Journal articles: 'Traité de Berlin (1878)'

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SCURTU, Ioan. "Octobre 1922. Un evenement a resonance historique : le couronnement du Roi Ferdinand et de la Reine Marie a Alba Iulia." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 14, no. 1-2 (2022): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2022.1-2.113.

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Après la proclamation de l’Indépendance d’État de la Roumanie le 9 mai 1877 et sa reconnaissance sur le plan international le 1er juillet 1878 par le Traité de Berlin, la Roumanie est devenue Royaume. Le 15 mars 1881, on a publié la loi qui stipulait à l’article 1 : « la Roumanie prend le titre de Royaume. Son souverain, Carol Ier, prend pour soi et pour ses héritiers le titre de roi de la Roumanie » 3 . Les festivités du couronnement de Carol Ier et de son épouse Elisabeta se sont déroulées le 10 mai 1881 à Bucarest. Après la réalisation de la Grande Union en 1918, les leaders politiques roumains ont apprécié que le couronnement de Ferdinand Ier comme roi de tous les Roumains, ainsi que de son épouse Marie, fût nécessaire.

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Bussiere, Laurent. "Les exploits de Gabriel Aubaret et la délimitation des frontières de la Serbie au lendemain du traité de 1878." Revue Historique des Armées 236, no. 3 (2004): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rharm.2004.5633.

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This article examines the activities of the international commission charged with drawing the new frontiers of Serbia after the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 had enlarged Serbian lands by allotting them the territory to Serbia's south-east, adjoining Kosovo. France, through her juridical involvement in the Eastern Question, was able to breach the diplomatic isolation in which she had been placed by the German Chancellor, Bismarck The international position of France, together with the naval training of the French consul, Gabriel Aubaret, that made him open to foreign realities, permitted his nomination as the commission's president. Tne lands apportioned to Serbia were inhabited by a hererogenous mix of different ethnicities. The commission had to deal with thje Albanian population's hostility, the difficulties of the task of frontier delineation itself, and the problem of achieving consensus. Its work reflected the intensity of Balkan rivalries in the era preceding the First World War.

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Biwer, Nathalie. "«Ich komme aus Versailles, wo wir den Frieden gesucht und den Krieg gefunden haben». Les espoirs déçus de la social-démocratie allemande face à Versailles à travers l’exemple de Friedrich Stampfer (1874-1957)." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 43, no. 2 (2011): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2011.6169.

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Friedrich Stampfer, rédacteur en chef du Vorwärts entre 1916 et 1933, fit partie de la délégation allemande à Paris et assista à la remise du traité de Versailles aux représentants de la toute jeune République allemande. De retour à Berlin, il s’opposa avec virulence à la signature du traité et publia de nombreux articles qui interpellent par leur pathos nationaliste. Au-delà de cet engouement patriotique, ses motivations sont cependant bien plus complexes et son indignation résulte de la déception face à un traité de Versailles espéré comme un tournant en matière de politique étrangère, tournant qui aurait garanti, à travers la démocratisation des États et des relations inter-étatiques, une paix durable. La confrontation avec le traité et l’impuissance du nouveau gouvernement allemand a contribué à approfondir sa réflexion sur la démocratie, les relations internationales et les moyens d’établir la paix et a ainsi influencé sa pratique journalistique et politique.

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Moreau, Odile. "La Russie et la Mediterranee. Du Traite de Küçük Kaynardja au Traite de Berlin (1774-1878)." Maghreb Review 45, no. 3 (2020): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2020.0022.

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Bariéty, Jacques. "La réouverture de la légation de France à Munich après la Grande Guerre." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 38, no. 3 (2006): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2006.5897.

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La France avait eu jusqu’en 1914 une légation à Munich, parallèlement à l’ambassade à Berlin. Cette situation était conforme aux «droits réservés» reconnus au royaume de Bavière quand il entra en 1871 dans le Reich. À la conférence de la Paix de 1919, des diplomates français rappelèrent cette prérogative et suggérèrent de la restaurer. Le traité de Versailles, signé le 28 juin 1919, en reconnut la possibilité, mais la «constitution de Weimar», votée un mois plus tard, voulut l’exclure. Il s’agissait en fait du statut de la nouvelle Allemagne ; serait-elle fédérale ou centralisée ? Problème fondamentalement allemand, certes, mais aux prolongements internationaux. Pour sa sécurité, la France aurait préféré une Allemagne fédérale, dans laquelle la Bavière jouerait un rôle accru, à une Allemagne centralisée dans laquelle le poids de la Prusse resterait prédominant. Le gouvernement français de 1920 songea à la possibilité d’une révision de la constitution de Weimar dans un sens plus fédéral. C’est dans ce contexte que fut rouverte en juillet 1920 à Munich la légation de France en Bavière.

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Fedorova, E. S. "Comparative Characteristics of the Activities of A. B. Lobanov-Rostovsky and N.P. Ignatiev During the Russian-Turkish War of 1878-1879." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2019-3-11-124-131.

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Successes in Russian politics of the XIX century are significant thanks to the efforts of diplomats Alexei Borisovich Lobanov-Rostovsky and Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatieff. In studies of the XX century, they are almost forgotten. Ignatieff is an experienced tactician, a supreme professional who owns a military affair. He had diplomatic cunning. Sometimes Ignatieff showed adventurism. Basically, these qualities provided him good luck in the diplomatic field. However, Ignatieff was not enough historical knowledge. It was in diplomatic negotiations during the Russian-Turkish war of 1878-1879 that this lacuna prevented his success. He insisted on the idea of pan-Slavism, not taking into account all international factors. The diplomat did not take into account the historical features of the Ottoman Empire, Europe’s interest in its power and influence, that is, the historical totality of the international system of counterweights. Lobanov-Rostovsky - strategist. And it was inherent evasiveness, skillful ability to convince of the correctness. However, the role of historical education in his diplomatic practice was enormous. In a more deliberate line of conduct at the conclusion of the final Treaty of Constantinople, he was helped by fundamental «background knowledge» that allowed him to adequately assess the geopolitical situation. The Prince was engaged in history from an early age. The hobby grew into professional occupations. For 16 years he published historical essays in leading historical journals. He had access to secret documents of the Russian Empire thanks to the trust of Emperor Alexander II. Lobanov used to work with primary sources. History has taught him that sometimes you need to act quickly, and in some situations, to exercise the greatest caution. In the situation of the Russian-Turkish war, he set himself only specific goals. If the San Stefano peace Treaty of 1878, signed by count Ignatieff, is well known, then the final Treaty of Constantinople, signed by Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky, is still very little mentioned. Meanwhile, after the Treaty of San Stefano, there were events that undermined its positive results. A “Berlin treatise of the great powers” in 1878 deprived Russia of a significant part of the acquisitions that it has achieved under the Treaty of San Stefano. Here Lobanov faced important General and specific tasks. To solve them, the new Ambassador had to have absolutely unique characteristics. In addition to the enormously developed ability Lobanov to build relationships with people: personal goodwill and the confidence of Alexander II; the respect in the higher Turkish circles; the location to him of the Sultan, who himself appealed to the Emperor with a request to appoint Ambassador Lobanov. The totality of personality traits and circumstances led to a convincing success, which was the final Treaty of Constantinople in 1879, which resulted in an independent state-the Autonomous Principality of Bulgaria.

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Papastatis, Haralambos. "The modern legal status of the Mount Athos." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 41 (2004): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0441525p.

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The peninsula of Athos in Chalkidiki became a center of organized monachal life in monasteries in the year 963, when with the initiative of the Byzantine emperor Nichephorus Phocas the Monastery of Great Laura was founded. Since that time Mount Athos (=MA) became the "Holy Mountain" and has attracted the moral and material support of the Byzantine emperors, various Orthodox countries and the flock till today. During this long period of more then one thousand years, MA was armed with a privileged legal status, the existence of which continues till now. The legal status of MA is based on three foundations: I. The law of the Hellenic Republic, II. The Public International Law, and III. The European Law. I. Fundamental significance for the status of MA have the provisions of article 105 of the Greek Constitution. Then is the Charter of MA, which is drawn up and voted by the Athonite monachal authorities and afterwards ratified by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Greek Parliament. The Charter is a law of superior formal force in comparison to the other laws. According to the Constitution and the Charter, MA has an ancient privileged status and is a self-governed part of the Greek State, whose sovereignty remains intact. Spiritually MA is under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, direct in the sense that the Ecumenical Patriarch is also the local bishop of MA The territory of the peninsula is exempt from expropriation and is divided among the twenty Athonite monasteries exclusively. The administrative power lies in self-administration of the first and the second degree. The first is exercised by the ruling twenty monasteries. This number may not be changed, nor may their position in the preeminence, nor towards their dependencies (skates, cells, hermitages). Nowadays all the monasteries are coenobitic, i.e. the monks share a common life and have no private property. The monasteries are administered by the abbot, the Elders' Assembly and the Brotherhood. Second degree administration is operated by: 1. the Holy Community. It is comprised by twenty monks members, each of whom represents one monastery, 2. the Holy Community's executive organ is the Hiera Epistassia, which comprises four monks drawn annually from four monasteries in rotation. The leader of the Hiera Epistassia is called the First (= Protos). The Hiera Epistassis also performs specific duties as police force, police court and municipality of Karyes, the capital town of MA The legislative power is in the hands of: 1. The Holy Community as far as concerns the Charter of MA, 2. the Extraordinary Biannual Twenty-Members Assembly, which draws up the regulative provisions, and 3. the Greek State, as far as concerns: a) the rights and the duties of the (civil) Governor of MA, b) the judicial power of the Athonite authorities, and c) the custom and taxation privileges granted by the State to MA The judicial power belongs to: 1. the monastic courts (the abbot with the Elders' Assembly), 2. the Holy Community, 3. the Hiera Epistassia, and 4. the Ecumenical Patriarchate. The observance of the regimes is in the spiritual field under the supreme supervision of the Patriarchate and in the administrative under the supervision of the State, which is also exclusively responsible for safeguarding public order and security. These responsibilities of the State are exercised through the (civil) Governor of MA, whose rights and duties are determined by common law. All persons leading a monastic life in MA acquire the Greek citizenship without further formalities, upon admission in a monastery as novices or monks. Also persons who are not Orthodox Christians or they are schismatic Orthodox are prohibited from dwelling in MA II. The first international treaty that recognized an international protection of the MA status was that of San Stefano (1878), but only for the Russian monks. The Treaty of Berlin (also 1878) recognized the same protection for all the monks who were not borne in the Ottoman empire. Its article n? 62,8 was as follows: "Les moines du Mont Athos, quel que soit leur pays d'origine, seront maintenus dans leurs possessions et avantages ant?rieurs et jouiront, sans aucune exception, d'une enti?re ?galit? de droits et prerogatives". This provision was repeated in the special treaties of S?vres (1920) and then in the protocol of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). These treaties safeguarded the rights and the liberties of the non-Greek monastic communi ties in MA as follows: "La Gr?ce s'engage ? reconna?tre et maintenir les droits traditionnels et les libert?s, dont jouissent les communaut?s monastiques non grecques du Mont Athos d'apr?s les dispositions de l'article 62 du trait? de Berlin du 13 juillet 1878". The same provision has been repeated in the Legislative Decree of 29.9/30.10.1923 "On the Protection of Minorities in Greece", article 13. III. Because a lot of provisions of the MA law are opposite to the principles of the European Union (for example the clausura to women, the special license in order to visit the peninsula, the taxation and customs privileges etc.), Joint Declaration n? 4 concerns MA was included in the Final Act (1979) of the Agreement concerning the accession of the Hellenic Republic in the European Economic Community, now-a days European Union. According to this Declaration, recognizing that the special status granted to MA, as guaranteed by the Greek Constitution, is justified exclusively on grounds of a spiritual and religious nature, the Community will ensure that this status is taken into account in the application and subsequent preparation of pro visions of Community law, in particular in relation to customs franchise privileges, tax exemptions, and the right of establishment. .

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Popek, Krzysztof. "The question of Christian Slavic refugees and the Russian occupation of the principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia (1877-1879)." Balcanica, no. 54 (2023): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc2354065p.

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The modern Bulgarian state was founded as a result of the Russian intervention on the Balkan Peninsula in 1877-1878. Until June 1879, the tsarist army occupied the newly created state, which was divided into the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia pursuant to the decision of the Congress of Berlin. During this period, the Russians made all the most important decisions in the eastern Balkans, including those concerning migrations. As a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, about 100,000 Christian Slavs left their homes fleeing the hostilities. After the cease-fire, at the beginning of 1878, most of the refugees came back home; however, the Christians from Macedonia and Thrace, the lands which remained under the Ottoman Empire?s control in accordance with the Treaty of Berlin of July 1878, also started to migrate to Bulgaria. This was a result of unsuccessful uprisings as well as the will to live in a country ruled by the men of the same religion and ethnicity.

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Kubbinga, Henk. "A Tribute to Lise Meitner (1878-1968)." Europhysics News 50, no. 4 (July 2019): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2019402.

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Physics is irresistible. Though prepared to become a teacher of French at an Austrian highschool, Lise Meitner, daughter of a lawyer, could not help coming under the spell of physics. By lucky coincidence she followed courses dispensed by no one less than Ludwig Boltzmann, whose wit and humour proved contagious. After her PhD, under Franz Exner, she moved on, not to Paris to work with Marie Curie, but to Berlin, to consult with Max Planck on future contingencies. Before leaving for Berlin, however, she was introduced to ‘radioactivity’ by Stefan Meyer.

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Gibson, Matthew. "Bram Stoker and the Treaty of Berlin (1878)." Gothic Studies 6, no. 2 (November 2004): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/gs.6.2.6.

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Iskenderov, Petr. "Congress of Berlin 1878 and the Balkans’ fate." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2024, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 24–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202405statyi01.

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The article is devoted to the history of the Congress of Berlin 1878 and its consequences for the Balkans. Author analyzes Great Powers' approaches towards actual Balkan problems and new models of Balkan peacekeeping. The article is based on unpublished archive documents. The author pays particular attention to the role and position of Russia.

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Wasti, Syed Tanvir. "Three Ottoman Pashas at the Congress of Berlin, 1878." Middle Eastern Studies 52, no. 6 (August 18, 2016): 938–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2016.1198325.

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(Corresponding Author), Azlizan Mat Enh, Suffian Mansor, and Mohamad Rodzi Abd. Razak. "The Treaty of Berlin 1878: Implications for Muslims Migration in Bosnia-Herzegovina Before World War 1." Journal of Al-Tamaddun 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jat.vol17no1.1.

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The intervention of the great powers in the Bosnian-Herzegovina conflict of 1875-1878 led the Turkish government to sign the Treaty of Berlin of 1878. One of the terms of the Treaty of Berlin was to put the administration of Bosnian-Herzegovina under the auspices of the mandate of the Austrian-Hungarian government. From this point onwards, the migration process in Bosnia-Herzegovina is reflected in its population, especially Muslims. This article examines the implications of the Treaty of Berlin on issues that led to the emigration of Muslims from Bosnia-Herzegovina to other regions of the Turkish Empire before the outbreak of World War 1. The analysis of primary data was used on the British records from its embassy in Bosnia- Herzegovina. The study found that religious issue was a crucial factor in the migration process happened in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The migration process intensified after Bosnia-Herzegovina was formally announced to be put under the Austrian-Hungarian administration in 1908.

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Mat Enh, Azlizan, Boon Dar Ku, and Al Amril Othman. "Penghijrahan Awal Masyarakat Muslim Bosnia-Herzegovina." Islamiyyat 44, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/islamiyyat-2022-4401-15.

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Campurtangan kuasa-kuasa besar Eropah dalam konflik Bosnia-Herzegovina 1875-1878 telah menyebabkan kerajaan Turki Uthmaniah menandatangani Perjanjian Berlin 1878. Salah satu syarat Perjanjian Berlin adalah meletakkan pentadbiran Bosnia-Herzegovina di bawah mandat pemerintahan kerajaan Austria-Hungary. Bermula dari titik ini, memperlihatkan berlakunya proses migrasi di Bosnia-Herzegovina dalam kalangan penduduknya terutama orang Muslim. Artikel ini bertujuan mengupas isu-isu yang menyebabkan penghijrahan orang Muslim dari Bosnia-Herzegovina ke wilayah-wilayah lain dalam empayar Turki Uthmaniah sebelum meletusnya Perang Dunia Pertama. Analisis data primer digunakan ke atas rekod-rekod British daripada kedutaannya di Bosnia-Herzegovina. Hasil kajian mendapati isu agama merupakan faktor utama dalam proses migrasi yang berlaku di Bosnia-Herzegovina. Proses migrasi semakin meningkat selepas Bosnia-Herzegovina diumumkan secara rasmi di bawah pentadbiran Austria-Hungary pada 1908.

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Ramčilović, Zećir. "Demographic changes after Berlin congress (1878) in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Historijski pogledi 2, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2019.2.2.72.

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The Berlin Congress in 1878 ended the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, but above all the revision of the San Stefano peace treaty in order to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the Balkans. Austria - Hungary has been given the mandate to occupy and manage Bosnia and Herzegovina. The planned peaceful occupation was oppressed by the people, and the Austro-Hungarian army was given fierce resistance. Nevertheless, Bosnia is occupied with a large number of forces, but also civilian casualties. Official reports state that Austro-Hungary fulfilled the conditions that it bargained in Berlin, but the reality after the occupation was different from that which was found on the paper. The new administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina has made deep and radical changes in the socio - political system, but above all in the lives of ordinary people. The transition of a society that was going on very slowly and complicated had far-reaching consequences, especially on demographic trends in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Demographic changes after 1878 were the result of several factors, primarily the establishment of a new government, a new legal order, a cultural and social transition, and the reorganization of religious life. The centuries-old and, to the greatest extent, the privileged position of Bosnia in the Ottoman Empire was changed to the province of the dual monarchy with the supreme military administrator. The nation was not given the right to participate in the governance of its own country. Every change was pronounced and most often at the expense of the domicile majority Bosniak population. The fact that this period, as in the past, today has a great interest in studying from different points of view, I would like to give a brief review of the demographic changes that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina after its occupation.

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FURAT, ZİŞAN, and Ayşe Ayşe. "Berlin Antlaşması sonrasında Balkanlar’da Cemaat-i İslamiyelerin teşekkülü (1878-1918)." OTAM(Ankara, no. 33 (2013): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/otam_0000000615.

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MENEKŞE, Metin. "Berlin Konferansı Sonrasında Osmanlı-İngiliz İlişkileri’nde “Kıbrıs Meselesi” (1878-1923)." MOTİF AKADEMİ 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12981/1308-4445.2013.0018x.

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Ciorbea, Valentin, and Nicoleta STANCA. "Romanian-Russian Documents on the Administration of Dobrogea (June 1877-November 1878)." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 13, no. 2 (2021): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2021.2.17.

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The present study presents and analyzes the Russian administration installed in Dobrogea after the occupation of the region by the Tsarist troops at the beginning of June 1877 and until November 1878, when most of the region (Constanța and Tulcea counties) was taken over by Romania following the decision of Berlin Congress (July 13, 1878). Romanian documents, due to the Dobrogea research team, led by Colonel Stefan Fălcoianu before the installation of the Romanian administration and army in the province, have been used. Russian sources from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire archive are also highlighted.

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Радосављевић, Јелена. "СРБИЈА И ПЕРСИЈА 1878–1889 : ПОЧЕТАК ДИПЛОМАТСКЕ КОМУНИКАЦИЈЕ SERBIA AND PERSIA 1878–1889: INITIAL DIPLOMATIC COMMUNICATION." Историјски часопис, no. 70/2021 (December 30, 2021): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34298/ic2170345r.

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The paper examines the establishment of first diplomatic ties between Serbia and Persia. The chronological framework covers the period from the Congress of Berlin in 1878, when the Principality of Serbia obtained independence, until the abdication of King Milan Obrenović in 1889. An overview is given of how diplomatic ommunication was conducted between the two states (primarily through their respective delegations in Constantinople and St. Petersburg). The cooperation between the Serbian and Persian delegates in those two important centers made it possible for the rulers of the two countries, King Milan Obrenović and Shah Naser al Din, to establish communication. However, due to the lack of accredited ambassadors in Belgrade and Tehran, this communication was conducted on a modest scale, mostly encompassing mutual informing each ruler of their respective opinions on certain issues, the exchange of opinions, protocolary events such as diplomatic audiences, as well as awarding of state medals.

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Silva, Circe Mary Silva da. "As Notas de Aula de Karl Weierstrass em 1878." Revista Brasileira de História da Matemática 21, no. 42 (November 17, 2021): 294–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.47976/rbhm2021v21n42294-328.

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O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar a tradução de parte das notas de aula de Karl Weierstrass (1829–1897), editadas com o título Einleitung in die Theorie der Analytische Funktionen – Vorlesung 1878 [Introdução à teoria das funções analíticas – Aulas 1878], com o propósito de mostrar como o ensino das funções analíticas e, em especial, a definição de função contínua foi apresentada por esse matemático, na Universidade de Berlin, aos seus alunos. Neste texto, usamos como referência básica o livro que contém as notas de aulas da disciplina, compiladas por Adolf Hurwitz, em 1878, retrabalhadas por Peter Ullrich e publicadas pela Deutsche Mathematiker – Vereneigung [Sociedade Alemã de Matemática], em 1988. A importância, para a História da Educação Matemática, da recompilação de tais notas reside em mostrar o que Weierstrass ensinava e como ele ensinava em suas aulas.

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ULUERLER, Sıtkı. "BERLİN ANTLAŞMASI’NA GÖRE (1878) OSMANLI’NIN İRAN’A TERK ETTİĞİ KOTUR’UN SINIRLARI MESELESİ." Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9, no. 16 (October 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29029/busbed.431677.

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Mihneva, R., and V. Kolev. "Berlin Congress 1878 Through the Eyes of Phanariot Alexander Karateodori Pashi." MGIMO Review of International Relations 14, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-4-79-7-25.

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The article contributes to the historical literature on the Berlin Congress; it shows the events of the summer of 1878 through the eyes of the diplomats of the defeated Otto man Empire. The primary source for the article is the “Rapport” by the head of the Turkish delegation to the Сongress, Alexander Karathéodori Pasha (1833–1906), a Phanariote with Greek and Bulgarian roots, the son of the personal physician of Sultan Mahmud II and the first Ottoman lawyer. He graduated from the Sorbonne law faculty with a doctorate in law. Until recently, Turkish historians wrote about him more as a diplomat. However, in recent years, they started to pay attention to his extraordinary fate, the history of his family, in which there were many famous Phanariots. “Rapport” only in recent years began to attract the at tention of historians. The history of its creation is still unclear. It contains fascinating details of the relationship between representatives of a collective Europe at that time, the nature of their interests, and factors that outlined the fate of the Balkan region for decades to come. The report was written by Ottoman dignitaries when the Balkans finally became a “border area.” Its author noticed how the “big players” ’s geopolitical contradictions pushed the local people’s historical evolution along the “path” of future cataclysms. Alexander Karathéodori Pasha conveys, through seemingly minor details, the discord between the representatives of the “collective West” “and their desire to stop the attempts of the Ottoman Empire to follow the European paradigm of development. Against the background of the events in Berlin, Karathéodori eased the participants’ desires to start the quickest part of the “Ottoman inheritance” and drew attention to the beginning process of restructuring of international relations. He viewed the Berlin Congress analytically and realized its long-term implications.

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Alpeev, Oleg. "Russian Planning a War against the Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Turkey Coalition in 1878." Slavs and Russia, no. 2019 (2019): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.3.

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The article considers Russia planning a war against the coalition of Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Turkey in 1878. When the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 was over, the Russian high military command attempted to resolve the Eastern Question and seize the Strait of Bosphorus and Constantinople. Having faced the opposition from Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, the Rus-sian command hesitated to capture Constantinople and the Bosphorus, which led to Russia's failure at the Congress of Berlin. War plans worked out by the General Staff and two-star general N.N. Obruchev, meant to help conduct military operations in the Balkans and Galicia were never realised.

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Stanev, Kaloyan, Jordi Martí-Henneberg, and Martin Ivanov. "Regional Transformations of a State under Construction: Bulgaria, 1878–2002." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 1 (June 2011): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00207.

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Analysis of new regional socioeconomic and transport data in a gis format reveals that Bulgaria's most dramatic transformations occurred before World War I, corresponding to the construction of the national railway grid. Contrary to expectations, the massive socioeconomic developments that followed World War II and the fall of the Berlin Wall did not affect the regional economic order of the state.

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Halaçoğlu, Ahmet. "İngiliz Konsolosu Longworth'a Göre Trabzon Vilayeti (1892-1898)." Belleten 67, no. 250 (December 1, 2003): 881–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2003.881.

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Tarihimizde 93 harbi olarak geçen 1877-78 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Türkiye'nin bir ölçüde kaderini belirlemiş olması bakımından önemli bir savaştır. Savaş sonunda Rusya, Osmanlı Devletinin imzalamak zorunda kaldığı Ayastefanos Antlaşması (3 Mart 1878) ile hem Balkanlarda, hem de Kafkasya'da mutlak bir üstünlük ele geçirmiştir. Ancak Osmanlı Devletinin istemeden de olsa imzalamak zorunda kaldığı bu antlaşma Avrupalı büyük devletlerin, özellikle de İngiltere'nin ve Avusturya'nın menfaatlerine ters düşmekteydi. Onlara göre bu antlaşmanın kabulü kendi milli menfaatlerine ters düşeceği gibi, uzun vadede Avrupa barışı için de tehdit arz etmekteydi. Nitekim Rusya, Almanya, ve Fransa'nın da desteğini alan İngiltere ve Avusturya'nın kararlı tavırları sonucunda Berlin'de milletlerarası bir konferansın toplanmasına razı olmuş ve 13 Haziran 1878'de Berlin Kongresi toplanarak, 13 Temmuz'da antlaşma imzalanmıştır.

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ubdir ABDULKAREEM, Maher M., and Noor Ibrahim NAJEM. "TREATY OF BERLIN 1878 AD AND ITS IMPACT ON THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, no. 04 (July 1, 2023): 312–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.24.19.

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In order to know the Berlin Treaty and its effects related to the Middle East, it is necessary to go back a little to study the European position and the positions of the major powers that controlled the world at that time and decided its fate. Therefore, we had to go back to the year 1870 AD, as that year was important in the world and in guiding the policy of the major powers in a new direction. In the year 1870, German soldiers entered France, and an era passed, and Europe entered a new era. France collapsed as the first country in the continent in terms of warfare, and Germany replaced it. , which was established by Bismarck, and became a driving political force for it

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Svircevic, Miroslav. "The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Nis, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876-1878." Balcanica, no. 37 (2006): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0637111s.

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In the wake of the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876-77 and the 1878 Congress of Berlin the process of establishing local government in the newly-liberated areas began. The process of incorporating the so-called New Areas into the legal system of pre-war Serbia took five years (1877-82) and went through four phases. The first phase began with the Second Serbo-Turkish war and lasted to the border demarcation between the principalities of Serbia and Bulgaria in 1878. It was marked by the establishment of provisional local authorities, carried out by the representative of the Serbian government in the Supreme Army Command. In the second phase permanent local institutions were established in the New Areas in order to harmonize their administrative and judicial structure with that of pre-war Serbia. In the third phase the agrarian reform was carried out in order to abolish feudal relations, while protecting the property rights of the former Muslim land?owners in compliance with Article 39 of the Berlin Treaty. In the fourth phase the question of resettling the "New Serbian Areas" was being resolved after the significant population change brought about by the Second Serbo-Turkish War. The focus of the paper is on the first two phases.

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Tekemen Altıntaş, Eylem. "1878 BERLİN KONFERANSI’NDAN SONRA OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NİN ASKERİ ISLAHAT VE DIŞ POLİTİKASINDAKİ YENİ YÖNELİMLER." ASIA MINOR STUDIES 4, no. 8 (July 27, 2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17067/ams.07412.

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Altuğ, Yılmaz. "Balkanlardan Anayurda Yapılan Göçler." Belleten 55, no. 212 (April 1, 1991): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1991.109.

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Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Avrupa'daki hudutları daralmaya başladıktan sonra Hıristiyan alemi ortasında devletinin himayesinden mahrum kalmak istemeyen bir zamanlar efendisi oldukları bir ülke halkının nahoş hissiyat ve fiilleri ile karşılaşmayı arzu etmeyen Türk müslüman ahali anavatana doğru göç etmiştir. Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl başında önce Sırbistan'da ve Mora'da başlayan isyanlar 1829'da Yunanistan'ın bağımsızlığı ile son bulmuş ve 1878 Berlin Antlaşması da Romanya, Sırbistan ve Karadağ'a bağımsızlık vererek Bulgaristan Prensliğini de yarattığı için Balkanlardan da Türkiye'ye göç başlamıştır.

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Landsberg, Hannelore, and Marie Landsberg. "Wilhelm von Blandowski's inheritance in Berlin." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 121, no. 1 (2009): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs09172.

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This article discusses Blandowski’s collections held in various libraries and museums in Berlin, Germany. Wilhelm von Blandowski (1822-1878) was a Prussian ‘Berliner’. He was born in Upper Silesia, a province of Prussia. He worked there in the mining industry and later attended lectures in natural history at the University of Berlin. Following a period in the army, he was influenced by the March Revolution in Germany in 1848. As a result, he left the civil service and migrated to Australia. Blandowski’s first approach to the Museum of Natural History in Berlin was an offer of objects, lithography and paintings ‘forwarded from the Museum of Natural History, Melbourne Australia’ in 1857. After returning to Prussia, Blandowski tried unsuccessfully to get support for publishing Australien in 142 photographischen Abbildungen. Today the Department for Historical Research of the Museum of Natural History owns more than 350 paintings as the ‘Legacy Blandowski’. The paintings illustrate Blandowski’s time in Australia, his enormous knowledge of natural history, his eye for characteristic details of objects and his ability to instruct other artists and to use their work. The text will show these aspects of Blandowski’s life and work and will give an insight into the database of Blandowski’s paintings held at the Humboldt University, Berlin.

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Khlebnikova, Varvara. "Russian diplomat A.S. Ionin on the status of Montenegro after the Congress of Berlin and Russia's foreign policy plans in the west of the Balkan peninsula." Slavs and Russia, no. 2019 (2019): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.13.

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The article deals with the activities of the Russian diplomat A.S. Ionin working as au Consul General in Dubrovnik, and the ﬁ rst Russian resident minister in the Montenegrin principality afterwards in 1878. Ionin was not only the initiator and creator of the mission in Cetinje. He actively helped the Montenegrin government to develop a framework for foreign policy after the signing of the San Stefano and Berlin treaties. He also analyzed the post-war situation in the Balkan Peninsula and contributed to the development of the status quo policy to consolidate Russia's successes achieved in the war of 1877-78 and neutralize the unfavourable political consequences of the concessions made under pressure from the European powers at the Congress of Berlin.

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Darragh, Thomas A., and V. Ruth Pullin. "Eugene von Guérard and the Ethnological Museum in Berlin: Correspondence 1878–1880." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 135, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 102–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs23017.

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This paper details the correspondence between nineteenth-century landscape painter Eugene von Guérard and the Ethnological Museum, Berlin. It includes complete translations of the relevant correspondence from Old German script. The letters contain information on the provenance of the collection of Australian Aboriginal cultural possessions that von Guérard sold to Berlin, as well as documentation of the items purchased by him on behalf of the museum. They record unexpected cross-cultural exchanges, document the building of individual and institutional collections of First Nations’ cultural belongings in colonial Victoria and they trace the people and processes involved in the transfer of this collection to a major German museum. The information recorded in the letters has the potential to inform the process of reconnecting specific objects with source communities.

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Kuzmicheva, Lyudmila. "Serbia gains independence in 1878. Illusions and reality." Slavs and Russia, no. 2019 (2019): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.11.

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Serbia became an independent state after the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Relations between the Russian Empire and the Serbian Principality deteriorated on the eve of the signing of the Treaty of Berlin. This was largely due to the personal position of the Serbian Prince Milan. Serbian leadership considered it impossible to support Russia in the event of a new war. For the Russian side, the unwillingness of the Serbian side to follow Russia's recommendations was unexpected. Serbian historiography has long argued that this position of Serbia was due to the infringement of Serbian national interests in the course of signing of the Treaty of San Stefano. Serbian territorial claims were not satisﬁed, and the creation of Greater Bulgaria seemed unfair to the Serbs. However, sources indicate that the rejection of consultations with Russia occurred not only for this reason. Prince Milan took a determined course for an Alliance with Austria-Hungary and a break-up with Russia. This is recognised by modern Serbian historiography. The departure from consultations with the Russian Empire and the rapprochement with the Habsburg monarchy largely determined the nature of Serbia's state-building, as well as its relations with neighbouring Balkan States. Serbia gained the status of an independent state, but at the same time became dependent on its Northern neighbour - Austria-Hungary.

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Özkan, Efe. "An Analysis of the Effect of the 1878 Berlin Treaty on Diplomatic Policy Making." Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi / The Journal of South-Eastern European Studies, no. 38 (April 3, 2023): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26650/gaad.1144714.

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Pandevska, Maria. "The Great Eastern Crisis (1875−1885) as a Balkan Historical Milestone (A Case Study of Article XXIII of the Berlin Treaty)." Przegląd Humanistyczny, no. 68/4 (April 23, 2023): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-599x.ph.2022-4.6.

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The historical issue of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875−1885) is examined as a significant phase in the social and political development of parts of Southeastern Europe connected with the territorial withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire. Through a brief presentation of the crisis’ main events, a more extended periodization of its stages is offered when analyzing this complex historical process. Based on the analysis of Article XXIII of the Berlin Treaty (1878) and its (non)implementation, the consequences for the further historical development of Ottoman Macedonia are discussed.

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Raspopovic, Radoslav. "Indebtedness and the road to monetary sovereignty following the international recognition of Montenegro in 1878." Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura 21 (December 6, 2021): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_21_12.

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The paper is dedicated to furthering the research into different aspects of Montenegrin sovereign status gained the Congress of Berlin, with a focus on the country’s financial sovereignty. Becoming an independent state had great historical significance for Montenegro, marking the realisation of the centuries-old aspirations for liberation. Still, exercising sovereign power proved challenging for Montenegro as the country was still an underdeveloped, agrarian country with a high percentage of illiterate population, scarce human resources and modest economic opportunities. Aside from this, there were still many congressional restrictions to exercising the rights acquired by gaining access to the sea. The author seeks to determine the reasons for the high level of indebtedness, as well as the decisions made in trying to resolve the challenges in maintaining the country’s financial sovereignty. The author also touches upon the broader subject of the role of gold standard in international trade and argues to which extent Montenegro was able to adhere to this internationally accepted standard, having established its banking institutions and having introduced its own currency. Considering that this paper is a part of the scientific research work on the project ‘Montenegro on the political and cultural map of Europe’ (CLIO MAP), exhibiting the reasons for minting the first Montenegrin coin is but a way to examine a segment in exibiting the country’s sovereign status acquired at the Congress of Berlin.

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Parvev, Ivan. "The Struggle for World Dominationand the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878." Slavs and Russia, no. 2019 (2019): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.4.

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The proposed analysis evaluates Russian and British policies during the Great Eastern Crisis (1875-78), with bilateral relations being placed in the context of the global hostility between England and Russia lasting from 1815 onwards. In the period between the end of the Crimean War (1853-56) and early 1870s there were serious changes in the balance of power in Europe, which was related to the creation of the German Empire in 1871. The possibility of Russian-German geopolitical union however was a bad global scenario for the United Kingdom. Because of this, English policy during the Great Eastern Crisis was not that strongly opposed to the Russia one, and did not support the Ottoman Empire at all costs. This made it possible to establish political compromise between London and St. Petersburg, which eventually became the basis of the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

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Palairet, Michael. "The Habsburg Industrial Achievement in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878–1914: An Economic Spurt That Succeeded?" Austrian History Yearbook 24 (January 1993): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005294.

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In 1878 The Habsburgs exercised their rights under the Treaty of Berlin and marched an army of occupation into the former Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Between then and their expulsion in 1918, the Habsburg authorities attempted to weld their new province into the Austro-Hungarian polity and economy. Responsibility for governing Bosnia-Hercegovina was entrusted to the Common Finance Ministry. Its officials, especially during the administration of Count Benjamin Kalláy (1882–1903), saw their task as a “civilizing mission” and the Bosnian economy as clay to be worked according to their prescriptions. The developmental outcome of their endeavors forms the subject of this paper.

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Settis, Salvatore. "Des ruines au musée. La destinée de la sculpture classique." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 48, no. 6 (December 1993): 1347–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1993.279220.

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Vers 170-160 avant J.-C, le roi de Pergame Eumène II décide, pour célébrer une victoire guerrière, d'élever sur l'acropole de sa capitale un autel aux proportions inédites, décoré d'une grandiose Gigantomachie, qui fait aujourd'hui partie des plus célèbres monuments de l'art antiquel. Après des siècles d'oubli, l'autel est retrouvé à partir de 1871 au cours de fouilles allemandes ; grâce à l'intervention personnelle de Bismarck, et en échange d'une aide financière aux victimes de la guerre russo-turque, en 1878 la Sublime Porte donne la permission de transporter la série entière des reliefs sculptés à Berlin, où ils sont remontés dans un musée destiné à cet effet, le Pergamonmuseum (fig. 1). Depuis cette date, et à nouveau après les destructions de la seconde guerre mondiale et la reconstruction, c'est à Berlin qu'il faut se rendre pour voir l'autel de Pergame. Un monument dynastique de très grand prestige, perdu de vue pendant des siècles, entrait dans un nouvel horizon urbain, pour célébrer les succès d'un autre Empire.

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Ivanova, Evgenia. "Disadvantaged Balkans. Trauma "Berlin Peace Treaty" in the Memory of Bulgarians and Serbs." Balkanistic Forum 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i2.10.

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The text further develops the author's earlier thesis about the typologies of Bulgarian and Serbian nationalism as dependent on collective memory – heroic or traumatic. And – to some extent – gets into an argument with her. The article examines the reactions of Bulgarian and Serbian society to the decisions of the Berlin Treaty (1878), which proved traumatic for both sides – regardless of the differences in the status of the one and the other. The Berlin Treaty — if it did not cause, it — legitimized four wars, became the starting point for aspirations for the redistribution of the peninsula and a source of traumatic memory. Although the subsequent victories and battles alternate with different intensity, the core elements of national identity remain the series of "Golgotha" (in the Serbian case) and "national catastrophes" (in the Bulgarian). Collective memory, of course, can undergo reversals – depending on the needs of a particular political situation and on the "invention of tradition" to serve this situation.

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ARDELEANU, CONSTANTIN. "‘A Right Inherent in Sovereignty’. Romania, the European Commission of the Danube and the Sulina Sanitary Service (1878–1884)." Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes 2023, no. 61 (November 1, 2023): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/resee.2023.07.

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This paper analyses the dispute that emerged in 1878 between Romania and the European Commission of the Danube, a techno-political organisation composed of delegates from Europe’s Great Powers, over which side had the right to enforce sanitary policies at Sulina. On the one hand, since Sulina was part of the territory granted in 1878 to Romania, whose independence had been recognised by the Great Powers through the Berlin Treaty, the government in Bucharest claimed that it had the legal and moral rights to extend its public health policies to its newly acquired territories. As an independent state, part of the European community of civilised nations, Romania believed that it possessed all the necessary institutions, knowledge and expertise to fight epidemic diseases threatening its own citizens and those of Europe. On the other hand, since Sulina was the operational headquarters of the Commission, an organisation that enjoyed the status of operating ‘in complete independence’ of Romania’s territorial authority, the commissioners representing the Great Powers of Europe and their governments demanded full control over the sanitary administration of the region. The dispute lasted until 1884, after a functional compromise was reached in several stages.

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Lichtenstein, Sabine. "Abraham Jacob Lichtenstein." Die Musikforschung 49, no. 4 (September 22, 2021): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52412/mf.1996.h4.1047.

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1844 ließ sich Carl Loewe bei der Komposition seines Oratoriums <Das Hohelied Salomonis> von Abraham Jacob Lichtenstein, einem Kantor, inspirieren. Auch die Gesänge des Komponisten Louis Lewandowskis, der in Berlin an der Seite Lichtensteins arbeitete, weisen einen starken Einfluß des Kantors auf. Um 1878 lernte schließlich Max Bruch durch Lichtenstein das synagogale "Kol Nidre" und drei von Isaac Nathan arrangierte <Hebrew Melodies> mit Texten von Byron kennen. Der Einfluß von Lichtensteins "Kol Nidre" auf Bruchs <Kol Nidrei> ist beträchtlich. Mit seinen <Drei Hebräischen Gesängen> und dem zweiten Thema seines <Kol Nidrei> schloß Bruch sich der englischen Vorlage an.

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TUNA, Serhat Aras. "Vilayat-ı Sitte Islahatı’nın Van’da Uygulanma Çabaları." Gazi Akademik Bakış 16, no. 31 (December 11, 2022): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19060/gav.1217245.

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Vilayat-ı Sitte Islahatı, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’ndan sonra imzalanan Ayastefanos Antlaşması ile gündeme gelmiştir. Ayastefanos Antlaşması yürürlüğe girmemiş fakat ıslahat projesi Berlin Antlaşması’nda da yer almıştır. Özellikle İngiltere başta olmak üzere Fransa, Almanya ve Rusya’nın sıkı takipçisi olduğu ıslahat projesi, Erzurum, Diyarbekir, Bitlis, Van, Sivas ve Mamuretülaziz vilayetlerinde yaşayan Ermenilere siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik, hukuki ve daha birçok alanda yeni haklar verilmesini kapsıyordu. II. Abdülhamid her ne kadar bir süre ıslahat projesini sürüncemede bırakmışsa da 1895’te ıslahat uygulanmaya konmuştur. Islahatın uygulandığı dönemde Van’da büyük bir isyan çıkmıştır. Bu yüzden ıslahat, Van’da bu isyanın etkisi altında kalmıştır. Buna rağmen ıslahat, Van’ın yönetimi ve toplumsal düzenine yeni bir çehre kazandırmaya çalışmıştır.

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Murzea, Cristinel Ioan. "European Diplomacy and the Principles of Public International Law applied during the Congress of Berlin 1878." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series VII Social Sciences • Law 14(63), Special Issue (February 22, 2022): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2021.14.63.3.7.

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During this historical time, Romanian diplomacy followed the stable line of the national party who aimed to create a young national state and obtain state independence; this was the main state goal. Considering these major objectives, the deciding parties acted in the spirit of public international law in order to secure Romania’s acknowledgement as an independent nation with a well-deserved role among all other independent countries. As a result of the diplomatic efforts which preceded the Congress of Berlin, Romanian diplomacy obtained the acknowledgement of the legitimacy of Romania from all major powers, so as to obtain the statute of sovereign and independent country.

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Svirčević, Miroslav. "Local Self-Government in the Municipalities of Serbia and Bulgaria after the 1878 Congress of Berlin." Serbian Political Thought 8, no. 2 (2013): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spt.822013.4.

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Lis, Tomasz Jacek. "Deosmanisation of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1878 and 1918 on the Example of Sarajevo." Acta Poloniae Historica 126 (January 30, 2023): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/aph.2022.126.03.

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In 1878, Austria-Hungary received a mandate in Berlin to exercise power in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During this period, they pursued a policy of deosmanisation and Europeanisation of the country. Vienna’s actions, however, differed significantly from the policies of neighbouring Serbia or Bulgaria, where the deosmanisation processes resulted in the partial or complete elimination of Islamic culture from the public space. Therefore, the article aims to outline the cultural policy of Austria-Hungary in Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily in the context of the culture of remembrance, and to show the Austrian visions of the approach to the local past. The capital city of Sarajevo served as an example of this policy, where the processes mentioned above are best seen in terms of the actions of the authorities themselves, the preserved archival legacy, and professional literature.

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Nikiforov, Konstantin. "Modernization mixed with nationalism." Balcanica, no. 45 (2014): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1445443n.

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This essay reflects on a particular manner in which modernisation have taken place in the Balkans in modern history, from the 1878 Berlin Congress onwards. The Balkan countries faced twofold difficulties in their development: they had to overcome their backwardness stemming from the centuries of the Ottoman yoke and catch up with modern Western Europe, and resolve their numerous mutual territorial and political disputes. The latter task was especially difficult due to the constant interference in Balkan affairs on the part of Great Powers. This interference further aggravated nationalistic tensions between the Balkan states. The peculiar mixture of modernisation efforts and nationalism remains to this day when the entire region strives to join the European Union.

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Carter, Frank Kantorowicz. "Gustav Radbruch and Hermann Kantorowicz: Two Friends and a Book - Reflections on Gnaeus Flavius’Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft(1906)." German Law Journal 7, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 657–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004922.

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Gustav Lambert Radbruch (1878-1949) and Hermann Kantorowicz (1877-1940) were undoubtedly two of the greatest legal scholars in Germany in the first half of the twentieth century; for some of this time arguablythegreatest. It is a happy coincidence that they both attended the seminar of the criminologist Franz von Liszt in Berlin at the same time in 1903. Although very different in temperament and not always in agreement, they were immediately drawn to each other, highly respectful of each other's undoubted intellect, never jealous of the other's achievements but always altruistically supportive. Though together for only four months initially, they maintained regular contact through letters and quickly forged a close and life long friendship.

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Eickenrodt, Sabine. "Robert Walser im Porträt. : Eine Arbeit des Londoner Malers Dexter Dalwood (2012)¹." Zeitschrift für Germanistik 34, no. 2 (January 1, 2024): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/92174_432.

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Zu den feuilletonistischen Arbeiten des Schweizer Autors Robert Walser (1878–1956), eines Meisters der Kleinen Formen, gehören zahlreiche literarische Porträts, die sich zunächst historischen Gestalten wie Kleist, Büchner oder Brentano widmeten und im Spätwerk, insbesondere in den Publikationen der Prager Presse, zunehmend auch Zeitgenossen wie Trakl, Rilke, George sowie Maler wie Albert Anker, Van Gogh, Cézanne und Renoir adaptierten. Das Interesse Walsers an der bildenden Kunst war nicht zuletzt durch seinen Bruder Karl Walser gegeben, der um die Jahrhundertwende in Berlin als vielseitiger Künstler zu Ruhm gekommen war.2 Die enge Arbeitsbeziehung der Brüder beruhte auf Gegenseitigkeit: Karl Walser illustrierte Bücher Robert Walsers, und in dessen Werk wiederum kam dem Maler eine exponierte Stellung zu.

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Lacroix-Riz, Annie. "L'Église autrichienne, la Duplice et le Vatican dans les Balkans avant 1914 : l’obsession anti-serbe." Austriaca 58, no. 1 (2004): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/austr.2004.4435.

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In der Koalition, die Wien und Berlin seit 1878 gegen Serbien einte, spielte die römisch-katholische Kirche, die die Habsburger in ihrer mannigfaltigen Expansion stets unterstützt hatte, eine wichtige Rolle. Im hohen österreichisch-ungarischen Klerus fand der Vatikan einen verlässlichen Helfer, wenn es darum ging, Zwietracht unter den Völkern der Monarchie zu fördern : Seine Aktion verhinderte eine Einigung der Südslawen unter serbischer Vorherrschaft. Serbien galt seit seiner Unabhängigkeit als Feind Nr.l Österreich-Ungams und des Deutschen Reichs, dies umso mehr als sich Serbien am Vorabend des Krieges der russisch-französischen Entente anschloss. Nach der erwarteten militärischen Niederlage sollte eine Union unter der Führung des österreichischen Thronfolgers Franz Ferdinand, einem starken Verfechter dieses Trialismus, gebildet werden.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Traité de Berlin (1878)'

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