Journal articles: 'Train protection system'

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Zhen, Hui, Lin Min Jia, and Guo Qiang Cai. "A Positioning System For Subway Trains Based on RFID." Applied Mechanics and Materials 610 (August 2014): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.610.808.

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Subway train positioning technology is one of the key technologies, however when red band appears in dispatch center, train ground communication fails and other issues, you need a back-up emergency systems to provide train position information for the station dispatchers in order to arrange train route. This paper describes a back-up system for positioning subway trains. The system is a combination of vehicle and ground subway train assisted positioning system, it can fast and accurate get the location information of subway trains, to provide protection of safe and efficient operation for the subway trains.

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Sugiana, Ahmad, Mulyo Sanyoto, Parwito, M. Rachmat Gunawan, and Key Seo Lee. "Intermittent automatic train protection using an infrared system." Transportation Planning and Technology 40, no. 3 (March 3, 2017): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2017.1283160.

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Cremonini, Roberto, Evelina Lamma, and Paola Mello. "ADES: An expert system for ATP design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 3, no. 1 (February 1989): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400001062.

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This paper presents an expert system (called ADES, i.e. ATP Design Expert System) for the automatic design of Automatic Train Protection systems (ATP). An ATP system is a railway signalling system constituted by a set of logic circuits that control the safe movement of trains within a railway station.AI techniques proved feasible to address the particular design problem discussed: ADES is able to rapidly design good control circuits to meet operational requirements by using a well-structured, explicitly represented, in depth knowledge of Automatic Train Protection. The use of AI techniques facilitates the maintenance and extension of ADES to face new or unplanned requirements.Implementing both the expert system and its environment tools in the PROLOG language, by using meta-interpretation techniques, has led to the rapid prototyping of the overall system. Optimization techniques have also been developed to allow ADES to be efficiently executed.

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IRLIK, Maciej. "TRAIN HEADWAY OPTIMISATION USING VIRTUAL BLOCKS." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 112 (September 1, 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.112.6.

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Although the implementation of a new Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system increases the safety level, it also exerts some impact on the blocking time in block sections, and consequently, on the headway between trains. At the same time, ATP systems introduce a train positioning system based on odometry calculation and reporting back to the trackside system. This paper describes the concept of using virtual blocks based on train position reporting in the ATP system for purposes of non-occupancy determination. Virtual blocks can be used to reduce headways on railway lines without increasing the number of trackside signalling devices. Preliminary capacity assessment was performed to calculate the average headway depending on the signalling system with reference to a case study.

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Teng, G. D., and S. D. Hu. "A Feasible Speed Profile Model for Automatic Train Protection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 743 (March 2015): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.743.433.

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To achieve fail-safe protection, safe train separation shall be required automatic train protection (ATP) function for any communication-based train control (CBTC) system configuration, where the calculation of the ATP profile is a major function of safe train separation. In this paper, we present a feasible speed profile model for ATP system. First, a three-phase brake model is provided which includes system response and disabling propulsion phase, braking response, and braking build-up phase and fully braking phase to simplify the standard model. Second, a palette of speeds includes emergency brake intervention speed (EBIS), service brake intervention speed (SBIS), warning speed (WS), and recommended speed (RS) to meet various application purposes. Third, the evaluation shows that the speed profile model is feasible with practical engineering parameters.

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Yan, Jianping, and Xishi Wang. "Reliability and Safety Analysis of Automatic Train Protection System." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 33, no. 9 (June 2000): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)38212-5.

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Rosberg, Tomas, and Birgitta Thorslund. "Simulated and real train driving in a lineside automatic train protection (ATP) system environment." Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management 16 (December 2020): 100205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2020.100205.

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Alturbeh, Hamid, Julian Stow, Gareth Tucker, and Alan Lawton. "Modelling and simulation of the train brake system in low adhesion conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718800579.

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This paper describes the current version of the Low Adhesion Braking Dynamic Optimisation for Rolling Stock (LABRADOR) simulation tool that can predict the train brake system performance and support decision-making in the design and optimisation of the braking system including wheel slide protection, sanders and the blending and control of friction and dynamic brakes in low adhesion conditions. The model has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink and is intended to mimic the braking performance of both older and newer generations of multiple unit passenger trains. LABRADOR models have been initially validated by comparing simulation results for a single car train (Class 153) and two-car train (Class 158) in dry conditions with experimental tests, for tare and crush laden vehicles. This project is supported by RSSB and a technical steering group composed of railway braking experts, suppliers and train operators and manufacturers.

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Shimazoe, Toshiyuki. "Development of Data Validation Methods for System Configurations of Train Protection Systems." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 129, no. 8 (2009): 784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.129.784.

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Yan, Jian, Tefang Chen, E. Deng, Weichao Yang, Shu Cheng, and Biming Zhang. "Aerodynamic Response and Running Posture Analysis When the Train Passes a Crosswind Region on a Bridge." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094126.

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Trains running on a bridge face more significant safety risks. Based on the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model, a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics computational model of the train–bridge–wind barrier was proposed in this study to measure the transient aerodynamic load of the train. The transient aerodynamic load was input into the wind–train–bridge coupling dynamic system to perform dynamic analysis of running safety. Significant fluctuations in the aerodynamic coefficients were found when the train entered and exited the wind barrier due to the dramatic change in flow pattern. The maximum value of the derailment coefficient decreased with the height of wind barriers, which hardly affected the wheel load reduction rate. The 2 m high wind barrier had no evident influence on the running posture of a general high-speed train, while the 4 m high wind barrier was proven to have better protection. Over-protection was found with an even higher wind barrier.

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Jenq, Jeffrey H., Bennett Pierce, and Alan Pate. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Connection Protection in Improving Successful Light Rail–to-Bus Transfers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1930, no. 1 (January 2005): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193000101.

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The quantitative evaluation results of the nation's first light rail–to-bus connection protection (CP) system implemented by the Utah Transit Authority are presented. The CP system was designed to improve the reliability of transfers from the higher-frequency light rail TRAX trains to the lower-frequency bus services. The CP system examines the estimated arrival time of TRAX trains for the next three stations and issues a “hold at {station name} until {time}” message to buses waiting at the connecting rail stations, via the buses’ onboard mobile data terminals, if the lateness of trains is within a predetermined threshold (e.g., 3 min). The evaluation consisted of a quantitative analysis of the successful rail-to-bus connections with an analysis of the rail and bus operations data and a qualitative assessment of the perspectives and opinions of users based on individual experience (both riders and bus operators). The focus was the quantitative analysis that employed an unmatched with-and-without experimental design. Overall, the analysis results showed that CP did significantly increase the percentage of successful train-to-bus connections. Train riders meeting a bus trip when CP was active and a “hold until” message was issued to the bus operator were between 3.1 and 3.9 times more likely to have had a successful connection than were train riders meeting the same bus trips when CP was inactive, depending on the wait time assumption for a successful connection to take place.

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Zhou, Yong Hua, Yang Peng Wang, Pin Wu, and Peng Wang. "Real-Time Optimal Speed Coordination and Scheduling for High-Speed Trains Based on Model Predictive Control." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6043.

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In the high-speed train control system, the command information such as allowable running distance, time and speed can be sent by the global system for mobile communications for railways (GSM-R). This paper will propose the framework of real-time train scheduling and control based on model predictive control for the optimal speed set-points of high-speed trains. The rolling optimization process combines the genetic algorithm with the simulation of train operation to evaluate the performance of speed set-points, which can be easily implemented in the parallel computing environment for real-time processing. The conflict resolution at the crossing stations is modeled by and embedded in the combination of various speed set-points which are formed from virtual to simulation speed. The final actual speed of train is engendered based on the movement authority and running time through the system of automatic train protection (ATP). The simulation results demonstrate the favorable performance of proposed method.

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Nakamura, Hideo, Jia Sun, Sei Takahashi, and Masanori Yamamoto. "Development of Advanced Train Control System in Japan and its Energy Saving Effect." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1326.

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Railways are an energy-efficient mode of transportation. Even so, efforts are being made to attain even further energy savings. The latest train-car model of the Shinkansen bullet train, while achieving enriched functionality and improved performance, has attained a 49% energy reduction compared with the 0-series Shinkansen train-cars that debuted at the start of Shinkansen's operation. Also, in the underlying train control system, technologies that will lead to energy reduction have been developed. In order to achieve further energy savings and higher-performance train control, we are developing a new train control system known as Automatic Train Protection and Block System (sometimes referred to ATP-Block system here). This new control system produces a high energy-saving effect compared with conventional signal systems based on ground equipment. We believe that realization of low-cost, highly functional energy-saving Railways will bring back users of automobiles and airlines to Railways, contributing to global energy saving and helping to prevent environmental destruction.

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Guo Xie, Xinhong Hei, Fucai Qian, Hiroshi Mochizuki, Sei Takahashi, and Hideo Nakamura. "Model Based Specification Validation for Automatic Train Protection and Block System." International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 7, no. 7 (April 15, 2013): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jdcta.vol7.issue7.12.

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Nakamura, Hideo, Masatoshi Ikeda, Kiyoshi Takeshi, and Takehiko Hoshino. "Development of Integrated Train Protection System by On-Board Intelligent Processor." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 115, no. 5 (1995): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.115.5_689.

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Xie, Guo, Xinhong Hei, Hiroshi Mochizuki, Sei Takahashi, and Hideo Nakamura. "Safety and Reliability Estimation of Automatic Train Protection and Block System." Quality and Reliability Engineering International 30, no. 4 (February 7, 2013): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qre.1498.

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Mirabadi, Ahmad, Felix Schmid, and Neil Mort. "Multisensor Integration Methods in the Development of a Fault-Tolerant Train Navigation System." Journal of Navigation 56, no. 3 (August 26, 2003): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463303002364.

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Onboard train positioning (navigation) plays a vital and safety critical role in advanced Automatic Train Control (ATC) and Automatic Train Protection (ATP) systems. Such onboard systems are also essential for moving block signalling and control systems for railways. The application of multi-sensor fusion algorithms to the vehicle navigation field has made it possible to create inexpensive and accurate positioning systems, which will satisfy the railways' requirements. The state estimation methods involved in Kalman filtering have proved to be some of the most effective techniques in multi-sensor data fusion. A multi-sensor navigation system is introduced in this paper to address the shortcomings of the existing train positioning systems. The proposed system utilizes the Global Positioning System (GPS), Doppler radar, gyroscopes, tachometers, digital maps and balises. In order to provide fault detection and isolation capabilities, a hierarchical structure is proposed for the multi-sensor integration system in which different combinations of navigation systems would function. Several data integration nodes, including DR/GPS, DR/Balise, and DR/GPS/Balise, are studied in more detail and their performances are evaluated.

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Oh, Sehchan, and Hyeon-Yeong Choi. "Protection Algorithm for Virtual Coupler in T2T-Based Autonomous Train Control System." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 43, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 1894–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2018.43.11.1894.

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Tian, Hong-qi. "Review of research on high-speed railway aerodynamics in China." Transportation Safety and Environment 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdz014.

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Abstract High-speed railway aerodynamics is the key basic science for solving the bottleneck problem of high-speed railway development. This paper systematically summarizes the aerodynamic research relating to China’s high-speed railway network. Seven key research advances are comprehensively discussed, including train aerodynamic drag-reduction technology, train aerodynamic noise-reduction technology, train ventilation technology, train crossing aerodynamics, train/tunnel aerodynamics, train/climate environment aerodynamics, and train/human body aerodynamics. Seven types of railway aerodynamic test platform built by Central South University are introduced. Five major systems for a high-speed railway network—the aerodynamics theoretical system, the aerodynamic shape (train, tunnel, and so on) design system, the aerodynamics evaluation system, the 3D protection system for operational safety of the high-speed railway network, and the high-speed railway aerodynamic test/computation/analysis platform system—are also introduced. Finally, eight future development directions for the field of railway aerodynamics are proposed. For over 30 years, railway aerodynamics has been an important supporting element in the development of China’s high-speed railway network, which has also promoted the development of high-speed railway aerodynamics throughout the world.

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Allotta, B., V. Colla, and M. Malvezzi. "Train position and speed estimation using wheel velocity measurements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 216, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440902760213639.

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In order to improve safety and efficiency in the management of modern railways, several systems for monitoring and control of traffic are being developed. Automatic train protection (ATP) systems command an emergency braking procedure if dangerous situations occur, such as insufficient braking distance to one of the next target positions and target velocities. A novel ATP system named SCMT, to be installed on trains running on Italian railways, is currently being designed. One of the components of SCMT is a module for estimating train speed and positions between fixed balises, which communicate to the on-board system the distance to next targets and the velocity requirements at targets. In this paper algorithms are described for distance to target and velocity estimation, capable of compensating for poor wheel-rail adhesion conditions where conventional odometry algorithms may fail. The algorithms were derived using a variety of methods including neural networks, fuzzy logic and crisp logic. The system was designed and trained using a wide set of experimental data, obtained from test runs carried out with different types of vehicles and conditions (in particular, degraded adhesion conditions were investigated).

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Sobolevska, M. B., N. Yu Naumenko, and D. V. Horobets. "Analysis of dynamic loads on the cars of a high-speed motor-car train with a passive safety system in its collision with a freight car." Technical mechanics 2020, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2020.03.079.

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The performance characteristics of the cars of a modern home high-speed motor-car train must meet Ukrainian State Standards DSTU EN 12663 and DSTU EN 15227 now in force in Ukraine, which regulate its crashworthiness and passive safety in emergency collisions. An integral part of new cars must be passive safety systems (PSSs) with energy-absorbing devices (EADs), which save the lives of the pasengers and the train crew and reduce car damage in a collision with an obstacle. The aim of this paper is to evaluate dynamic loads on the cars of PSS-equipeed motor-car train in its collision with a freight car according to Scenario 2 of DSTU EN 15227. The scientific novelty of the paper is a mathematical model for the study of a collision of a motor-car train with a freight car based on the authors’ model of a collision of identical motor-car trains (Scenario 1 of DSTU EN 15227) with account for the force characteristic of head car – freight car interaction in an emergency. The proposed mathematical model allows one to obtain the average values of the car accelerations and plastic deformations to compare them with their admissible values according to DSTU EN 15227. The paper presents the results of a study of dynamic loads on the cars of a PSS-equipped motor-car train in its collision at 36 km/h with a 80 t freight car for a reference train with a 80 head car and four intermediate cars of mass 50 t, which is the mass of the majority of cars on the 1,435 mm European railways, and 64 t, which is the typical mass of inremediate cars used in the 1,520 mm Ukrainian railways. The following protective devices developed at the Institute of Technical mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agenccy of Ukraine are proposed for passive protection: EAD 1 devices of energy capacity 0.95 MJ to be mounted at the coupler level at the head car front end, EAD 2 devices of energy capacity 0.25 MJ and EAD 3 devices of energy capacity 0.3 MJ to be mouned at the coupler level at the head car rear end and at the ends of passenger cars of mass 50 t and 64 t, respectively, and EAD UL upper-level energy-absorbing devices of energy capacity of 0.12 MJ to be mounted at the head car front end under the window. It is shown that by the criteria of DSTU EN 15227 for a train with 50 t intermediate cars it is advisable to use the passive protection according to Scenario 1 (the front end of the head car is equipped wuth two EAD 1 and two EAD UL devices, its rear end is equipped with two EAD 2 devices, and the intermediate cars are equipeed with two EAD 2 devices at the front and at the rear), while for a train with 64 t intermediate cars it is advisable to use the passive protection according to Scebario 2 (the front end of the head car is equipped wuth two EAD 1 and two EAD UL devices, its rear end is equipped with two EAD 3 devices, and the intermediate cars are equipeed with two EAD 3 devices at the front and at the rear). The proposed mathematical model and the results obtained may be used in designing head and intermediate cars for a home motor-car passenger train in accordance with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements.

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Okpura, Nseobong I., E. N. C. Okafor, and Kufre M. Udofia. "Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) And Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Methods in the Classification and Location of High Impedance Faults on Distribution System." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.8.1690.

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Unlike low impedance faults, which involve relatively large magnitude of fault currents and are easily detected by conventional over-current protection devices, high impedance faults pose a serious challenge to protection engineers because they can remain on the system without the protective relays being able to detect them. This paper presents an improved method for detection and location of high impedance fault using ANFIS model. The study was conducted on the 33 kV Uyo-Ikot Ekpene power distribution line. The case study power distribution system was modeled using MATLAB software. HIFs were introduced at various locations along the distribution line. The data obtained from the MATLAB/Simulink simulated fault using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) were used to train the ANFIS for the location of HIF points along the distribution system as well as for prediction of the distance of the fault location to the nearest injection substation. The results show that ANFIS model gives 52.5 percentage reduction in error compared with FIS in the location of fault points on the case study power distribution system.

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Xu, Xiaoming, Xudong Sun, Qiaolian Zhou, Xinhua Jiang, Donghai Hu, and Ren He. "Design and research on the function of lithium-ion batteries emergency traction system for rail vehicles." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 2018): 168781401881229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018812296.

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Urban rail vehicle power supply short interruptions or prolonged paralysis situation sometimes occurs, which will cause the entire line outage. If the train through the battery to achieve emergency traction, it will be able to effectively solve the problem of train interval stop due to external power supply reasons. This article proposes an emergency traction system, using lithium-ion batteries as traction power, carrying out the design and research on the function of lithium-ion emergency traction system for rail transit vehicles. Through the design of the power supply system, the design of the emergency traction power supply, the design of the conversion control and safety protection circuit, the design of the traction system, and the design of the auxiliary system, the train can be run to the next station under the emergency power supply, and the effectiveness of the scheme is verified by simulation. Moreover, the transformation on the basis of the existing Shanghai 952 train illustrates the feasibility of the existing train to achieve the emergency traction function and provides guarantee for the safe operation of the train.

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Ji, Kewei, Linguo Chai, Sihui Li, Xiangyan Liu, and Xiu Pan. "Collision Risk Evaluation and Verification of GNSS-Based Train Integrity Detection." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 7764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167764.

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To meet the demand for middle and low-density railway lines, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based on a train integrity monitoring system (TIMS) is used for train integrity detection. Each system has to be analyzed before it is applied in practice. To evaluate the safety of the train integrity detection, a collision risk evaluation method is proposed based on the positioning errors and protection level, in which the Probability of dangerous Failure per Hour (PFH) is computed to quantify the the criteria of Safety Integrity Level (SIL). Then, an experiment-based simulation procedure is presented for safety verification. Statistics results have been obtained from field test data, and simulations are carried out using CPN and MATLAB to verify the collision risk of GNSS-based train integrity detection. The result showed that the GNSS-based train integrity detection satisfies the safety requirements in the system design phase for railway applications.

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Long, Zhiqiang, Zhiqiang Wang, Hu Cheng, and Xiaolong Li. "A novel design of electromagnetic levitation system for high-speed maglev train." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 3 suppl. 1 (November 19, 2018): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201843s1212-224.

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Aim: To reduce the levitation energy consumption and alleviate the adverse effects caused by the over-heating of the electromagnet. Methods: The design and manufacturing of hybrid electromagnet are introduced firstly. Secondly, the modification of driving chopper module together with a levitation control strategy and the design of an adsorption-prevention module are presented in details. Thirdly, a complete two-carriage maglev train is upgraded with the proposed hybrid electromagnet, choppers, and adsorption modules. Finally, an experiment is performed on a 1.5 km high-speed maglev test line to prove the efficiency of the proposed system. Results: In this paper, a novel electromagnetic levitation system architecture and safety protection strategy for the high-speed maglev train are proposed. Conclusion: A novel design of electromagnetic levitation system for high-speed maglev train is designed and implemented.

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Volkova, K. M. "CONDUCTING A SYNTHESIS OF A DIGITAL AUTOMATON FOR AN AUTOMATED FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computer Technologies, Automatic Control & Radioelectronics 21, no. 1 (February 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ctcr210105.

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Every year the industry in the world is gaining momentum: the number of industrial enterprises is growing, and with it the number of accidents at them. Oil today is the most common product for the synthesis and production of products. Increasing the level of fire protection systems at oil refine¬ries remains one of the most important components of protecting people from technogenic hazards. The speed of innovation allows the application of artificial intelligence in the creation of automated fire protection systems. Research objective. This study is aimed at building a model of an automated integrated fire protection system (AISPPO).Through the synthesis of digital automata and minimizing the control functions of the digital model is created a system of automated integrated fire protection system. Materials and methods. To solve the problems of research used methods of constructing graphical algorithms of automated integrated fire protection system. This system is a new approach to solving the issue of safety of industrial facilities in the oil refining industry. Results. The proposed new model of the software implementation of a digital automaton in an automated integrated system of fire detection and monitoring of an oil refinery has made it possible to create a bank of calculated and analytical data on all potential types of failures in the structure of the enterprise in order to train personnel and make changes to existing methodological documents and instructions for personnel actions in a particular situation. Conclusion. The developed technology allows you to process the incoming signal contained in cyclograms into an intermediate form for the synthesis of digital automata using innovative tools.

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Kang, Renwei, Junfeng Wang, Jianfeng Cheng, Jianqiu Chen, and Yanzhi Pang. "Intelligent forecasting of automatic train protection system failure rate in China high-speed railway." Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 21, no. 4 (September 14, 2019): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2019.4.5.

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Xie, Guo, Xinhong Hei, Hiroshi Mochizuki, Sei Takahashi, and Hideo Nakamura. "Formal Analysis of Automatic Train Protection and Block System for Regional Line Using VDM++." International Journal of Railway 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2012): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/ijr.2012.5.2.065.

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Yang, Bai, and Ya Guai Yu. "The Experience of Aquatic Ecosystems Protection in Wuhan." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1006.

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Relying on its abundant water resources and strong technical supports, Wuhan has overcome the deterioration of water environment, ecosystem degradation, and the lag in environmental protection facilities construction. Wuhan recent years hammers at finding ways to protect and rehabilitate water environment through managing sewage, building ecology network of rivers and lakes, and also developing a train of system construction. By the approaches mentioned previously, the achievement on meliorating quality of water within Wuhan is surely unprecedented. Analyzing the actions this city has implemented, together with the work experience on law, construction and system will easily harvest.

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Kamar, Syamsul. "ANALISIS PERGERAKAN KERETA REL LISTRIK UNTUK DISAIN SISTEM KESELAMATAN KERETA API OTOMATIS = ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC RAIL TRAIN MOVEMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC TRAIN PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 9, no. 2 (September 13, 2016): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v9i2.88.

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Abstract Result of research suggest that the cause of train accident in Indonesia is dominated by human error in the form of indiscipline road users, the absence of a doorstop at some railroad tracks, and negligence of the drivers. To minimize the train crash as a result of these matters, in particular due to errors of commuterline machinist in Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi (Jabodetabek), it is required to consider use of the"Automatic Train Safety System (SKKO)", which is internationally known as Automatic Train Protection (ATP). The automatic control system requires development of software that regulatesdisplay of the MMI (Man-Machine-Interface), automatic control to manage speed of the train and others. In order to develop the software, a few thing need attention, among others, track conditions, train acceleration, deceleration braking. It has been analyzed parameters needed for the design of automated train safety systems, especially for application in commuter-line as a commuter line network in the Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi (Jabodetabek), which is used by electric train (KRL) , namely the condition of the trackwhich is primarily concerned with the length of the block, the amount of headway, and others. Acceleration KRL seres trajectory that can be obtained from the results of the dynamic test, dynamic braking deceleration, pneumatic braking, emergency braking which can be obtained from the test. Results of the analysis showed that the KRL dynamic test results, namely the acceleration of each KRL, dynamic braking deceleration, deceleration pneumatic braking, emergency braking deceleration can be useful to develop algorithms todesign the train control system in such away that accidents caused by the negligence of the drivers can be minimized. Abstrak Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyebab kecelakaan kereta api di Indonesia di dominasi antara lain kesalahan manusia (human error) berupa ketidak disiplinan pengguna jalan, tidak adanya palang pintu di beberapa lintasan kereta api, dan adanya kelalaian masinis. Untuk meminimalkan kecelakaan kereta api akibat hal-hal tersebut, khususnya akibat kesalahan masinis komuterline di Jakarta-Bogor-Depok Tangerang-Bekasi (JABODETABEK), perlu dipertimbangkan penggunaan â€œSistem Keselamatan Kereta Api Otomatis (SKKO)â€.yang secara internasional dikenal sebagai automatic train protection (ATP). ATP sebagai sistem kendali otomatis membutuhkan pengembangan perangkat lunak (software) yang mengatur tampilan MMI (Man-Machine-Interface), kendali otomatis untuk mengatur kecepatan kereta. Untuk membangun software tersebut beberapa hal perlu mendapat perhatian antara lain kondisi lintasan, track, akselerasi kereta, dan deselerasi pengereman. Berdasarkan hal tersebut telah dianalisis hal-hal yang dibutuhkan untuk desain sistem keselamatan kereta api otomatis khususnya untuk penerapan pada komuterline seperti jaringan komuter line di Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi (JABODETABEK), yang menggunakan kereta rel listrik (KRL), yaitu kondisi lintasan (track) terutama berkaitan dengan panjang blok, besarnya headway, dan lain-lain, akselerasi masing-masing KRL yang melayani lintasan bisa diperoleh dari hasil uji dinamis, deselerasi pengereman dinamis (dynamic braking), pengereman pneumatik(pneumatic braking), pengereman darurat (emergency braking) masing-masing KRL yang melayani lintasan yang bisa diperoleh dari hasil uji dinamis. Hasil analisa tersebut menunjukkan bahwa hasil uji dinamis KRL berupa akselerasi masing-masing KRL, deselerasi pengereman dinamis, deselerasi pengereman pneumatik, deselerasi pengereman darurat dapat bermanfaat dalam mengembangkan algoritma untuk merancang system kendali kereta sedemikian rupa sehingga kecelakaan akibat kesalahan masinis dapat diminimalkan.

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Gabrovšek, F., B. Grašič, M. Z. Božnar, P. Mlakar, M. Udén, and E. Davies. "Karst show caves – how DTN technology as used in space assists automatic environmental monitoring and tourist protection – experiment in Postojna Cave." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-443-2014.

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Abstract. The paper presents an experiment demonstrating a novel and successful application of delay- and disruption-tolerant networking (DTN) technology for automatic data transfer in a karst cave early warning and measuring system. The experiment took place inside the Postojna Cave in Slovenia, which is open to tourists. Several automatic meteorological measuring stations are set up inside the cave, as an adjunct to the surveillance infrastructure; the regular data transfer provided by the DTN technology allows the surveillance system to take on the role of an early warning system (EWS). One of the stations is set up alongside the railway tracks, which allows the tourist to travel inside the cave by train. The experiment was carried out by placing a DTN "data mule" (a DTN-enabled computer with WiFi connection) on the train and by upgrading the meteorological station with a DTN-enabled WiFi transmission system. When the data mule is in the wireless drive-by mode, it collects measurement data from the station over a period of several seconds as the train without stopping passes the stationary equipment, and delivers data at the final train station by the cave entrance. This paper describes an overview of the experimental equipment and organization allowing the use of a DTN system for data collection and an EWS inside karst caves where there is regular traffic of tourists and researchers.

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Gabrovšek, F., B. Grašič, M. Z. Božnar, P. Mlakar, M. Udén, and E. Davies. "Karst show caves – how DTN technology as used in space assists automatic environmental monitoring and tourist protection – experiment in Postojna cave." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 5 (October 8, 2013): 5323–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-5323-2013.

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Abstract. The paper presents an experiment demonstrating a novel and successful application of Delay- and Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) technology for automatic data transfer in a karst cave Early Warning and Measuring System. The experiment took place inside the Postojna Cave in Slovenia, which is open to tourists. Several automatic meteorological measuring stations are set up inside the cave, as an adjunct to the surveillance infrastructure; the regular data transfer provided by the DTN technology allows the surveillance system to take on the role of an Early Warning System (EWS). One of the stations is set up alongside the railway tracks, which allows the tourist to travel inside the cave by train. The experiment was carried out by placing a DTN "data mule" (a DTN-enabled computer with WiFi connection) on the train and by upgrading the meteorological station with a DTN-enabled WiFi transmission system. When the data mule is in the wireless drive-by mode, it collects measurement data from the station over a period of several seconds as the train passes the stationary equipment, and delivers data at the final train station by the cave entrance. This paper describes an overview of the experimental equipment and organisation allowing the use of a DTN system for data collection and an EWS inside karst caves where there is a regular traffic of tourists and researchers.

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Kim, Ho-Yeon, Nam-Jin Lee, Dong-Chan Lee, and Chul-Goo Kang. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation for a Wheel Slide Protection System of a Railway Train." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 47, no. 3 (2014): 12134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20140824-6-za-1003.02106.

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Jefferies, C., A. Duffy, N. Berwick, N. McLean, and A. Hemingway. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) treatment train assessment tool." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.463.

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This paper outlines a rationale and scoring system for the stormwater treatment train assessment tool (STTAT) which is a proposed regulatory tool for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). STTAT provides guidance and regulatory consistency for developers about the requirements of planners and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). The tool balances the risks of pollution to the receiving water body with the treatment provided in a treatment train. It encourages developers to take SUDS into account early, avoiding any misunderstanding of SUDS requirements at the planning stage of a development. A pessimistic view on pollution risks has been adopted since there may be a change of land use on the development in the future. A realistic view has also been taken of maintenance issues and the ‘survivability’ of a SUDS component. The development of STTAT as a response to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive is explored, the individual scores being given in tabular format for receiving water and catchment risks. Treatment scores are proposed for single SUDS components as well as multiple components within treatment trains. STTAT has been tested on a range of sites, predominantly in Scotland where both development and receiving water information was known. The operational tool in use by SEPA is presented.

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Ali, Waqar, Rajesh Kumar, Zhiyi Deng, Yansong Wang, and Jie Shao. "A Federated Learning Approach for Privacy Protection in Context-Aware Recommender Systems." Computer Journal 64, no. 7 (April 30, 2021): 1016–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab025.

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Abstract Privacy protection is one of the key concerns of users in recommender system-based consumer markets. Popular recommendation frameworks such as collaborative filtering (CF) suffer from several privacy issues. Federated learning has emerged as an optimistic approach for collaborative and privacy-preserved learning. Users in a federated learning environment train a local model on a self-maintained item log and collaboratively train a global model by exchanging model parameters instead of personalized preferences. In this research, we proposed a federated learning-based privacy-preserving CF model for context-aware recommender systems that work with a user-defined collaboration protocol to ensure users’ privacy. Instead of crawling users’ personal information into a central server, the whole data are divided into two disjoint parts, i.e. user data and sharable item information. The inbuilt power of federated architecture ensures the users’ privacy concerns while providing considerably accurate recommendations. We evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm with two publicly available datasets through both the prediction and ranking perspectives. Despite the federated cost and lack of open collaboration, the overall performance achieved through the proposed technique is comparable with popular recommendation models and satisfactory while providing significant privacy guarantees.

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Shi, Lijuan, and Jian Wang. "Reliability analysis on the train control system in the CTCS-3 operating mode." Smart and Resilient Transport 3, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srt-10-2020-0019.

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Purpose This paper aims to study the reliability of the high-speed train operation control system in the Chinese Train Control System Level 3 (CTCS-3) operating mode. Design/methodology/approach Dynamic fault tree and Bayesian network method are adopted to analyze the reliability and weakness of the CTCS-3 system. Findings First, a physical architecture and data flow diagram of the CTCS-3 system are established according to the typical structure and functions of the CTCS-3 system. Second, the dynamic fault tree of the CTCS-3 system is constructed. Considering the prior probability of the bottom event and the existence of dynamic redundancy, the dynamic fault tree is transformed into a Bayesian net. The reliability of the CTCS-3 system is carried out based on the prior probability and the weakness that affects the reliability of the system based on the posterior probability is also analyzed by the Bayesian network. Finally, it is disclosed that the impact of the on-board subsystem on the reliability of the CTCS-3 system is generally greater than that of the ground subsystem. The two weakest modules in the onboard subsystem are the driver-machine interface (DMI) and balise transmission module (BTM) and the weakest one in the ground subsystem is Balise. The analysis results are generally consistent with the malfunctions in the field operation of China’s high-speed railway. Originality/value (1) By reasoning, the reliability of the train operation control system in the CTCS-3 operating mode meets the standard requirements. (2) Through backward reasoning, it is found that the failure of the onboard subsystem leads to a greater probability of failure of the train control system. (3) The DMI, BTM and automatic train protection computer unit modules are weak components in the onboard subsystem. Vital digit input&output, train interface unit and train security gateway are rarely involved in previous research, the result in this paper shows that these three modules are also weak components in the subsystem, which requires attention.

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Plomaritis, Theocharis A., Javier Benavente, Laura Del Rio, Emma Reyes, Carlos Dastis, Marta Gomez, and Miguel Bruno. "STORM EARLY WARNING SYSTEM AS A LAST PLUG-IN OF A REGIONAL OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY SYSTEM: THE CASE OF THE GULF OF CADIZ." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.54.

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The implementation of an Early Warning System for storm impacts in the urban beach of Cadiz is presented. The model train is described in detail together with the downscaling procedure. Emphasis is given on how the morphodynamic model receives the necessary information from the regional operational oceanography system specifically developed for the Gulf of Cadiz. The translation of the morphodynamic model output into useful information for the civil protection and other responsible authorities is provided based on the coastal state indicator approach. All the intermediate and final results are presented in a purpose-based on-line application.

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Nachtigall, Petr, and Jan Ouředníček. "Wider aspects of deceleration supervision in ERTMS/ETCS." MATEC Web of Conferences 235 (2018): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823500010.

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The paper concerns basic information about implementation of the ETCS system in the Czech Republic especially its influence on the railway operation. Also facts about the principles of the automatic train protection system with the full speed supervision are described as well as the specifics of the speed monitoring experiences. In the next chapter are some principles of the braking curves calculation.

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Markova, O. M., M. V. Sobolevska, T. F. Mokrii, and D. V. Horobets. "Increasing the safery of railway passenger and freight traffic." Technical mechanics 2021, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2021.02.078.

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In 2020, the Ukrainian Government conducted an audit of the Ukrainian economy for nearly 30 years of independence and decided on the vectors of economic development aimed at European and Euro-Atlantic integration. The audit of the Ukrainian railways showed that most of the railway assets are critically worn. The audit and the vectors became a starting point for the development of the National Economic Strategy of Ukraine up to 2030, which was approved on March 3, 2021. One of the priorities of this strategy is the development of the transport sector by a succession of steps, including railway track and vehicle renewal, the introduction of high-speed passenger transport, and increasing railway traffic safety and environment safety on the Urrainian railways. The aim of this paper is to work out recommendations on increasing the safety of passenger and freight traffic in Ukraine. The paper generalizes the experience gained over the years of Ukrainian independence in the fundamental and applied transport-oriented reseach conducted at the Department of Sttistical Dynamics and Multidimensional Mechanical Systems, Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine. This experience may be useful in the implementation of the above steps on the way to the sustainable development of the Ukrainian railway transport. In the paper, emphasis is on new investigations into the passive propection of the cars of a motor car train in emergency collisions whose scenarios are specified by Ukrainian State Standard DSTU EN 15227. Based on a mathematical model of a collision of identical motor car trains, a mathematical model was developed to simulate a collision of a motor car train with a large vehicle at a crossing with account for a specified force characteristic of interaction of the leading car equipped with a passive safety system with a deformable obstacle. The model developed was used in analyzing dynamic loads on the cars of a motor car train with a passive safety system in its collision at 110 km/h with a 15 t large vehicle at a railway crossing. With consideration for the results of previous investigations into the dynamics of emergency collisions of a motor car train with an identical train and a fright car, recommendations were worked out on the passive protection of a home-made leading car in accordance with the requirements of normative documents. The proposed mathematical models and designs of energy-absorbing devices, the research results, and the practical recommendations worked out may be used in designing new motor car train vehicles for the Ukrainian railways in accordance with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements for passive protection in emergency collisions.

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Mera, JM, E. Carabaño, M. Soler, and E. Castellote. "Increasing metro line capacity by optimisation of track circuit in a speed code Automatic Train Protection system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 230, no. 1 (April 28, 2014): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409714531749.

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Moon, Jae Sang, and Mintaek Yoo. "Development of a Seismic Detection Technology for High-Speed Trains Using Signal Analysis Techniques." Sensors 20, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133708.

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As the occurrence of earthquakes is increasing in South Korea, the earthquake early warning (EEW) system becomes indispensable for the protection of high-speed railways. Although the importance of EEW system has been increasing, the number of installed seismic accelerometers in South Korea is not sufficient to provide rapid information. This study uses a stochastic signal analysis technique to utilize the smartphone sensors for the rapid EEW system. From the train vibration data from the low fidelity on-board accelerometer, the virtual earthquake detection data in the train by smartphone sensor has been constructed. To analyze the stochastic characteristics of the constructed data, the short time Fourier transform (STFT) approach has been applied. The study’s overall objective is to offer stochastic approaches that provide effective analysis of the low fidelity sensor data, such as smartphone sensor data, for the rapid EEW system.

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Yu, Lina, Chunwei Wang, Huixian Chang, Sheng Shen, Fang Hou, and Yingwei Li. "Application Research of Intelligent Classification Technology in Enterprise Data Classification and Gradation System." Complexity 2020 (December 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6695484.

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Classification and gradation system adopts different security protection schemes for different types of data by implementing classification and gradation management of data, which is an important pretechnical means for data security protection and prevention of data leakage. This paper introduces artificial intelligence classification, machine learning, and other means to learn and train enterprise documents according to the characteristics of enterprise sensitive data. The generated training model can intelligently identify and classify file streams, improving work efficiency and accuracy of classification and gradation. At the same time, the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbors), DT (Decision Tree), and LinearSVC algorithms are compared. The experimental data shows that LinearSVC algorithm is applicable to high-dimensional data, with discrete, sparse data features and large number of features, which is more suitable for classification of sensitive data of enterprises.

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Vopava, Jiří, Mária Jánešová, and Radek Kratochvíl. "DEPLOYMENT OF ERTMS IN CZECH REPUBLIC." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 5 (September 15, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2016.5.0069.

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The article describes current situation and expected deployment of international standard for automatic rail vehicle protection in Czech Republic for period 2014 – 2020. Article introduces expected status in 2020 and subsequent implementation of commitments until 2026. It introduces expected result of gradual implementation for tracks and vehicles. It also displays brief deployment overview of European Rail Traffic Management System in European Union countries for each level of European Train Control System.

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Song, Yajie, Bing Bu, and Li Zhu. "A Novel Intrusion Detection Model Using a Fusion of Network and Device States for Communication-Based Train Control Systems." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010181.

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Security is crucial in cyber-physical systems (CPS). As a typical CPS, the communication-based train control (CBTC) system is facing increasingly serious cyber-attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are vital to protect the system against cyber-attacks. The traditional IDS cannot distinguish between cyber-attacks and system faults. Furthermore, the design of the traditional IDS does not take the principles of CBTC systems into consideration. When deployed, it cannot effectively detect cyber-attacks against CBTC systems. In this paper, we propose a novel intrusion detection method that considers both the status of the networks and those of the equipment to identify if the abnormality is caused by cyber-attacks or by system faults. The proposed method is verified on a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform of CBTC systems. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method has achieved 97.64% true positive rate, which can significantly improve the security protection level of CBTC systems.

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Li, Ya Ning. "Study on Stray Current Protection for Lanzhou Rail Transit Line 1." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.727.

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Stray current is one of the crucial factors affecting safety running for train. It is the first Rail Transit Line for Lanzhou. According to the local geological data, line direction, crossing Yellow River, building conditions, some measurements were put forward to restrict the stray current leakage in Lanzhou Rail Transit Line 1. Especially, it is very important to prevent the water permeating into the soil connecting to the railway. Corresponding protection scheme was laid down in this paper. The protection scheme in this study has very important role in the safe operation, system improvement and maintenance process for Lanzhou Rail Transit Line 1.

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Bai, Baoxue, Zhuang Xiao, Qingyuan Wang, Pengfei Sun, and Xiaoyun Feng. "Multi-Objective Trajectory Optimization for Freight Trains Based on Quadratic Programming." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120937307.

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The overspeed protection, smooth driving, punctuality, and energy efficiency of freight trains largely depend on their trajectory optimization. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization model, which maximizes the weighted sum of energy efficiency, punctuality, and driving smoothness. Model constraints systematically cover many practical conditions, including varying line resistance, overspeed protection, discrete neutral zones, and nonlinear traction and electric braking characteristics. Electric braking and pneumatic braking are distinguished in the freight train model, and the utilization of feedback braking energy is also considered. By nonlinear approximation, the proposed multi-objective optimization model is solved by the quadratic programming (QP) algorithm, and optimized trajectories are obtained. Numerical simulation demonstrates the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method. Comparisons with two actual trials show that the energy efficiency and driving smoothness of the proposed method are better than that of the drivers’ operation with the same journey time. In addition, the algorithm has a short computation time, which has the potential to be integrated for on-board devices such as the driver advisory system (DAS).

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Prochazka, Jan, Petr Novobilsky, and Dana Prochazkova. "Management of Security of Cyber Gateway." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER RESEARCH 9 (July 6, 2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232018.2021.9.8.

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The necessity to protect the critical infrastructure in way as the cyber-physical system (CPS) is growing with the development of communication and control technologies. The one of elemen-tary approach of protection is to close critical elements to a protected area with secure access. This principle is used in both spaces, the physical and the cyber. Access to these protected areas is then through the gateways. Gateways shall be able identify and authenticate of persons or processes with authorized access and to prevent the access of unauthorized. The presence of many moving elements (for example, trains) is the specific problem of transport infrastructures, as railway is. The security of moving elements within the CPS must therefore be ensured against both physical and cyber intrusion. We will deal with the cyber gateway of the train at this article, which is called a mobile communication gateway (MCG). The MCG is asso-ciated with problems of the standard cyber gateway and the problems specific to the moving systems. It is impossible to secure communication between train and control centrum through a closed communication system only, it must take place through open space because of extensive infrastructure with assistance of ground communication gateway (GCG). The MCG design shall ensure the security functions of the gateway as well as sufficient com-munication capacity. Our control over environmental conditions of MCG is limited because it is in open space, both physical and cyber, often in motion. The MCG therefore needs to be able to respond dynamically to environmental changes caused by deliberate attacks or unintentional changes in the system. The ability of the adaptability must be given to the MCG in design.

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Alekseev, V. V., V. A. Gridnev, A. V. Yakovlev, O. S. Mashkova, U. A. Savilova, D. A. Shibkov, and D. A. Yakovleva. "A System Approach to the Construction of the Software and Hardware Complex for Training Information Security Specialists." Vestnik Tambovskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta 27, no. 1 (2021): 020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/vestnik.2021.01.pp.020-030.

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In order to train specialists in information security (IS), a software and hardware complex “Means of protecting information from leakage through technical channels” has been developed; it provides an opportunity to study the process of information leakage through technical channels and methods of its protection, as well as apply various modules and additional software (software) that clearly demonstrate the features of various methods of information security. The composition of this complex is shown: laboratory stands simulating acoustic, vibroacoustic, acoustoelectric channels and a channel of side electromagnetic radiation and interference. At each of the stands there are information security means (ISMs) that prevent the leakage of confidential information through the corresponding technical channel. To adjust the ISMs for acoustic and vibroacoustic channels, the ISIDORA software has been developed; it allows adjusting the level of the generated acoustic interference to meet the requirements of the security of the room and at the same time to have a comfortable conversation in this room.

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Hou, Bao Long. "On the Network Mode of Chinese Environmental Disaster Governance." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.884.

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Scientific development concept and governance theory together constitute the theoretical support for the network mode of Chinese environmental disaster governance. Using the method of governance theory, in democratization and information era, network governance model has unparalleled advantages. The governments environmental disaster governance awareness and ability are key variables to other governance bodies. Enterprises should implement the legal system of the state environmental protection laws effectively, accept initiatively supervisions from the government environmental institutions, environmental organizations, the media and public, and assume the economic and ecological responsibility positively. The environmental organizations should vigorously publicize the environmental protection knowledge, recruit and train volunteers and directly involve in the environment protection action. The media should expose and criticize the damage behaviors. The public should safeguard their environment rights actively.

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Zhao, Teng Fei, Zhao Bo Meng, Jie Jin, and Xi Feng Li. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Xi'an Bell Tower Timber Structure under the Metro-Vibration Load of Line 6." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 1718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1718.

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Taking Xian Bell Tower and metro line 6 as research background, at first, according to the theory of Euler-Bernoulli beam in Winkler foundation, the analysis model of train-track-foundation system was established, and then, time-history curve of metro-induced loading acts on tunnel structure is obtained by using Matlab software. Two-dimensional finite element model of the structure-soil-tunnel interaction model was established using software Ansys,. Taken loading time delay into consideration for the first time, dynamic response law of the bell tower under the metro-vibration loading is obtained. Finally, the impact of metro line 6 on Xian Bell Tower was evaluated according to the Technical specification for protection of historic buildings against man-made vibration. Xi'an Bell Tower timber structure is safe when two trains running of the line 6.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Train protection system'

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