Academic literature on the topic 'Traités – Extinction'

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Journal articles on the topic "Traités – Extinction"

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Napoleon, Val. "Extinction by Number: Colonialism Made Easy." Canadian journal of law and society 16, no. 1 (2001): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100006608.

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RésuméL'existence en tant que nation peut être définie positivement, ce qui amènera un modèle civique de citoyenneté, ou négativement, par un modèle ethnique de citoyenneté. Chaque approche a un effet direct et formatif sur le pouvoir politique de la nation et ses relations nationales et internationales. Le modèle ethnique de définir les Premières Nations, introduit par les gouvernements coloniaux par voie législative et par traités ensuite et qui est adopté par les Premières Nations, rend leur pouvoir politique diffus et dénature leurs enjeux nationaux, en les délimitant essentiellement aux d
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McKinney, Michael L. "Extinction selectivity among lower taxa: gradational patterns and rarefaction error in extinction estimates." Paleobiology 21, no. 3 (1995): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013312.

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Documenting past environmental disturbances will provide a very incomplete explanation of extinctions until more data on intrinsic (e.g., phylogenetic) responses to disturbances are collected. Taxonomic selectivity can be used to infer phylogenetic inheritance of extinction-biasing traits. Selectivity patterns among higher taxa, such as between mammals and bivalves, are well documented. Selectivity patterns among lower taxa (genus, species) have great potential for understanding the dynamics underlying higher taxic turnover. Two echinoid data sets, of fossil and living taxa, indicate that spec
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Gray, Alan. "The ecology of plant extinction: rates, traits and island comparisons." Oryx 53, no. 3 (2018): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000315.

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AbstractAlthough there is increasing evidence for a sixth mass extinction, relatively few plants have been officially declared extinct (<150 are categorized as Extinct on the IUCN Red List). The Red List, although the data are neither perfect nor comprehensive, is perhaps the most reliable indicator of extinction and extinction threat. Here, data collated from the Red List, of Extinct plant species and of Critically Endangered plant species with populations in decline, are examined to address three questions: (1) How do background, continental, and island plant extinction rates compare? (2)
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Lyons, S. Kathleen, Joshua H. Miller, Danielle Fraser, et al. "The changing role of mammal life histories in Late Quaternary extinction vulnerability on continents and islands." Biology Letters 12, no. 6 (2016): 20160342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0342.

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Understanding extinction drivers in a human-dominated world is necessary to preserve biodiversity. We provide an overview of Quaternary extinctions and compare mammalian extinction events on continents and islands after human arrival in system-specific prehistoric and historic contexts. We highlight the role of body size and life-history traits in these extinctions. We find a significant size-bias except for extinctions on small islands in historic times. Using phylogenetic regression and classification trees, we find that while life-history traits are poor predictors of historic extinctions,
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Green, Walton A., Gene Hunt, Scott L. Wing, and William A. DiMichele. "Does extinction wield an axe or pruning shears? How interactions between phylogeny and ecology affect patterns of extinction." Paleobiology 37, no. 1 (2011): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09078.1.

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Extinctions are caused by environmental and ecological change but are recognized and measured in the fossil record by the disappearance of clades or lineages. If the ecological preferences of lineages or taxa are weakly congruent with their phylogenetic relationships, even large ecological perturbations are unlikely to drive major clades extinct because the factors that eliminate some species are unlikely to affect close relatives with different ecological preferences. In contrast, if phylogenetic relatedness and ecological preferences are congruent, then ecological perturbations can more easi
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Janevski, G. Alex, and Tomasz K. Baumiller. "Evidence for extinction selectivity throughout the marine invertebrate fossil record." Paleobiology 35, no. 4 (2009): 553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373-35.4.553.

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The fossil record has been used to show that in some geologic intervals certain traits of taxa may increase their survivability, and therefore that the risk of extinction is not randomly distributed among taxa. It has also been suggested that traits that buffer against extinction in background times do not confer the same resistance during mass extinction events. An open question is whether at any time in geologic history extinction probabilities were randomly distributed among taxa. Here we use a method for detecting random extinction to demonstrate that during both background and mass extinc
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Smits, Peter D. "Expected time-invariant effects of biological traits on mammal species duration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 42 (2015): 13015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510482112.

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Determining which biological traits influence differences in extinction risk is vital for understanding the differential diversification of life and for making predictions about species’ vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts. Here I present a hierarchical Bayesian survival model of North American Cenozoic mammal species durations in relation to species-level ecological factors, time of origination, and phylogenetic relationships. I find support for the survival of the unspecialized as a time-invariant generalization of trait-based extinction risk. Furthermore, I find that phylogenetic and tem
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Collen, Ben, Louise McRae, Stefanie Deinet, et al. "Predicting how populations decline to extinction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1577 (2011): 2577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0015.

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Global species extinction typically represents the endpoint in a long sequence of population declines and local extinctions. In comparative studies of extinction risk of contemporary mammalian species, there appear to be some universal traits that may predispose taxa to an elevated risk of extinction. In local population-level studies, there are limited insights into the process of population decline and extinction. Moreover, there is still little appreciation of how local processes scale up to global patterns. Advancing the understanding of factors which predispose populations to rapid declin
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Bascompte, Jordi, María B. García, Raúl Ortega, Enrico L. Rezende, and Samuel Pironon. "Mutualistic interactions reshuffle the effects of climate change on plants across the tree of life." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (2019): eaav2539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav2539.

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Climatically induced local species extinctions may trigger coextinction cascades, thus driving many more species to extinction than originally predicted by species distribution models. Using seven pollination networks across Europe that include the phylogeny and life history traits of plants, we show a substantial variability across networks in climatically predicted plant extinction—and particularly the subsequent coextinction—rates, with much higher values in Mediterranean than Eurosiberian networks. While geographic location best predicts the probability of a plant species to be driven to e
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Forero-Medina, German, Marcus Vinícius Vieira, Carlos Eduardo de Viveiros Grelle, and Paulo Jose Almeida. "Body size and extinction risk in Brazilian carnivores." Biota Neotropica 9, no. 2 (2009): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000200004.

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Because extinctions are not random across taxa, it is important for conservation biologists to identify the traits that make some species more vulnerable. Factors associated with vulnerability include small geographical ranges, low densities, high trophic level, "slow" life histories, body size, and tolerance to altered habitats. In this study we examined the relationship of body size, reproductive output, longevity, and extinction risk for carnivores occurring in Brazil. We used generalized linear models analyses on phylogenetically independent contrasts to test the effect of body size alone,
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Traités – Extinction"

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Clarenc, Nathalie. "La suspension des engagements internationaux." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020057.

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Il s’agit d’une étude de droit des actes juridiques internationaux (engagements conventionnels et unilatéraux), portant sur un mécanisme largement utilisé dans la pratique conventionnelle mais très peu étudié en doctrine, celui de la suspension, distingué des mécanismes, plus radicaux mais finalement moins intéressants peut-être, d’extinction des engagements. Pour la première fois, est proposée une définition de la suspension, préalablement distinguée des notions voisines avec lesquelles elle a souvent été confondue (dispense, exception d’inexécution, force majeure, contre-mesures, réserve, et
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Touré, Habib Badjinri. "Le retrait des États membres des organisations internationales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/220708_TOURE_260opryg869i89wvqno178ye_TH.pdf.

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La spécificité des actes constitutifs des organisations internationales tient à ce qu’ils sont des constitutions pour ces dernières tandis qu’ils sont un traité pour les États membres. Il demeure donc pour les États un instrument de la coopération internationale. En même temps, il est le fondement de l’existence juridique de l’organisation duquel découle sa personnalité juridique internationale. En dépit de cette spécificité, les États ne perdent pas leur droit de retrait conformément au droit international. D’ailleurs, ils n’hésitent pas à brandir la menace d’user de ce droit en cas d’opposit
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Ayman, Randi. "La dénonciation et la renégociation des traités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D017.

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La dénonciation et la renégociation sont deux notions qui ne partagent pas de traits caractéristiques communs. L’une est un acte unilatéral qui met fin à la participation d’un Etat à un traité, tandis que l’autre consiste à mener un dialogue entre les Etats parties à un traité en vue de maintenir le lien conventionnel tout en lui apportant des changements substantiels. Cependant, les Etats ont souvent recours à la dénonciation et à la renégociation d’un traité comme solution alternative pour un même motif, à savoir un changement de circonstances. Ce constat a suscité notre intérêt d’étudier l’
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Kemp, Lindsay. "The Relationship Between Extinction Learning Processes and Callous Unemotional Traits." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28875.

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Callous Unemotional (CU) traits are an informative clinical construct, identifying individuals at risk of conduct disorder and treatment resistance. This thesis examines associative processes that may underlie this resistance. Specifically, extinction learning processes, which allow individuals to maintain expectations that match the outcomes of their behaviour. It is often assumed that there is an established link between CU traits and deficient associative learning of this kind. However, a systematic review of the current literature, described in this thesis, reveals that the evidence for th
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White, Rachel Louise. "Global biogeography of traits and extinction risk in birds : an elevational perspective." Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48195/.

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Mountains are hotspots of terrestrial species richness and endemism, but the reasons why are poorly understood. Extensive reviews of the literature, across taxa, reveal that research on trait and extinction risk variation with respect to elevational distribution are outnumbered by studies on latitudinal gradients and geographical range size, and are taxonomically and geographically restricted. The aim of this thesis is to analyse interspecific variation in morphology, life history, ecology, and extinction risk with respect to elevational distribution – at the global scale and across a broad ta
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Philippe, Martin. "Perspectives multi-échelles de l'impact du chat domestique Felis catus sur la faune native." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB025.

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L'impact de la prédation par le chat domestique, Felis catus, sur la biodiversité connait un essor croissant dans la recherche en écologie mais aussi dans le débat public. Les populations férales de chats domestiques ont eu des effets dévastateurs sur les écosystèmes insulaires et en Australie, provoquant des extinctions locales et globales d'espèces endémiques, soulevant des préoccupations majeures de conservation. En tant que carnivores obligatoires avec un régime alimentaire diversifié, ces populations de chats sont responsables de la disparition de nombreuses espèces appartenant à divers t
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Golding, Janice Sarah. "Herbarium-based Trait Studies on Plant Extinction Risk in the Flora Zambesiaca Region, South-Central Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517144.

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Granberg, Åsa. "Microbotryum violaceum on Silene dioica : understanding traits that influence plant-pathogen interactions." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1387.

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The dynamics of a plant-pathogen interaction vary both within and among species. Both spatial structuring and specific genetic and life-history characteristics will affect the interaction and the outcome of a potential co-evolution between the two organisms. In this thesis I have studied the interaction between the wild perennial herb Silene dioica and its automictic, obligate anther smut Microbotryum violaceum MvSd. From the plant perspective, I have examined different aspects of biochemical resistance in S. dioica to M. violaceum MvSd. From the pathogen perspective, I have focused on the bre
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Burst, Maxime. "Les communautés végétales des interfaces forêt-prairie et leur environnement face aux cas d'afforestation et de déforestation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0078/document.

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En Europe tempérée, les paysages sont dominés par une mosaïque de forêts, prairies et cultures depuis plusieurs siècles. Cette longue période de temps a permis la spécialisation d'espèces au sein des habitats et de leurs interfaces grâce à de forts contrastes environnementaux. Cependant, de fréquents changements d'occupation du sol ont eu lieu par le passé, lesquels se sont accélérés dans les dernières décennies, remettant en cause la stabilité des communautés végétales et de leur environnement. L'afforestation d'anciennes prairies et l'extension de prairies par déforestation, le plus souvent
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Comont, Richard Francis. "Modelling the impact of an alien invasion : Harmonia axyridis in Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08de972b-1c12-4862-bb7d-95d614a9e011.

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Harmonia axyridis is a ladybird native to Asia, but introduced widely as a biocontrol agent. It is invasive and detrimental to native species in North America, which meant its arrival in Britain was met with concern. Establishment was seen as an opportunity to track the spread of an invasive alien species (IAS) whilst also monitoring impacts on native species. The aims of this thesis were to examine the responses of native British ladybirds to the arrival of H. axyridis, to establish the effect of the IAS on native ladybirds when compared to other drivers, and to investigate the possible facil
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Books on the topic "Traités – Extinction"

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pseud, Piper Watty, and Lustig Loretta ill, eds. The little engine that could: And the fire rescue. Platt & Munk, 2003.

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Courtney, Richard. Flynn saves the day. Random House, 2011.

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van Dooren, Thom. A World in a Shell. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14579.001.0001.

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Following the trails of Hawai'i's snails to explore the simultaneously biological and cultural significance of extinction. In this time of extinctions, the humble snail rarely gets a mention. And yet snails are disappearing faster than any other species. In A World in a Shell, Thom van Dooren offers a collection of snail stories from Hawai'i—once home to more than 750 species of land snails, almost two-thirds of which are now gone. Following snail trails through forests, laboratories, museums, and even a military training facility, and meeting with scientists and Native Hawaiians, van Dooren e
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Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, et al. Inbreeding reduces reproductive fitness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0003.

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The harmful impacts of inbreeding are generally greater in species that naturally outbreed compared to those in inbreeding species, greater in stressful than benign environments, greater for fitness than peripheral traits, and greater for total fitness compared to its individual components. Inbreeding reduces survival and reproduction (i.e., it causes inbreeding depression), and thereby increases the risk of extinction. Inbreeding depression is due to increased homozygosity for harmful alleles and at loci exhibiting heterozygote advantage. Natural selection may remove (purge) the alleles that
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James, Philip. Temporal patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0007.

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Beginning in the Far East over 2000 years ago the discussion in this chapter charts the movement of species found in contemporary urban environments around the globe. A city is dependent on trade for the resources required by the inhabitants to live and work. Some items of trade are plants and animals, and over time, many species have been introduced intentionally, and many others unintentionally (perhaps as a result of hitching a lift in or on items being traded between countries and continents) to become part of the urban flora and fauna. All the time that such global dispersal has been occu
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Book chapters on the topic "Traités – Extinction"

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Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, John A. Gamon, and Philip A. Townsend. "The Use of Remote Sensing to Enhance Biodiversity Monitoring and Detection: A Critical Challenge for the Twenty-First Century." In Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33157-3_1.

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AbstractImproved detection and monitoring of biodiversity is critical at a time when the Earth’s biodiversity loss due to human activities is accelerating at an unprecedented rate. We face the largest loss of biodiversity in human history, a loss which has been called the “sixth mass extinction” (Leakey 1996; Kolbert 2014), given that its magnitude is in proportion to past extinction episodes in Earth history detectable from the fossil record. International efforts to conserve biodiversity (United Nations 2011) and to develop an assessment process to document changes in the status and trends o
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Yamamichi, Masato. "Effects of Rapid Evolution on Population Cycles and Extinction in Predator–Prey Systems." In Diversity of Functional Traits and Interactions. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7953-0_2.

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Preston, Christopher J. "De-extinction and Gene Drives: The Engineering of Anthropocene Organisms." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_27.

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AbstractAdvances in gene reading, gene synthesis, and genome editing are making possible a number of radical new practices for transforming animal futures in the Anthropocene. De-extinction may make it possible to bring back lost species. Gene drives may enable the sending of desirable traits through wild populations of organisms. The hype accompanying these promises can make each of them look ethically irresistible. This chapter investigates the ‘speculative ethics’ that has arisen around these technologies, asking questions about both their viability and the approach to animals they contain.
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Bauer, G. "Plasticity in Life History Traits of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel — Consequences for the Danger of Extinction and for Conservation Measures." In Species Conservation: A Population-Biological Approach. Birkhäuser Basel, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6426-8_8.

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Matzke, Nicholas J. "Science Without Species: Doing Science with Tree-Thinking." In Speciesism in Biology and Culture. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99031-2_3.

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AbstractThe focus of this volume is speciesism. While the concepts of species and speciation remain the focus of a great deal of research, it is worth exploring how in recent decades evolutionary biology has, in several ways, moved away from species as the key unit of analysis of biological questions. I begin by outlining how phylogenetic comparative methods have become essential methodological tools in statistical analyses of relationships between traits. Species are not statistically independent observations, because the reality is that they are related, genetically and statistically, on a p
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Arnold, Stevan J. "Speciation and Extinction of Lineages." In Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859389.003.0020.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the roles of speciation and extinction, as well as within-lineage evolutionary process (mutation, inheritance, selection, population size), in shaping adaptive radiations. We begin by pointing out that on theoretical grounds trait evolution associated with speciation is likely to make a smaller contribution than within-lineage processes. We then introduce a theoretical framework that allows us to assess the effects of trait evolution on sexual isolation, speciation, and radiation. Using a sequence of models, we show that the efficacy of the Fisher-Lande process
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Rocha-Ortega, Maya, Rassim Khelifa, Emily L. Sandall, et al. "Linking traits to extinction risk in Odonata." In Dragonflies and Damselflies, 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898623.003.0024.

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Abstract Current species extinction rates are comparable to the five paleontological mass extinction events. To assess risk of species’ extinction, scientists have developed a range of metrics, among them the IUCN threat categorization. Odonates are the most comprehensively assessed insect group (nearly every species) through the IUCN Red List process, yet many species remain categorized as “data deficient.” Species’ ecological and functional traits can help alleviate data deficiencies such as abundance shortfalls in predicting extinction risk. This chapter identifies the commonly studied Odon
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Bond, W. J. "Assessing the risk of plant extinction due to pollinator and disperser failure." In Extinction Rates. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198548294.003.0009.

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Abstract Ecology has contributed two major insights to the biology of extinction: large areas hold more species than smaller areas and larger populations persist longer than smaller ones. No comparable generalization has emerged from studies of ecological interactions. In this chapter I attempt a new approach to predicting extinction which explicitly includes the importance of interactions. The patterns that emerge are not used to make general statements on probable species loss but rather to identify general traits which increase extinction risk. I use the interaction between plants and their
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"Community Ecology of Stream Fishes: Concepts, Approaches, and Techniques." In Community Ecology of Stream Fishes: Concepts, Approaches, and Techniques, edited by Emmanuel A. Frimpong and Paul L. Angermeier. American Fisheries Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874141.ch6.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—Species traits are used to study the functional organization of fish communities for a range of reasons, from simply reducing data dimensionality to providing mechanistic explanations for observed variation in communities. Ecological and life history traits have been used to understand the basic ecology of fishes and predict (1) species and community responses to habitat and climate alteration, and (2) species extinction, species invasion, and community homogenization. Many approaches in this arena have been developed during the past three decades, but they often
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Bennett, Peter M., and Ian P. F. Owens. "Comparative methods." In Evolutionary Ecology of Birds. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198510888.003.0002.

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Abstract Bird species exhibit enormous diversity in morphology, behaviour, and ecology. In this book we attempt to explain why variability in life-history traits, mating systems, and extinction patterns exists across a wide range of bird species. We do this by making comparisons among taxa to test hypotheses about the adaptive significance of variation in these traits. In this section we present the theoretical and methodological basis for our work.
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Conference papers on the topic "Traités – Extinction"

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Carvalho, Filipe, Aino Juslén, and Pedro Cardoso. "Which traits predispose species to extinction? A review." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108095.

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Moor, Helen, Jenni Nordén, Juha Siitonen, and Tord Snäll. "Do traits explain colonization-extinction rates of wood-decaying fungi?" In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107967.

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Monarrez, Pedro, Noel A. Heim, and Jonathan Payne. "ALTERNATING MACROEVOLUTIONARY REGIMES: ARE ORGANISMAL TRAITS PREFERENTIALLY SELECTED OVER EMERGENT TRAITS DURING MASS EXTINCTIONS?" In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-366393.

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Rojas, Daniel, Bruce Lieberman, Brendan M. Anderson, Jonathan Hendricks, and Roger W. Portell. "ESTIMATING THE NET EFFECT OF FUNCTIONAL TRAITS ON EXTINCTION IN PLIOCENE TO MODERN MOLLUSKS." In GSA Connects 2023 Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023am-389992.

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Penn, Justin, and Curtis Deutsch. "CLIMATE FORCING, SPECIES TRAIT ADAPTATION, AND MARINE EXTINCTION PATTERNS OF THE PALEOCENE-EOCENE THERMAL MAXIMUM." In GSA Connects 2024 Meeting in Anaheim, California. Geological Society of America, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2024am-402300.

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Davidovich, Luiz. "Entanglement and Decoherence." In Workshop on Entanglement and Quantum Decoherence. Optica Publishing Group, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/weqd.2008.ed1.

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The interaction between entangled multi-particle systems with the environment leads to both local dynamics, associated with single-particle dissipation, diffusion, and decay, and to global dynamics, which may provoke the disappearance of entanglement at a finite time [1-6]. This phenomenon may occur even when single-particle decoherence is asymptotic in time, and constitutes yet another distinct trait of entanglement. It has been recently demonstrated, for two qubits under the action of independent environments, using an all-optical setup [7]. In this talk, some of the peculiarities of the dyn
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Filipovich, Charlotte, and David Wright. "DO MASS EXTINCTIONS INFLUENCE THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION OF SURVIVING LINEAGES? MODELING THE TEMPO AND MODE OF TRAIT EVOLUTION IN ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN FLEXIBLE CRINOIDS." In GSA Connects 2024 Meeting in Anaheim, California. Geological Society of America, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2024am-402441.

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