Journal articles: 'Trait Theory'

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Steyer, Rolf. "Does Network Theory Contradict Trait Theory?" European Journal of Personality 26, no. 4 (July 2012): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1877.

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I argue that the trait and network theories of personality are not necessarily contradictory. If appropriately formalized, it may turn out that network theory incorporates traits as part of the theory. I object the opinion that if a trait is a cause of behaviour, then it is necessarily an entity operating in the minds of individuals. Finally, I argue that liking parties can be a label for a random variable (item), a stochastic process (a family of items at different time points) and a latent variable (trait). In our colloquial language, we do not make these distinctions, which leads often to confusions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Fleeson, William, and Eranda Jayawickreme. "Whole Trait Theory." Journal of Research in Personality 56 (June 2015): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.009.

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Britt, Thomas W., and James A. Shepperd. "Trait Relevance and Trait Assessment." Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 2 (May 1999): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0302_2.

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Growing agreement exists among psychologists that all traits are not equally relevant to allpeople. The assumption that traits differ in their relevance across individuals has implications for psychometric theory and the assessment of reliability and validity. Specifically, the less relevant a trait is to an individual, the more error that person is contributing to the measurement process. This article discusses the construct of trait relevance, explicates why differences in trait relevance need to be incorporated into models of trait assessment, and suggests new possibilities for the measurement of trait relevance.

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James, Phil. "Trait theory and personal construct theory." Psych-Talk 1, no. 67 (September 2010): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstalk.2010.1.67.17.

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Trait theory and personal construct theory have markedly different approaches to the understanding of individual differences. Outline these approaches and assess the strengths and weaknesses of each. What consequences does each approach have for understanding agency-structure dualism?

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Samejima, Fumiko. "Comprehensive Latent Trait Theory." Behaviormetrika 15, no. 24 (July 1988): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2333/bhmk.15.24_1.

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Petrides, K. V. "Trait Emotional Intelligence Theory." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 3, no. 2 (June 2010): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x.

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Petrides, K. V., Philip A. Vernon, Julie Aitken Schermer, and Livia Veselka. "Trait Emotional Intelligence and the Dark Triad Traits of Personality." Twin Research and Human Genetics 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.1.35.

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This study presents the first behavioral genetic investigation of the relationships between trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or trait emotional self-efficacy) and the Dark Triad traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. In line with trait EI theory, the construct correlated positively with narcissism, but negatively with the other two traits. Generally, the correlations were consistent across the 4 factors and 15 facets of the construct. Cholesky decomposition analysis revealed that the phenotypic associations were primarily due to correlated genetic factors and secondarily due to correlated nonshared environmental factors, with shared environmental factors being nonsignificant in all cases. Results are discussed from the perspective of trait EI theory with particular reference to the issue of adaptive value.

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Sack, Lawren, and Thomas N. Buckley. "Trait Multi-Functionality in Plant Stress Response." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz152.

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Abstract Plants often experience multiple stresses in a given day or season, and it is self-evident that given functional traits can provide tolerances of multiple stresses. Yet, the multiple functions of individual traits are rarely explicitly considered in ecology and evolution due to a lack of a quantitative framework. We present a theory for considering the combined importance of the several functions that a single trait can contribute to alleviating multiple stresses. We derive five inter-related general predictions: (1) that trait multifunctionality is overall highly beneficial to fitness; (2) that species possessing multifunctional traits should increase in abundance and in niche breadth; (3) that traits are typically optimized for multiple functions and thus can be far from optimal for individual functions; (4) that the relative importance of each function of a multifunctional trait depends on the environment; and (5) that traits will be often “co-opted” for additional functions during evolution and community assembly. We demonstrate how the theory can be applied quantitatively by examining the multiple functions of leaf trichomes (hairs) using heuristic model simulations, substantiating the general principles. We identify avenues for further development and applications of the theory of trait multifunctionality in ecology and evolution.

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Allemand, Mathias, Andrea E. Steiger, and Patrick L. Hill. "Stability of Personality Traits in Adulthood." GeroPsych 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000080.

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Stability represents a fundamental concept in developmental theory and research. In this article we give an overview of recent work on personality traits and their stability in adulthood. First, we define personality traits and stability. Second, we present empirical evidence supporting change and stability of personality traits across the adult years with respect to conceptually and statistically different forms of stability. Third, we describe mechanisms and processes that enable trait stability. Finally, we discuss implications of trait stability for theory, research, and application.

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Weiher, Evan, Deborah Freund, Tyler Bunton, Artur Stefanski, Tali Lee, and Stephen Bentivenga. "Advances, challenges and a developing synthesis of ecological community assembly theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1576 (August 27, 2011): 2403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0056.

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Ecological approaches to community assembly have emphasized the interplay between neutral processes, niche-based environmental filtering and niche-based species sorting in an interactive milieu. Recently, progress has been made in terms of aligning our vocabulary with conceptual advances, assessing how trait-based community functional parameters differ from neutral expectation and assessing how traits vary along environmental gradients. Experiments have confirmed the influence of these processes on assembly and have addressed the role of dispersal in shaping local assemblages. Community phylogenetics has forged common ground between ecologists and biogeographers, but it is not a proxy for trait-based approaches. Community assembly theory is in need of a comparative synthesis that addresses how the relative importance of niche and neutral processes varies among taxa, along environmental gradients, and across scales. Towards that goal, we suggest a set of traits that probably confer increasing community neutrality and regionality and review the influences of stress, disturbance and scale on the importance of niche assembly. We advocate increasing the complexity of experiments in order to assess the relative importance of multiple processes. As an example, we provide evidence that dispersal, niche processes and trait interdependencies have about equal influence on trait-based assembly in an experimental grassland.

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Prentice, Mike, Eranda Jayawickreme, and William Fleeson. "Integrating whole trait theory and self-determination theory." Journal of Personality 87, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12417.

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Gold, Ron S., and Mark G. Brown. "Trait Valence and the Better-Than-Average Effect." Psychological Reports 109, no. 3 (December 2011): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/07.27.pr0.109.6.734-738.

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People tend to regard themselves as having superior personality traits compared to their average peer. To test whether this “better-than-average effect” varies with trait valence, participants ( N = 154 students) rated both themselves and the average student on traits constituting either positive or negative poles of five trait dimensions. In each case, the better-than-average effect was found, but trait valence had no effect. Results were discussed in terms of Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory.

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Petrides, Konstantinos V., and Stella Mavroveli. "Theory and Applications of Trait Emotional Intelligence." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 23, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23016.

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The theory of trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or trait emotional self-efficacy) is summarized with illustrative applications from the domains of clinical, educational, and organizational psychology. Key limitations of the conceptualization of EI as a cognitive ability are also briefly discussed. Trait EI is offered as a preferred alternative and its relationship to other EI-related models utilizing self-report measures, but lacking an underlying theoretical rationale, is explained. The various forms of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) and the children’s sampling domain of the construct are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of theoretical extensions of trait EI theory.

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Xu, Liguo, Dalong Pang, Jing Ge, and Youmin Xi. "Understanding the categories of leader traits in socialization: the case of Haier group’s CEO in China." Nankai Business Review International 8, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 344–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-11-2016-0039.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the categories of leader traits, their generation and their relationships in leaders’ socialization. Design/methodology/approach The authors take the case study method, which is the most suitable method to answer research questions on why and how to fulfill the study purpose on the basis of the case of Ruimin Zhang. Findings Leader traits are classified into four categories with respect to socialization, namely, root trait, driving trait, thinking trait and affair trait. The root trait and the driving trait form from the leader’s insight with the impact of key events, mutually promote and consolidate each other, and together derive the thinking trait and the affair trait on the basis of critical events, culture, family, education, etc. The thinking trait is the premise of the affair trait to be expressed in leadership behavior. The root trait and the driving trait together determine a leader’s growth direction and efficiency and can distinguish leaders from non-leaders. The thinking trait and the affair trait together determine the pattern and effectiveness of leadership behavior and can distinguish effective leadership from ineffective leadership. Research limitations/implications This study transcends prior integral leader trait research by categorizing leader traits from the socialization perspective, makes a clear delineation on the interrelationships among categories of leader traits, analyzes their holistic functions on the leaders, reveals the formation and relationship mechanism of leader traits and identifies the types of leader traits that can work as the standards for distinguishing effective leaders from ineffective leaders or non-leaders. Originality/value This study promotes the development of the leader trait theory in the classification, formations, relationships and overall effect of leader traits.

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Tett, Robert P., Margaret J. Toich, and S. Burak Ozkum. "Trait Activation Theory: A Review of the Literature and Applications to Five Lines of Personality Dynamics Research." Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 8, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 199–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-062228.

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Extending interactionist principles and targeting situational specificity of trait–performance linkages, trait activation theory (TAT) posits personality traits are expressed as valued work behavior in response to trait-relevant situational cues, subject to constraints and other factors, all operating at the task, social, and organizational levels. Review of 99 key sources citing TAT spanning 2011–2019 reveals diverse applications (e.g., bidirectionality, trait specificity, team building) and an overall 60% significance rate for 262 TAT-based moderator effects reported in 60 of 75 empirical studies. Applying five key aspects of TAT (e.g., behavior/performance distinction, need-based motivation) to five lines of personality dynamics research (e.g., personality states, self-regulation models of motivation) supports TAT as a vehicle for advancing understanding of within-person variability over brief and extended timelines. Critical research needs include personality-oriented work analysis, longitudinal study of trait-situation processes, trait activation in teams, within-job bidirectionality, and situation relevance as a unifying principle in advancing person–workplace fit.

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Lukaszewski, Aaron W. "Testing an Adaptationist Theory of Trait Covariation: Relative Bargaining Power as a Common Calibrator of an Interpersonal Syndrome." European Journal of Personality 27, no. 4 (July 2013): 328–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1908.

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This article provides the first test of an adaptationist ‘common calibration’ theory to explain the origins of trait covariation, which holds that (i) personality traits are often facultatively calibrated in response to cues that ancestrally predicted the reproductive payoffs of different trait levels and (ii) distinct traits that are calibrated on the basis of common input cues will exhibit consistent patterns of covariation. This theory is applied to explain the covariation within a ‘personality syndrome’ encompassing various interpersonal trait dimensions (e.g. extraversion, emotionality and attachment styles). Specifically, it is hypothesized that these traits are inter–correlated because each is calibrated in response to relative bargaining power (RBP)—a joint function of one's ability to benefit others and harm others. Path analyses from a correlational study compellingly supported this theoretical model: Objective and self–perceived measures of RBP–enhancing phenotypic features (physical attractiveness and physical strength) influenced an internal regulatory variable indexing RBP (i.e. self–perceived RBP), which in turn had robust effects on each of the focal personality traits. Moreover, in support of the theory's core postulate, controlling for self–perceived RBP greatly reduced the covariation within the interpersonal syndrome. These novel findings illustrate the promise of an evolutionary psychological approach to elucidating trait covariation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Eichenbaum, Alexander E., David K. Marcus, and Brian F. French. "Item Response Theory Analysis of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised." Assessment 26, no. 6 (June 22, 2017): 1046–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117715729.

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This study examined item and scale functioning in the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Revised (PPI-R) using an item response theory analysis. PPI-R protocols from 1,052 college student participants (348 male, 704 female) were analyzed. Analyses were conducted on the 131 self-report items comprising the PPI-R’s eight content scales, using a graded response model. Scales collected a majority of their information about respondents possessing higher than average levels of the traits being measured. Each scale contained at least some items that evidenced limited ability to differentiate between respondents with differing levels of the trait being measured. Moreover, 80 items (61.1%) yielded significantly different responses between men and women presumably possessing similar levels of the trait being measured. Item performance was also influenced by the scoring format (directly scored vs. reverse-scored) of the items. Overall, the results suggest that the PPI-R, despite identifying psychopathic personality traits in individuals possessing high levels of those traits, may not identify these traits equally well for men and women, and scores are likely influenced by the scoring format of the individual item and scale.

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McCrae, Robert R., and René Mõttus. "What Personality Scales Measure: A New Psychometrics and Its Implications for Theory and Assessment." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 4 (July 9, 2019): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721419849559.

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Classical psychometrics held that scores on a personality measure were determined by the trait assessed and random measurement error. A new view proposes a much richer and more complex model that includes trait variance at multiple levels of a hierarchy of traits and systematic biases shaped by the implicit personality theory of the respondent. The model has implications for the optimal length and content of scales and for the use of scales intended to correct for evaluative bias; further, it suggests that personality assessments should supplement self-reports with informant ratings. The model also has implications for the very nature of personality traits.

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Ofria, Charles, Wei Huang, and Eric Torng. "On the Gradual Evolution of Complexity and the Sudden Emergence of Complex Features." Artificial Life 14, no. 3 (July 2008): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2008.14.3.14302.

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Evolutionary theory explains the origin of complex organismal features through a combination of reusing and extending information from less-complex traits, and by needing to exploit only one of many unlikely pathways to a viable solution. While the appearance of a new trait may seem sudden, we show that the underlying information associated with each trait evolves gradually. We study this process using digital organisms, self-replicating computer programs that mutate and evolve novel traits, including complex logic operations. When a new complex trait first appears, its proper function immediately requires the coordinated operation of many genomic positions. As the information associated with a trait increases, the probability of its simultaneous introduction drops exponentially, so it is nearly impossible for a significantly complex trait to appear without reusing existing information. We show that the total information stored in the genome increases only marginally when a trait first appears. Furthermore, most of the information associated with a new trait is either correlated with existing traits or co-opted from traits that were lost in conjunction with the appearance of the new trait. Thus, while total genomic information increases incrementally, traits that require much more information can still arise during the evolutionary process.

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Lehmann, Laurent, and François Rousset. "The genetical theory of social behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1642 (May 19, 2014): 20130357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0357.

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We survey the population genetic basis of social evolution, using a logically consistent set of arguments to cover a wide range of biological scenarios. We start by reconsidering Hamilton's (Hamilton 1964 J. Theoret. Biol. 7 , 1–16 ( doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 )) results for selection on a social trait under the assumptions of additive gene action, weak selection and constant environment and demography. This yields a prediction for the direction of allele frequency change in terms of phenotypic costs and benefits and genealogical concepts of relatedness, which holds for any frequency of the trait in the population, and provides the foundation for further developments and extensions. We then allow for any type of gene interaction within and between individuals, strong selection and fluctuating environments and demography, which may depend on the evolving trait itself. We reach three conclusions pertaining to selection on social behaviours under broad conditions. (i) Selection can be understood by focusing on a one-generation change in mean allele frequency, a computation which underpins the utility of reproductive value weights; (ii) in large populations under the assumptions of additive gene action and weak selection, this change is of constant sign for any allele frequency and is predicted by a phenotypic selection gradient; (iii) under the assumptions of trait substitution sequences, such phenotypic selection gradients suffice to characterize long-term multi-dimensional stochastic evolution, with almost no knowledge about the genetic details underlying the coevolving traits. Having such simple results about the effect of selection regardless of population structure and type of social interactions can help to delineate the common features of distinct biological processes. Finally, we clarify some persistent divergences within social evolution theory, with respect to exactness, synergies, maximization, dynamic sufficiency and the role of genetic arguments.

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Kell, Harrison J. "Unifying Vocational Psychology's Trait and Social–Cognitive Approaches through the Cognitive-Affective Personality System." Review of General Psychology 22, no. 3 (September 2018): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000146.

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Vocational psychology is divided between two conflicting paradigms: Trait-based, exemplified by Holland's (1997) theory, and social–cognitive, exemplified by Social-Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). Scientifically, this division is problematic, as scientific truth is partially determined by consensus among experts ( Kuhn, 1970 ). We propose that the trait-based and social–cognitive perspectives can be integrated—not by subsuming SCCT into Holland's (1997) model as suggested by Armstrong and Vogel (2009 , 2010 ) but by reinterpreting traits in terms of social–cognitive units. SCCT lacks the scope and explanatory power to accomplish this task partially because, as we detail, the theory relies on many trait constructs itself. To accomplish our integration, we introduce an influential theory from the personality literature: The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS; Mischel & Shoda, 1995 ). We describe CAPS and highlight its parallels with SCCT. We then explain how trait-based accounts of vocational interests and cognitive abilities can be translated into CAPS units. We conclude by describing how trait constructs can still be viable within the CAPS framework and by calling for empirical research to put our propositions to the test.

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Mervielde, Ivan. "Trait Theory: Back to the Future." Psychological Inquiry 5, no. 2 (April 1994): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0502_14.

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Pervin, Lawrence A. "Further Reflections on Current Trait Theory." Psychological Inquiry 5, no. 2 (April 1994): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0502_19.

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Deinzer, Renate, Rolf Steyer, Michael Eid, Peter Notz, Peter Schwenkmezger, Fritz Ostendorf, and Aljoscha Neubauer. "Situational effects in trait assessment: The FPI, NEOFFI, and EPI questionnaires." European Journal of Personality 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090102.

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While most researchers do agree now that situations may have an effect in the assessment of traits, the consequences have been neglected, so far: if situations affect the assessment of traits we have to take this fact into account in studies on reliability and validity of measurement instruments and their application. In the theoretical part of this article we provide a more formal exposition of this point, introducing the basic concepts of latent state–trait (LST) theory. LST theory and the associated models allow for the estimation of the situational impact on trait measures in non‐experimental, correlational studies. In the empirical part, LST theory is applied to three well known trait questionnaires: the Freiburg Personality Inventory, the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. It is shown that significant proportions of the variances of the scales of these questionnaires are due to situational effects. The following consequences of this finding are discussed, (i) Instead of the reliability coefficient, the proportion of variance due to the latent trait, the consistency coefficient, should be used for the estimation of confidence intervals for trait scores, (ii) To reduce the situational effects on trait estimates it may be useful to base such an estimate on several occasions, i.e., to aggregate data across occasions. (iii) Reliability and validity studies should not only be based on a sample of persons representative of those to whom the test will be applied; they should also be conducted in situational contexts representative of the intended applications.

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Stolier, Ryan M., Eric Hehman, Matthias D. Keller, Mirella Walker, and Jonathan B. Freeman. "The conceptual structure of face impressions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 37 (August 23, 2018): 9210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807222115.

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Humans seamlessly infer the expanse of personality traits from others’ facial appearance. These facial impressions are highly intercorrelated within a structure known as “face trait space.” Research has extensively documented the facial features that underlie face impressions, thus outlining a bottom-up fixed architecture of face impressions, which cannot account for important ways impressions vary across perceivers. Classic theory in impression formation emphasized that perceivers use their lay conceptual beliefs about how personality traits correlate to form initial trait impressions, for instance, where trustworthiness of a target may inform impressions of their intelligence to the extent one believes the two traits are related. This considered, we explore the possibility that this lay “conceptual trait space”—how perceivers believe personality traits correlate in others—plays a role in face impressions, tethering face impressions to one another, thus shaping face trait space. In study 1, we found that conceptual and face trait space explain considerable variance in each other. In study 2, we found that participants with stronger conceptual associations between two traits judged those traits more similarly in faces. Importantly, using a face image classification task, we found in study 3 that participants with stronger conceptual associations between two traits used more similar facial features to make those two face trait impressions. Together, these findings suggest lay beliefs of how personality traits correlate may underlie trait impressions, and thus face trait space. This implies face impressions are not only derived bottom up from facial features, but also shaped by our conceptual beliefs.

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Smillie, Luke D., Alan D. Pickering, and Chris J. Jackson. "The New Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: Implications for Personality Measurement." Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 4 (November 2006): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_3.

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In this article, we review recent modifications to Jeffrey Gray's (1973, 1991) reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST), and attempt to draw implications for psychometric measurement of personality traits. First, we consider Gray and McNaughton's (2000) functional revisions to the biobehavioral systems of RST. Second, we evaluate recent clarifications relating to interdependent effects that these systems may have on behavior, in addition to or in place of separable effects (e.g., Corr, 2001; Pickering, 1997). Finally, we consider ambiguities regarding the exact trait dimension to which Gray's “reward system” corresponds. From this review, we suggest that future work is needed to distinguish psychometric measures of (a) fear from anxiety and (b) reward-reactivity from trait impulsivity. We also suggest, on the basis of interdependent system views of RST and associated exploration using formal models, that traits that are based upon RST are likely to have substantial intercorrelations. Finally, we advise that more substantive work is required to define relevant constructs and behaviors in RST before we can be confident in our psychometric measures of them.

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Mitchell, Sean M., Kelly C. Cukrowicz, Jason Van Allen, and Paige L. Seegan. "Moderating Role of Trait Hope in the Relation Between Painful and Provocative Events and Acquired Capability for Suicide." Crisis 36, no. 4 (July 2015): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000319.

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Abstract. Background: The interpersonal theory of suicide has gained empirical support as a conceptualization of suicide risk; however, little research has examined the role of individual traits, such as trait hope, within the interpersonal theory of suicide. Aims: The purpose of this study was to further investigate the role of trait hope components (i.e., pathways and agency) in acquired capability for suicide. Method: Participants were 711 college students who completed measures of acquired capability for suicide, painful and provocative events, and trait hope (i.e., pathways and agency). Linear regression was used to test the hypotheses. Results: As hypothesized, there was a positive relation between pathways and acquired capability. Contrary to our hypotheses, after controlling for gender there was a significant relation between agency and acquired capability. In addition, after controlling for gender, pathways did not moderate the relation between painful and provocative events and acquired capability, whereas agency did moderate this relation. Conclusion: Painful and provocative events should be assessed as a risk factor for acquired capability for suicide, and this may be more salient for individuals higher in the agency component of trait hope. Future research should consider examining the role of other traits within the interpersonal theory of suicide.

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Krah, Franz-Sebastian, and Claus Bässler. "What can intraspecific trait variability tell us about fungal communities and adaptations?" Mycological Progress 20, no. 7 (July 2021): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01708-6.

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AbstractAnalyses of species functional traits are suitable to better understand the coexistence of species in a given environment. Trait information can be applied to investigate diversity patterns along environmental gradients and subsequently to predict and mitigate threats associated with climate change and land use. Species traits are used to calculate community trait means, which can be related to environmental gradients. However, while species traits can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying community assembly, they can lead to erroneous inferences if mean trait values are used. An alternative is to incorporate intraspecific trait variability (ITV) into calculating the community trait means. This approach gains increasing acceptance in plant studies. For macrofungi, functional traits have recently been applied to examine their community ecology but, to our knowledge, ITV has yet to be incorporated within the framework of community trait means. Here, we present a conceptual summary of the use of ITV to investigate the community ecology of macrofungi, including the underlying ecological theory. Inferences regarding community trait means with or without the inclusion of ITV along environmental gradients are compared. Finally, an existing study is reconsidered to highlight the variety of possible outcomes when ITV is considered. We hope this Opinion will increase awareness of the potential for within-species trait variability and its importance for statistical inferences, interpretations, and predictions of the mechanisms structuring communities of macro- and other fungi.

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Deffenbacher, Jerry L., Eugene R. Oetting, Gregory A. Thwaites, Rebekah S. Lynch, Deborah A. Baker, Robert S. Stark, Stacy Thacker, and Lora Eiswerth-Cox. "State-Trait Anger Theory and the utility of the Trait Anger Scale." Journal of Counseling Psychology 43, no. 2 (1996): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.2.131.

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Svetina, Dubravka, Arturo Valdivia, Stephanie Underhill, Shenghai Dai, and Xiaolin Wang. "Parameter Recovery in Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models Under Complexity and Nonnormality." Applied Psychological Measurement 41, no. 7 (May 11, 2017): 530–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621617707507.

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Information about the psychometric properties of items can be highly useful in assessment development, for example, in item response theory (IRT) applications and computerized adaptive testing. Although literature on parameter recovery in unidimensional IRT abounds, less is known about parameter recovery in multidimensional IRT (MIRT), notably when tests exhibit complex structures or when latent traits are nonnormal. The current simulation study focuses on investigation of the effects of complex item structures and the shape of examinees’ latent trait distributions on item parameter recovery in compensatory MIRT models for dichotomous items. Outcome variables included bias and root mean square error. Results indicated that when latent traits were skewed, item parameter recovery was generally adversely impacted. In addition, the presence of complexity contributed to decreases in the precision of parameter recovery, particularly for discrimination parameters along one dimension when at least one latent trait was generated as skewed.

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Lu, Qing. "A Comparison of Situation Strength Theory with Trait Activation Theory." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (August 2018): 15771. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.15771abstract.

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McCrae, Robert R., and Angelina R. Sutin. "A Five–Factor Theory Perspective on Causal Analysis." European Journal of Personality 32, no. 3 (May 2018): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2134.

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Five–Factor Theory provides a broad but largely blank template for causal personality research. Within Five–Factor Theory, there are three major categories of questions: (1) how do biological structures and functions lead to trait levels? (2) how do traits and the environment give rise to acquired psychological institutions? and (3) how do personality characteristics interact with specific situations to determine behaviours and reactions? Both practical and ethical issues complicate the search for the causes of trait change. Causal explanations of the development of characteristic adaptations are likely to be incomplete, because there are many different ways in which the same adaptation may be acquired. Studies of the determinants of behaviour are usually left to social, educational, or clinical psychologists—although personality psychologists may make distinctive contributions by emphasizing the role of the individual in selecting and creating situations. A causal understanding of the functioning of the personality system is possible through the integration of many lines of evidence, but it is likely to take a very long time. In the meanwhile, personality psychologists may fruitfully pursue the identification of practical causes by which individuals with a given set of traits can optimize their adaptation. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Glasø, Lars, Tina Løkke Vie, Gry Rotnes Holmdal, and Ståle Einarsen. "An Application of Affective Events Theory to Workplace Bullying." European Psychologist 16, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000026.

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Within the framework of Affective Events Theory (AET), this study examines emotional experiences as a potential mediator between exposure to bullying and job satisfaction and intention to leave, respectively. We also investigate to what extent trait anxiety and trait anger moderate the relationships between these variables. The results show that the relationships between bullying and both job satisfaction and intentions to leave are partly mediated by the targets’ emotional experiences. Trait anxiety moderates the relationship between exposure to bullying and the targets’ negative emotions. Trait anxiety and trait anger did not moderate the relationship between bullying and the outcomes. The results support the validity of AET, while simultaneously indicating exposure to bullying as a strong stressor in its own right.

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Dragavtsev V.A. ""We do not phase out breeding as an art, but to ensure confidence, quick response and consistency of operations , we need well-developed consistent specific breeding theory. The team cannot work intuitively, using strikes of luck " N.I. Vavilov [1mm] Teor. osn.selektsii, 1935. Vol. 1. P. 5. (in Russian). [10pt] Epigenetics and constructing of breakthrough plant varieties with maximal yields." Technical Physics 92, no. 7 (2022): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.07.54483.306-21.

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Based on the discovery of a new epigenetic phenomenon (during the implementation of the DIAS program) --- a change in the spectrum (set) of gene products under the trait of productivity when the limiting environmental factor changes - a theory of ecological-genetic organization of a quantitative trait was created and developed, from which 20 new biological, quantitatively predictable, consequences, 10 know-how and 16 innovative technologies for designing breakthrough plant varieties. With the use of these technologies, 4 varieties of grain crops have been created, giving a high economic effect. The physical instruments and equipment necessary for more efficient creation of new productive varieties are described. Key words: plant breeding, epigenetics, theory of ecological-genetic organization of quantitative traits, phytotron for breeding. Keywords: plant breeding, epigenetics, theory of ecological-genetic organization of quantitative traits, phytotron for breeding.

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Pervin, Lawrence A. "A Critical Analysis of Current Trait Theory." Psychological Inquiry 5, no. 2 (April 1994): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0502_1.

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Fink, Gerhard, Daniel Dauber, and Maurice Yolles. "Understanding organisational culture as a trait theory." European J. of International Management 6, no. 2 (2012): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ejim.2012.045797.

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Morris, Scott, Mike Bass, Mirinae Lee, and Richard E. Neapolitan. "Advancing the efficiency and efficacy of patient reported outcomes with multivariate computer adaptive testing." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 24, no. 5 (March 11, 2017): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocx003.

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Abstract Objective: The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) initiative developed an array of patient reported outcome (PRO) measures. To reduce the number of questions administered, PROMIS utilizes unidimensional item response theory and unidimensional computer adaptive testing (UCAT), which means a separate set of questions is administered for each measured trait. Multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) and multidimensional computer adaptive testing (MCAT) simultaneously assess correlated traits. The objective was to investigate the extent to which MCAT reduces patient burden relative to UCAT in the case of PROs. Methods: One MIRT and 3 unidimensional item response theory models were developed using the related traits anxiety, depression, and anger. Using these models, MCAT and UCAT performance was compared with simulated individuals. Results: Surprisingly, the root mean squared error for both methods increased with the number of items. These results were driven by large errors for individuals with low trait levels. A second analysis focused on individuals aligned with item content. For these individuals, both MCAT and UCAT accuracies improved with additional items. Furthermore, MCAT reduced the test length by 50%. Discussion: For the PROMIS Emotional Distress banks, neither UCAT nor MCAT provided accurate estimates for individuals at low trait levels. Because the items in these banks were designed to detect clinical levels of distress, there is little information for individuals with low trait values. However, trait estimates for individuals targeted by the banks were accurate and MCAT asked substantially fewer questions. Conclusion: By reducing the number of items administered, MCAT can allow clinicians and researchers to assess a wider range of PROs with less patient burden.

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Rim, SoYon, James S. Uleman, and Yaacov Trope. "Spontaneous trait inference and construal level theory: Psychological distance increases nonconscious trait thinking." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45, no. 5 (September 2009): 1088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.015.

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Costa, Paul T., Robert R. McCrae, and Corinna E. Löckenhoff. "Personality Across the Life Span." Annual Review of Psychology 70, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103244.

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Trait stability and maturation are fundamental principles of contemporary personality psychology and have been shown to hold across many cultures. However, it has proven difficult to move beyond these general findings to a detailed account of trait development. There are pervasive and unexplained inconsistencies across studies that may be due to ( a) insufficient attention to measurement error, ( b) subtle but age-sensitive differences in alternative measures of the same trait, or ( c) different perspectives reflected in self-reports and observer ratings. Multiscale, multimethod—and ideally multinational—studies are needed. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for trait stability and change, but supporting evidence is currently weak or indirect; trait development is a fertile if sometimes frustrating field for theory and research. Beyond traits, there are approaches to personality development that are of interest to students of adult development, and these may be fruitfully addressed from a trait perspective.

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Verawati, Dian Marlina, and Budi Hartono. "Effective Leadership: From The Perspective of Trait Theory and Behavior Theory." Jurnal Riset Ekonomi Manajemen (REKOMEN) 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/rn.v4i1.2147.

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Adhitama, Louis. "The Factor of Main Characters’ Consumer Behavior in Toy Story and Toy Story 2." K@ta Kita 7, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.7.2.173-181.

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This thesis aims to know why the main characters of Toy Story and Toy Story 2 do excessive consumption on toys. Therefore, I will use the theory of consumer behavior to be applied on Andy, Sid, and Al as the consumers of toys. From this theory, I want to show that consumer behavior can be seen from internal and external traits. The internal trait means the consumer behavior is influenced by the inner side of consumers. On the other hand, the external trait means the consumer behavior is triggered by the outside factor of consumers’ surroundings. I connected the analysis with consumer behavior theory by discussing the factors which have internal and external traits that cause the main characters to have consumer behavior. In the end, it can be concluded from Toy Story (1995), and Toy Story 2 (1999) that consumer behavior can influence children or adult for doing excessive consumption as the consumers of toys. Keywords: Affective System, Cognitive System, Characteristic, Consumer Behavior, Consumption.

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Yi, Ming, Shenghui Wang, Irene E. De Pater, and Jinlian Luo. "Who Speaks Up?" Journal of Personnel Psychology 21, no. 2 (April 2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000289.

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Abstract. Research on the relationship between personality traits and employee voice has predominantly focused on main effects of one or more traits and has shown equivocal results. In this study, we explore relationships between configurations (i.e., all logically possible combinations) of the Big Five traits and promotive and prohibitive voice using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Survey data from 171 employees from 10 organizations in the service industry revealed that none of the traits alone could induce promotive or prohibitive voice. Yet, we found three trait configurations that relate to promotive voice and four configurations that relate to prohibitive voice. We use the theory of purposeful work behavior to explain the different trait configurations for promotive and prohibitive voice.

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Hochwälder, Jacek. "On Inter- and Intragroup Differences in Schematic and Aschematic Groups' Ratings of Trait Relations." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1996): 1279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3c.1279.

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It was hypothesized that a subject's personality with respect to having a self-schema in a given personality domain will affect the subject's assumptions about how traits that belong to the given personality domain are interrelated in other persons. Two hypotheses were posed: (1) schematic, as compared to aschematic groups, assume stronger relations (likelihood of co-occurrence) between schema-consistent traits in other persons and (2) schematic persons assume stronger relations between schema-consistent traits, as compared to schema-inconsistent traits and schema-neutral traits in other persons. 82 women made self-ratings on 3 feminine traits, 3 masculine traits, and 3 neutral traits, as well as trait-relation ratings between pairs consisting of feminine traits (F-F relation), masculine traits (M-M relation), and neutral traits (N-N relation). On the basis of the self-ratings subjects were classified into feminine schematic ( n = 14) and aschematic groups ( n = 13). The trait-relation ratings were analyzed through a 2 × 3 (group × type of trait-relation) analysis of variance. The analysis confirmed both hypotheses. Implications of these results for self-schema and implicit personality theory are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.

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Di Fatta, Davide, and Maurice Yolles. "Modelling multiples identity types through agency: Part 3 – mindsets and the Trump election." Kybernetes 47, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 638–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-03-2017-0112.

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Purpose Building on theory in Part 2 of this paper, a relationship is developed between the strategic multiple identities considered there. Personality analytic pathologies arise when these identities are not consistent. This theory is then examined using the mindset agency theory (MAT) developed in Part 2 of the paper. Two classes of MAT models exist: a three-trait (MAT3T) and a five-trait (MAT5T). The former centres on personality traits, while the latter includes traits that are external to the personality. These are then applied to a case study of Donald Trump’s US election campaign. Design/methodology/approach By applying MAT3T and MAT5T to the Trump election campaign, personal and public identities are analysed using content analysis of his narratives. Findings Of the strategic identities, data can be accessed for two, and measured qualitatively using mindset theory, these indicating the likelihood of a personality with pathologies. It is found that Trump MAT3T and MAT5T take different values, suggesting that he has an analytical pathology in his political agency. Originality/value There is not currently any coherent dynamic theory of multiple identities able to provide measures indicative of personality pathologies.

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Hagemann, Dirk, Ewald Naumann, Julian F. Thayer, and Dieter Bartussek. "Does resting electroencephalograph asymmetry reflect a trait? An application of latent state-trait theory." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82, no. 4 (2002): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.619.

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Lu, Yu-Ling, and Chi-Jui Lien. "Are They Learning or Playing? Students’ Perception Traits and Their Learning Self-Efficacy in a Game-Based Learning Environment." Journal of Educational Computing Research 57, no. 8 (January 21, 2019): 1879–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735633118820684.

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As game-based learning continues to draw attention, students’ perceptions toward classroom activities are vital in influencing the quality of learning. This study used the social cognitive theory to show the perception traits of learning and playing in game-based environments and for students to identify their self-efficacy toward game-based learning by different trait groups. The game Formosa Hope was used in an experiment with 362 fifth- and sixth-grade students at ages 11 to 12 years as participants. Three perception traits were identified through a two-step cluster analysis: I—strong perceptions of learning and playing, II—moderate perceptions of learning and playing, and III—strong perception of playing but weak perception of learning. This study showed that regardless of trait type, students demonstrated positive self-efficacy, with those with Trait I having significantly higher self-efficacy than those with Traits II and III, indicating that students’ positive perceptions of learning and playing are essential in prompting self-efficacy in game-based learning.

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Ferriere, Regis, and Stéphane Legendre. "Eco-evolutionary feedbacks, adaptive dynamics and evolutionary rescue theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1610 (January 19, 2013): 20120081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0081.

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Adaptive dynamics theory has been devised to account for feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary processes. Doing so opens new dimensions to and raises new challenges about evolutionary rescue. Adaptive dynamics theory predicts that successive trait substitutions driven by eco-evolutionary feedbacks can gradually erode population size or growth rate, thus potentially raising the extinction risk. Even a single trait substitution can suffice to degrade population viability drastically at once and cause ‘evolutionary suicide’. In a changing environment, a population may track a viable evolutionary attractor that leads to evolutionary suicide, a phenomenon called ‘evolutionary trapping’. Evolutionary trapping and suicide are commonly observed in adaptive dynamics models in which the smooth variation of traits causes catastrophic changes in ecological state. In the face of trapping and suicide, evolutionary rescue requires that the population overcome evolutionary threats generated by the adaptive process itself. Evolutionary repellors play an important role in determining how variation in environmental conditions correlates with the occurrence of evolutionary trapping and suicide, and what evolutionary pathways rescue may follow. In contrast with standard predictions of evolutionary rescue theory, low genetic variation may attenuate the threat of evolutionary suicide and small population sizes may facilitate escape from evolutionary traps.

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Ibbotson, Paul. "Group-level expression encoded in the individual." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 3 (June 2014): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002884.

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AbstractSmaldino proposes a conceptual extension to the theory of cultural evolution to include emergent group-level traits as a unit of selection. It is important to recognize the role that group-level traits have played in the evolution of human culture. However, the emergent group-level trait of division of labor provides an illustrative example that is implementable within the existing framework of cMLS theory and may not even need a departure from the standard model.

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Deffenbacher, Jerry L., Tracy L. Richards, Linda B. Filetti, and Rebekah S. Lynch. "Angry Drivers: A Test of State-Trait Theory." Violence and Victims 20, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2005.20.4.455.

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Noe, Raymond A., Michael J. Tews, and John W. Michel. "Managers’ informal learning: a trait activation theory perspective." International Journal of Training and Development 21, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12092.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trait Theory'

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