Relevant bibliographies by topics / Traits robustes

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Traits robustes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Traits robustes"

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Calus, M. P. L., D. P. Berry, G. Banos, Y. de Haas, and R. F. Veerkamp. "Genomic selection: the option for new robustness traits?" Advances in Animal Biosciences 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470013000186.

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Genomic selection is rapidly becoming the state-of-the-art genetic selection methodology in dairy cattle breeding schemes around the world. The objective of this paper was to explore possibilities to apply genomic selection for traits related to dairy cow robustness. Deterministic simulations indicate that replacing progeny testing with genomic selection may favour genetic response for production traits at the expense of robustness traits, owing to a disproportional change in accuracies obtained across trait groups. Nevertheless, several options are available to improve the accuracy of genomic selection for robustness traits. Moreover, genomic selection opens up the opportunity to begin selection for new traits using specialised reference populations of limited size where phenotyping of large populations of animals is currently prohibitive. Reference populations for such traits may be nucleus-type herds, research herds or pooled data from (international) research experiments or research herds. The RobustMilk project has set an example for the latter approach, by collating international data for progesterone-based traits, feed intake and energy balance-related traits. Reference population design, both in terms of relatedness of the animals and variability in phenotypic performance, is important to optimise the accuracy of genomic selection. Use of indicator traits, combined with multi-trait genomic prediction models, can further contribute to improved accuracy of genomic prediction for robustness traits. Experience to date indicates that for newly recorded robustness traits that are negatively correlated with the main breeding goal, cow reference populations of ⩾10 000 are required when genotyping is based on medium- or high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Further genotyping advances (e.g. sequencing) combined with post-genomics technologies will enhance the opportunities for (genomic) selection to improve cow robustness.
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Firn, Jennifer, Huong Nguyen, Martin Schütz, and Anita C. Risch. "Leaf trait variability between and within subalpine grassland species differs depending on site conditions and herbivory." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1907 (July 24, 2019): 20190429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0429.

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Plant traits are commonly used to predict ecosystem-level processes, but the validity of such predictions is dependent on the assumption that trait variability between species is greater than trait variability within a species—the robustness assumption. Here, we compare leaf trait intraspecific and interspecific variability depending on geographical differences between sites and 5 years of experimental herbivore exclusion in two vegetation types of subalpine grasslands in Switzerland. Four leaf traits were measured from eight herbaceous species common to all 18 sites. Intraspecific trait variability differed significantly depending on site and herbivory. However, the amount and structure of variability depended on the trait measured and whether considering leaf traits separately or multiple leaf traits simultaneously. Leaf phosphorus concentration showed the highest intraspecific variability, while specific leaf area showed the highest interspecific variability and displayed intraspecific variability only in response to herbivore exclusion. Species identity based on multiple traits was not predictable. We find intraspecific variability is an essential consideration when using plant functional traits as a common currency not just species mean traits. This is particularly true for leaf nutrient concentrations, which showed high intraspecific variability in response to site differences and herbivore exclusion, a finding which suggests that the robustness assumption does not always hold.
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Coffey, M. P., S. McParland, C. Bastin, E. Wall, D. Berry, and R. F. Veerkamp. "Implementation in breeding programmes." Advances in Animal Biosciences 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470013000198.

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Genetic improvement is easy when selecting for one heritable and well-recorded trait at a time. Many industrialised national dairy herds have overall breeding indices that incorporate a range of traits balanced by their known or estimated economic value. Future breeding goals will contain more non-production traits and, in the context of this paper, traits associated with human health and cow robustness. The definition of Robustness and the traits used to predict it are currently fluid; however, the use of mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopic analysis of milk will help to create new phenotypes on a large scale that can be used to improve the human health characteristics of milk and the robustness of cows producing it. This paper describes the state-of-the-art in breeding strategies that include animal robustness (mainly energy status) and milk quality (as described by milk fatty acid profile), with particular emphasis on the research results generated by the FP7-funded RobustMilkproject
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Soto, Christopher J. "Do Links Between Personality and Life Outcomes Generalize? Testing the Robustness of Trait–Outcome Associations Across Gender, Age, Ethnicity, and Analytic Approaches." Social Psychological and Personality Science 12, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619900572.

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The Big Five personality traits have been linked with a broad range of consequential life outcomes. The present research systematically tested whether such trait–outcome associations generalize across gender, age, ethnicity, and analytic approaches that control for demographic and personality covariates. Analyses of nationally representative samples from the Life Outcomes of Personality Replication project ( N = 6,126) indicated that (a) most trait–outcome associations do generalize across gender, age, and ethnicity; (b) controlling for overlap between personality traits substantially reduces the strength of many associations; and (c) several dozen trait–outcome associations proved highly generalizable across all analyses. These findings have important implications for evaluating the robustness of the personality–outcome literature, updating the canon of established trait–outcome associations, and conducting future research.
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Akpertey, Abraham, Esther Anim-Kwapong, Paul Kwasi Krah Adu-Gyamfi, and Atta Ofori. "Genetic variation among biparental Robusta coffee families and implications for variety development." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000255.

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AbstractUnderstanding the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance (GA) of traits in any plant population is an important pre-requisite for variety development. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of genetic variability among vegetative growth traits and yield, assess the relationship among the growth traits and yield and predict GA for the most heritable traits among Robusta coffee full-sib families. The trial was established in June 2009 at the experimental fields of the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana with 62 full-sib families planted in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Significant (p < 0.05) variation was observed among the full-sib families evaluated for all traits, except for span (canopy diameter). Span and number of laterals were genetically correlated (p < 0.001) with cumulative yield (2013–2017), with span being the vegetative growth trait most strongly related to cumulative yield (rg = 0.60, p < 0.001). The most heritable vegetative growth and yield traits were, respectively, number of laterals (H2 = 0.59) and cumulative yield (H2 = 0.41). The top 10 families (BP40, BP41, BP9, BP36, BP34, BP28, BP37, BP14, BP4 and BP10) in terms of cumulative yield are proposed for multi-location evaluation and possible release as hybrids for coffee farmers in Ghana.
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Sakavara, Athanasia, George Tsirtsis, Daniel L. Roelke, Rebecca Mancy, and Sofie Spatharis. "Lumpy species coexistence arises robustly in fluctuating resource environments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 738–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705944115.

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The effect of life-history traits on resource competition outcomes is well understood in the context of a constant resource supply. However, almost all natural systems are subject to fluctuations of resources driven by cyclical processes such as seasonality and tidal hydrology. To understand community composition, it is therefore imperative to study the impact of resource fluctuations on interspecies competition. We adapted a well-established resource-competition model to show that fluctuations in inflow concentrations of two limiting resources lead to the survival of species in clumps along the trait axis, consistent with observations of “lumpy coexistence” [Scheffer M, van Nes EH (2006)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA103:6230–6235]. A complex dynamic pattern in the available ambient resources arose very early in the self-organization process and dictated the locations of clumps along the trait axis by creating niches that promoted the growth of species with specific traits. This dynamic pattern emerged as the combined result of fluctuations in the inflow of resources and their consumption by the most competitive species that accumulated the bulk of biomass early in assemblage organization. Clumps emerged robustly across a range of periodicities, phase differences, and amplitudes. Given the ubiquity in the real world of asynchronous fluctuations of limiting resources, our findings imply that assemblage organization in clumps should be a common feature in nature.
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Hermesch, S., L. Li, A. B. Doeschl-Wilson, and H. Gilbert. "Selection for productivity and robustness traits in pigs." Animal Production Science 55, no. 12 (2015): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15275.

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Pig breeding programs worldwide continue to focus on both productivity and robustness. This selection emphasis has to be accompanied by provision of better-quality environments to pigs to improve performance and to enhance health and welfare of pigs. Definition of broader breeding objectives that include robustness traits in addition to production traits is the first step in the development of selection strategies for productivity and robustness. An approach has been presented which facilitates extension of breeding objectives. Post-weaning survival, maternal genetic effects for growth as an indicator of health status and sow mature weight are examples of robustness traits. Further, breeding objectives should be defined for commercial environments and selection indexes should account for genotype by environment interactions (GxE). Average performances of groups of pigs have been used to quantify the additive effects of multiple environmental factors on performance of pigs. For growth, GxE existed when environments differed by 60 g/day between groups of pigs. This environmental variation was observed even on well managed farms. Selection for improved health of pigs should focus on disease resistance to indirectly reduce pathogen loads on farms and on disease resilience to improve the ability of pigs to cope with infection challenges. Traits defining disease resilience may be based on performance and immune measures, disease incidence or survival rates of pigs. Residual feed intake is a trait that quantifies feed efficiency. The responses of divergent selection lines for residual feed intake to various environmental challenges were often similar or even favourable for the more efficient, low residual feed intake line. These somewhat unexpected results highlight the need to gain a better understanding of the metabolic differences between more or less productive pigs. These physiological differences lead to interactions between the genetic potential of pigs for productivity and robustness and the prevalence of specific environmental conditions.
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He, Dong. "Leaf economic strategies of a sclerophyllous plant (Eurya japonica): commonalities and particularities of trait correlation structures in low-moisture and low-phosphorus habitats." Functional Plant Biology 48, no. 10 (2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp21119.

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Sclerophylly proves an advantageous strategy in a variety of stressful environments. However, it is less clear how multiple phenotypic traits in sclerophyllous plants are integrated to accomplish proper functions under specific stressors. This study measured 10 leaf traits in a sclerophyllous species, Eurya japonica Thunb., in the Zhoushan Archipelago, eastern China, to examine how the structures of trait correlation (i.e. phenotypic integration) vary between two habitats with contrasting moisture and phosphorus (P) availability. Overall, the trait correlation matrices were similar between the two habitats under study (Mantel r &gt; 0.5), reflecting a consistent trade-off between leaf outspreading (i.e. leaf area/mass ratio) and water-use efficiency (measured by δ13C). Stomatal conductance was correlated with leaf area, thickness and area/mass ratio only in the dry, P-rich habitat, whereas it was robustly correlated with leaf P per unit area in the wet, P-poor habitat. Moreover, leaf water-use efficiency was robustly correlated with leaf P and N per unit area in the dry habitat, but not so in the low-P one. These differences in trait correlation structures illustrate that the pathways of strategic compromise under contrasting stressors were locally specialised. This study highlights the importance of phenotypic integration as an emergent ‘trait’ in sustaining viable strategies.
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Casasa, Sofia, and Armin P. Moczek. "Insulin signalling's role in mediating tissue-specific nutritional plasticity and robustness in the horn-polyphenic beetle Onthophagus taurus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 12, 2018): 20181631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1631.

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Organisms cope with nutritional variation via developmental plasticity, adjusting trait size to nutrient availability for some traits while enabling others to develop in a nutritionally robust manner. Yet, the developmental mechanisms that regulate organ-specific growth across nutritional gradients remain poorly understood. We assessed the functions of members of the insulin/insulin-like signalling pathway (IIS) in the regulation of nutrition sensitivity and robustness in males of the horn-polyphenic beetle Onthophagus taurus , as well as potential regulatory interactions between IIS and two other growth-regulating pathways: Doublesex and Hedgehog signalling. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we experimentally knocked down both insulin receptors ( InR1 and InR2 ) and Foxo, a growth inhibitor. We then performed morphometric measurements on horns, a highly nutrition-sensitive trait, and genitalia, a largely nutrition-insensitive trait. Finally, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess expression levels of doublesex and the Hedgehog signalling gene smoothened following IIS-RNAi. Our results suggest that nutrition responsiveness of both traits is regulated by different IIS components, which transduce nutritional conditions to both Doublesex and Hedgehog pathways, albeit via different IIS pathway members. Combined with previous studies, our findings suggest that separate origins of trait exaggeration among insect lineages were enabled through the independent co-option of IIS, yet via reliance on different components therein.
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Hurtado, P., M. Prieto, J. Martínez-Vilalta, P. Giordani, G. Aragón, J. López-Angulo, A. Košuthová, et al. "Disentangling functional trait variation and covariation in epiphytic lichens along a continent-wide latitudinal gradient." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1922 (March 11, 2020): 20192862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2862.

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Characterizing functional trait variation and covariation, and its drivers, is critical to understand the response of species to changing environmental conditions. Evolutionary and environmental factors determine how traits vary among and within species at multiple scales. However, disentangling their relative contribution is challenging and a comprehensive trait–environment framework addressing such questions is missing in lichens. We investigated the variation in nine traits related to photosynthetic performance, water use and nutrient acquisition applying phylogenetic comparative analyses in lichen epiphytic communities on beech across Europe. These poikilohydric organisms offer a valuable model owing to their inherent limitations to buffer contrasting environmental conditions. Photobiont type and growth form captured differences in certain physiological traits whose variation was largely determined by evolutionary processes (i.e. phylogenetic history), although the intraspecific component was non-negligible. Seasonal temperature fluctuations also had an impact on trait variation, while nitrogen content depended on photobiont type rather than nitrogen deposition. The inconsistency of trait covariation among and within species prevented establishing major resource use strategies in lichens. However, we did identify a general pattern related to the water-use strategy. Thus, to robustly unveil lichen responses under different climatic scenarios, it is necessary to incorporate both among and within-species trait variation and covariation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Traits robustes"

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Adda, Gilles. "Reconnaissance de grands vocabulaires : une étude syntaxique et lexicale." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112386.

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Nous présentons dans cette thèse un certain nombre d'expériences menées dans le cadre d'un projet à long terme de dictée vocale. Ces expériences portent sur l'utilisation de grands vocabulaires (contenant entre 10000 et 300000 mots), et de langage aussi bien syntaxiquement que sémantiquement naturel. On a tout d'abord étudié, en utilisant comme support une maquette de transcription sténotypes/graphèmes destinée au sous-titrage d'émissions télévisées, le modèle syntaxique à développer afin de rendre compte des particularités du langage parlé. Ce modèle repose sur des grammaires stochastiques de successions binaires et ternaires. Nous avons ensuite construit un logiciel d'accès à un lexique de très grande taille (270000 mots), à l'aide d'un treillis phonétique erroné. Les résultats ayant montré les limites d'une telle approche, nous avons étudié la possibilité d'une préclasssification du vocabulaire. Nous avons mené une étude lexicale de l'utilisation de traits robustes, en utilisant différents types de préclassification.
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Chatillon, Marie-Maud. "Méthodologie de conception robuste appliquée aux trains de véhicules de tourisme." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ECDL0032.

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La méthodologie de conception "first design" relative aux systèmes mécaniques est présentée. Celle-ci repose sur une démarche de conception hiérarchisée intégrant la notion de robustesse dès la phase amont de conception. L'objectif est ainsi d'améliorer la qualité du système en le rendant robuse c'est à dire peu sensible aux variations des paramètres extérieurs et de conception. Les prestations et les variables de conception influentes sont introduites au fur et à mesure de l'avancement du cycle de conception. A titre d'exemple, la méthodologie sera appliquée à l'optimisation des paramètres de conception d'un système de suspension. Les paramètres fonctionnels seront d'abord optimisés afin d'améliorer les prestations de comportement routier. Ils serviront ensuite de cible à la détermination des paramètres organiques fournissant les caractéristiques détaillées de chaque pièce garantissant un comportement optimal quelque soient les conditions d'utilisation
The design methodology "frist design" for mechanical systems is presented. It is based on a hierarchical organization of the design taken into account the notion of robustness at an early phase of the design. The aim is to improve the quality of the system in order that il became robust, less sensitive to the variability of the exterior parameters and the design parameters. The performances and the design variables are introduced all along the design cycle. As an example, the methodology will be applied to the optimization of a vehicle suspension system design parameters. First of all the functional parameters will be optimized in order to improve the vehicle road behavior. These parameters will be then used as target for the material parameters optimization which define the detailed characterics of each part ensuring an optimal behavior whatever the external conditions
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Genthial, Damien. "Contribution à la construction d'un système robuste d'analyse du français." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339501.

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La première partie aborde la conception et la mise en œuvre d'un outil d'analyse syntaxique capable de manipuler des informations syntaxiques et sémantiques. La problématique de l'analyse d'une langue naturelle est d'abord présentée: nous essayons de montrer quels sont les invariants de quelques formalismes récents et comment ces invariants ont motive nos choix. Nous décrivons ensuite le constructeur de structures de dépendances que nous proposons et les apports d'une hiérarchie de catégories a la souplesse et a la tolérance de l'analyse. Les arbres de dépendances produits sont décores grâce a un formalisme de représentation de la connaissance base sur des structures de traits intégrant un mécanisme d'héritage. Nous terminons en présentant le prototype d'analyseur que nous avons réalisé. La deuxième partie définit une architecture pour un système de détection et de correction qui exploite de manière cohérente tous les outils dont nous disposons. Les outils de niveau lexical comprennent un analyseur et un générateur morphologiques et des modules de correction lexicale utilisant trois techniques: phonétique, morphologie et clé squelette. Après avoir décrit les objectifs fixes pour le niveau syntaxique, nous donnons un aperçu du vérificateur syntaxique dont nous disposons et nous soulignons les apports des concepts et outils de la première partie a la robustesse des traitements. Enfin, nous proposons l'architecture d'un système complet de détection et correction d'erreurs dans un texte écrit en insistant sur sa portabilité et son adaptabilité.
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Wu, Song. "A robust approach for genetic mapping of complex traits." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022399.

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Tzamourani, Panagiota. "Robustness, semiparametric estimation and goodness-of-fit of latent trait models." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1623/.

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This thesis studies the one-factor latent trait model for binary data. In examines the sensitivity of the model when the assumptions about the model are violated, it investigates the information about the prior distribution when the model is estimated semi-parametrically and it also examines the goodness-of-fit of the model using Monte-Carlo simulations. Latent trait models are applied to data arising from psychometric tests, ability tests or attitude surveys. The data are often contaminated by guessing, cheating, unwillingness to give the true answer or gross errors. To study the sensitivity of the model when the data are contaminated we derive the Influence Function of the parameters and the posterior means, a tool developed in the frame of robust statistics theory. We study the behaviour of the Influence Function for changes in the data and also the behaviour of the parameters and the posterior means when the data are artificially contaminated. We further derive the Influence Function of the parameters and the posterior means for changes in the prior distribution and study empirically the behaviour of the model when the prior is a mixture of distributions. Semiparametric estimation involves estimation of the prior together with the item parameters. A new algorithm for fully semiparametric estimation of the model is given. The bootstrap is then used to study the information on the latent distribution than can be extracted from the data when the model is estimated semiparametrically. The use of the usual goodness-of-fit statistics has been hampered for latent trait models because of the sparseness of the tables. We propose the use of Monte-Carlo simulations to derive the empirical distribution of the goodness-of-fit statistics and also the examination of the residuals as they may pinpoint to the sources of bad fit.
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Li, Xiongya. "Robust multivariate mixture regression models." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38427.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Statistics
Weixing Song
In this dissertation, we proposed a new robust estimation procedure for two multivariate mixture regression models and applied this novel method to functional mapping of dynamic traits. In the first part, a robust estimation procedure for the mixture of classical multivariate linear regression models is discussed by assuming that the error terms follow a multivariate Laplace distribution. An EM algorithm is developed based on the fact that the multivariate Laplace distribution is a scale mixture of the multivariate standard normal distribution. The performance of the proposed algorithm is thoroughly evaluated by some simulation and comparison studies. In the second part, the similar idea is extended to the mixture of linear mixed regression models by assuming that the random effect and the regression error jointly follow a multivariate Laplace distribution. Compared with the existing robust t procedure in the literature, simulation studies indicate that the finite sample performance of the proposed estimation procedure outperforms or is at least comparable to the robust t procedure. Comparing to t procedure, there is no need to determine the degrees of freedom, so the new robust estimation procedure is computationally more efficient than the robust t procedure. The ascent property for both EM algorithms are also proved. In the third part, the proposed robust method is applied to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying a functional mapping framework with dynamic traits of agricultural or biomedical interest. A robust multivariate Laplace mapping framework was proposed to replace the normality assumption. Simulation studies show the proposed method is comparable to the robust multivariate t-distribution developed in literature and outperforms the normal procedure. As an illustration, the proposed method is also applied to a real data set.
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Zhang, Liming, and Yang Han. "Detecting Major Genes Controlling Robustness of Chicken Body Weight Using Double Generalized Linear Models." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Statistik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-4838.

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Detecting both the majors genes that control the phenotypic mean and those controlling phenotypic variance has been raised in quantitative trait loci analysis. In order to mapping both kinds of genes, we applied the idea of the classic Haley-Knott regression to double generalized linear models. We performed both kinds of quantitative trait loci detection for a Red Jungle Fowl x White Leghorn F2 intercross using double generalized linear models. It is shown that double generalized linear model is a proper and efficient approach for localizing variance-controlling genes. We compared two models with or without fixed sex effect and prefer including the sex effect in order to reduce the residual variances. We found that different genes might take effect on the body weight at different time as the chicken grows.
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Hindson, Danny. "A robust procedure for alignment of the ATLAS inner detector using tracks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414147.

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Xie, Fuchun. "Tatouage sûr et robuste appliqué au traçage de documents multimédia." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592126.

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Cette thèse porte sur la conception d'une technique de tatouage sûr et robuste dans le contexte du traçage de documents multimédia, et propose un système complet du traçage de traîtres. Ces travaux s'appuient sur la technique de tatouage zéro-bit robuste 'Broken Arrows', dont nous proposons des améliorations afin de la rendre plus robuste, notamment à l'attaque de débruitage de A. Westfeld, et plus sûre. Sa sécurité est renforcée au regard des attaques connues et publiées, telles que l'attaque de regroupement de A. Westfeld et l'attaque d'estimation de sous-espace de P. Bas. Par ailleurs, nous étendons sa sécurité en considérant des attaques non publiées. Nous proposons ainsi une nouvelle technique de tatouage sûr, basé sur un test de décision 'a contrario' et une insertion avec maximisation sous contraintes d'imperceptibilité et de sécurité. Nous proposons dans le dernier chapitre un schéma complet de traçage de documents multimédia, basé sur les codes de Tardos en version q-aire symétrique et les techniques du tatouage améliorées mentionnées plus haut. Comme les techniques du tatouage sont très robustes, nous pouvons détecter plusieurs symboles en un seul bloc attaqué, ce qui nous permet de proposer deux méthodes d'accusation étendues pour le code de Tardos. Les études expérimentales montrent les bonnes performances de notre schéma de traçage, y compris face à des attaques jusqu'alors mal gérées comme la fusion de documents.
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Charoen, Pimphen. "Robust approaches for performing meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations associated with complex traits." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/30165.

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From 2007, there has been a huge proliferation in the discovery of genetic variants affecting human traits and diseases, achieved largely by the integration of multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) via meta-analysis. The principal objective of this thesis is to develop robust approaches for meta-analysis GWAS in order to reduce false positive findings and optimise statistical power. I consider both Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and Copy Number Variant (CNV) GWAS. First, to gain background knowledge in GWAS and meta-analysis, I was involved in a large-scale meta-analysis GWAS to identify genetic variants associated with alcohol consumption, as the main statistical analyst. This study provided me with the opportunity to investigate ways of reducing the probability of false positive findings, via quality control procedures. The main discovery from the study was the identification of the Autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (AUTS2) as associated with alcohol consumption at genome-wide significance. In the alcohol study, different phenotype transformations were applied to the data according to the inclusion or exclusion of non-drinkers, which led to questioning which transformation of skewed continuous phenotypes optimises statistical power in GWAS in general, forming the second major investigation in my thesis. It was shown that while the inverse normal transformation (INT) may not be the preferable choice of transformation in many epidemiological studies where effect sizes are large, its application to non-normal phenotypes in GWAS, where effect sizes are small and the priority is discovery over interpretability, may lead to an increase in the discovery of genetic variants affecting continuous traits. Finally, as knowledge about CNVs has accumulated in recent years, the meta-analysis of GWAS on CNVs has become a natural next step forward in the field. Therefore, I investigated and developed an approach to enable CNV meta-analysis to proceed in a similar way as SNP meta-analyses. This approach was developed into a software package, cnvPipe, which was applied to investigate CNVs associated with height and weight in the meta-analysis setting.
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Books on the topic "Traits robustes"

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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1989.

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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1989.

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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1991.

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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1991.

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Schimpfössl, Elisabeth. Family History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677763.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 reviews how today’s Russian bourgeoisie traces its origins and character traits with reference to family history. The Soviet government pursued a policy of positive discrimination in favor of working-class and peasant families in order to form a new Soviet intelligentsia and, on the other hand, discriminated against former privileged groups from the aristocracy, merchant class, and clergy. Many individuals from these politically repressed families survived thanks to marriage into the new ruling elite and were able to transmit to their offspring certain practices and important cultural resources, such as an eagerness to learn. Stalin’s purges were disastrous for the reconstituted Soviet intelligentsia and meant that robust family bonds were vital for protection in the postwar period. During these decades the Soviet intelligentsia coalesced to form what Norbert Elias described as the good society, which continues to provide a model for bourgeois practices and values today.
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Walsh, Anthony, and Cody Jorgensen. Evolutionary Theory and Criminology. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.35.

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Evolutionary criminology is part of a broader biosocial approach to criminology. The evolutionary perspective can help organize the hodgepodge of extant, and often contradictory, criminological theories in a coherent way, thus providing a more robust explanation of criminality. This chapter demonstrates the relevance of evolutionary theory to criminology, discusses the evolutionary origins of both prosocial and antisocial traits, and shows that evolutionary theory is invaluable to understanding two key issues that have been impervious to solution using the standard social science model—the sex ratio in criminal offending and the age–crime curve. The chapter also provides a discussion on the distal causes of traits conducive to criminal behavior as well as a Darwinian explanation of why humans can be altruistic toward some humans yet victimize others.
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Littlefield, Andrew K., and Kenneth J. Sher. Personality and Substance Use Disorders. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.006.

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Individual differences in personality have long been linked to the use and misuse of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drugs. Broadly, personality characteristics of high neuroticism and behavioral undercontrol/impulsivity appear to robustly relate to several substance use disorders (SUDs), although other traits have also been linked to SUDs. Much of the genetic basis of SUDs appears to be mediated by personality traits, which may relate to SUDs through a variety of non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that may work additively and synergistically, are indexed by various motivations associated with reward seeking and regulating negative emotion, and also relate to self-control and environment selection. Considerable change occurs in personality over the life course, and recent data show that the course of substance use and SUDs is associated with personality change. Although much progress has been made, several lines of future research could be pursued to further our understanding of the personality–SUD relation.
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Koudé, Roger K., ed. Discours sur la Paix, la Justice et les Institutions efficaces. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813004147.

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En partant d’une approche holistique et dynamique de la paix, une paix juste et durable qui ne saurait se réduire à la seule absence de la guerre, les "Discours sur la Paix, la Justice et les Institutions efficaces" montrent combien ces trois composantes restent intrinsèquement liées. En effet, si l’on admet qu’une paix juste et durable n’est possible qu’en se fondant sur la justice, il est évident que la bonne administration de la justice, son indépendance, son impartialité et l’effectivité de son autorité ne sont envisageables véritablement que dans un contexte de paix et de sécurité, le tout avec l’appui des institutions robustes et efficaces (outre la justice elle-même). Or, l’efficacité des institutions, quelles qu’elles soient, dépend étroitement de l’effectivité de la paix et de la sécurité, des lois qui soient la juste expression de la volonté générale...Le lecteur trouvera dans cet ouvrage des possibilités de réflexion pouvant lui permettre de développer sa propre analyse des questions et/ou situations concrètes, ayant toutes trait à la problématique de la paix, de la justice et des institutions efficaces qui sont parmi les éléments essentiels à l’agenda de la Communauté internationale. Ces questions et/ou situations concrètes que nous avons essayé de traiter, souvent avec le concours des acteurs de terrain parmi les plus réputés dans leurs domaines respectifs, comme le Professeur Denis MUKWEGE (Prix Nobel de la Paix 2018), sont au cœur des préoccupations de la Communauté internationale. Plus spécifiquement, ces questions font partie des secteurs prioritaires d’intervention de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), entre autres le Secteur XVI des Objectifs du développement durable (ODD).
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Geier, Ted. A Parliament of Monsters: Romantic Nonhumans and Victorian Erasure. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424714.003.0002.

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Shows the robust nonhuman concern in Romantic works through new readings of Mary Shelley, Burns, Wordsworth, Clare, and Coleridge. The chapter traces these themes and forms of threatened, abject life as an expansive multispecies community of suffering. These works interrogate the weakness of expressive forms, performing the very captivity they lament. Wordsworth’s poem on the Bartholomew Fair is a fulcrum to the London studies in the book. These forms of expression are then examined in Dickens’s narratology and the narrator-object Esther in Bleak House.
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Lloyd, Richard. The Sociology of Country Music. Edited by Travis D. Stimeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.23.

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How can a sociological approach improve our understanding of country music? This chapter answers this question by focusing on the intersections between country music history and the core sociological theme of modernity. Challenging standard interpretations of country music as folk culture, it shows how the emergence of the popular commercial genre corresponds to the increasing modernization of the American South. The genre’s subsequent growth and evolution tracks central objects of sociological study including industrialization, geographic mobility, race and ethnic relations, the changing social class structure, political realignment in the United States, and (paradoxically) urbanization. Country music is comparatively understudied in the sociology of music despite its rich history and massive popularity; this chapter shows that the genre and the discipline nevertheless mutually illuminate one another in robust and often surprising ways.
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Book chapters on the topic "Traits robustes"

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Barnes, John R. "Wires, Traces, and Planes." In Robust Electronic Design Reference Book, 657–64. New York, NY: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7830-7_29.

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Milenkovic, Victor, Elisha Sacks, and Steven Trac. "Robust Complete Path Planning in the Plane." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 37–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36279-8_3.

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Schwager, Mac, Michael P. Vitus, Daniela Rus, and Claire J. Tomlin. "Robust Adaptive Coverage for Robotic Sensor Networks." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 437–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29363-9_25.

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Benallegue, Mehdi, and Jean-Paul Laumond. "Bipedal Locomotion: A Continuous Tradeoff Between Robustness and Energy-Efficiency." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 263–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93870-7_12.

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Park, Jaeheung, and Oussama Khatib. "Robust Haptic Teleoperation of a Mobile Manipulation Platform." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 543–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11552246_52.

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Becerra, Héctor M., and Carlos Sagüés. "Robust Visual Control Based on the Epipolar Geometry." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 21–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05783-5_2.

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Uray, Esra, Huseyin Hakli, and Serdar Carbas. "Statistical Investigation of the Robustness for the Optimization Algorithms." In Springer Tracts in Nature-Inspired Computing, 201–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6773-9_10.

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Algermissen, Stephan, and Michael Sinapius. "Robust Gain Scheduling for Smart-Structures in Parallel Robots." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 159–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16785-0_10.

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Fang, Zheng, Shichao Yang, Sezal Jain, Geetesh Dubey, Silvio Maeta, Stephan Roth, Sebastian Scherer, Yu Zhang, and Stephen Nuske. "Robust Autonomous Flight in Constrained and Visually Degraded Environments." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 411–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27702-8_27.

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Becerra, Héctor M., and Carlos Sagüés. "A Robust Control Scheme Based on the Trifocal Tensor." In Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 45–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05783-5_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Traits robustes"

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Zarembski, Allan M., James Blaze, and Pradeep Patel. "Shared Corridors, Shared Interests." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56095.

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What are some of the practical obstacles to a “shared interests” between a freight railway business and the proposed new higher speed passenger entity? This paper discusses the real “tension” between the two business interests that fund freight trains versus those that support and fund higher speed passenger trains as they attempt to share the same tracks in a safe manner. There are fundamental laws of physics that have to be addressed as the two different sets of equipment are “accommodated” on a shared corridor. This may not always be an easy accommodation between the two commercial parties. One real tension between the two commercial interests involves the physical problem of accommodating two radically different train sets on areas of curved track. For one example, what will be the passenger train required future higher speeds and how will these speeds be accommodated in existing main line tracks with curves varying from 1% to 6% in degrees? How much super elevation will need to be put back into the heretofore freight train tracks? How will the resulting super elevation affect the operation of so called drag or high tonnage slow speed bulk cargo trains? Accommodating such differences in train set types, axle loadings, freight versus passenger train set speeds, requires making detailed choices at the engineering level. These may be shared interests, but they are also variables with far different outcomes by design for the two different business types. The freight railways have spent the last few decades “taking the super elevation out” because it is not needed for the modern and highly efficient freight trains. Now the requirements of the passenger trains may need for it to be replaced. What are the dynamics and fundamental engineering principles at work here? Grade crossings have a safety issue set of interests that likely require such things as “quad” gates and for the highest passenger train speeds even complete grade separation. Track accommodating very high speed passenger trains requires under federal regulations much closer physical property tolerances in gauge width, track alignment, and surface profile. This in turn increases the level of track inspection and track maintenance expenses versus the standard freight operations in a corridor. Fundamentally, how is this all going to be allocated to the two different commercial train users? What will be the equally shared cost and what are examples of the solely allocated costs when a corridor has such different train users? In summary, this paper provides a description of these shared issues and the fundamental trade-offs that the parties must agree upon related to overall track design, track geometry, track curvature, super elevation options, allowed speeds in curves, more robust protection at grade crossings, and the manner in which these changes from the freight only corridors are to be allocated given the resulting much higher track maintenance costs of these to be shared assets.
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Bettemir, Önder Halis. "Quality and Safety Assurance of Railway Tracks by UAV." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47537.

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Safety assurance of railway tracks is an important task because defects on the railway track may cause trains to be derailed. Unfortunately, there are many fatal train crashes reported in Turkey, Spain and India caused by derailment of the trains. Besides the fatalities, derailment of the trains causes significant economic losses, delay of the timetables and discomfort. Manually investigating the railway tracks are substantially time consuming and expensive. In addition to this, it is human dependent so that the task is prone to error, which may end up without noticing important defects. In this study, a robust and economical method, which automates the investigation of railway tracks, is proposed. The proposed method scans the railway track by a high-resolution optic camera mounted on an UAV. Obtained optic images of the railway track are georeferenced by automatically extracting the Ground Control Points (GCP). The railway track is extracted from the optic image by edge detection. Afterward, any defect on the railway track such as missing bolt or damage on the sleepers and any impropriety of ballasts can be detected by performing image analysis techniques. Advantages of the optic system are its lightweight, higher georeferencing accuracy, and low power consumption. Sony HX300 DSLR camera with 20.4 MP resolution is calibrated on the ground and optical images are obtained at similar imaging geometry. For this reason, flight altitude is fixed as 12 foot above the railway track. The optical camera is mounted on quadcopter, which has 6 kg of maximum take-off weight. The system is tested in Pittsburgh and satisfactory initial test results are obtained. Consequently, site tests showed that the proposed robust and economic system is a good candidate to be implemented for monitoring the railway tracks.
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Anand, Nilesh, and Michel Anayi. "Improving Punctuality of Train Traffic on Western Main Line of Swedish Railway Network: Simulation Approach." In ASME 2009 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2009-18008.

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Western main line is one of the most important railway lines in Sweden. The line section from Stockholm to Katrineholm, which connects the largest cities of the Sweden i.e. Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo¨, is studied. This line has heterogeneous train traffic consisting high-speed, regional, freight and commuter trains. This paper attempts to study different factors affecting punctuality on this railway line concentrating on traffic problem around Gnesta station and commuter train turn-back scenario — a bottleneck — at the same station. Simulation of existing and modified timetable is done using train traffic simulation software “Railsys”. Experiments including examining effect of rescheduling train timings, capacity enhancement and infrastructure changes in rail network are conducted and investigated. Robustness analysis is performed from the results of simulation and investigation of the consequences of delays and comparison of how different features in the timetables affect the robustness is done.
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Sadhya, Debanjan, and Sanjay Kumar Singh. "An improved and robust fusion framework for soft biometric traits." In 2015 IEEE UP Section Conference on Electrical Computer and Electronics (UPCON). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upcon.2015.7456718.

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Meraoumia, Abdallah, Salim Chitroub, and Ahmed Bouridane. "Robust human identity identification system by using hand biometric traits." In 2014 26th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icm.2014.7071795.

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Park, Won, Nan Liu, Qi Alfred Chen, and Z. Morley Mao. "Sensor Adversarial Traits: Analyzing Robustness of 3D Object Detection Sensor Fusion Models." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip42928.2021.9506183.

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Jia, Wenzheng, Baohua Mao, Haidong Liu, Shaokuan Chen, and Yong Ding. "Service Robustness Analysis of Trains by a Simulation Method." In Sixth International Conference of Traffic and Transportation Studies Congress (ICTTS). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40995(322)70.

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Bax, Brian, Patrick Dean, and Roger Fales. "Robust Control of a Hydraulic Metering Valve and Pump System Model." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15160.

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In this work modern robust control systems are designed and compared to standard techniques for a hydraulic implement system. The system includes a four orifice metering valve in an H-bridge configuration and a variable displacement pump. The four valve orifices are coupled so that there is only one input for the valves. There are two control inputs, one for the valve and one for the pump displacement. The complexity of the system makes classic control methods difficult to design. Parameter variations and unmodeled dynamics can cause sluggish performance and instability in some cases. By applying modern control, robustness can be improved relative to classical and single-input/single-output (SISO) control design techniques. Techniques such as H∞ control have been proven effective in many multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) applications. Linear analysis shows improvement in robustness characteristics of the system over a conventional PID control scheme. Nonlinear simulations show favorable system response and similarly positive robustness traits for the modern control design.
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Parrish, N., H. Anderson, and M. R. Gupta. "Robust sequential classification of tracks." In 2010 13th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icif.2010.5711978.

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Akhtar, Zahid, Battista Biggio, Giorgio Fumera, and Gian Luca Marcialis. "Robustness of multi-modal biometric systems under realistic spoof attacks against all traits." In 2011 IEEE Workshop on Biometric Measurements and Systems for Security and Medical Applications (BIOMS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bioms.2011.6053682.

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Reports on the topic "Traits robustes"

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Richland, Lindsey Engle, Emma Näslund-Hadley, Haydée Alonzo, Emily Lyons, and Elayne Vollman. Ansiedad matemática y rendimiento académico en matemáticas de docentes y estudiantes en un contexto de bajos ingresos. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002933.

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Las relaciones negativas entre la ansiedad matemática y el rendimiento matemático aparecen en muchos países a nivel mundial (OCDE, 2013; Lee, 2009), lo que sugiere que la ansiedad matemática podría ser un factor subestimado en regiones con un rendimiento matemático persistentemente bajo. Nos basamos en una muestra nacional de estudiantes y sus docentes en Belice para analizar las relaciones entre la ansiedad matemática y el rendimiento matemático. Los datos replican la relación negativa entre estas variables observada en muchas regiones con mejor rendimiento y mayores recursos y, lo que es más importante, también revelan que la ansiedad matemática de los docentes predice las actitudes de sus estudiantes hacia las matemáticas, y algunas veces su rendimiento académico en matemáticas. En términos generales, los efectos no fueron cuantitativamente importantes, por lo cual la robustez de esta relación no es clara, pero aportan resultados novedosos para construir una teoría integral de la relación entre la ansiedad y el rendimiento académico en matemáticas en diferentes contextos culturales, etarios y de género, y brindan información sobre cómo podría mejorar la enseñanza y el rendimiento académico en matemáticas en países de bajos recursos a través del abordaje de la ansiedad matemática.
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Groves, David G., Michelle Miro, James Syme, Alejandro U. Becerra-Ornelas, Edmundo Molina-Pérez, Valentina Saavedra, and Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Planificación de infraestructura hídrica para el futuro incierto en América Latina: un enfoque eficiente en costos y tiempo para tomar decisiones robustas de infraestructura, con un estudio de caso en Mendoza, Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003030.

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Los administradores del agua enfrentan desafíos cada vez mayores para satisfacer la demanda de agua, que depende de condiciones socioeconómicas y climáticas. La evolución de estas condiciones en las próximas décadas es profundamente incierta e impredecible. El presente estudio demuestra la utilidad del enfoque de Toma de Decisiones Robustas (RDM por sus siglas en ingles), un método de toma de decisión bajo incertidumbre profunda, para evaluar la vulnerabilidad y las oportunidades de adaptación de la gestión de los recursos hídricos en Mendoza, Argentina. El análisis confirma que el sistema actual de agua de Mendoza es vulnerable a los cambios en el uso de suelo y a los impactos del cambio climático. En casi 900 futuros analizados, la demanda insatisfecha crece significativamente durante los períodos de sequía, un problema que empeora con el tiempo. La mayoría de la demanda insatisfecha se produce en el sector agrícola, con carencias que superan el 35 por ciento en algunos años y futuros. Se analizó la vulnerabilidad de las cuencas de Tulumaya y Costa de Araujo en particular, dos áreas de riego aguas abajo que exhiben una alta demanda insatisfecha en muchos futuros, y del sector agrícola en su conjunto. Tres tipos de futuros conducirían a una alta demanda insatisfecha: 1. Crecimiento económico rápido, excepto si las precipitaciones aumentan mucho; 2. Urbanización tendencial bajo condiciones climáticas medianas o secas; o 3. Urbanización acelerada bajo condiciones secas y un aumento de la temperatura pronunciado. Se evaluaron diferentes estrategias para reducir estas vulnerabilidades: i) construcción de pocos reservorios grandes; ii) de una serie de reservorios más pequeños; iii) e inversiones en riego presurizado. Este es el primer ejercicio de comparación de estas tres opciones bajo incertidumbres climáticas y de uso del suelo. Los resultados demuestran que el aumento del almacenamiento, a través de uno o unos pocos reservorios grandes o una red de reservorios pequeños, no mitigaría significativamente estas vulnerabilidades y sería extremadamente costoso. Las inversiones en riego presurizado podrían reducir las vulnerabilidades de manera más significativa. Este análisis podría ser fortalecido mediante iteraciones adicionales del enfoque RDM, que incorpore las demandas de agua urbana de manera más representativa, así como un mejor reflejo de la temporalidad de regulación de los reservorios, y una mejor representatividad de escenarios climáticos extremos.
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Cook, Stephen, and Loyd Hook. Developmental Pillars of Increased Autonomy for Aircraft Systems. ASTM International, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/tr2-eb.

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Increased automation for aircraft systems holds the promise to increase safety, precision, and availability for manned and unmanned aircraft. Specifically, established aviation segments, such as general aviation and light sport, could utilize increased automation to make significant progress towards solving safety and piloting difficulties that have plagued them for some time. Further, many emerging market segments, such as urban air mobility and small unmanned (e.g., small parcel delivery with drones) have a strong financial incentive to develop increased automation to relieve the pilot workload, and/or replace in-the-loop pilots for most situations. Before these advances can safely be made, automation technology must be shown to be reliable, available, accurate, and correct within acceptable limits based on the level of risk these functions may create. However since inclusion of these types of systems is largely unprecedented at this level of aviation, what constitutes these required traits (and at what level they must be proven to) requires development as well. Progress in this domain will likely be captured and disseminated in the form of best practices and technical standards created with collaboration from regulatory and industry groups. This work intends to inform those standards producers, along with the system designers, with the goal of facilitating growth in aviation systems toward safe, methodical, and robust inclusion of these new technologies. Produced by members of the manned and unmanned small aircraft community, represented by ASTM task group AC 377, this work strives to suggest and describe certain fundamental principles, or “pillars”, of complex aviation systems development, which are applicable to the design and architectural development of increased automation for aviation systems.
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