Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Traitors in literature'

This qualitative study comparing three separate English-language versions of a single Dakota cultural myth "Iktomi" presents a novel systematic approach for analyzing Native American folk tales to understand how stories function as tools of transmission of cultural information and knowledge. The method involved coding character traits according to type with regard to representation, ability, or attribute to ascertain patterns among the codes and elucidate character roles and relationships, reorganizing the coded traits into paired polarized correspondences to clarify relationships among traits, and assessing pronoun use and documenter effect pointing to gender-specific character activity. Findings revealed an encoded framework illuminating how the tale is used to represent progressive stages in the Dakota vision quest. Analysis using simple word counts of character traits produced emergent patterns disclosing a male-specific focus on character activities with additional evidence delineating a framework for the vision quest traditionally regarded tribally as a male rite of passage.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Ao entardecer est un recueil de contes écrits par le vicomte de Taunay qui ont été d’abord publiés dans des journaux et ensuite réunis par l’auteur lui-même dans un livre à ce moment intitulé Já Crepúsculo, en 1899. Toutefois, lors de sa mort à cette annéemême, le vicomte n’a pas vu l’impression de son livre, laissant une de ses dernières productions aux mains de son frère, Luiz Goffredo de Escragnolle Taunay, qui achève ce projet tout en faisant paraître le livre sous un titre plus léger et définitif, en 1901. Cette oeuvre, composée de six contes de différents genres discursifs, dans lesquels l’auteur démontre sa grande habilité narrative, explore les facettes tragiques, comiques, satiriques et ironiques qui caractérisent chacun des textes. Ainsi, pour “Pobre menino!”, “Cabeça e coração” et “Uma vingança”, on remarque le ton tragique; pour “Rapto original”, le ton comique-satirique; pour “Ciganinha”, le comique; et finalement pour “Estorvo”, le ton ironique-tragique. Outre cette versatilité, les narrateurs de tous ces textes présentent aussi quelques traits de modernité tels que l’intertextualité (aux moments où les références littéraires acquièrent des fonctions diverses), les digressions (dans les plusieurs voix qui s’insèrent ça et là), quelques moments métalinguistiques, le savoir-faire descriptif et le caractère urbain-culte du langage (fait qui amène l’auteur à distinguer les parlers et les pratiques culturelles provinciennes).
Ao entardecer: contos vários é uma coletânea de contos escritos pelo Visconde de Taunay que foram primeiramente publicados em jornais e depois reunidos pelo próprio autor em um livro previamente intitulado “Já Crepúsculo”, em 1899. Porém, com sua morte neste mesmo ano, o Visconde de Taunay não presenciou a impressão do seu livro, deixando um dos seus últimos trabalhos nas mãos de seu irmão Luiz Goffredo de Escragnolle Taunay, que conclui este projeto publicando o livro com um título mais suave e definitivo, em 1901. Ele é composto por seis contos de diferentes gêneros discursivos, nos quais o autor revela a sua grande habilidade narrativa, explorando as facetas trágicas, cômicas, satíricas e irônicas, que dão o tom a cada um dos textos. Assim, para “Pobre menino!”, “Cabeça e coração” e “Uma vingança”, observa-se o tom trágico; para “Rapto original”, o cômico-satírico; para “Ciganinha”, o cômico; e para “Estorvo”, o tom irônico-trágico. Além dessa versatilidade, estes narradores ainda apresentam alguns traços da modernidade como a intertextualidade (nos momentos em que as referências literárias desempenham funções diversas), as digressões (nas vozes outras que se inserem aqui e ali), alguns momentos metalingüísticos, a virtuosidade descritiva e o caráter urbano-culto da linguagem (que o leva a caracterizar os falares e as práticas culturais interioranas). Nesta fase já madura de sua vida, o Visconde de Taunay encontra, pois, no conto mais uma forma de atualizar suas idéias inovadoras, sua genialidade narrativa e seu espírito crítico em relação à sua época e à sociedade.

The ideal of honesty proposed by civility treaties results from the social and political reorganization orchestrated by Louis XIV's desire to assert his authority and impose a court ritual. Court treaties, like Antoine de Courtin's Le Nouveau traite de la civilite qui se pratique en France parmi les honnetes gens (1671), pass on an ideal of social behaviour in which the appearances are meticulously planned. Based on the principle that the physical appearance is a reflection of the inner self, the body is of great importance in honesty. Propriety books codify gestures and indicate the best attitude, outfit, posture and gait to single out an "honnete homme" from the mass. In order to respect the social standards, he moulds himself an exterior image and, in doing so, he establishes a difference between the public character and the private man. The representation of the body necessarily affects the creation of the "honnete homme"'s personality, which presents many traits of a modern identity.

Orientador: Maria Lídia Lichtscheidl Maretti
Banca: Ana Maria Domingues de Oliveira
Banca: Margarida da Silveira Corsi
Resumo: Ao entardecer: contos vários é uma coletânea de contos escritos pelo Visconde de Taunay que foram primeiramente publicados em jornais e depois reunidos pelo próprio autor em um livro previamente intitulado "Já Crepúsculo", em 1899. Porém, com sua morte neste mesmo ano, o Visconde de Taunay não presenciou a impressão do seu livro, deixando um dos seus últimos trabalhos nas mãos de seu irmão Luiz Goffredo de Escragnolle Taunay, que conclui este projeto publicando o livro com um título mais suave e definitivo, em 1901. Ele é composto por seis contos de diferentes gêneros discursivos, nos quais o autor revela a sua grande habilidade narrativa, explorando as facetas trágicas, cômicas, satíricas e irônicas, que dão o tom a cada um dos textos. Assim, para "Pobre menino!", "Cabeça e coração" e "Uma vingança", observa-se o tom trágico; para "Rapto original", o cômico-satírico; para "Ciganinha", o cômico; e para "Estorvo", o tom irônico-trágico. Além dessa versatilidade, estes narradores ainda apresentam alguns traços da modernidade como a intertextualidade (nos momentos em que as referências literárias desempenham funções diversas), as digressões (nas vozes outras que se inserem aqui e ali), alguns momentos metalingüísticos, a virtuosidade descritiva e o caráter urbano-culto da linguagem (que o leva a caracterizar os falares e as práticas culturais interioranas). Nesta fase já madura de sua vida, o Visconde de Taunay encontra, pois, no conto mais uma forma de atualizar suas idéias inovadoras, sua genialidade narrativa e seu espírito crítico em relação à sua época e à sociedade.
Résumé: Ao entardecer est un recueil de contes écrits par le vicomte de Taunay qui ont été d'abord publiés dans des journaux et ensuite réunis par l'auteur lui-même dans un livre à ce moment intitulé Já Crepúsculo, en 1899. Toutefois, lors de sa mort à cette annéemême, le vicomte n'a pas vu l'impression de son livre, laissant une de ses dernières productions aux mains de son frère, Luiz Goffredo de Escragnolle Taunay, qui achève ce projet tout en faisant paraître le livre sous un titre plus léger et définitif, en 1901. Cette oeuvre, composée de six contes de différents genres discursifs, dans lesquels l'auteur démontre sa grande habilité narrative, explore les facettes tragiques, comiques, satiriques et ironiques qui caractérisent chacun des textes. Ainsi, pour "Pobre menino!", "Cabeça e coração" et "Uma vingança", on remarque le ton tragique; pour "Rapto original", le ton comique-satirique; pour "Ciganinha", le comique; et finalement pour "Estorvo", le ton ironique-tragique. Outre cette versatilité, les narrateurs de tous ces textes présentent aussi quelques traits de modernité tels que l'intertextualité (aux moments où les références littéraires acquièrent des fonctions diverses), les digressions (dans les plusieurs voix qui s'insèrent ça et là), quelques moments métalinguistiques, le savoir-faire descriptif et le caractère urbain-culte du langage (fait qui amène l'auteur à distinguer les parlers et les pratiques culturelles provinciennes).
Mestre

In this essay, I analyse the characters of Frodo and Aragorn in Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings and Peter Jackson’s film trilogy in order to see if traits and relationships are consistent between the novel and the films. Any changes in characters and the ways they interact in relationships entail changes not only to the overarching narrative, but potentially to the most important themes of the story: friendship and heroism. This is important for the general discourse on the films as adaptations, since they have been accused of not being true to the thematic core of the source material. Peter Jackson’s claim that the intention was to always remain true to the spirit of Tolkien’s novel, then necessitates a closer comparison of the two works. Therefore, in investigating the characters I look not only for differences and similarities, but also for the repercussions these have on the story and the potential reasons behind them. By examining the characters from the perspective of the novel, the films and the filmmakers’ commentaries, I discuss how the removal of social class in the films changes the actions of the characters and consequently affects the themes of friendship and heroism. I also bring up the effects of changing from a novel to film as well as the symbiotic relationship between the character traits and the narrative as a whole. This essay shows that though the social class, character traits and the narrative flow are changed in a circular pattern. A closer look at the films reveals that the story’s core themes of friendship and heroism not only remain consistent, but are given more emphasis than in the novel.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa.
The general objective of this work is to analyze the work of James Joyce, specifically, the analysis of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

Introduction: My PhD dissertation includes three papers to deal with complex problems either at shop-floor level, called operational problem-solving, or at upper-management level of the organization, known as managerial problem-solving. However, this research makes a very clear distinction between either fixing a problem by just eliminating its symptoms or overcoming it through diagnosing and altering underlying causes. Drawn from dual-process theory, the former is based on intuitive reasoning of individuals (called Intuitive Problem-Solving: IPS) with minimum cognitive efforts, whereby problem-solvers jump to a solution using prompt remedies, short-term fixes and heuristics to temporarily solve the problem. The latter, conversely, relies on analytical reasoning of individuals (called Analytical Problem-Solving: APS) with deliberate and reflective cognitive efforts to overcome the problem fundamentally using a set of structured actions. However, an analytical problem-solver is required to go through a series of stages for a comprehensive problem formulation (i.e. problem definition, problem analysis, and solution design) before the final decision is reached. Although the effectiveness of APS, as a superior behavior mode, is asserted in the management literature as a way to fundamentally solve the problems, contribute to strategic capabilities (i.e. organizational learning and continuous improvement) and ameliorate the long-term performance, little attention is placed to articulate the main supporting factors of this superior behavior mode, and thus existing literature fails to highlight the conditions through which APS pays off successfully. Moreover, many firms fail to implement this behavior mode or struggle to fully reap its benefits at both operational and strategic domains. So, in the first paper of my thesis, a systematic literature review (SLR), coupled with a document co-citation analysis, is conducted to discover the APS supporting factors as well as the enabling conditions through which APS is more likely to succeed. Based on a synthesis of the literature, three groups of (a) organizational, (b) environmental, and (c) problem nature-related factors are discussed in order to gain the most out of this behavior mode for in the context of both operational and managerial problem-solving. Second paper, motivated by a field-work at a manufacturing firm, studies the micro-foundations of each behavior mode in the context of operational problem-solving. Based on insights from the case-study conducted, IPS and APS, as two potential solutions to approach and respond to the problems, are unpacked by explication of key variables as well as the relationships among them. Moreover, despite the key role of the APS, problem-solvers are more likely to adopt IPS, a phenomenon that is called “IPS dominance” in the literature. In this paper, a system dynamic modeling is developed whose simulation results illustrate the transition dynamics between IPS and APS to shed light on the mechanisms through which “IPS dominance” occurs in the context of operational problem-solving. (1) Problem urgency due to time pressure, (2) managers with short-term horizon and (3) insufficient attention to establish and maintain a set of organizational antecedents for a successful APS adoption, emerge as three main reasons that cause IPS to take precedence over APS. Finally, this study concludes that a combination of IPS and APS (i.e. adopting both behaviors simultaneously with an emphasis on APS though) could be recognized as the best strategy for problem resolution. In this regard, IPS should be encouraged to prevent the situation from getting worse and keep the production running even in a suboptimal way, and APS, simultaneously, to solve the problems fundamentally with a less probability for the problems to recur. APS can also be adopted at the strategic level of the firm where upper-echelon executives are required to employ a rational-comprehensive behavior while making strategic decisions. Hence, in the third chapter, the attention is moved from the operational or shop-floor level to upper-management or strategic level of the organization. I argue that every single behavior thus including problem-solving behavior of CEOs is subject to the psychology in which they perceive things. However, unlike most of behavioral studies in management literature that focus on human dysfunctions and failures at the workplace, this study places more attention on positivism. More precisely, the third paper empirically investigates the relationships between CEO’s positivism in particular hope, optimism and resiliency, APS, and the firm-level performance. Based on cross-sectional data using a structural equation modeling (SEM), positively-oriented human traits (i.e. hope and resiliency) are introduced as the psychological antecedents of APS that are, in turn, influential for organizational performance. In my dissertation, I do not present novel tools and techniques for problem-solving. Instead, I adopt different theories from other research streams to scrutinize problem-solving behavior modes. For instance, in the second paper, I employ a well-known perspective in organizational studies (i.e. organizational learning), to study the micro-foundations of each mode. In the third chapter, emphasizing APS, I borrow variables from psychology (i.e. personality traits) and couple them with APS to investigate the psychological antecedents of APS, at strategic level of the firm. This attitude assists me to effectively bridge the gap between different management streams such as organizational behavior, strategic management, and operations management since I deeply believe in interdisciplinary areas as the upcoming trends in management studies. All in all, my PhD thesis consists primarily of three papers as follows: 1) Analytical Problem-Solving, More Recommended than used: A Synthesis of the Literature 2) The Dynamics of Operational Problem-Solving: A Dual-Process Approach 3) CEO’s Problem-Solving and Psychological Determinants of Success: Evidence from Iran

À la fin du Moyen Âge, la noblesse est en pleine restructuration en Castille. La chevalerie, qui lui était jusqu'alors intimement liée, commence à s'ouvrir à de nouveaux venus dans le cadre des guerres de reconquête tandis que les rois Trastamare s'entourent d'une nouvelle catégorie sociale, les letrados, qu'ils ennoblissent fréquemment afin d'asseoir durablement leur pouvoir. La vieille noblesse de lignage se retrouve alors dépossédée de ses prérogatives auprès de la couronne.Dans ce contexte régi par les lois alphonsines des Partidas et par les théories du droit du juriste italien Bartole, le XVe siècle castillan est le théâtre de nombreuses guerres civiles, qui voient s'affronter les partisans des souverains et de leurs favoris de noblesse récente, et les défenseurs de la vieille noblesse. Le conflit entre la noblesse " qui se mérite " et la noblesse " qui s'hérite " n'a pas lieu que sur les champs de bataille. À chaque recrudescence du conflit, de nombreux nobles prennent la plume afin de défendre leur position en proposant un discours théorique sur la noblesse. Le camp des partisans de la noblesse de mérite défend ainsi une représentation de la noblesse fondée sur le mérite propre et les services rendus au roi. De leur côté, les défenseurs de la noblesse de lignage proposent une vision de plus en plus exclusive de la noblesse au cours du siècle. Leur dernier représentant, Ferrán Mexía, met ainsi en place dans son Nobiliario Vero publié en 1492, une nouvelle théorie basée non plus sur le lignage mais sur le sang, à l'origine du verrouillage de la noblesse au XVIe siècle.

Juger les tableaux, évaluer leur qualité, estimer leur prix relève de nos jours d’une expertise spécifique, aux mains d’acteurs vers lesquels se tournent les salles de ventes, les musées ou les propriétaires de collections. À Rome au XVIIe siècle, différents groupes s’affrontent pour s’approprier cette compétence, notamment en vue d’accéder au rôle de conseiller à la cour des grands collectionneurs. Alors qu’émerge progressivement un marché des tableaux et que la circulation des œuvres s’amplifie, savoir estimer leur valeur devient une capacité essentielle. Si l’évaluation du prix est traditionnellement un rôle dévolu aux peintres, qui s’estiment les uns les autres au sein de leur corporation, l’émergence de critères commerciaux nouveaux tend à saper l’autorité de la profession en matière de jugement. Cette recherche s’intéresse au processus de captation de cette expertise, qui se détache du savoir-faire des peintres au profit de courtisans spécialisés dans le conseil en matière de peinture. Cette compétence dévolue aux gentilshommes est théorisée par Giulio Mancini dans son traité Considerazioni sulla pittura. En croisant ce texte et la transcription de certains de ses traités inédits, il s’agira de voir comment ce jugement artistique s’intègre plus largement à une culture courtisane partagée. À la croisée de l’histoire, de l’histoire de l’art et de la littérature, cette recherche entend analyser ce processus historique de formalisation d’un jugement artistique s’autonomisant par rapport à la pratique, à la lumière des discours qui l’ont rendu possible et de la reconfiguration des critères de valeur des œuvres d’art
Judging paintings, assessing their quality and estimating their price is nowadays considered a specific expertise acquired by agents to whom auction houses, museums or collection owners turn. In Rome during the seventeenth century, different groups compete to appropriate this skill, especially in order to become advisers to great collectors. As a market of paintings gradually emerges and the circulation of works grows, knowing how to estimate their value becomes an essential ability. While price evaluation is traditionally the prerogative of painters, who value each other within their corporation, the emergence of new commercial criteria tends to undermine the profession's authority in terms of quality assessment. This research focuses on the development of this expertise, which is remarkably different from the painters' know-how and favors courtiers specialized in painting advice. Giulio Mancini theorized this skill in his treatise Considerazioni sulla pittura. By crossing this text and the transcription of some of his unpublished treatises, the thesis shows how this artistic judgment is integrated within a broader, shared courtesan culture. At the crossroads of history, art history and literature, this research proposes to analyze the historical process of formalization of artistic judgment, thus not only shedding new light on this practice, but also on the discourses that made it possible and the reconfiguration of the value criteria of works of art

In this dissertation, “Travelers, Traders, and Traitors: Mapping and Writing Piracy in England, Spain, and the Caribbean (1570-1620),” I contend that an array of early modern authors wrote about piracy in order to discuss the meanings of property, articulate jurisdictional boundaries of geographic space, and negotiate the limits of sovereignty. Drawing on a diverse corpus that includes historical accounts, literary texts, legal treatises, epistles, travelogues and maps, I argue that individuals and institutions used the term “the pirate” with constantly changing definitions to stage political, economic, and religious polemics. While following the course of the attacks carried out by the English Captain Francis Drake and primarily focusing on the language and vocabulary employed by national and colonial stakeholders to describe piracy, the project demonstrates that as piracy grew less ambiguous through legal and linguistic standardization, it lost its polemical utility. Challenging classical notions of the pirate as “the enemy of all,” I reexamine the construction of piracy as a social and transatlantic category that overlaps with political, religious and economic affairs. In this way, the project emphasizes the role of piracy as a tool of imperial narratives of power and the development of geopolitical identities in both sides of the Atlantic during the sixteenth century. The overarching narrative of my dissertation chronologically registers the process by which piracy went from being an unregulated phenomenon—evinced by the instability of the categories employed to refer it— to becoming a legally defined and controlled practice by the beginning of the seventeenth century. The first chapter, “The Plasticity of the Pirate,” addresses the unstable conceptualization of piracy, contraband, and ransom (rescate) in European legal documents, English, Spanish and Caribbean colonial accounts and literary production. The first part of this chapter analyzes Balthazar de Ayala’s De Iure et Officiis bellicis et disciplina militari (1584), Alberico Gentili’s Hispanicae advocationis (c1613) and Jean Bodin’s On Sovereignty (1576), while the second part studies the various meanings of “rescue” and “ransom” (rescate) in the Caribbean context that also account for piracy’s semantic flexibility. In Chapter 2, “Cruising Outer Spaces,” I put into dialogue the narrative and visual construction of Drake’s figure as a maritime knight—after his circumnavigation of the globe (1577-80)—with European territorial claims of possession displayed by the cartographical representation of the Caribbean archipelago. By analyzing the work of sixteenth-century Flemish, Italian, and Spanish cartographers and sailors—such as Giovanni Battista Boazio, Gerard Mercator, Juan Escalante de Mendoza, and Baltasar Vellerino de Villalobos—I reassess the role of piracy in depictions of Caribbean islands and identify contra-cartographies that dispute the Spanish Crown’s territorial order. Turning to the narrative representations of the Caribbean archipelago, the third chapter, “Setting Sails to Rhetorical Piracy: Francis Drake’s Caribbean Raid (1585-1586),” explores the mechanisms employed by Spanish, English, and colonial authors who at the time, took advantage of Drake’s attack to project varied collective and individual ambitions by appealing to and entwining the religious, economic, and political discourses. By exploring the relationship between piracy and entrepreneurship, found in English, Spanish Peninsular and colonial sources, such as Richard Hakluyt’s compilation, Principall Navigations (c1598-1600), Walter Bigges’s travelogue, A Summary (1589) and Juan de Castellanos’s heroic poem, Discurso del capitán Francisco Draque (c1587) among others, the first part of this chapter emphasizes the tensions and nuances of describing maritime predation as an economic transaction or as a multifaceted concept that moves across religious and political realms. By revisiting Spanish chroniclers of the Indies—such as Bernardino de Sahagún, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, and Bartolomé de las Casas—Dutch, English, and Portuguese jurists—such as Hugo Grotius, John Selden, and Serafim Freitas—alongside Iberian legal documents, the second part of the chapter evaluates the debates and descriptions of piracy, in both Caribbean and European waters, to showcase the articulation of the terms “infection” and “infestation” as a means to either legitimize or condemn the right of maritime and territorial possession. Addressing the factual discrepancies, found in historical and literary texts about Drake’s Caribbean raid, the last part of this chapter showcases the production of polemical narratives of blame and their political repercussions in English, Spanish Iberian, and Caribbean scenarios. Chapter 4, “Dropping Anchors: Francis Drake’s Three Deaths and the Beginnings of an End,” tackles the moral, political, and economic considerations that structure the notions of libel and piracy, while also stressing their parallel processes of standardization and criminalization. Through the close-reading of literary texts and divergent historical reports that portray the defeat of King Philip II’s Armada (1588) and Drake’s last Caribbean raid (1595-96) alongside English legal treatises on libeling, the first two parts of this chapter trace the discursive overlapping of piracy and libeling driven by ulterior political and imperial aspirations. In this way, by analyzing Félix Lope de Vega’s La Dragontea (c1598), Henry Savile’s A Libell of Spanish Lies (1596), Thomas Maynarde’s Sir Francis Drake, his voyage (1595) among others, these two parts showcase the textual battles underpinned by English and Spanish disputes of power. Chronologically situated after Drake’s, Phillip II’s, and Elizabeth I’s deaths—1596, 1598, and 1603 respectively— and analyzing legal documents and other material evidence, such as the Treatise of London and Sir Henry Mainwaring’s text Of the Beginnings, Practices, and Suppression of Pirates (c 1617), the last part of this chapter highlights and registers the predominant role played by economic interests within the legal standardization of English libeling and the political agreement between Spain and England to criminalize piracy.

abstract: Every act of communication, and therefore, reading, are in themselves acts of translation and interpretation, as the reader creates a mental representation or reconstruction of the text, extrapolating meaning from it. Interlinguistic translation adds another dimension to these hermeneutic processes, and in the movement through space and time, constant re-interpretation, new translations, and, often, modern theories and perspectives, can interfere with or bring clarity to the meaning of the original text, as well as add to the myth-creation of the writers themselves. This study centers on some of the great literary figures in poetic and essayistic production in the world of Spanish-speaking letters: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, José Martí, and Octavio Paz. These figures represent not only important literary movements going from the baroque to modernismo, to the vanguardia and to the creation of the self-conscious “modern” poet, but also are among the most well known Spanish-language writers in the English-speaking world. They are all self-aware creators, who, in distinct ways, join poetry, critical essays and theory that are at once an extension of and revolve around their personal poetics, projected toward the currents of their respective epochs. Finding problematic moments in translation theory and practice, and studying them in the context of the analysis of these great literary figures, at the same time contributes to a new understanding of translation theory itself. These ‘case studies’ expose certain key moments of existing translations, moments that later contribute to critical and interpretive dialogue in a type of hermeneutic spiral of influence. They also show the importance of translation as a contribution to cultural changes and literary movements. This ultimately aids in the understanding of the important points of contact between the many worlds occupied by these great writers and the ways in which they, and in turn, their translators, recreate the contexts in which they were produced.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2016

This diploma thesis deals with mutism from the perspective of specialized czech and foreign literature. The character of the thesis is theoretical and the thesis is divided into three parts. In the first chapter, there is mutism described based on the study of czech specialized literature as well as etiology, symptoms, diagnostics and treatment. The second chapter describes the same categories but based on the study of foreign literature. The last part is dedicated to the analysis and comparison of acquired knowledge in particular areas. The most signifiant differences can be found in the area of diagnostics and therapy of mutisms, which are more elaborated in foreign literature than in Czech literature. Some differences appear in all other areas of mutism. The learning theory is the characteristic feature of foreign literature in the field of etiology of mutism, also the social enxiety is the characteric feature in the area of symptoms and treatment; overall we can see a dominant influence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The Czech literature provides a number of different views not only on the definition of mutism, but also on the etiology and symptomatology. The diagnostics and the therapy of mutism is not further elaborated in the Czech literature.

In this article I will review research on the role of individual differences in predicting shameinduced behavior. Shame emerges essentially from a perception that one is viewed as unattractive by others and serves the important evolutionary function of warning individuals that they may be rejected and excluded by others. To help people deal with the threat of rejection, shame is postulated to motivate them to engage in socially valued behaviors that will protect or improve their social images and in this way grant them the acceptance of others and prevent their loss of group membership. Nevertheless, research has for decades focused on the negative interpersonal and psychological consequences of shame, with studies showing how this emotion leads people to hide when commiting transgressions, become more aggressive and hostile and exhibit dimished empathy for others. Only recently have the positive behavioral functions of shame begun to be uncovered, with studies showing how this emotion may also motivate people to behave in ways that promote interpersonal acceptance (e.g. striving in performance situations, engaging in reparations following wrongdoing and behaving prosocially towards others). However, the extent to which shame will promote one type of behavior or another is dependent upon individual differences that predispose people towards adaptiveness or maladaptiveness in the face of this emotion. Because space does not allow for a consideration of all such relevant individual differences, I will review evidence of the role of self-esteem and attachment individual differences in predicting adaptive versus maladaptive behavior following shame.
Neste artigo serão revistos os resultados da investigação existente acerca do papel das diferenças individuais na predição do comportamento em situações de vergonha. A vergonha surge essencialmente de percepções de ausência de atractividade social aos olhos dos outros e serve a importante função evolucionária de avisar os indivíduos de que podem ser rejeitados ou excluídos. Por forma a lidar com a ameaça da rejeição, tem sido defendido que a vergonha motiva os indivíduos a terem comportamentos socialmente desejáveis que irão proteger ou melhorar as suas imagens sociais aos olhos dos outros e assim garantir-lhes que são aceites por eles. No entanto, a investigação durante décadas focou-se nas consequências interpessoais negativas da vergonha, com vários estudos a demonstrar como esta emoção leva as pessoas a fugir quando cometem transgressões, tornar-se mais agressivas e hostis e exibir menor empatia pelos outros. Apenas recentemente têm as consequências interpessoais da vergonha vindo a ser desvendadas, com alguns estudos a evidenciarem que esta emoção também pode motivar as pessoas a comportar-se de formas que promovem a sua aceitação social (e.g. dedicação em domínios de performance, reparações após transgressões, comportamento prosocial). Porém, a medida em que a vergonha irá promover um tipo de comportamento ou o outro depende de diferenças individuais que predispõem as pessoas a comportar-se adaptativamente ou não quando confrontadas com esta emoção. Porque o espaço não permite a consideração em detalhe de todas as diferenças individuais relevantes para este tópico, evidência acerca do papel da auto-estima e da vinculação na predição do comportamento em situações de vergonha será revista em maior detalhe.

Arabic text
One of the most important objectives of the Islamic Code is the reformation of character so that Divine justice may be achieved in human society. Two things are of paramount importance: -Teaching upcoming generations for being receptive to Islamic teachings so as to live a healthy future; and -Developing a healthy society that provides scope for successful survival of its members. Among numerous scholars that have undertaken this noble task is Shaikh Sa'di, the Persian mystical poet. A reading of his Gulistan confirms the didactic nature of his poetry. The history of human culture attests to the eminent position he occupies in refining morality of people regardless of their race or creed, and regardless of the era in which they live. The primary objective of this dissertation is to probe this literature which offers avenues for acquiring a firm sense of justice and felicity.
Religious Studies & Arabic
M.A. (Arabic)

Plusieurs auteurs (Nadon, 2007; Tauveron, 2005; Routman, 2010) ont mis de l’avant des propositions didactiques pour enseigner l’écriture de façon optimale à partir de la littérature de jeunesse, notamment en amenant les élèves à s’inspirer du style d’un auteur. Puisque la littérature de jeunesse est encore peu employée pour induire des situations d’écriture au primaire (Montésinos-Gelet et Morin, 2007), cette recherche présente un dispositif novateur, soit l’écriture à la manière d’un auteur qui consiste à placer l’élève dans une situation d’appropriation-observation d’une oeuvre littéraire dans le but d’en ressortir ses caractéristiques et de l’imiter (Geist, 2005 et Tauveron, 2002). Selon Olness (2007), l’exposition à une littérature de jeunesse de qualité est essentielle pour permettre aux élèves d’apprendre une variété de styles et d’éléments littéraires. Cette recherche a pour but de décrire dix séquences d’écriture à la manière d’un auteur conçues par l’enseignante-chercheuse et d’identifier les impacts de celles-ci, auprès des élèves, sur leurs habiletés en production écrite, de compréhension en lecture et sur leur motivation à l’écriture. Cette recherche a été réalisée pendant une période de 5 mois auprès de 18 élèves d’une classe de 2e année du primaire. Il ressort de cette recherche que les élèves ont grandement développé leur capacité à analyser et imiter les caractéristiques d’un texte source et qu’ils ont transféré ces apprentissages au-delà du contexte de notre recherche. Par la pratique fréquente et le modelage, ils ont assimilés les six traits de l’écriture et ont manifesté un intérêt grandissant envers la littérature de jeunesse.
Many authors (Nadon, 2007; Tauveron, 2005; Routman, 2010) made suggestions to teach writing in an optimal way by using youth literature to get the students to study an author’s style as an inspiration. Since youth literature is still today not much used in the classrooms (Montésinos-Gelet et Morin, 2007), this research presents an innovative learning activity: writing in the style of an author. It is the stylistic imitation of a text (Tauveron, 2002) in order to observe «the way in which the language is used» (Geist, 2005, p.38). According to Olness (2007), the exposure to a high quality youth literature is essential to learning a variety of writing styles and literacy devices. This research is intended to describe ten activities of writing in the style of an author designed by the teacher researcher and to identify the impacts on the students regarding their writing skills, their reading comprehension and their motivation in writing production. This research was carried out during a 5 months period with a group of 18 grade two elementary students. The results of this research show that the students greatly developed their capacity to analyze and imitate the characteristics of the text studied and that they transferred these skills beyond our research. With a frequent practice and modeling, they learned the six traits of writing and they showed a growing interest regarding youth literature.