Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Training of balance in sports gymnastics'

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Treino de Alto Rendimento Desportivo, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto
O presente estudo parte das normativas inerentes ao Código de Pontuação de Ginástica Rítmica (FIG, 1997) e, através da análise da composição dos exercícios de competição, procurou-se averiguar o cumprimento dessas exigências, nos aparelhos corda, arco, bola e fita nas ginastas séniores e arco e bola nas ginastas júniores.A amostra foi constituída por 164 exercícios relativos às ginastas internacionais e 84 exercícios das ginastas nacionais.As variáveis analisadas foram: utilização dos elementos do grupo corporal fundamental na composição das dificuldades em geral e das dificuldades B de base; o nível de elementos de dificuldade integrados nos exercícios e os valores médios de ocupação dos nove quadrantes em que o praticável de competição foi dividido.Para a análise comparativa entre os dois grupos de ginastas recorreu-se ao t teste, sendo os procedimentos analíticos processados no package estatístico SPSS.As principais conclusões do estudo revelaram que: - à excepção dos exercícios de fita, o grupo corporal específico expressou valores médios mais elevados que as restantes categorias de elementos corporais, no aparelho correspondente; - a composição das dificuldades B de base não revelou uma utilização preferencial dos elementos do grupo corporal específico; - para a maioria dos aparelhos, as ginastas séniores nacionais apresentam valores médios de ocorrência das dificuldades de nível B e C superiores às ginastas séniores internacionais, enquanto que estas apresentam valores médios mais elevados para as dificuldades de nível D;- as ginastas júniores nacionais apresentam valores médios superiores às ginastas júniores internacionais nas dificuldades de nível A e C, enquanto que estas apresentam uma frequência de ocorrência mais elevada para as dificuldades de nível B e D;- nos dois grupos de ginastas, verifica-se uma acentuada disposição dos elementos de dificuldade no quadrante central;- os quadrantes que constituem a linha central ou de fundo, apresent ...

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Treino de Alto Rendimento Desportivo, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto
O presente estudo parte das normativas inerentes ao Código de Pontuação de Ginástica Rítmica (FIG, 1997) e, através da análise da composição dos exercícios de competição, procurou-se averiguar o cumprimento dessas exigências, nos aparelhos corda, arco, bola e fita nas ginastas séniores e arco e bola nas ginastas júniores.A amostra foi constituída por 164 exercícios relativos às ginastas internacionais e 84 exercícios das ginastas nacionais.As variáveis analisadas foram: utilização dos elementos do grupo corporal fundamental na composição das dificuldades em geral e das dificuldades B de base; o nível de elementos de dificuldade integrados nos exercícios e os valores médios de ocupação dos nove quadrantes em que o praticável de competição foi dividido.Para a análise comparativa entre os dois grupos de ginastas recorreu-se ao t teste, sendo os procedimentos analíticos processados no package estatístico SPSS.As principais conclusões do estudo revelaram que: - à excepção dos exercícios de fita, o grupo corporal específico expressou valores médios mais elevados que as restantes categorias de elementos corporais, no aparelho correspondente; - a composição das dificuldades B de base não revelou uma utilização preferencial dos elementos do grupo corporal específico; - para a maioria dos aparelhos, as ginastas séniores nacionais apresentam valores médios de ocorrência das dificuldades de nível B e C superiores às ginastas séniores internacionais, enquanto que estas apresentam valores médios mais elevados para as dificuldades de nível D;- as ginastas júniores nacionais apresentam valores médios superiores às ginastas júniores internacionais nas dificuldades de nível A e C, enquanto que estas apresentam uma frequência de ocorrência mais elevada para as dificuldades de nível B e D;- nos dois grupos de ginastas, verifica-se uma acentuada disposição dos elementos de dificuldade no quadrante central;- os quadrantes que constituem a linha central ou de fundo, apresent ...

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Aerobic and anaerobic performance of the upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) were assessed by arm cranking and treadmill tests respectively in a comparison of national (N) and international (I) male gymnasts. Force velocity and Wingate tests were performed using cycle ergometers for both arms and legs. In spite of a significant difference in training volume (4–12 vs. 27–34 h·wk−1 for N and I, respectively), there was no significant difference between N and I in aerobic and anaerobic performance. Upper body and LB maximal oxygen uptake (JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200611000-00029/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235327Z/r/image-pngO2max) values were 34.44 ± 4.62 and 48.64 ± 4.63 ml·kg−1·min−1 vs. 33.39 ± 4.77 and 49.49 ± 5.47 ml·kg−1·min−1, respectively, for N and I. Both N and I had a high lactic threshold (LT), at 76 and 82% of JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200611000-00029/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235327Z/r/image-pngO2max, respectively. Values for UB and LB force velocity (9.75 ± 1.12 and 15.07 ± 4.25 vs. 10.63 ± 0.95 and 15.87 ± 1.25 W·kg−1) and Wingate power output (10.43 ± 0.74 and 10.98 ± 3.06 vs. 9.58 ± 0.60 and 13.46 ± 1.34 W·kg−1) were also consistent for N and I. These findings confirm the consistency of JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200611000-00029/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235327Z/r/image-pngO2max values presented for gymnasts in the last 4 decades, together with an increase in peak power values. Consistent values for aerobic and anaerobic performance suggest that the significant difference in training volume is related to other aspects of perfomance that distinguish N from I gymnasts. Modern gymnastics training at N and I levels is characterized by a focus on relative strength and peak power. In the present study, the high LT is a reflection of the importance of strength training, which is consistent with research for sports such as wrestling. Aerobic and anaerobic performance of the upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) were assessed by arm cranking and treadmill tests respectively in a comparison of national (N) and international (I) male gymnasts. Force velocity and Wingate tests were performed using cycle ergometers for both arms and legs. In spite of a significant difference in training volume (4–12 vs. 27–34 h·wk−1 for N and I, respectively), there was no significant difference between N and I in aerobic and anaerobic performance. Upper body and LB maximal oxygen uptake (JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200611000-00029/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235327Z/r/image-pngO2max) values were 34.44 ± 4.62 and 48.64 ± 4.63 ml·kg−1·min−1 vs. 33.39 ± 4.77 and 49.49 ± 5.47 ml·kg−1·min−1, respectively, for N and I. Both N and I had a high lactic threshold (LT), at 76 and 82% of JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200611000-00029/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235327Z/r/image-pngO2max, respectively. Values for UB and LB force velocity (9.75 ± 1.12 and 15.07 ± 4.25 vs. 10.63 ± 0.95 and 15.87 ± 1.25 W·kg−1) and Wingate power output (10.43 ± 0.74 and 10.98 ± 3.06 vs. 9.58 ± 0.60 and 13.46 ± 1.34 W·kg−1) were also consistent for N and I. These findings confirm the consistency of JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200611000-00029/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235327Z/r/image-pngO2max values presented for gymnasts in the last 4 decades, together with an increase in peak power values. Consistent values for aerobic and anaerobic performance suggest that the significant difference in training volume is related to other aspects of perfomance that distinguish N from I gymnasts. Modern gymnastics training at N and I levels is characterized by a focus on relative strength and peak power. In the present study, the high LT is a reflection of the importance of strength training, which is consistent with research for sports such as wrestling.

[Truncated abstract] Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are a major problem in sport. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the causative factors of ACL injuries and to study the effect of various types of lower-limb training on underlying neuromuscular mechanisms involved in stabilisation and risk of ACL injury. Investigation of the mechanisms was conducted on controlled balance and strength tests as well as in sporting manoeuvres. It was aimed to assess if the neuromuscular changes map over into the performance of sporting manoeuvres and if potential for loading on the ACL and risk of injury was reduced or exacerbated . . . ACL strain can be decreased through reduction in the applied loads and greater knee flexion. Further to this, muscle activation has the ability to reduce loading on the ACL through co-contraction and selective activation patterns. This thesis demonstrated differing neuromuscular adaptations from various training types that map over into the performance of sporting manoeuvres. The research indicated that the Balance-Training was the most favourable in reducing potential for injury risk on the ACL. Alternatively strength training elicited neuromuscular changes that were likely to increase the risk of force on the ACL. The Machine+Balance training resulted in some negative and positive outcomes with the balance training tending to counteract the negative affects of machine weights training resulting in small improvements in muscular support and load reduction. This study provides us with better understanding of the underlying mechanisms from various training types and their potential affect on risk of ACL injury.

MOLINARI, C. M. A formação esportiva na ginástica artística feminina: o desenvolvimento das categorias pré-infantil e infantil no Brasil. 2018. 189f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2018. Quando investigamos o processo de treinamento de alto nível na ginástica artística feminina (GAF), percebemos que o desenvolvimento inicial do atleta por meio do treinamento de base deve se constituir a partir de ampla formação de habilidades básicas de controle postural e fundamentos da GA (RUSSELL, 2008a). Esses fundamentos são o alicerce para o avanço com segurança e qualidade no desempenho de alto nível esportivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever e analisar como o treinamento de GAF nas categorias pré-infantil e infantil é desenvolvido no Brasil, a partir do discurso de treinadores experientes e atuantes na GAF. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, e analisados por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2010). Ao longo do estudo, revelamos procedimentos e métodos utilizados pelos treinadores para desenvolver essas categorias. Pudemos evidenciar a influência da cultura preestabelecida na modalidade sobre diversos aspectos do treinamento, como a idade de início da especialização, carga e frequência do treinamento, e habilidades a serem desenvolvidas. Em contrapartida, notamos a preocupação constante dos treinadores com a excelência na formação de base dessas atletas, almejando o alto rendimento esportivo. Palavras-chave: Ginástica Artística Feminina. Formação de atletas. Treinamento em longo prazo. Treinamento de base.
MOLINARI, C. M. Initial sportive training in women\'s artistic gymnastics: the development of formative categories (9-12 years old) in Brazil. 2018. 189f. Thesis (Master\"s Degree) - School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2018. When we investigate the process of high-level training in the women\"s artistic gymnastics, we realize the athlete\"s initial development and basic training should be based on the extensive preparation of elementary postural control skills and gymnastics basic movement patterns (RUSSELL, 2008a). These fundamentals are essential for advancing with safety and quality in high-level sports performance. Thus, this study intends to describe and analyze how WAG training in formative categories (9-12 years old) has been developed in Brazil, from the discourse of experienced coaches. For data collection, we performed a semi-structured interview. For data analysis, we used the Content Analysis technique proposed by Bardin (2010). Throughout this study, we revealed procedures and methods used by coaches to develop these categories. We noticed the influence of the pre-established culture in the modality on several training aspects, such as specialization age, training frequency and load, and development of skills. On the other hand, we also noticed a constant concern of the coaches with excellence in the athletes\" sportive development, aiming for high level performance. Keywords: Women\"s Artistic Gymnastics. Long-term athlete development. Initial training. Sports training.

Syfte och frågeställningar

Syftet med studien är att undersöka förekomst, hantering och upplevda orsaker till mentala blockeringar inom kvinnlig truppgymnastik på nationell ungdoms- och juniornivå.

• Vilken typ av övning är den vanligaste mentala blockeringen inom kvinnlig truppgymnastik?

• Hur visar sig blockeringarna enligt gymnasterna och tränarna?

• Vilka orsaker till uppkomsten av mentala blockeringar kan utläsas utifrån gymnasterna och tränarnas berättelser?

• På vilka sätt har gymnaster och tränare försökt hantera mentala blockeringar?

Metod

Studien inleddes med en litteratursökning för att finna tidigare forskning. Därefter utformades en enkät i två versioner (för tränare och gymnaster) och dessa delades ut till gymnaster och tränare på nationell ungdoms- och juniornivå i sex olika föreningar. Gymnasterna valdes efter tränings- och tävlingsnivå och har en medelålder på 14 år.

Resultat

Resultatet visade att mentala blockeringar är ett mycket vanligt fenomen inom truppgymnastiken och något som majoriteten av gymnasterna någon gång drabbats av. Blockeringarna visar sig ofta genom att gymnasten vägrar eller helt utesluter övningen ur sin träning och blockeringarna är vanligast i grenen tumbling. Dock visade studien att de flesta gymnaster upplever blockeringar i mer än ett redskap. Volter som roterar baklänges tenderade att vara den typ av övning som flest gymnaster har blockeringar för. Detta ansågs främst bero på att gymnasterna i fråga inte tror att de kommer att lyckas med övningen följt av orsaker som tidigare skador och mental omognad. De allra flesta gymnaster och tränare har på något sätt försökt behandla problemet, främst genom fysiska åtgärder och har i situationer med mentala blockeringar känt sig rädda, frustrerade och misslyckade.

Slutsats

Problematiken kring mentala blockeringar är stor och få gymnaster och tränare vet hur de kan hantera dessa. Behovet av fortsatt forskning inom området samt större fokus på mental träning inom förbundets utbildningar är stort.

Aim and Questions

The aim of this study is to examine the incidence, handling and experienced causes of mental blockings in female teamgym at national youth and junior level.

• Which type of exercise is the most common mental blocking in female teamgym?

• How does the blockings show according to the gymnasts and coaches?

• Which possible causes to origin of mental blockings can be understood on the basis of the stories of the gymnasts and coaches?

• In which ways have gymnasts and coaches tried to handle mental blockings?

Method

The study started out with a literature search for previous research. Thereafter a questionnaire was formed in two versions (for gymnasts and coaches) and these were sent to gymnasts and coaches at national youth and junior level in six different clubs. The gymnasts were chosen by their level of training and competition.

Results

The study showed that mental blockings is a very common phenomenon in teamgym and is something that the majority of the gymnasts at some point have been affected by. The blockings are often revealed by the gymnasts refusing or totally excluding the exercise from training and the blockings are most frequently occurring in the apparatus called tumbling. Yet, the study shows that most gymnasts experience mental blockings in more then one apparatus. Vaults that rotate backwards tend to bee the type of exercise that most gymnasts have blockings for. This was believed to mainly depend on the gymnasts thinking they will fail to succeed with the exercise followed by causes like previous injuries and mental immatureness. Most gymnasts and coaches have in some way tried to solve the problem, mainly by physical measures and have in situations of mental blockings felt afraid, frustrated and like failure.

Conclusions

Mental blockings is a big problem and few gymnasts and coaches know how to handle them. The need of more research in the area and focus on mental training in the gymnastics association is big.

På Svenska Gymnastikförbundets begäran har detta projekt gjorts som ett koncept för dem att ha som utgångspunkt i diskussioner med såväl föreningar som politiker i frågan om gymnastikens behov av anpassade idrottsanläggningar. En användarstudie av gymnastiken, samt flera discipliner, har gjorts och stått som utgångspunkt för anläggningens utformning. Därtill har även en utvärdering av flertalet befintliga hallar som används för gymnastik gjorts för att motivera beslut gällande anpassningar som lyfter anläggningens utförande i jämförelse. Arbetet kommer ge en skriftlig rapport och en digital modell av anläggningen. Modellen presenteras i form av ritningar och visualiseringar.
This project is based on a request from the Swedish federation of gymnastics to create a concept for a customized training facility that could be used as a reference in discussions with gymnastics associations and politicians. A user study of the gymnastic disciplines has been done and thereafter used to motivate the formation of the facility. An evaluation of existing facilities will set the base of what the new facility should contain and also have to improve. The work has led to a report and a digital model of the facility. The model is presented as architectural drawings and visualizations.

El control neuromuscular ha estat descrit com un important factor per a l'èxit en el rendiment esportiu. De la mateixa manera, també s'ha identificat com a clau en la prevenció i readaptació de les lesions esportives. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és avaluar l'eficàcia de diferents tipus d'entrenament neuromuscular en esportistes.
S'ha utilitzat una mostra de 81 esportistes sans entre els diferents estudis que s'hi presenten. Les diferents avaluacions realitzades han registrat els següents ítems: dolor (escala visual analògica), incidència de lesions esportives, estabilitat postural estàtica i dinàmica (estabilometria i salt unipodal) i força explosiva de l'extremitat inferior (salt amb contramoviment). Els dos mètodes d'entrenament neuromuscular utilitzats són l'anomenat TRAL (Teràpia Reequilibradora de l'Aparell Locomotor) i les VCS (vibracions de cos sencer).
La primera part d'aquesta tesi (Estudis I i II) va tenir l'objectiu de valorar l'eficàcia del mètode TRAL. Aquest va produir una reducció significant del dolor de turmell independentment del gènere registrat, mentre que en el cas del dolor de genoll només hi van haver diferències en les noies estudiades. Un dels altres efectes registrats importants a destacar va ser la reducció significant de l'àrea de desviació del centre de pressions en el cas de les noies, el que representa una millora de l'estabilitat postural. Aquesta dada també va ser positiva en una de les proves registrades en el grup de nois.
La segona part d'aquest treball (Estudi III) es va centrar en donar fiabilitat a una bateria de tests d'equilibri mesurats amb un estabilòmetre, tenint com a objectiu valorar l'estabilitat estàtica i dinàmica de l'extremitat inferior. Es va obtenir una correlació de bona a excel·lent en totes les variables de la millor amplitud promig en el test unipodal d'ulls oberts i tancats. Aquests resultats suggereixen una bona fiabilitat per a la distinció entre grups de subjectes. En el cas del test més dinàmic i proper a la realitat de l'esportista, el salt unipodal, la correlació va ser baixa.
Com a continuació d'aquesta segona part, l'estudi IV va comparar de forma transversal les diferències de l'estabilitat postural estàtica i dinàmica segons sexe i cama dominant. El test d'equilibri unipodal d'ulls oberts no va mostrar diferències significatives en la desviació del centre de pressions entre homes i dones. D'altra banda, el sexe femení va mostrar un major equilibri en els tests més dinàmics (UT i S) en comparació amb el sexe masculí. En relació a les diferències entre cama dominant - no dominant, només es van trobar diferències significatives en les dones en la recepció del salt unipodal, mostrant-se un millor control quan la recepció s'efectuava amb la cama dominant.
La següent línia de treball es va iniciar amb l'estudi V, que va consistir en una revisió sistemàtica sobre els efectes de l'entrenament vibratori sobre el rendiment esportiu en persones físicament actives. Els resultats van mostrar una gran heterogeneïtat clínica i una baixa qualitat metodològica dels treballs analitzats fins la data cercada. Malgrat no poder extreure conclusions clares, existeix una tendència a la millora de la força explosiva. També podem establir un rang segur dels paràmetres d'aplicació de vibracions mecàniques sobre la població d'estudi. Aquest es troba entre 1,7-11mm d'amplitud i entre 20-44 Hz de freqüència, aplicant-se tant en exercicis estàtics com dinàmics i fins a un màxim de 18 minuts de durada per sessió.
Per últim, es va realitzar un assaig clínic controlat aleatori (Estudi VI) amb l'objectiu de valorar l'eficàcia de l'entrenament mitjançant vibracions de cos sencer sobre la força explosiva i el control postural en joves jugadores de bàsquet. Els resultats van mostrar un increment significatiu del salt amb contramoviment, del salt unipodal i de l'equilibri amb ulls tancats a les 8 i 15 setmanes d'entrenament en el grup experimental. És destacable el fet que no es trobessin diferències significatives entre els tests realitzats a les 8 i les 15 setmanes d'entrenament en cap de les variables. D'altra banda, el grup control no va experimentar canvis respecte les valoracions preintervenció. Amb aquests resultats podem afirmar que l'entrenament vibratori possibilita la millora dels paràmetres analitzats, repercutint favorablement en el rendiment esportiu i, també, de forma indirecta, en la prevenció de lesions en esportistes d'alt risc.
A forma de síntesi, els estudis d'aquesta tesi emfatitzen la importància del control neuromuscular sobre el rendiment i prevenció de lesions esportives. És necessari destacar la importància de continuar investigant sobre noves eines que mesurin els paràmetres associats al control neuromuscular, així com seguir estudiant l'eficàcia dels diferents mètodes d'entrenament neuromuscular per a la seva optimització.
El control neuromuscular ha sido descrito como un importante factor para el éxito en el rendimiento deportivo. Del mismo modo, también se ha identificado como clave en la prevención y readaptación de las lesiones deportivas. El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral ha sido evaluar la eficacia de diferentes tipos de entrenamiento neuromuscular en deportistas.
Se ha utilizado una muestra de 81 deportistas sanos entre los diferentes estudios que se presentan. Las diferentes evaluaciones realizadas han registrado los siguientes ítems: dolor (escala visual analógica), incidencia de lesiones deportivas, estabilidad postural estática y dinámica (estabilometría y salto unipodal) y fuerza explosiva de la extremidad inferior (salto con contramovimiento). Los métodos de entrenamiento neuromuscular utilizados fueron el llamado TRAL (Terapia reequilibradora del Aparato Locomotor) y las VCE (vibraciones de cuerpo entero).
La primera parte de esta tesis (Estudios I y II) tuvo el objetivo de valorar la eficacia del método TRAL. Este produjo una reducción significativa del dolor de tobillo independientemente del género registrado, mientras que en el caso del dolor de rodilla sólo hubo diferencias en las chicas estudiadas. Otro de los efectos registrados importantes a destacar fue la reducción significativa del área de desviación del centro de presiones en el caso de las chicas, lo que representa una mejora de la estabilidad postural. Este dato también fue positivo en una de las pruebas de equilibrio registradas en el grupo de chicos.
La segunda parte de este trabajo (Estudio III) se centró en dar fiabilidad a una batería de tests de equilibrio medidos con un estabilómetro, teniendo como objetivo valorar la estabilidad estática y dinámica de la extremidad inferior. Se obtuvo una correlación de buena a excelente en todas las variables de la mejor amplitud media en el test unipodal de ojos abiertos y cerrados. Estos resultados sugieren una buena fiabilidad para la distinción entre grupos de sujetos. En el caso del test más dinámico y cercano a la realidad del deportista, el salto unipodal, la correlación fue baja.
Como continuación de esta segunda parte, el estudio IV comparó de forma transversal las diferencias de la estabilidad postural estática y dinámica según sexo y pierna dominante. El test de equilibrio unipodal de ojos abiertos no mostró diferencias significativas en la desviación del centro de presiones entre hombres y mujeres. Por otro lado, el sexo femenino mostró un mayor equilibrio en los tests más dinámicos (UT y S) en comparación con el sexo masculino. En relación a las diferencias entre pierna dominante - no dominante, sólo se encontraron diferencias significativas en las mujeres en la recepción del salto unipodal, mostrándose un mejor control cuando la recepción se efectuaba con la pierna dominante.
La siguiente línea de trabajo se inició con el estudio V, que consistió en una revisión sistemática sobre los efectos del entrenamiento vibratorio sobre el rendimiento deportivo en personas físicamente activas. Los resultados mostraron una gran heterogeneidad clínica y una baja calidad metodológica de los trabajos analizados hasta la fecha buscada. A pesar de no poder extraer conclusiones claras, existe una tendencia a la mejora de la fuerza explosiva. También podemos establecer un rango seguro de los parámetros de aplicación de vibraciones mecánicas sobre la población de estudio. Este se encuentra entre 1,7-11mm de amplitud y entre 20-44 Hz de frecuencia, aplicándose tanto en ejercicios estáticos como dinámicos y hasta un máximo de 18 minutos de duración.
Por último, se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorio (Estudio VI) con el objetivo de valorar la eficacia del entrenamiento mediante vibraciones de cuerpo entero sobre la fuerza explosiva y el control postural en jóvenes jugadoras de baloncesto. Los resultados mostraron un incremento significativo del salto con contramovimiento, del salto unipodal y del equilibrio con ojos cerrados a las 8 y 15 semanas de entrenamiento en el grupo experimental. Es destacable el hecho de que no se encontraran diferencias significativas entre los tests realizados a las 8 y las 15 semanas de entrenamiento en ninguna de las variables. Por otra parte, el grupo control no experimentó cambios respecto a las valoraciones preintervención. Con estos resultados podemos afirmar que el entrenamiento vibratorio posibilita la mejora de los parámetros analizados, repercutiendo favorablemente en el rendimiento deportivo y, también, de forma indirecta, en la prevención de lesiones en deportistas de alto riesgo.
En forma de síntesis, los estudios de esta tesis enfatizan la importancia del control neuromuscular sobre el rendimiento y prevención de lesiones deportivas. Es necesario destacar la importancia de continuar investigando sobre nuevas herramientas que midan los parámetros asociados al control neuromuscular, así como seguir estudiando la eficacia de los diferentes métodos de entrenamiento neuromuscular para su optimización.
Neuromuscular control is believed to be an important factor for success in athletic performance. Similarly, it has also been identified as a key to prevention and rehabilitation of sports injuries. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of neuromuscular training in athletes.
A total of 81 healthy athletes were used for the purpose of the study. The evaluations performed have resulted in the following items: pain (visual analogue scale), incidence of sports injuries, static and dynamic postural stability (stabilometry and one-leg hop test) and explosive strength of the lower extremity (countermovement jump). Neuromuscular training methods used were TRAL (Locomotive rebalancing therapy) and WBV (whole body vibration).
The first part of this thesis (Studies I and II) aims to assess the efficacy of TRAL. The training period showed a significant reduction of ankle pain recorded regardless of gender, whereas in the case of knee pain only differences in the girls studied were found. Another important effect to highlight that contributes to an improvement of stability in body position in women is the significant reduction of movements of the centre of pressure, while there was only a significant reduction in one of the men tests.
The aim in the second part (Study III) is to assess the static and dynamic stability of the lower extremities focusing on battery of tests reliability measured with a stabilometer. Correlation obtained in single leg stance test of open and closed eyes was found in the range between good to excellent, in all variables of t he best average amplitude. These results suggest a good reliability for the distinction between subject groups. Regarding a more dynamic and closer to athlete's reality test, the one-leg hop test, poor correlation was obtained.
Continuing in the second part, study IV compares differences between static and dynamic position stability, by sex and leg dominance. The one leg stance with open eyes test showed no significant difference in the deviation of center of pressure between men and women. Moreover, females showed more balance in higher dynamics tests (UT and S) compared with males. The differences regarding dominant - non dominant leg, were found only in girls in receiving one leg jump, showing a better control where the reception took place with the dominant leg.
The next topic begins with study V, which consists of a systematic review on the effects of vibration training in physically active people. The results demonstrate a high clinical --heterogeneity and low methodological quality of previous studies performed prior to the date of our study. Even if we cannot provide a specific result, there is a tendency to improve explosive strength. Also, we can certainly establish a safe range of parameters for vibration training to be applied on a physically active population. This range goes from 1.7-11mm amplitude, 20-44 Hz frequency, both in static and dynamic exercises, and up to 18 minutes working with vibration.
In the last topic, we conduct a randomized controlled trial (Study VI) aimed to assess the effectiveness of whole body vibration training on explosive strength and postural control in young basketball players. The results showed a significant increase in countermovement jump, one-leg hop test and balance with closed eyes at 8 and 15 weeks of training with the experimental group. It is noteworthy that no significant differences were found between tests performed at 8 and 15 weeks of training in any of the variables. Moreover, the control group experienced no changes from pre-intervention assessments. Based on these results we can state that vibration training enables the improvement of the analyzed parameters, impacting positively on athletic performance, and indirectly prevents injuries in high-risk athletes.
In conclusion, this thesis emphasizes the importance of neuromuscular control on sports performance and prevention of injuries. It is necessary to stress the importance of continuing the research on new tools to measure parameters associated with neuromuscular control, and further studying the effectiveness of different methods of neuromuscular training for its optimization.

Title: The level of equilibrium sporting abilities of gymnasts in younger school age compared to physically inactive population. Purpose: The purpose of this diploma paper is to compare the level of equilibrium ability of younger school age sport gymnasts (i. e. of the age of 8-10 years old) to the girls at the same age, who are not taking part in sports. This level of abilities is compared based on simple static and dynamic equilibrium tests. Furthermore I would like to find out if the level of equilibrium capability influences the final place they get on gymnastic competitions. Methods: This research was made based on the group of 15 female sport gymnasts and 15 girls who are not doing sports (all of them at the age of 8-10 years old). We tasted equilibrium abilities of each testee using simple tests showing the level of static and dynamic balance. In particular we used standing stork test, blind standing stork test, standing on one leg after turning (to evaluate static balance) and blind back and forth walking (to evaluate dynamic balance). Based on measured output we set a point scale from 1 to 5 (according to the tests) to compare results. The comparison was done also using the average score of measured values. Results: After evaluotion of all measured data it is clear that the group of sports...

Short-term exercise training reduces insulin resistance and improves insulin action. The purpose of this research was to examine how short-term training, defined as 5–10 consecutive days of exercise, reduces insulin resistance. A preliminary study investigated the effects of short-term exercise training on substrate utilization during exercise to explore the relationship of fuel selection and insulin action. The primary study examined the role of energy balance in mediating improved insulin action following short-term exercise training and how that affected risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Prior to this study, the importance of generating a caloric deficit was unclear. Replacing the energy expended during exercise to prevent negative energy balance might oppose the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise. The purpose of this study was to establish the role of negative energy balance in mediating improved insulin action after short-term exercise training. Design. Previously sedentary, overweight/obese subjects were randomly placed in an energy balance group, in which energy expended during exercise was promptly replaced (BAL, n = 8) or in a caloric deficit group in which the energy was not replaced (NEG, n = 8). The groups were similar at baseline in age, BMI, trunk fat, lean mass, VO2 peak and insulin resistance. Training consisted of 6 consecutive days of treadmill walking (60–65% VO2 peak) to expend ∼500 kcals (duration = 62 ± 6.5 min/d). Insulin action pre- and post-training was measured by glucose rate of disappearance per unit insulin. Results. As designed, daily energy expenditure increased by ∼500 kcal/d during training in each group (NEG = 469 ± 45, BAL = 521 ± 48). Insulin action increased 40% in NEG (p = 0.032) but was unchanged in BAL (−8.4%, p = 0.107). Suppression of hepatic glucose production during the glucose infusion increased significantly only in NEG (+30.2 ± 9.5%, p = 0.037) but not in BAL (−10.0 ± 7.4%, p = 0.417). Mean changes in fasting plasma insulin, leptin, triglycerides, adiponectin and C-reactive protein tracked charges in insulin action but only changes in leptin were statistically significant. Conclusions. Short-term exercise training without energy replacement significantly reduced insulin resistance. Feeding back the 500 kcal of energy expended during exercise negated the effect of training. These findings suggest that subtle changes in energy balance that precede measurable fat loss play a key role in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise on whole-body insulin action.

碩士
臺北市立大學
競技運動訓練研究所
102
Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of water-sports and elastic-band training on balance control of the judo athletes. Methods: Eighty Kaohsiung high school students who have majored in judo for at least one year, were divided into two groups, water-sports training and elastic-band training. Each group contains twenty junior high school students and twenty senior high school students. (Age: 15.5 ± 2.5 yr, Height: 165.25 ± 17.25 cm, Weight: 81 ± 41 Kg) Both groups received the training twice a week, each time 90 minutes for eight weeks. And two groups have pretest and posttest about standing on one leg with eyes open and closed and walking on the balance beam. Dependent t test were applied to compare two groups, statistical significance was specified as P less than 0.05. Results: 1. In the static balance, both water-sports training and elastic-band training have improved significantly (p &;lt; .05). 2. In the dynamic balance, both water-sports training and elastic-band training have improved significantly (p &;lt; .05). Conclusion: As a result, eight weeks of water - sport training and elastic-band training may effectively enhance and improve dynamic and static balance of judo athletes. Keywords: Static balance, dynamic balance, water - sports training, elastic - band training, judo athlete.

碩士
國立體育大學
運動科學研究所
106
Background: Soccer is a sport with moderate contact during game. The incidence of injuries for the players was 34.8 per 1000 game-hours. The most common types of injuries were muscle strains (29%), ligament sprains (22%), contusions (20%), and others (29%). Among all ligament sprains 69% happened in ankles and there is a higher lower limb injury rate in the female adolescent. Previous researches demonstrated the unstable surface training (UST) could improve the body’s stability and movement control, thereby reducing the risk of injury during exercise. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 6-week unstable surface training program on dynamic balance and sports performance in adolescent female soccer players. Methods: Twenty female soccer players (age: 14.9 ± 0.75 yrs) from a local Junior School were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) and exercise group (n = 10). All players underwent a regular soccer training. Participants in the exercise group received extra UST program (6 weeks, 3 times per week). Star Excursion Balance Test, (SEBT), vertical jump, 30 meters dash, pro agility test, Illnosis agility test, and Illnosis agility dribbing test before and after the training program were assessed for all players. Independent T-test was used to analyze the difference on pretests between two groups. Mixed-designed two-way ANOVA was used to compare the difference between groups and within groups. Paired sample T-test was used to analyze the difference between pre and post-tests in two groups. The significant level was set at α = .05. Results: According to Mixed-designed two-way ANOVA, there is significant difference within groups among the SEBT test (direction of left anteromedial, left medial, left posteromedial and right anteromedial, right medial and right posteromedial, Left medial and left posteromedial). Left medial and left posteromedial have significant difference between groups. No significant difference was found between groups and within groups in 30 meter dash, vertical jump height, pro agility test, Illnosis agility test and Illnosis agility dribbing test. According to independent T-test, all direction of the SEBT, 30-meter dash and the vertical jump height in exercise group was significantly increased after BOSU training, but no significant difference was found in pro agility test, Illnosis agility test and Illnosis agility dribbing test. No significant difference was found in the control group between pre-test and post-test in all tests. Conclusion: BOSU training for 6 weeks can improve the dynamic balance, vertical jump and 30 meter dash performance in adolescent female soccer players. Incorporation of BOSU training has been shown to increase the coordination and stability of the body in motion.

Adolescent athletes of this era are more pressurized than adolescents of previous generations to perform at an optimum level (Micheli & Jenkins 2001, p49). The importance of winning can result in adolescent athletes developing inappropriate nutritional practices such as neglecting hydration and consuming insufficient carbohydrate (Micheli & Jenkins 2001, p57). Consuming insufficient fluid leads to dehydration which reduces a soccer player’s ability to continue training. Consuming inadequate carbohydrate reduces performance and blood glucose levels during training. This study aimed to determine the hydration status, fluid and carbohydrate intake of male, adolescent soccer players during training. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 amateur male, adolescent soccer players (mean age = 15.8 ± 0.8 years; mean BMI = 20.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2). The players’ hydration status before and after training, was measured using urine specific gravity and percent loss of body weight. Their carbohydrate intake, as well as the type and amount of fluid consumed, were assessed before, during and after training. A questionnaire was administered to determine the players’ knowledge regarding the importance of fluid and carbohydrate for soccer training. The study had an 87.1% response rate. The mean environmental conditions did not predispose players to heat illness. However, the players were at risk of developing heat illness during six of the 14 training sessions. Although the mean urine specific gravity indicated that players were slightly dehydrated before and after training, 43.8% of players were very or extremely dehydrated before training and 53.6% after training. A few (3.3%) were extremely hyperhydrated before training and after training (7.0%). On average players lost less than 1% of body weight during training and less than 3% of players dehydrated more than 2%. Players consumed mainly water before (289.17 ± 206.37 ml), during (183.20 ± 158.35 ml) and after (259.09 ± 192.29 ml) training. More than 90% stated that water was the most important fluid to consume before, during and after training. Very few (4.7%) correctly stated that carbohydrate should be consumed before, during and after training. Players were found to be slightly dehydrated before and after training and therefore were not consuming enough fluids during training. Players consumed inadequate amounts and types of fluid and carbohydrate. This not only compromises their performance but also health. Players were not aware of the importance of fluid and carbohydrate for soccer training. This study is unique in that it focused on the carbohydrate and hydration practices of socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescent soccer players during training. The study sample therefore represents a high risk group about which there is limited published data both locally and internationally. This study generated important baseline information which was lacking before on the hydration status, fluid and carbohydrate intake of adolescent soccer players in South Africa.
Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

This master thesis focuses on the influence that artistic gymnastics has on the coordination abilities of young school age girls. The purpose of this thesis was to use motor tests in the field to compare the level of coordination abilities of young school age artistic gymnasts with that of non-sporting girls. The tests results were subsequently statistically evaluated and commented upon. Another aim of the thesis was to compare the coordination abilities of artistic gymnasts aged 6 - 8 years with those of artistic gymnasts aged 9 - 11 years whilst they were undertaking particular tests. From the tests results it can be seen that artistic gymnastics has a positive effect on the level of the childrens coordination abilities. This finding is supported by the fact that in all tests the artistic gymnasts succeeded better than the non-sporting girls. Of the two groups the older girls (9 - 11 years) were more succesful than the younger group (6 - 8 years). The theoretical part of the thesis describes the Child's Motor Development, emphasizing the relationship between coordination abilities and young school age. It discusses the environment of the branch of sport called "women's artistic gymnastics" and the need for the children's sports training.

of disertation Rhythmic gymnastics (RG) is the only Olympia sport of girls and women and it is characterized by precision, fluency and elegance of movement that emphasizes feminine beauty and grace. At present, there is no coherent concept of long-term sports training of talented gymnasts in Czech RG. The outflow of athletes is evident especially during prepubescence. Basic RG preparation aims gradual development of motor abilities, practice of sports (gymnastics) skills and the beginning of specialized techniques based on the principle of comprehensive movement base. This period (in rhythmic gymnastics between 7-9 years of gymnasts) for further performance growth is very substantial, in terms of content and in terms of training forms and influence of trainers (coaches). Defining the content of movement and gymnastic activities determines the path of development athletes and also defines (for caoches) performance criteria in each age category. The aim of disertation was to verify correspondence between published scientific theories and trainers experience of coaching using the Repertory Grid Technique. Along the way sixteen semi-structured interviews with selected experts was achieved interpersonal and intrapersonal data. Experts in the preparation of RG agreed on the fact that in practice a set of...

Title: Formative influence of artistic gymnastics on girls' posture in age between 11 - 15 years old. This diploma thesis deals with posture problems of female gymnasts in age between 11 - 15 years old, the main task concerns with posture conditions and movement apparatus. We have chosen standartized tests that deal with quality of posture according to Klein and Thomas, Mathias' test and motion tests according to Janda, Kabelikova and Vavrova as the main sources of information. We can evaluate the influence and suitability of the exercise, means and methods in the training of artistic gymnastics. The thesis tries to show the significant influence of the training load on the level of posture and movement system. The data that have been obtained are placed in relevant forms. We used quantitative approach as the main resarch method. Other methods like observing and describing were used to elaborate the tests' results. To complete the task we have used opinion poll. All the results were interpreted by means of comparison in Microsoft Office Word. The aim of the work is to contribute to the discussion about problems of posture in artistic gymnastics in the age group that has been mentioned above. The results showed us that because of the specific training load in artistic gymnastics, the major load is...

Title: Changes in level of balance after in-line preparation Objective: The aim of this thesis is to observe the changes in balancing abilities of students of FTVS after two month of in-line preparation. Methods: This thesis is quantitative scientific research, a quasi experiment and several methods were used in it. The method of literary research and the analysis of professional documents for processing the theoretical part of the thesis. Next, in the practical part, active observation, questioning and laboratory testing using the Footscan pressure plate. Results: By doing laboratory tests on the Footscan device, it was found that the level of balancing abilities of the students changed after two months of in-line preparation. Their balance improved. According to the established hypotheses, it was found that two out of four designated tests have statistical significance. Thanks to this thesis, we can say that in-line skating is an appropriate physical activity for improving not only fitness, but other motor abilities as well. Keywords: In-line skating, fitness skating, in-line skating course, sports training, postural stability, balance, balancing ability, Footscan.