF TRAIL RUNNING ATHLETES IN CENTRAL SULAWESI PROVINCE 2023 PRAPON PREPARATION." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN GLASSER 7, no. 2 (August 18, 2023): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.32529/glasser.v7i2.2791.
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Trail running sports are carried out in the mountains or outdoors which have tracks in the form of paths, in the form of earthen stones or mixed with sand and small rocks. Indonesia, especially the Province of Central Sulawesi, has adequate facilities to develop a type of trail running sport. The purpose of this study was to find out how good the physical condition of the trail running athletes in Central Sulawesi Province was in preparation for the 2023 PrePON. The sample in this study was 15 trail running athletes in Central Sulawesi Province. Data collection techniques using tests and measurements. The instruments used in measuring physical conditions in this study were 1) speed (30m run), 2) strength (leg dynamometer), 3) strength (push dynamometer), 4) explosive power (vertical jump), 5) flexibility (sit and reaches), 6) Agility (4x10m shuttle run) 7) Endurance (1600m run). The results showed that there were 0 athletes or 0% in the Very Good category, there were 8 athletes or 53.3% in the Good category, there were 7 or 46.7% in the Moderate category, there were 0 athletes or 0% in the Poor category and there were 0 athletes or 0% in the Less Once category. So it can be concluded that the physical condition of the trail running athletes in Central Sulawesi Province is in the Good category
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Viljoen, Carel T., Dina C. Janse van Rensburg, Evert Verhagen, Willem van Mechelen, Elzette Korkie, and Tanita Botha. "Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Risk Factors for Running-Related Injuries among South African Trail Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 12620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312620.
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Trail running involves running on varying natural terrains, often including large elevation gains/losses. Trail running has a high risk of injury, and runners often participate in remote regions where medical support is challenging. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology, clinical characteristic, and associated injury risk factors among trail runners. A modified Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire for Health Problems (OSTRC-H) was used biweekly to collect running-related injury (RRI) and training history data prospectively, among 152 participants (males n = 120, females n = 32) over 30 weeks. We report an overall injury rate of 19.6 RRIs per 1000 h and an RRI mean prevalence of 12.3%. The leading anatomical site of RRIs was the lower limb (82.9%), affecting the knee (29.8%), shin/lower leg (18.0%), and the foot/toes (13.7%). A history of previous RRI in the past 12 months (p = 0.0032) and having a chronic disease (p = 0.0188) are independent risk factors for RRIs among trail runners. Two in three trail runners sustain an RRI mainly affecting the knee, shin/lower leg, and foot/toes. A history of previous RRI in the past 12 months and a having chronic disease is independently associated with RRI among trail runners. These results could be used to develop future RRI prevention strategies, combined with clinical knowledge and experience.
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Scheer, Volker, Solveig Vieluf, Tanja I. Janssen, and Hans‐Christian Heitkamp. "Predicting Competition Performance in Short Trail Running Races with Lactate Thresholds." Journal of Human Kinetics 69, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0092.
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Abstract Trail running is a popular sport, yet factors related to performance are still not fully understood. Lactate thresholds have been thoroughly investigated in road running and correlate strongly with race performance, but to date few data are available about the value in trail running performance prediction. We examined 25 trail runners (age 31.2 ± 5.1 years, BMI 22.2 ± 1.82 kg/m2) with an initial graded exercise test for measurement of VO2max (59.5 ± 5.2 ml.kg‐1.min‐ 1) and lactate thresholds (LT): LTAET (LT aerobic) 1.03 ± 0.59 mmol/l; 11.2 ± 1.1 km/h), IAT (individual lactate threshold) (2.53 ± 0.59 mmol/l; 15.4 ± 1.6 km/h) and LT4 (lactate threshold at 4 mmol/l) (16.2 ± 1.9 km/h). All runners subsequently participated in a 31.1 km XS trail race and 9 runners in a 21 km XXS trail race. Race performance times correlated negatively with the XS trail run (LTAET: r = ‐0.65, p < 0.01; LT4: r = ‐0.87, p < 0.01; IAT: r = ‐0.84, p < 0.01) and regression analysis showed that race performance could be predicted by: LT4: ‐324.15×LT4+13195.23 (R2 = .753, F1,23 = 70.02, p < 0.01). A subgroup analysis showed higher correlations with race performance for slower than faster runners. No correlations were found with the XXS race. Lactate thresholds can be of value in predicting trail race performance and help in designing training plans.
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Камышный, Вадим Алексеевич. "PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN SHORT TRAIL RUNNING." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 3(116) (October 7, 2022): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2022.116.3.022.
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Целью данной работы являлось измерение величины максимального потребления кислорода у бегунов-трейлраннеров в лабораторных условиях и хронометраж контрольного бега на отдельных участках дистанции на местности, различающихся по рельефу, для последующего анализа полученных данных на предмет их корреляции с результатами соревнований. Бегуны (13 мужчин, средний возраст - 29 ± 4 лет, рост - 183,0 ± 0,5 см, масса тела - 71,9 ± 5,6 кг) в первый день выполнили лабораторные тесты для определения максимального потребления кислорода и экономичности бега. Во второй день был проведен контрольный забег на время по пересеченной местности (два круга по 3,5 км, общий набор высоты - 486 м) для анализа временных параметров преодоления отдельных участков трассы, а также общего результата. Сравнение временных показателей преодоления первого и второго кругов (19 м 40 с ± 1 м 57 с и 21 м 08 с ± 2 м 09 с соответственно, P < 0,001) позволило автору сделать вывод, что максимальная потеря времени у бегунов отмечалась на участках подъема, минимальная - на участках спуска (-2,5 ± 9,1 с). Межиндивидуальные показатели спортсменов больше всего различались на спусках (коэффициент вариации > 25 %), меньше всего - на ровной местности (коэффициент вариации < 10 %). Результат на контрольном забеге зависел от абсолютного и относительного значений максимального потребления кислорода (P < 0,01) и вертикальной составляющей скорости бега в гору (P < 0,001). The purpose of this work was to measure the value of maximum oxygen consumption in trail runners in laboratory conditions and the timing of the control run in specific sections of the distance on the ground differing in relief for further analysis of the data obtained for their correlation with the results of the competition. Runners (13 males, average age 29 ± 4 years, height 183.0 ± 0.5 cm, body weight 71.9 ± 5.6 kg) performed laboratory tests on the first day to determine maximum oxygen consumption and running economy. On the second day, a time trial cross-country race was held (two laps of 3.5 km each, the total climb was 486 m) to analyze the time parameters of overcoming individual sections of the route, as well as the overall result. Comparison of the time indicators for overcoming the first and second laps (19 m 40 s ± 1 m 57 s and 21 m 08 s ± 2 m 09 s, respectively, P < 0.001) allowed the author to conclude that the maximum loss of time among runners was noted on sections ascent, the minimum loss was in the descent sections (-2.5 ± 9.1 s). The inter-individual indicators of athletes differed most of all on descents (coefficient of variation > 25%), least of all - on flat ground (coefficient of variation < 10%). The result on the control run depended on the absolute and relative values of the maximum oxygen consumption (P < 0.01) and the vertical component of the uphill running speed (P < 0.001).
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Pell, Eleanor, and Pamela Beach. "Introducing Trail Running to Young Athletes." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 93, no. 9 (November 17, 2022): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2022.2119795.
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Bascuas, Pablo Jesus, Héctor Gutiérrez, Eduardo Piedrafita, Juan Rabal-Pelay, César Berzosa, and Ana Vanessa Bataller-Cervero. "Running Economy in the Vertical Kilometer." Sensors 23, no. 23 (November 23, 2023): 9349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239349.
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New and promising variables are being developed to analyze performance and fatigue in trail running, such as mechanical power, metabolic power, metabolic cost of transport and mechanical efficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of these variables during a real vertical kilometer field test. Fifteen trained trail runners, eleven men (from 22 to 38 years old) and four women (from 19 to 35 years old) performed a vertical kilometer with a length of 4.64 km and 835 m positive slope. During the entire race, the runners were equipped with portable gas analyzers (Cosmed K5) to assess their cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses breath by breath. Significant differences were found between top-level runners versus low-level runners in the mean values of the variables of mechanical power, metabolic power and velocity. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences between the sections, the incline and the interactions between all the analyzed variables, in addition to differences depending on the level of the runner. The variable of mechanical power can be statistically significantly predicted from metabolic power and vertical net metabolic COT. An algebraic expression was obtained to calculate the value of metabolic power. Integrating the variables of mechanical power, vertical velocity and metabolic power into phone apps and smartwatches is a new opportunity to improve performance monitoring in trail running.
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Czegledi, Orsolya, Simon Beaucousin, Daniel Caballero-Julià, and Philippe Campillo. "Digitalization in Trail Running: Digital Tools as Sustainable Outdoor Infrastructure." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 16, 2023): 11085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411085.
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Studies focusing on the territorial impact of outdoor activities rarely take into account the use of digital tools, such as digital mobile devices and applications. However, these digital tools can serve as sustainable outdoor infrastructure. While digital technology is not universally embraced by trail runners today, consumer studies confirm a growing usage of digital equipment. To provide a concrete example of how digital tools are used and their potential, our study aimed to understand the patterns of digital use among trail runners in France. Through an online questionnaire study (n = 699), we found four main logics of digital use: (1) playful visit, (2) tourist discovery, (3) performance analysis, and (4) social use. Among all forms of use, the most commonly mentioned applications used by respondents during their trail runs were Strava, Garmin, and Suunto. Overall, trail runners demonstrated a high proficiency in digital use, with 95% reporting the use of these applications.
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Rosenkrantz, Leah, Nadine Schuurman, and Scott A. Lear. "Environmental Preferences and Concerns of Recreational Trail Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 1 (January 16, 2024): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010097.
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Trail running is a fast-growing sport, linked to improvements in both physical and psychological well-being. Despite its popularity, the preferences of trail runners are not well known. The objective of this study was to examine the environmental preferences and concerns of trail runners with respect to age and gender. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of recreational trail runners. A total of 548 people responded, of which 50.1% of respondents were women and 44.2% were men. The sample was distributed relatively evenly across age groups, up to 54 years; respondents over 55 represented only 9.4% of the sample. Comparisons of runner characteristics by gender indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) according to age, distance run per week, and number of days run per week. Certain runner preferences also differed significantly by gender, including importance of running around others, the type of trail races they seek, and whether or not they like to seek “vert” or elevation in their runs. Major concerns for both genders while running included lack of cell reception (Men: 33.8%; Women: 50.8%) and getting lost (Men: 26.8%; Women: 35.5%). Comparisons of the results of this study help to strengthen our understanding of trail runners’ environmental preferences and concerns and can be used to guide future design and maintenance of trail environments to encourage greater participation in the sport.
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Scheer, Volker, Tanja I. Janssen, Solveig Vieluf, and Hans-Christian Heitkamp. "Predicting Trail-Running Performance With Laboratory Exercise Tests and Field-Based Results." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0390.
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Purpose: Trail running is a complex sport, and performance prediction is challenging. The aim was to evaluate 3 standard laboratory exercise tests in trail runners and correlate measurements to the race time of a trail competition evaluating its predictive power. Methods: Nine competitive male trail runners (mean age: 31 [5.8] y) completed 3 different laboratory exercise tests (step, ramp, and trail tests) for determination of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), vVO2max, ventilatory (VT) and lactate thresholds (LT), mechanical power output, and running economy (RE), followed by a 31-km trail race. Runners had previously participated in the same race (previous year) and finished in the top 2%. Finishing times (dependent value) were tested in multiple-regression analysis with different independent value combinations. Results: Linear-regression analysis revealed that variables measured during step and ramp tests significantly predicted performance. Step-test variables (speed at individual anaerobic threshold 16.4 [1.7] km/h and RE 12 km/h in %VO2max 65.6% [5.4%]) showed the highest performance prediction (R2 = .651, F2,6 = 5.60, P = .043), followed by the ramp test (vVO2max 20.3 [1.3] km/h; R2 = .477, F1,7 = 6.39, P = .04) and trail test (maximal power 3.9 [0.5] W/kg, VO2max 63.0 [4.8] mL O2·kg−1·min−1, vVT1 11.9 [0.7] km/h; R2 = .68, F3,5 = 3.52, P = .11). Adding race time from the preceding year to the step test improved the predictive power of the model (R2 = .988, F3,5 = 66.51, P < .001). Conclusions: The graded exercise test (VO2max, individual anaerobic threshold, and RE) most accurately predicted a 31.1-km trail-running performance. Combining submaximal intensities (individual anaerobic threshold and RE) with the previous year’s race time of that specific event increased the predictive power of the model to 99%.
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Plard, Mathilde, Simon Lancelevé, and Aurélien Martineau. "Trail-Running and Ultramarathon: A Multidisciplinary Scoping Review." Staps Pub. anticipées (June 1, 2023): I92–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sta.pr1.0092.
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Les recherches sur les courses à pied d’ultra-endurance se multiplient, et témoignent de la popularité de ce sport. Quelles places occupent les sciences humaines et sociales dans la compréhension de cette pratique ? Cet article contribue à préciser la compréhension d’un véritable phénomène de société à partir d’une revue de littérature pluridisciplinaire dans le domaine des sciences humaines et sociales sur l’ultra-trail. Une analyse qualitative systémique de leur contenu permet d’identifier trois thèmes majeurs : 1) Engagement et profils des coureurs d’ultra-trail ; 2) Motivations et expériences de ses participants ; 3) Territoires et événements du trail running. Ces résultats ont permis de synthétiser les travaux réalisés à ce jour et constituent un point de départ pour développer d’autres approches. Il apparaît qu’au-delà des ancrages disciplinaires, les résultats présentés résonnent entre eux autant qu’ils mettent en évidence un certain nombre de paradoxes, ce qui est représentatif de la discipline elle-même. Au vu de ces observations, certaines pistes peuvent être explorées pour approfondir ces approches et ces études.
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Skinner, Sarah, Elie Nader, Emeric Stauffer, Mélanie Robert, Camille Boisson, Agnès Cibiel, Clément Foschia, et al. "Differential impacts of trail and ultra-trail running on cytokine profiles: An observational study." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 78, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ch-211121.
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BACKGROUND: Endurance running events are known to cause inflammation and result in increased cytokine production. However, the effects of ultramarathons on cytokine profiles are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of a trail (40 km) race and an ultra-trail (171 km) race on leukocyte concentrations and cytokine profiles. METHODS: The study was conducted during the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc® ultra-marathon running event, and included 11 runners who completed the 40 km trail run and 12 runners who completed the 171 km ultra-trail. Blood samples were taken before and after the races. RESULTS: Leukocyte concentrations significantly increased after both races. Circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IFN-γ were significantly higher after the longer race compared to the shorter race. Furthermore, while both races resulted in significant increases in IL-6 and IL-8, only the longer race resulted in significant increases in MIP-1β, IL-7, IL-17a, and IL-4. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrate that a 171 km ultra-trail race results in greater modulations in cytokine profiles than a traditional trail race.
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López-García, Sergio, Jaime Muriel-Isidro, Brais Ruibal-Lista, Rubén Maneiro, and Mario Amatria-Jiménez. "Review of the Organizational Structures of the Trail Running, Skyrunning and Mountain Running Modalities in Spain." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 12401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912401.
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The purpose of this research was to analyze the organizational structures of the different federations and entities representing the modalities of trail-running, skyrunning, and mountain running and how they have settled in the current sports landscape. The main task of these entities is to act as hosts of the legally established modalities, both internationally and nationally, applying their respective regulations and statutes unilaterally. Through an in-depth review of the different regulations, statutes, and current articles of all the organizations that represent the different disciplines, we can observe how a sport modality that seems to be the same is nevertheless distant in its execution (regulations, championships, classifications, systems of points, etc.), which has led to the international level being established in different sport modalities (trail running and skyrunning). At the level of the Spanish territory, it has led to an administrative dispute to know who has the powers to approve sports competitions.
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Staunton, Craig A., Mikael Swarén, Thomas Stöggl, Dennis-Peter Born, and Glenn Björklund. "The Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory and Accelerometer-Derived Measures in Trail Running and the Influence of Sensor Location." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0220.
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Purpose: To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory and accelerometer-derived measures of exercise during trail running and determine the influence of accelerometer location. Methods: Eight trail runners (7 males and 1 female; age 26 [5] y; maximal oxygen consumption [] 70 [6] mL·kg−1·min−1) completed a 7-km trail run (elevation gain: 486 m), with concurrent measurements of , heart rate, and accelerations recorded from 3 triaxial accelerometers attached at the upper spine, lower spine, and pelvis. External exercise intensity was quantified from the accelerometers using PlayerLoad™ per minute and accelerometry-derived average net force. External exercise volume was calculated using accumulated PlayerLoad and the product of average net force and duration (impulse). Internal intensity was calculated using heart rate and -metrics; internal volume was calculated from total energy expenditure (work). All metrics were analyzed during both uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) sections of the trail run. Results: PlayerLoad and average net force were greater during DH compared with UH for all sensor locations (P ≤ .004). For all accelerometer metrics, there was a sensor position × gradient interaction (F2,1429.003; P <.001). The upper spine was lower compared with both pelvis (P ≤ .003) and lower spine (P ≤ .002) for all accelerometer metrics during both UH and DH running. Relationships between accelerometer and cardiorespiratory measures during UH running ranged from moderate negative to moderate positive (r = −.31 to .41). Relationships were stronger during DH running where there was a nearly perfect correlation between work and impulse (r = .91; P < .001). Conclusions: Simultaneous monitoring of cardiorespiratory and accelerometer-derived measures during trail running is suggested because of the disparity between internal and external intensities during changes in gradient. Sensor positioning close to the center of mass is recommended.
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Lincoln, Selene. "Building resilience through trail running: women’s perspectives." Leisure/Loisir 45, no. 3 (February 11, 2021): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2021.1880337.
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Horvais, N., and M. Giandolini. "Foot strike pattern during downhill trail running." Footwear Science 5, sup1 (June 2013): S26—S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2013.799535.
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MATSUO, Koki, Kenta MORIYASU, and Tsuyoshi NISHIWAKI. "A28 Stability designing for trail running shoes." Proceedings of Joint Symposium: Symposium on Sports Engineering, Symposium on Human Dynamics 2007 (2007): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmesports.2007.0_139.
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Kyung, Baek Hye. "A Study on the Development Direction of the Jeju Trail Running Competition through the World Trail Running Competition." Asia-pacific Journal of Multicultural Society 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/apjms.2019.3.1.02.
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Sakich, Nicholas. "Apparent wing-assisted incline running in a Common Grackle (<i>Quiscalus quiscula</i>)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 136, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v136i1.2861.
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Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) has been observed in bird taxa from multiple clades. Its wide phylogenetic distribution in modern birds suggests that it is an ancestral trait for class Aves. WAIR as a behaviour is speculated to predate the evolution of full-powered flight, and to have formed a behavioural and physiological stepping stone between terrestrial and aerial life. Here I report an observation of apparent WAIR in a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) photographed incidentally on a trail camera deployed in an urban backyard in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. To my knowledge this is the first documented observation of apparent WAIR for the family Icteridae. Furthermore, it highlights the value of non-systematic use of trail cameras for making unique natural history observations.
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Lopez, Andrea, and Raimundo Sánchez. "Not so rebel after all: Profiling personality traits in mountain running athletes." Retos 48 (March 15, 2023): 532–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.95734.
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In the field of sport psychology, trait theories view personality characteristics as the main determinants of behavior. This study explored personality traits in athletes of a growing sport, trail or mountain ultrarunning, a group for which previous studies have yielded inconclusive results regarding the dominant traits and which traits are associated with sporting success. The NEO-FFI questionnaire by Costa and McCrae (1992) was applied online to a sample of 86 trail runners (60 men and 26 women), who participated in a competition in Chile. It sought to determine what the personality profile of these athletes was like; to identify if there were significant differences between this population and the normal population; and if there were differences among them according to gender, the distance in which they competed, the results in the competition, and the motivations they stated for running. For each comparison, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test was performed to measure its differences and respective statistical significance. Results showed that the personality profile of the mountain runners matched that of successful athletes in terms of high Conscientiousness and low Neuroticism, however, Openness to Experience scores showed no significant differences with the normal population. Neither did significant differences appear in any of the traits between ultradistance and shorter distance runners, nor according to their motivations for running, nor between male and female runners (except in the Agreeableness dimension). Finally, a clustering of the runners was outlined according to their personality profiles and performance, to see if they fit existing classifications that distinguish between recreational and results-oriented athletes, observing that it was possible to establish distinct profiles among runners. These results are of relevance to sports practitioners, who can design tailored interventions according to athletes´ personality profiles and prevent negative consequences when these traits become associated with unhealthy behaviors. The modest gender differences found, allow questioning gender stereotypes within the sport and fostering a more equitable approach to athlete training. This knowledge can contribute to further growing the sport of trail and ultrarunning in Chile and Latin America. Keywords: trail runners; ultrarunners; endurance sports; personality; Big Five
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Corbí-Santamaría, Pedro, Alba Herrero-Molleda, Juan García-López, Daniel Boullosa, and Vicente García-Tormo. "Variable Pacing Is Associated with Performance during the OCC® Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc® (2017–2021)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 3297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043297.
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The current evidence suggests that pacing may not be affected by performance level or sex in trail-running races as may occur in road running races. However, the previous studies included races of >100 km. Therefore, we aimed to verify the influence of performance level and sex on pacing in the last four (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021) editions of a shorter (56.3 km) ultra-trail running race (i.e., Orsières–Champex–Chamonix; OCC®) that maintained the same race profile. The mean finishing time for the 5656 participants was 10 h 20 min 33 s ± 2 h 01 min 19 s. Pacing variability (CV%) was higher in high-level participants, thus showing a greater ability to adapt their pace to the race profile than low-level runners. Males also had a higher pacing variability than females although the effect sizes were small. Based on the current findings, we may recommend for non-elite OCC® participants to adapt their pace to the race profile with a slower pace during uphills and a faster pace during downhills. Further studies including participants’ experience are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this suggestion in trail-running races of variable distances.
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Navalta, James Wilfred, Jeffrey Montes, Nathaniel G. Bodell, Charli D. Aguilar, Kara Radzak, Jacob W. Manning, and Mark DeBeliso. "Reliability of Trail Walking and Running Tasks Using the Stryd Power Meter." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 08 (July 9, 2019): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0875-4068.
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AbstractFootpod monitors are wearable devices attaching to the shoe with the ability to sense oscillations in leg movement; however, few studies provide reliability. The purpose was to provide reliability data for outdoor tasks as measured by the Stryd Power Meter, which is a footpod monitor. Young healthy individuals (N=20, male n=12, female n=8) completed two 5-min self-paced walks along a trail, and two 5-min trail runs. Reliability of the tasks was determined using Coefficient of Variation (CV), Intraclass Correlation (ICC), and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Measures during trail running that returned a CV less than 10%, met the ICC threshold of 0.70, and displayed good to excellent 95% CI included pace, average elapsed power, average elapsed form power, average elapsed leg spring, and vertical oscillation. The only variable during walking to meet these criteria was maximal power (CV=4.02%, ICC=0.968, CI=0.902, 0.989). Running tasks completed on a trail generally return more consistent measures for variables that can be obtained from the Stryd footpod device than walking tasks.
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Perrotin, Noé, Nicolas Gardan, Arnaud Lesprillier, Clément Le Goff, Jean-Marc Seigneur, Ellie Abdi, Borja Sanudo, and Redha Taiar. "Biomechanics of Trail Running Performance: Quantification of Spatio-Temporal Parameters by Using Low Cost Sensors in Ecological Conditions." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052093.
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The recent popularity of trail running and the use of portable sensors capable of measuring many performance results have led to the growth of new fields in sports science experimentation. Trail running is a challenging sport; it usually involves running uphill, which is physically demanding and therefore requires adaptation to the running style. The main objectives of this study were initially to use three “low-cost” sensors. These low-cost sensors can be acquired by most sports practitioners or trainers. In the second step, measurements were taken in ecological conditions orderly to expose the runners to a real trail course. Furthermore, to combine the collected data to analyze the most efficient running techniques according to the typology of the terrain were taken, as well on the whole trail circuit of less than 10 km. The three sensors used were (i) a Stryd sensor (Stryd Inc., Boulder, CO, USA) based on an inertial measurement unit (IMU), 6 axes (3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer) fixed on the top of the runner’s shoe, (ii) a Global Positioning System (GPS) watch and (iii) a heart belt. Twenty-eight trail runners (25 men, 3 women: average age 36 ± 8 years; height: 175.4 ± 7.2 cm; weight: 68.7 ± 8.7 kg) of different levels completed in a single race over a 8.5 km course with 490 m of positive elevation gain. This was performed with different types of terrain uphill (UH), downhill (DH), and road sections (R) at their competitive race pace. On these sections of the course, cadence (SF), step length (SL), ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), vertical oscillation (VO), leg stiffness (Kleg), and power (P) were measured with the Stryd. Heart rate, speed, ascent, and descent speed were measured by the heart rate belt and the GPS watch. This study showed that on a ≤10 km trail course the criteria for obtaining a better time on the loop, determined in the test, was consistency in the effort. In a high percentage of climbs (>30%), two running techniques stand out: (i) maintaining a high SF and a short SL and (ii) decreasing the SF but increasing the SL. In addition, it has been shown that in steep (>28%) and technical descents, the average SF of the runners was higher. This happened when their SL was shorter in lower steep and technically challenging descents.
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Scheer, Volker, Katharina Ramme, Claus Reinsberger, and Hans-Christian Heitkamp. "VO2max Testing in Trail Runners: Is There a Specific Exercise Test Protocol?" International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 06 (April 17, 2018): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0577-4851.
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AbstractTrail running places specific physiological demands on the human body due to its uphill and downhill running sections. We developed and investigated a more sport-specific trail exercise test protocol (inclination and speed incremental protocol), and compared it to two standard exercise test protocols (horizontal step and ramp protocol) in thirteen highly trained trail runners (age 31±6 years, height 179±6.4 cm, weight 69.2±7.9 kg, BMI 21.6±2.1 kg/m2). The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) measured during the trail test (62.5±5.9 ml·kg−1·min−1, [95% CI: 59.0-66.1]) was significantly higher compared to both the step test (60.1±5.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, [95% CI: 56.8-63.3], p=0.024) and the ramp test (59.7±5.5 ml·kg−1·min−1, [95% CI: 56.4-63.0], p=0.028). Time to task failure was significantly shorter in the trail test (557±73 s, [95% CI: 512-601]) compared to both the step test (1378±152 s, [95% CI: 1286-1470], p<0.001) and the ramp test (605±95, [95% CI: 547-662], p<0.001). Other physiological measurements obtained were similar. The trail test was the preferred choice in our group of trail runners. This study supports the implementation of the trail test in practice, and recommends that its validity be evaluated further.
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Muñoz-Pérez, Iker, Adrián Varela-Sanz, Carlos Lago-Fuentes, Rubén Navarro-Patón, and Marcos Mecías-Calvo. "Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Recreational Trail Runners: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010402.
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Background: Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for exercise performance. However, scientific evidence on non-invasive methods for assessing fatigue in trail running competitions is scarce, especially when vertical kilometer trail running races (VK) are considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (i.e., central fatigue) and the state of muscle activation (i.e., peripheral fatigue) before and after a VK competition. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8 recreational male trail runners (31.63 ± 7.21 yrs, 1.75 m ± 0.05 m, 70.38 ± 5.41 kg, BMI: 22.88 ± 0.48, running experience: 8.0 ± 3.63 yrs, weekly training volume: 58.75 ± 10.35 km) volunteered to participate and were assessed for both central (i.e., via heart rate variability, HRV) and peripheral (via tensiomyography, TMG) fatigue before and after a VK race. Results: After the VK, resting heart rate, RMSSD (p = 0.01 for both) and SDNN significantly decreased (p = 0.02), while the stress score and the sympathetic-parasympathetic ratio increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The TMG analyses suggest that runners already suffered peripheral fatigue before the VK and that 20–30 min are enough for muscular recovery after the race. In summary, our data suggest that participants experienced a pre-competition fatigue status. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying fatigue during trail running races, while training periodization and tapering strategies could play a key role for minimizing pre-competition fatigue status.
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Havlick, David G., Eric Billmeyer, Thomas Huber, Brandon Vogt, and Kyle Rodman. "Informal trail creation: hiking, trail running, and mountain bicycling in shortgrass prairie." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 24, no. 7 (January 12, 2016): 1041–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1101127.
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Paynter, Quentin, and John Brady. "Flight behaviour of tsetse flies in thick bush (Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae))." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 4 (December 1992): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300042590.
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AbstractAn odour-baited electric net placed in thick bush caught more Glossina pallidipes Austen when sited at ground level (0.2–1.2 m) than when sited in the top of the bush (1.4–2.4 m) or just above it (2.6–3.6 m). However, a similar net running concurrently 4 m away in a game trail through the bush caught far more flies. When electric nets were placed in the centre of two adjacent game trails in this bush and then one of the trails was barricaded with branches from nearby bushes, the catch declined in that trail and increased proportionately in the other. It is inferred that tsetse flies navigate up host odour plumes by finding gaps in thick vegetation rather than by flying over the top or through it, and that game trails are important forms of such gaps. The implications for siting traps and targets are noted.
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Rojas-Valverde, Daniel, Ismael Martínez-Guardado, Braulio Sánchez-Ureña, Rafael Timón, Volker Scheer, José Pino-Ortega, and Guillermo Olcina. "Outpatient Assessment of Mechanical Load, Heat Strain and Dehydration as Causes of Transitional Acute Kidney Injury in Endurance Trail Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 10217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910217.
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Background: This study aimed to globally assess heat strain, dehydration, and mechanical load as acute kidney injury (AKI) indicators in amateur endurance trail athletes during a 35.3 km run. Methods: Thirty amateur experienced trail runners completed an endurance trail run (total positive ascend 1815 m). The following assessments were performed at four measurement time points (pre-, during, immediately post [-post0h], and after 24 h of the finish of the run [-post24h]): serum test (creatinine, blood ureic nitrogen, albumin, creatine kinase, blood ureic nitrogen: creatinine ratio, creatinine clearance, and glomerular filtration rate), mechanical load (impacts and Player Load), heat strain and dehydration (hematocrit, urine solids, body weight and urine specific gravity), pain and exertion perception (rate of perceived exertion, lumbar and bipodal, and one-leg squat pain), and urinalysis (pH, protein, glucose, erythrocytes, and urine specific gravity). Results: There were pre vs. post0h changes in all serum biomarkers (F = 5.4–34.45, p < 0.01). The change in these biomarkers correlated with an increase in mechanical load indicators (r = 0.47–59, p < 0.05). A total of 40% and 23.4% of participants presented proteinuria and hematuria, respectively. Pain and perceived exertion increased significantly due to effort made during the endurance trail running (F = 4.2–176.4, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Endurance trail running may lead to an increase in blood and urine indicators of transitional AKI. The difference in blood and urine markers was significantly related to the mechanical load during running, suggesting potential kidney overload and cumulative mechanical load.
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Doucende, Grégory, Maxime Chamoux, Thomas Defer, Clément Rissetto, Laurent Mourot, and Johan Cassirame. "Specific Incremental Test for Aerobic Fitness in Trail Running: IncremenTrail." Sports 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10110174.
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Trail running (TR) is performed in a natural environment, including various ranges of slopes where maximal oxygen consumption is a major contributor to performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity of tests performed in uphill conditions named the “IncremenTrail” (IncT), based on the incremental ascending speed (AS) to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory parameters. IncT protocol included a constant gradient slope set at 25% during the whole test; the starting speed was 500 m·h−1 (25% slope and 2.06 km·h−1) and increased by 100 m·h−1 every minute (0.41 km·h−1). Twenty trail runner specialists performed the IncT and a supramaximal exercise bout to exhaustion with intensity set at 105% of maximal AS (Tlim). Oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate were continuously recorded during the exercises. The blood lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion were collected at the end of the exercises. During the IncT test, 16 athletes (80%) reached a plateau of maximal oxygen uptake (65.5 ± 7.6 mL·kg−1·min−1), 19 athletes (95%) reached RER values over 1.10 (1.12 ± 0.02) and all the athletes achieved blood lactate concentration over 8.0 mmol·L−1 (17.1 ± 3.5 mmol·L−1) and a maximal heart rate ≥90% of the theoretical maximum (185 ± 11 bpm). Maximal values were not significantly different between IncT and Tlim. In addition, ventilatory thresholds could be determined for all runners with an associated AS. IncT provided a suitable protocol to evaluate trail runners’ cardiorespiratory limitations and allowed us to obtain specific intensities based on the ascending speed useful for training purposes in specific conditions.
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Matos, Sérgio, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Rui Silva, Joel Pereira, Pedro Bezerra, and José María Cancela Carral. "Variations of Trail Runner’s Fitness Measures across a Season and Relationships with Workload." Healthcare 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030318.
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Trail running involves off-road running over different surfaces of positive and negative unevenness. Given these particularities and the associated physical demands, it is essential to understand this relationship and how fitness levels influence performance. This study aimed to analyze fitness level variations during different times of the season and establish a relationship between changes in fitness levels and accumulated load. Twenty-five trail running athletes (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years) were monitored over 52 weeks. Three periods of assessment were implemented, while load between those periods was calculated. Athletes were monitored daily by global positioning systems. The collected data included distance covered, duration, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), which were used to obtain session-RPE. Additionally, maximal aerobic speed, vertical jump, and dynamic balance were tested periodically. Moderate inverse correlations were found between assessment 1 and 2 for total sRPE and vertical jump: countermovement jump (VJ: CMJ) (r = −0.349), and Y balance test: left posterolateral (YBT: LPL) (r = −0.494). Similar correlations were found between assessment 2 and 3 for total sRPE and VJ: CMJ (r = −0.397), and vertical jump: drop jump (VJ: DJ) (r = −0.395). The results suggest that trail running coaches should monitor and assess dose–response relationships and possible anterior asymmetries of dynamic balance performance.
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Costa, Ricardo J. S., Beat Knechtle, Mark Tarnopolsky, and Martin D. Hoffman. "Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0255.
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Ultramarathon running events and participation numbers have increased progressively over the past three decades. Besides the exertion of prolonged running with or without a loaded pack, such events are often associated with challenging topography, environmental conditions, acute transient lifestyle discomforts, and/or event-related health complications. These factors create a scenario for greater nutritional needs, while predisposing ultramarathon runners to multiple nutritional intake barriers. The current review aims to explore the physiological and nutritional demands of ultramarathon running and provide general guidance on nutritional requirements for ultramarathon training and competition, including aspects of race nutrition logistics. Research outcomes suggest that daily dietary carbohydrates (up to 12 g·kg−1·day−1) and multiple-transportable carbohydrate intake (∼90 g·hr−1 for running distances ≥3 hr) during exercise support endurance training adaptations and enhance real-time endurance performance. Whether these intake rates are tolerable during ultramarathon competition is questionable from a practical and gastrointestinal perspective. Dietary protocols, such as glycogen manipulation or low-carbohydrate high-fat diets, are currently popular among ultramarathon runners. Despite the latter dietary manipulation showing increased total fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise, the role in enhancing ultramarathon running performance is currently not supported. Ultramarathon runners may develop varying degrees of both hypohydration and hyperhydration (with accompanying exercise-associated hyponatremia), dependent on event duration, and environmental conditions. To avoid these two extremes, euhydration can generally be maintained through “drinking to thirst.” A well practiced and individualized nutrition strategy is required to optimize training and competition performance in ultramarathon running events, whether they are single stage or multistage.
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Espeit, Loic, Callum G. Brownstein, Nicolas Royer, Thibault Besson, Vincent Martin, Guillaume Y. Millet, and Thomas Lapole. "Central fatigue aetiology in prolonged trail running races." Experimental Physiology 106, no. 3 (January 18, 2021): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep089177.
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Kim, Yoon. "Design Development of Outdoor Wear for Trail Running." Journal of the Korean Society of Costume 65, no. 3 (April 30, 2015): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7233/jksc.2015.65.3.151.
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Hoffman, Martin D. "Gender-Related Performance Comparison for Ultramarathon Trail Running." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322694.24045.ea.
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