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Books on the topic 'Traits robustes'
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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1989.
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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1989.
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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1991.
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Robustness of unidimensional latent trait models when applied to multidimensional data. 1991.
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Schimpfössl, Elisabeth. Family History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677763.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 reviews how today’s Russian bourgeoisie traces its origins and character traits with reference to family history. The Soviet government pursued a policy of positive discrimination in favor of working-class and peasant families in order to form a new Soviet intelligentsia and, on the other hand, discriminated against former privileged groups from the aristocracy, merchant class, and clergy. Many individuals from these politically repressed families survived thanks to marriage into the new ruling elite and were able to transmit to their offspring certain practices and important cultural resources, such as an eagerness to learn. Stalin’s purges were disastrous for the reconstituted Soviet intelligentsia and meant that robust family bonds were vital for protection in the postwar period. During these decades the Soviet intelligentsia coalesced to form what Norbert Elias described as the good society, which continues to provide a model for bourgeois practices and values today.
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Walsh, Anthony, and Cody Jorgensen. Evolutionary Theory and Criminology. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.35.
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Evolutionary criminology is part of a broader biosocial approach to criminology. The evolutionary perspective can help organize the hodgepodge of extant, and often contradictory, criminological theories in a coherent way, thus providing a more robust explanation of criminality. This chapter demonstrates the relevance of evolutionary theory to criminology, discusses the evolutionary origins of both prosocial and antisocial traits, and shows that evolutionary theory is invaluable to understanding two key issues that have been impervious to solution using the standard social science model—the sex ratio in criminal offending and the age–crime curve. The chapter also provides a discussion on the distal causes of traits conducive to criminal behavior as well as a Darwinian explanation of why humans can be altruistic toward some humans yet victimize others.
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Littlefield, Andrew K., and Kenneth J. Sher. Personality and Substance Use Disorders. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.006.
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Individual differences in personality have long been linked to the use and misuse of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drugs. Broadly, personality characteristics of high neuroticism and behavioral undercontrol/impulsivity appear to robustly relate to several substance use disorders (SUDs), although other traits have also been linked to SUDs. Much of the genetic basis of SUDs appears to be mediated by personality traits, which may relate to SUDs through a variety of non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that may work additively and synergistically, are indexed by various motivations associated with reward seeking and regulating negative emotion, and also relate to self-control and environment selection. Considerable change occurs in personality over the life course, and recent data show that the course of substance use and SUDs is associated with personality change. Although much progress has been made, several lines of future research could be pursued to further our understanding of the personality–SUD relation.
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Koudé, Roger K., ed. Discours sur la Paix, la Justice et les Institutions efficaces. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813004147.
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En partant d’une approche holistique et dynamique de la paix, une paix juste et durable qui ne saurait se réduire à la seule absence de la guerre, les "Discours sur la Paix, la Justice et les Institutions efficaces" montrent combien ces trois composantes restent intrinsèquement liées. En effet, si l’on admet qu’une paix juste et durable n’est possible qu’en se fondant sur la justice, il est évident que la bonne administration de la justice, son indépendance, son impartialité et l’effectivité de son autorité ne sont envisageables véritablement que dans un contexte de paix et de sécurité, le tout avec l’appui des institutions robustes et efficaces (outre la justice elle-même). Or, l’efficacité des institutions, quelles qu’elles soient, dépend étroitement de l’effectivité de la paix et de la sécurité, des lois qui soient la juste expression de la volonté générale...Le lecteur trouvera dans cet ouvrage des possibilités de réflexion pouvant lui permettre de développer sa propre analyse des questions et/ou situations concrètes, ayant toutes trait à la problématique de la paix, de la justice et des institutions efficaces qui sont parmi les éléments essentiels à l’agenda de la Communauté internationale. Ces questions et/ou situations concrètes que nous avons essayé de traiter, souvent avec le concours des acteurs de terrain parmi les plus réputés dans leurs domaines respectifs, comme le Professeur Denis MUKWEGE (Prix Nobel de la Paix 2018), sont au cœur des préoccupations de la Communauté internationale. Plus spécifiquement, ces questions font partie des secteurs prioritaires d’intervention de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), entre autres le Secteur XVI des Objectifs du développement durable (ODD).
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Geier, Ted. A Parliament of Monsters: Romantic Nonhumans and Victorian Erasure. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424714.003.0002.
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Shows the robust nonhuman concern in Romantic works through new readings of Mary Shelley, Burns, Wordsworth, Clare, and Coleridge. The chapter traces these themes and forms of threatened, abject life as an expansive multispecies community of suffering. These works interrogate the weakness of expressive forms, performing the very captivity they lament. Wordsworth’s poem on the Bartholomew Fair is a fulcrum to the London studies in the book. These forms of expression are then examined in Dickens’s narratology and the narrator-object Esther in Bleak House.
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Lloyd, Richard. The Sociology of Country Music. Edited by Travis D. Stimeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.23.
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How can a sociological approach improve our understanding of country music? This chapter answers this question by focusing on the intersections between country music history and the core sociological theme of modernity. Challenging standard interpretations of country music as folk culture, it shows how the emergence of the popular commercial genre corresponds to the increasing modernization of the American South. The genre’s subsequent growth and evolution tracks central objects of sociological study including industrialization, geographic mobility, race and ethnic relations, the changing social class structure, political realignment in the United States, and (paradoxically) urbanization. Country music is comparatively understudied in the sociology of music despite its rich history and massive popularity; this chapter shows that the genre and the discipline nevertheless mutually illuminate one another in robust and often surprising ways.
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Morgan, David. Materiality. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.19.
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Beginning with the material turn in the study of religion, this chapter explores the relevance of the study of materiality in recent developments in the study of religion. The chapter traces the development of the material turn as a response to poststructuralism’s focus on textuality. In contrast to the tradition of the phenomenology of religion, the usefulness of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception leads to a much more productive study of embodiment as a way of materializing the study of religion. This approach works effectively with the study of networks as a way of robustly grounding the study of religion in the configuration of human and non-human agencies. The chapter then turns to three examples of the embodiment of devotion in order to show that material analysis draws attention to the materiality of enacting the presence of saints; the materiality of prayer; and embodiment as a primary medium of religious formation.
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Holtmann, Martin, Björn Albrecht, and Daniel Brandeis. Neurofeedback. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0039.
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Neurofeedback of specific brain activity patterns allows perceiving and learning to gain control over these otherwise unaware neuronal processes. Neurofeedback may improve underlying neuronal deficits, and/or establish more general self-regulatory skills for compensating behavioural difficulties in other domains. Treating ADHD is the most common clinical neurofeedback application. Standard neurofeedback protocols based on electroencephalography train self-regulation of oscillatory activity in certain frequency bands (targeting theta/beta ratio) or slow cortical potential shifts. Both protocols have demonstrated promising outcomes, particularly in improving inattention symptoms, although controlled effects remain heterogeneous and often attenuated in blinded ratings. Further randomized controlled and (as far as possible) blinded evaluation studies are needed for better understanding of the mode of action and to establish robust standard training protocols for routine care. In the current state of evidence, neurofeedback can be recommended as part of a multimodal treatment of ADHD.
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Smith, Benjamin T. Mexican Press and Civil Society, 1940-1976. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469638089.001.0001.
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Mexico today is one of the most dangerous places in the world to report the news, and Mexicans have taken to the street to defend freedom of expression. As Benjamin T. Smith demonstrates in this history of the press and civil society, the cycle of violent repression and protest over journalism is nothing new. He traces it back to the growth in newspaper production and reading publics between 1940 and 1976, when a national thirst for tabloids, crime sheets, and magazines reached far beyond the middle class. As Mexicans began to view local and national events through the prism of journalism, everyday politics changed radically. Even while lauding the liberty of the press, the state developed an arsenal of methods to control what was printed, including sophisticated spin and misdirection techniques, covert financial payments, and campaigns of threats, imprisonment, beatings, and even murder. The press was also pressured by media monopolists tacking between government demands and public expectations to maximize profits, and by coalitions of ordinary citizens demanding that local newspapers publicize stories of corruption, incompetence, and state violence. Since the Cold War, both in Mexico City and in the provinces, a robust radical journalism has posed challenges to government forces.
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Gallagher, Matthew W., and Shane J. Lopez, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Hope. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Hope provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding the science and practice of hope. Hope has long been a topic of interest to philosophers and the general public, but it was only in recent decades that hope became a focus of psychological science. Rick Snyder defined hope as a cognitive trait that helps individuals to identify and pursue goals and consists of two components: pathways, the perceived capacity to identify strategies necessary to achieve goals, and agency, the willpower or motivation to pursue those pathways to achieve goals. Hope has become one of most robust and promising topics in the burgeoning field of positive psychology. This book reviews the progress that has been made in the past 25 years regarding the origins and influence of hope. Topics covered include current theoretical perspectives on how best to define hope and how it is distinct from related constructs, current best practices for measuring and quantifying hope, interventions and strategies for promoting hope across different settings and the lifespan, the impact that hope has on many dimensions and domains of physical and mental health, and the many ways and contexts in which hope promotes resilience and positive functioning. Experts in the field both review what is currently known about the role of hope in different domains and identify topics and questions that can help to guide the next decade of research. The handbook concludes with a collaborative vision on the future directions of the science of hope.
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Spencer, Danielle. Metagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510766.001.0001.
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This book identifies and names the phenomenon of metagnosis: the experience of newly learning in adulthood of a long-standing condition. It can occur when the condition has remained undetected (e.g., colorblindness) and/or when the diagnostic categories themselves have shifted (e.g., ADHD). More broadly, it can occur with unexpected revelations bearing upon selfhood, such as surprising genetic test results. This phenomenon has received relatively scant attention, yet learning of an unknown condition is frequently a significant and bewildering revelation, subverting narrative expectations and customary categories. In addressing the topic this book deploys an evolution of narrative medicine as a robust research methodology comprising interdisciplinarity, narrative attentiveness, and creating a writerly text. Beginning with the author’s own experience of metagnosis, it explores the issues it raises—from communicability to narrative intelligibility to different ways of seeing. Next, it traces the distinctive metagnostic narrative arc through the stages of recognition, subversion, and renegotiation, discussing this trajectory in light of a range of metagnostic experiences, from Blade Runner to real-world midlife diagnoses. Finally, it situates metagnosis in relation to genetic revelations and the broader discourses concerning identity. Proposing that the figure of blindsight—drawn from the author’s metagnostic experience—offers a productive model for negotiating such revelations, the book suggests that better understanding metagnosis will not simply aid those directly affected but will also serve as a bellwether for how we will all navigate advancing biomedical and genomic knowledge, and how we may fruitfully interrogate the very notion of identity.
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Klein, Julie Thompson. Beyond Interdisciplinarity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197571149.001.0001.
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Beyond Interdisciplinarity examines the broadening meaning, heterogeneity, and boundary work of interdisciplinarity. It includes both crossdisciplinary work (encompassing multi-, inter-, and trans-disciplinary forms) as well as cross-sector work (spanning disciplines, fields, professions, government and industry, and communities in the North and South). Part I defines boundary work, discourses of interdisciplinarity, and the nature of interdisciplinary fields and interdisciplines. Part II examines dynamics of working across boundaries, including communicating, collaborating, and learning in research projects and programs, with a closing chapter on failing and succeeding along with gateways to literature and other resources. The conceptual framework is based on an ecology of spatializing practices in transaction spaces, including trading zones and communities of practice. Boundary objects, boundary agents, and boundary organizations play a vital role in brokering differences for platforming change in contexts ranging from small projects to new fields to international initiatives. Translation, interlanguage, and a communication boundary space are vital to achieving intersubjectivity and collective identity, fostering not only pragmatics of negotiation and integration but also reflexivity, transactivity, and co-production of knowledge with stakeholders beyond the academy. Rhetorics of holism and synthesis compete with instrumentalities of problem solving and innovation as well as transgressive critique. Yet typical warrants today include complexity, contextualization, collaboration, and socially robust knowledge. The book also emphasizes the roles of contextualization and historical change while accounting for the shifting relationship of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, the ascendancy of transdisciplinarity, and intersections with other constructs, including Mode 2 knowledge production, convergence, team science, and postdisciplinarity.