Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trajectoires – Statistiques'
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Florens-Zmirou, Danielle. "Statistiques des diffusions : observation discrétisées, passages à niveau donné, lissage des trajectoires." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112126.
Full textThis thesis studies the statistical properties of recurrent diffusions partially observed. The first part concerns the discretization of the time interval by means of a sampling interval Δ. 6. Let Xk Δ. Be the observed Markov chain. We consider an expansion of its transition probability density in terms of Δ. The information loss is computed as a function of Δ and of the diffusion coefficient. Then we use the autoregressive model as an approximate statistical model of the diffusion. This method yields biased estimators enables us to compute the bias. We prove a central limit theorem for functionals of Markov chains. Discretization is used to study controlled diffusions. We prove that the asymptotic gains of the discretized models converge to the asymptotic gain of the diffusion controlled on continuous time. Ln the second part, the crossings of a given barrier are studied (i. E. Zero). A continuous observation of the zero-crossings of a diffusion is not feasible. Therefore, we observe the excursions greater than Δ. We construct a minimum contrast estimator and prove its consistency and asymptotic normality. We study the properties of the families of Levy measures associated to the diffusion local time. The zero crossings of the discretized diffusion are not Markovian any more. The proposed minimum contrast estimators are consistent and asymptotically Gaussian. The previous observation enables us to find an approximation of the diffusion local time. Ln the last paper we study the smoothing of a non differentiable stationary Gaussian process by means of convolution. We prove that the number of zero-crossings of the regularized process suitably normalized converges too in L 2 to the zero local time of the given Gaussian process
Briane, Vincent. "Tests statistiques pour l’analyse de trajectoires de particules : application à l’imagerie intracellulaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S137/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested in quantifying the dynamics of intracellular particles, as proteins or molecules, inside living cells. In fact, inference on the modes of mobility of molecules is central in cell biology since it reflects the interactions between the structures of the cell. We model the particle trajectories with stochastic processes as the interior of a living cell is a fluctuating environment. Diffusions are stochastic processes with continuous paths and can model a large range of intracellular movements. Biophysicists distinguish three main types of diffusions, namely Brownian motion, superdiffusion and subdiffusion. These different diffusion processes correspond to distinct biological scenarios. A particle evolving freely inside the cytosol or along the plasma membrane is modelled by Brownian motion; the particle does not travel along any particular direction and can take a very long time to go to a precise area in the cell. Active intracellular transport can overcome this difficulty so that motion is faster and direct specific. In this case, particles are carried by molecular motors along microtubular filament networks and their motion is modelled with superdiffusions. Subdiffusion can be observed in two cases i/ when the particle is confined in a microdomain, ii/ when the particle is hindered by molecular crowding and encounters dynamic or fixed obstacles. We develop a statistical test for classifying the observed trajectories into the three groups of diffusion of interest namely Brownian motion, super-diffusion and subdiffusion. We also design an algorithm to detect the changes of dynamics along a single trajectory. We define the change points as the times at which the particle switches from one diffusion type (Brownian motion, superdiffusion or subdiffusion) to another. Finally, we combine a clustering algorithm with our test procedure to identify micro domains that is zones where the particles are confined. Molecular interactions of great importance for the functioning of the cell take place in such areas
Laprise, Jean-François. "Matrices aléatoires et billards classiques : universalité dans les mesures statistiques sur les trajectoires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26977/26977.pdf.
Full textMagrin-Chagnolleau, Ivan. "Approches statistiques et filtrage vectoriel de trajectoires spectrales pour l'identification du locuteur indépendante du texte /." Paris : École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb367038292.
Full textMagrin-Chagnolleau, Ivan. "Approches statistiques et filtrage vectoriel de trajectoires spectrales pour l'identification du locuteur indépendante du texte." Paris, ENST, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENST0010.
Full textLacaux, Céline. "Contribution à la notion d'autosimilarité et à l'étude des trajectoires de champs aléatoires." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764398.
Full textGosselin, Léa. "Trajectoires de satisfaction conjugale et dissolution d'union." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26000.
Full textEl, Mahrsi Mohamed Khalil. "Analyse et fouille de données de trajectoires d'objets mobiles." Phd thesis, Telecom ParisTech, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943936.
Full textCOQUET, RICHARD. "Approches statistiques pour l'analyse des trajectoires de dynamiques moleculaires. Applications a des molecules de la chimie supramoleculaire en phase gazeuse et en solution." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR13144.
Full textRommel, Cédric. "Exploration de données pour l'optimisation de trajectoires aériennes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX066/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the use of flight data for the optimization of climb trajectories with relation to fuel consumption.We first focus on methods for identifying the aircraft dynamics, in order to plug it in the trajectory optimization problem. We suggest a static formulation of the identification problem, which we interpret as a structured multi-task regression problem. In this framework, we propose parametric models and use different maximum likelihood approaches to learn the unknown parameters.Furthermore, polynomial models are considered and an extension to the structured multi-task setting of the bootstrap Lasso is used to make a consistent selection of the monomials despite the high correlations among them.Next, we consider the problem of assessing the optimized trajectories relatively to the validity region of the identified models. For this, we propose a probabilistic criterion for quantifying the closeness between an arbitrary curve and a set of trajectories sampled from the same stochastic process. We propose a class of estimators of this quantity and prove their consistency in some sense. A nonparemetric implementation based on kernel density estimators, as well as a parametric implementation based on Gaussian mixtures are presented. We introduce the later as a penalty term in the trajectory optimization problem, which allows us to control the trade-off between trajectory acceptability and consumption reduction
Jarry, Gabriel. "Analyse et détection des trajectoires d'approches atypiques des aéronefs à l'aide de l'analyse de données fonctionnelles et de l'apprentissage automatique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30284.
Full textImproving aviation safety generally involves identifying, detecting and managing undesirable events that can lead to final events with fatalities. Previous studies conducted by the French National Supervisory Authority have led to the identification of non-compliant approaches presenting deviation from standard procedures as undesirable events. This thesis aims to explore functional data analysis and machine learning techniques in order to provide algorithms for the detection and analysis of atypical trajectories in approach from ground side. Four research directions are being investigated. The first axis aims to develop a post-op analysis algorithm based on functional data analysis techniques and unsupervised learning for the detection of atypical behaviours in approach. The model is confronted with the analysis of airline flight safety offices, and is applied in the particular context of the COVID-19 crisis to illustrate its potential use while the global ATM system is facing a standstill. The second axis of research addresses the generation and extraction of information from radar data using new techniques such as Machine Learning. These methodologies allow to \mbox{improve} the understanding and the analysis of trajectories, for example in the case of the estimation of on-board parameters from radar parameters. The third axis proposes novel data manipulation and generation techniques using the functional data analysis framework. Finally, the fourth axis focuses on extending the post-operational algorithm into real time with the use of optimal control techniques, giving directions to new situation awareness alerting systems
De, Gavelle Erwan. "Modélisation de trajectoires acceptables de réarrangement de la consommation de sources protéiques pour augmenter l’adéquation nutritionnelle et impacts sur la durabilité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA016/document.
Full textIn Western countries, the consumption of animal protein, which is the predominant protein source, has been decreasing over the last decade. This consumption has been negatively associated with different sustainability parameters in the majority of cases, and studies modelling sustainable diets have shown that the different parameters are not always compatible. Diets that significantly improve different sustainability parameters have been modelled, but the consideration of cultural acceptability is insufficient and requires further investigation. The objective of this thesis was to model acceptable trajectories of rearrangement of protein source consumption to increase nutritional adequacy and to evaluate its impacts on sustainability. The study of protein source consumption in France led to the conclusion that protein intake is adequate for the entire population, but that there are different profiles of protein intake characterized by different levels of nutritional security. A study conducted in 2018 found that meat consumption levels were predicted by attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control related to the reduction of meat consumption. For the stepwise dietary modelling study, it was considered acceptable for an individual to consume a new food if it was widely consumed by individuals with a similar profile of protein intake. This hypothesis was validated by a survey conducted in 2018. The modelling work identified that some dietary recommendations were effective for the general population, but others were specific to certain profiles of protein intake characterized by specific nutritional profiles and food repertoires. Finally, models have identified that systematically targeting more plant proteins during the first dietary modifications allows, despite a slightly lower nutritional adequacy, to obtain better sustainability parameters
Florens-Zmirou, Danielle. "Statistique des diffusions observations discrétisées : passages à niveau donné, lissage des trajectoires /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605108m.
Full textLouis, Maxime. "Méthodes numériques et statistiques pour l'analyse de trajectoire dans un cadre de géométrie Riemannienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS570.
Full textThis PhD proposes new Riemannian geometry tools for the analysis of longitudinal observations of neuro-degenerative subjects. First, we propose a numerical scheme to compute the parallel transport along geodesics. This scheme is efficient as long as the co-metric can be computed efficiently. Then, we tackle the issue of Riemannian manifold learning. We provide some minimal theoretical sanity checks to illustrate that the procedure of Riemannian metric estimation can be relevant. Then, we propose to learn a Riemannian manifold so as to model subject's progressions as geodesics on this manifold. This allows fast inference, extrapolation and classification of the subjects
Cayouette-Remblière, Joanie. "Le marquage scolaire : une analyse "statistique ethnographique" des trajectoires des enfants de classes populaires à l'Ecole." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0060.
Full textMass education has changed the role school plays in life cycles since the 1980's. However, students from low socio-economic backgrounds are still more likely to drop out from school than students from privileged milieus, and less likely to get the most prestigious credentials. This dissertation thus explores: (1) why and how lower-class students fail or succeed at school in the age of mass education, and (2) what a new and prolonged socialization period at school me ans for these students -in terms of schemes of perception, but also of social dispositions. This thesis draws on original and rich materials (notably individual school files), and on a new analytical method, which relies on what 1 cali "ethnographical statistics". Namely, 1 use school records to get a fine-grained perspective on the school and professional careers oftwo cohorts of students, and 1 systematically confront the results to those of parallel ethnographical investigations. This method will be presented in a preliminary chapter. The thesis is then divided into three parts. The first part sets the social and geographical stage of the study. The second part offers a new perspective on the development of inequalities within the collège unique. The third part analyses the social and institutional mechanisms which drive selection processes at the end of middle school, throughout high schools, and within vocational education
Fouemkeu, Norbert. "Modélisation de l’incertitude sur les trajectoires d’avions." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10217/document.
Full textIn this thesis we propose probabilistic and statistic models based on multidimensional data for forecasting uncertainty on aircraft trajectories. Assuming that during the flight, aircraft follows his 3D trajectory contained into his initial flight plan, we used all characteristics of flight environment as predictors to explain the crossing time of aircraft at given points on their planned trajectory. These characteristics are: weather and atmospheric conditions, flight current parameters, information contained into the flight plans and the air traffic complexity. Typically, in this study, the dependent variable is difference between actual time observed during flight and planned time to cross trajectory planned points: this variable is called temporal difference. We built four models using method based on partitioning recursive of the sample. The first called classical CART is based on Breiman CART method. Here, we use regression trees to build points typology of aircraft trajectories based on previous characteristics and to forecast crossing time of aircrafts on these points. The second model called amended CART is the previous model improved. This latter is built by replacing forecasting estimated by the mean of dependent variable inside the terminal nodes of classical CART by new forecasting given by multiple regression inside these nodes. This new model developed using Stepwise algorithm is parcimonious because for each terminal node it permits to explain the flight time by the most relevant predictors inside the node. The third model is built based on MARS (Multivariate adaptive regression splines) method. Besides continuity of the dependent variable estimator, this model allows to assess the direct and interaction effects of the explanatory variables on the crossing time on flight trajectory points. The fourth model uses boostrap sampling method. It’s random forests where for each bootstrap sample from the initial data, a tree regression model is built like in CART method. The general model forecasting is obtained by aggregating forecasting on the set of trees. Despite the overfitting observed on this model, it is robust and constitutes a solution against instability problem concerning regression trees obtained from CART method. The models we built have been assessed and validated using data test. Their using to compute the sector load forecasting in term to aircraft count entering the sector shown that, the forecast time horizon about 20 minutes with the interval time larger than 20 minutes, allowed to obtain forecasting with relative errors less than 10%. Among all these models, classical CART and random forests are more powerful. Hence, for regulator authority these models can be a very good help for managing the sector load of the airspace controlled
Fouemkeu, Norbert. "Modélisation de l'incertitude sur les trajectoires d'avions." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00710595.
Full textSiohan, Olivier. "Reconnaissance automatique de la parole continue en environnement bruité : Application à des modèles stochastiques de trajectoires." Nancy 1, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1995_0290_SIOHAN.pdf.
Full textGuillouet, Brendan. "Apprentissage statistique : application au trafic routier à partir de données structurées et aux données massives." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30205/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on machine learning techniques for application to big data. We first consider trajectories defined as sequences of geolocalized data. A hierarchical clustering is then applied on a new distance between trajectories (Symmetrized Segment-Path Distance) producing groups of trajectories which are then modeled with Gaussian mixture in order to describe individual movements. This modeling can be used in a generic way in order to resolve the following problems for road traffic : final destination, trip time or next location predictions. These examples show that our model can be applied to different traffic environments and that, once learned, can be applied to trajectories whose spatial and temporal characteristics are different. We also produce comparisons between different technologies which enable the application of machine learning methods on massive volumes of data
Veilleux, Lucie. "Modélisation de la trajectoire criminelle de jeunes contrevenants à l'aide de modèles linéaires généralisés mixtes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23128/23128.pdf.
Full textChauffert, Nicolas. "Echantillonnage compressé le long de trajectoires physiquement plausibles en IRM." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112234/document.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Imaging~(MRI) is a non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging technique that provides images of body tissues, using the contrast sensitivity coming from the magnetic parameters (T$_1$, T$_2$ and proton density). Data are acquired in the $k$-space, corresponding to spatial Fourier frequencies. Because of physical constraints, the displacement in the $k$-space is subject to kinematic constraints. Indeed, magnetic field gradients and their temporal derivative are upper bounded. Hence, the scanning time increases with the image resolution. Decreasing scanning time is crucial to improve patient comfort, decrease exam costs, limit the image distortions~(eg, created by the patient movement), or decrease temporal resolution in functionnal MRI. Reducing scanning time can be addressed by Compressed Sensing~(CS) theory. The latter is a technique that guarantees the perfect recovery of an image from undersampled data in $k$-space, by assuming that the image is sparse in a wavelet basis. Unfortunately, CS theory cannot be directly cast to the MRI setting. The reasons are: i) acquisition~(Fourier) and representation~(wavelets) bases are coherent and ii) sampling schemes obtained using CS theorems are composed of isolated measurements and cannot be realistically implemented by magnetic field gradients: the sampling is usually performed along continuous or more regular curves. However, heuristic application of CS in MRI has provided promising results. In this thesis, we aim to develop theoretical tools to apply CS to MRI and other modalities. On the one hand, we propose a variable density sampling theory to answer the first inpediment. The more the sample contains information, the more it is likely to be drawn. On the other hand, we propose sampling schemes and design sampling trajectories that fulfill acquisition constraints, while traversing the $k$-space with the sampling density advocated by the theory. The second point is complex and is thus addressed step by step. First, we propose continuous sampling schemes based on random walks and on travelling salesman~(TSP) problem. Then, we propose a projection algorithm onto the space of constraints that returns the closest feasible curve of an input curve~(eg, a TSP solution). Finally, we provide an algorithm to project a measure onto a set of measures carried by parameterizations. In particular, if this set is the one carried by admissible curves, the algorithm returns a curve which sampling density is close to the measure to project. This designs an admissible variable density sampler. The reconstruction results obtained in simulations using this strategy outperform existing acquisition trajectories~(spiral, radial) by about 3~dB. They permit to envision a future implementation on a real 7~T scanner soon, notably in the context of high resolution anatomical imaging
Myers, Vincent. "Le traitement, l'interprétation et l'exploitation d'images sonar à antenne synthétique obtenues à partir de trajectoires répétitives." Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0002.
Full textThere are many scenarios which call for the surveillance of an underwater scene by means of repeated surveys with high-frequency imaging sonar in order to detect changes which may have occurred during the intervening time interval. With the growing availability of commercial synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) systems it becomes possible to exploit the phase coherence between two complex SAS images in order to detect scene changes which are subtle or even invisible to approaches using only the amplitude of the images. This thesis examines the concept of coherent change detection (CCD) using SAS imagery obtained from separate, repeated passes over the same area. As the images must be processed interferometrically, the challenging problem of co-registration is addressed, with approaches based on image warping as well as renavigation / re-imaging. False alarm reduction techniques are also examined in order to mitigate detections caused by coherence losses which are not attributed to the insertion or removal of targets of interest. The proposed methods are tested on several repeat-pass SAS images collected during experiments at sea, spanning multiple frequency bands and environmental conditions, and show that SAS CCD is not only possible, but also able to detect very subtle scene changes that not observable using standard approaches
Giaconi, Smoje Valentina. "Modélisation statistique de l'impact des environnements académiques sur les croyances et la réussite des élèves au Chili." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH040/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is dedicated to the statistical modeling of the impact of academic environments on student’s beliefs and achievement in Chile. We contribute to the field of educational effectiveness with a statistical discussion regarding how to combine multilevel models with methods for selection bias and missing data and two empirical studies. The statistical discussion was used to take methodological decisions in the empirical studies. The first empirical study evaluates the impact of science courses on students’ beliefs. The second empirical study is about school effects on students’ trajectories in mathematics and reading scores. In the statistical part, we analyze linear adjustment and propensity score matching to address selection bias. Regarding the missing data problem, we considered multiple imputation techniques. Each of these methods is compatible with multilevel models. However, the problem of addressing selection bias and missing data simultaneously with hierarchical data is not resolved. We present a statistical discussion that classifies and analyzes strategies to combine the methods. The first empirical study regards the influence of Life and Non-life science courses in secondary students’ epistemic and self-efficacy beliefs related to sciences. We compared students that took summer science courses with a control group in a post and follow-up beliefs questionnaire. We found positive effects of Life courses and courses with laboratory work, controlling for confounding variables. The results show differences between Life and Non-life scientific disciplines that should be explored. The second empirical study concerns school effects on trajectories of Chilean students. It has two aims. The first aim is to describe the characteristics of the trajectories in mathematics and reading scores and the variation explained by primary and secondary schools. The second aim is to measure the effect of public schools in comparison with voucher schools on students’ trajectories in mathematics and reading scores. We used a longitudinal national database which included measures for the same students at 4th, 8th and 10th grade. Multilevel growth models were used to model the trajectories. We found effects of secondary and primary schools on intercepts and slopes. In addition, we found negative effects from public education, which became not significant after controlling for school’ socioeconomic composition and selection practices. The results illustrate the stratification between the public system and voucher system and the need to study inside each system which schools are more efficient
Meneroux, Yann. "Méthodes d'apprentissage statistique pour la détection de la signalisation routière à partir de véhicules traceurs." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2061.
Full textWith the democratization of connected devices equipped with GPS receivers, large quantities of vehicle trajectories become available, particularly via professional vehicle fleets, mobile navigation and collaborative driving applications. Recently, map inference techniques, aiming at deriving mapping information from these GPS tracks, have tended to complete or even replace traditional techniques. Initially restricted to the construction of road geometry, they are gradually being used to enrich existing networks, and in particular to build a digital database of road signs. Detailed and exhaustive knowledge of the infrastructure is an essential prerequisite in many areas : for network managers and decision-makers, for users with precise calculation of travel times, but also in the context of the autonomous vehicle, with the construction and updating of a high definition map providing in real time electronic horizons, which can supplement the system in the event of failures of the main sensors. In this context, statistical learning methods (e.g. Bayesian methods, random tree forests, neural networks,...) provide an interesting perspective and guarantee the adaptability of the approach to different use cases and the great variability of the data encountered in practice.In this thesis, we investigate the potential of this class of methods, for the automatic detection of traffic signals (mainly traffic lights), from a set of GPS speed profiles. First, we are working on an experimental, high-quality dataset, for which we compare the performances of several classifiers on classical image recognition approaches and on a functional approaches stemming from the field of signal processing, aggregating and decomposing speed profiles on a Haar wavelet basis whose coefficients are used as explanatory variables. The results obtained show the relevance of the functional approach, particularly when combined with the random forest algorithm, in terms of accuracy and computation time. The approach is then applied to other types of road signs.In a second part, we try to adapt the proposed method on the case of observational data for which we also try to estimate the position of the traffic lights by regression. The results show the sensitivity of the learning approach to the data noise and the difficulty of defining the spatial extent of individual instances on a complex road network. We are trying to solvethis second issue using global image approaches based on a segmentation by convolutional neural network, allowing us to avoid the definition of instances. Finally, we are experimenting an approach leveraging spatial autocorrelation of individual instances using the graph topology, by modeling the study area as a conditional Markov field. The results obtained show an improvement compared to the performance obtained with non-structured learning.This thesis work has also led to the development of original methods for pre-processing GPS trajectory data, in particular for filtering, debiaising coordinates and map-matching traces on a reference road network
Koval, Igor. "Learning Multimodal Digital Models of Disease Progression from Longitudinal Data : Methods & Algorithms for the Description, Prediction and Simulation of Alzheimer’s Disease Progression." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX008.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the statistical learning of digital models of neurodegenerative disease progression, especially Alzheimer's disease. It aims at reconstructing the complex and heterogeneous dynamic of evolution of the structure, the functions and the cognitive abilities of the brain, at both an average and individual level. To do so, we consider a mixed-effects model that, based on longitudinal data, namely repeated observations per subjects that present multiple modalities, in parallel recombines the individual spatiotemporal trajectories into a group-average scenario of change, and, estimates the variability of this characteristic progression which characterizes the individual trajectories. This variability results from a temporal un-alignment (in term of pace of progression and age at disease onset) along with a spatial variability that takes the form of a modification in the sequence of events that appear during the course of the disease. The different parts of the thesis are ordered in a coherent sequence: from the medical problematic, followed by the statistical model introduced to tackle the aforementioned challenge and its application to the description of the course of Alzheimer's disease, and, finally, numerical tools developed to make the previous model available to the medical community
Chauvin, Pierre-Antoine. "L’administration de l’attente : politiques et trajectoires de relogement des familles sans domicile à Paris." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100054.
Full textThis dissertation analyses first how the accommodation of families in hotels emerged and became part of public policy. It shows how the tragic fire at the Paris-Opéra hotel (14–15 April 2005) brought about changes in public action and was itself the consequence of developments in working-class housing in Paris since the 1970s. The hotel fire focused attention on a new category of public action (the use of marchands de sommeil, slumlords), the evasion of responsibility by particular public stakeholders, and the opening of a ‘window of opportunity’ for the emergence of two management principles (droit au logement opposable, the enforceable right to housing, and temporary housing in the private sector).This dissertation also examines how the administration shapes the aspirations and housing biographies of working-class and immigrant families. It uses a longitudinal database taken from the Paris housing list of applicants and 410 personal files from the municipal archives. It monitors the residential biographies over a six-year period of a cohort of 696 families housed in hotels in Paris in 2009. Statistical ethnographical analysis and 41 life-story interviews reveal the cumulative effects of the ranking of applicants by street level bureaucrats and their unequal likelihood of access to social housing. It shows that managing the waiting lists is not just a matter of managing scarcity but becomes a joint institutional production of waiting times and a battle between stakeholders (social housing trusts, public and private funders, local elected officials, charities supporting the vulnerably housed, etc.) to divert the principles of fair redistribution of a scarce resource
Karimi, Maryam. "Modélisation conjointe de trajectoire socioprofessionnelle individuelle et de la survie globale ou spécifique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS120/document.
Full textBeing in low socioeconomic position is associated with increased mortality risk from various causes of death. Previous studies have already shown the importance of considering different dimensions of socioeconomic trajectories across the life-course. Analyses of professional trajectories constitute a crucial step in order to better understand the association between socio-economic position and mortality. The main challenge in measuring this association is then to decompose the respectiveshare of these factors in explaining the survival level of individuals. The complexity lies in the bidirectional causality underlying the observed associations:Are mortality differentials due to differences in the initial health conditions that are jointly influencing employment status and mortality, or the professional trajectory influences directly health conditions and then mortality?Standard methods do not consider the interdependence of changes in occupational status and the bidirectional causal effect underlying the observed association and that leads to substantial bias in estimating the causal link between professional trajectory and mortality. Therefore, it is necessary to propose statistical methods that consider simultaneously repeated measurements (careers) and survivalvariables. This study was motivated by the Cosmop-DADS database, which is a sample of the French salaried population.The first aim of this dissertation was to consider the whole professional trajectories and an accurate occupational classification, instead of using limitednumber of stages during life course and a simple occupational classification that has been considered previously. For this purpose, we defined time-dependent variables to capture different life course dimensions, namely critical period, accumulation model and social mobility model, and we highlighted the association between professional trajectories and cause-specific mortality using the definedvariables in a Cox proportional hazards model.The second aim was to incorporate the employment episodes in a longitudinal sub-model within the joint model framework to reduce the bias resulting from the inclusion of internal time-dependent covariates in the Cox model. We proposed a joint model for longitudinal nominal outcomes and competing risks data in a likelihood-based approach. In addition, we proposed an approach mimicking meta-analysis to address the calculation problems in joint models and large datasets, by extracting independent stratified samples from the large dataset, applying the joint model on each sample and then combining the results. In the same objective, that is fitting joint model on large-scale data, we propose a procedure based on the appeal of the Poisson regression model. This approach consist of finding representativetrajectories by means of clustering methods and then applying the joint model on these representative trajectories
Philippo, Hervé Hirsch Jean-Pierre Gayot Gérard. "Fortunes, trajectoires et modes de vie des notables lillois, (vers 1780 - vers 1830) étude socioculturelle et statistique des noblesses et bourgeoisies de Lille à partir des déclarations de mutation après décès et des archives notariales /." Lille : A.N.R.T, 2006. http://documents.univ-lille3.fr/files/pub/www/recherche/theses/PHILLIPO_HERVE.pdf.
Full textPhilippo, Hervé. "Fortunes, trajectoires et modes de vie des notables lillois (vers 1780 - vers 1830) : étude socioculturelle et statistique des noblesses et bourgeoisies de Lille à partir des déclarations de mutation après décès et des archives notariales." Lille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL30012.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to examine the make-up of estates (the process of accumulating wealth), the observation of family strategies (rationales for investment) as well as the individual trajectories of the Lille inhabitants. It is a matter of setting into relief the lifestyles and thought processes of the old families and of the new man and women who will have served as the link between the Old Regime before 1789 and the revolutionary period up to Louis-Philippe's accession to the throne. The whole of the population transferring property upon their demise have been registered at the Wills and Probate Department which makes it possible to create a data base ; the resort to notarial resources cannot be avoided if one is to ascertain the origins and the development of fortunes - the share of legacies and of savings proper, the way of life of the élite as well
Chiron, Guillaume. "Système complet d’acquisition vidéo, de suivi de trajectoires et de modélisation comportementale pour des environnements 3D naturellement encombrés : application à la surveillance apicole." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS030/document.
Full textThis manuscript provides the basis for a complete chain of videosurveillence for naturally cluttered environments. In the latter, we identify and solve the wide spectrum of methodological and technological barriers inherent to : 1) the acquisition of video sequences in natural conditions, 2) the image processing problems, 3) the multi-target tracking ambiguities, 4) the discovery and the modeling of recurring behavioral patterns, and 5) the data fusion. The application context of our work is the monitoring of honeybees, and in particular the study of the trajectories bees in flight in front of their hive. In fact, this thesis is part a feasibility and prototyping study carried by the two interdisciplinary projects EPERAS and RISQAPI (projects undertaken in collaboration with INRA institute and the French National Museum of Natural History). It is for us, computer scientists, and for biologists who accompanied us, a completely new area of investigation for which the scientific knowledge, usually essential for such applications, are still in their infancy. Unlike existing approaches for monitoring insects, we propose to tackle the problem in the three-dimensional space through the use of a high frequency stereo camera. In this context, we detail our new target detection method which we called HIDS segmentation. Concerning the computation of trajectories, we explored several tracking approaches, relying on more or less a priori, which are able to deal with the extreme conditions of the application (e.g. many targets, small in size, following chaotic movements). Once the trajectories are collected, we organize them according to a given hierarchical data structure and apply a Bayesian nonparametric approach for discovering emergent behaviors within the colony of insects. The exploratory analysis of the trajectories generated by the crowded scene is performed following an unsupervised classification method simultaneously over different levels of semantic, and where the number of clusters for each level is not defined a priori, but rather estimated from the data only. This approach is has been validated thanks to a ground truth generated by a Multi-Agent System. Then we tested it in the context of real data
Azzam, Noureddine. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la qualité des états de surfaces des prothèses orthopédiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4057/document.
Full textCommonly, knee prostheses are composed of two parts fixed respectively on femur and tibia, and a third one called intercalary. During the manufacturing process, of these components distortions appear on roughcast workpiece geometry. Thus, prosthesis manufacturers choose to ensure the nominal thickness of the prosthesis by removing a constant thickness on the roughcast workpiece. This operation is generally carried out realized manually.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the automation of these manual operations by providing a method to adapt the machining toolpaths at geometrical variations of the target surface. The aim of this research work is to adapt a machining toolpath computed on a nominal model to remove a constant thickness on a roughcast measured surface. The proposed method starts with an alignment step of the measured surface on the nominal toolpath using an ICP algorithm. Subsequently, the nominal toolpath is deformed to remove the desired thickness of the measured rough surface defined in presented case by a STL model. Naturally, discontinuities of this type of model induce the apparition of pattern for the STL on the adapted toolpath and thus on the machined workpiece. Subsequently, to limit this problem and to improve the quality of realized surface, it is proposed a toolpath smoothing method. To validate theoretical developments of this work, tests were carried out on a five-axis machine for roughing of femoral components of a unicompartmental knee prosthesis
Bardin, Sébastien. "Etude des interactions plasma-paroi par imagerie rapide : application aux plasmas de laboratoire et de tokamak." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0012/document.
Full textThe necessity to find a new energy source has lead scientists to explore the way of thermonuclear fusion by magnetic confinement considered as one of the most promising possibility. However the production of such plasmas in the current tokamaks lies to several challenges like the interactions between the plasma and the first wall which spark off the creation of a lot of dust in the plasma which could be problematic for the operation of the next fusion reactors. The knowledge of dust production rates, localisation and transport through the vacuum vessel during plasma phases is of primary importance and must be investigated in preparation of ITER. A time and resource efficient algorithm named TRACE, validated thanks to a dedicated laboratory experiment, is used to detect and track dust particles in ASDEX Upgrade during plasma phase. It allows for automatically analyzing videos originating from fast framing cameras. A statistic about micron sized dust detection rate as a function of cumulated discharge duration is made on a large number of discharges (1470). First analyses covering five last campaigns clearly confirm that the amount of dust is significantly low in most of discharges realized in ASDEX Upgrade, excepted for specific conditions corresponding to off-normal plasma phases (disruptions, strong plasma fluctuations including ELMs, plasma displacement toward PFCs and inefficient absorption of heating power). These observations allow to identify the risky plasma discharges and choose the most efficient plasmas scenarios for ITER. It seems to also confirm the applicability of an all tungsten first wall for future fusion reactors as ITER
González, Martínez Maykel Leonardo. "Approches statisticodynamiques de la réactivité chimique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR13998/document.
Full textThe quasi-classical trajectory method and statistical assumptions from the transition state theory are employed in the investigation of the unimolecular dissociation of weakly (van der Waals aggregates, i.e. HeBr2, NeBr2, ArBr2) and conventionally bound molecular systems (NCO, CH2CO). The capabilities of the Gaussian weighting procedure are illustrated through the reproduction of ro-vibrational and translational energy distributions. A transformation from angle-action variables to Cartesian coordinates is derived for the general case of polyatomic fragments. An alternative methodology is developed to study indirect polyatomic processes which provides complete ro-vibrational resolution while effectively avoids any binning or weighting procedure. The new algorithm is based on the transformation previously derived and an approximate formula developed to incorporate the rotational structures on the vibrationally-resolved quasi-classical distributions
El método de trayectorias cuasi-clasicas e hipotesis estadisticas de la teoria del estado de transicion, son empleados en la investigacion de la disociacion unimolecular de sistemas débil (agregados de van der Waals, i.e. HeBr2, NeBr2, ArBr2) y convencionalmente enlazados (NCO, CH2CO). Se demuestran las potencialidades del procedimiento de ponderacion gaussiana para la reproduccion de distribuciones ro-vibracionales y de energia de traslacion, en comparacion con las obtenidas por los métodos convencionales. Son desarrolladas la transformacion desde variables angulares y de accion a coordenadas cartesianas para el caso general de fragmentos poliatomicos, asi como un conjunto de expresiones cuasi-clasicas para incorporar estruturas rotacionales en las distribuciones resueltas vibracionalmente. Sobre la base de estos desarrollos, se demuestra y aplica una nueva metodologia para estudiar procesos poliatomicos indirectos con la que resulta posible obtener distribuciones téoricas con resolucion ro-vibracional total, evitando el uso de métodos de binning o ponderaciones
Lanoiselée, Yann. "Revealing the transport mechanisms from a single trajectory in living cells." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX081/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the analysis and modeling of experiments where the position of a tracer in the cellular medium is recorded over time. The goal is to be able to extract as much information as possible from a single experimentally observed trajectory. The main challenge is to identify the transport mechanisms underlying the observed movement. The difficulty of this task lies in the analysis of individual trajectories, which requires the development of new statistical analysis tools. In the first chapter, an overview is given of the wide variety of dynamics that can be observed in the cellular medium. In particular, a review of different models of anomalous and non-Gaussian diffusion is carried out. In the second chapter, a test is proposed to reveal weak ergodicity breaking from a single trajectory. This is a generalization of the approach of M. Magdziarz and A. Weron based on the time-averaged characteristic function of the process. This new estimator is able to identify the ergodicity breaking of continuous random walking where waiting times are power law distributed. By calculating the average of the estimator for several subdiffusion models, the applicability of the method is demonstrated. In the third chapter, an algorithm is proposed to recognize the different phases of an intermittent process from a single trajectory (e.g. active/passive transport within cells, etc.).This test assumes that the process alternates between two distinct phases but does not require any hypothesis on the dynamics of each phase. Phase changes are captured by calculating quantities associated with the local convex hull (volume, diameter) evaluated along the trajectory. It is shown that this algorithm is effective in distinguishing states from a large class of intermittent processes (6 models tested). In addition, this algorithm is robust at high noise levels due to the integral nature of the convex hull. In the fourth chapter, a diffusion model in a heterogeneous medium where the diffusion coefficient evolves randomly is introduced and solved analytically. The probability density function of the displacements presents exponential tails and converges towards a Gaussian one at long time. This model generalizes previous approaches and thus makes it possible to study dynamic heterogeneities in detail. In particular, it is shown that these heterogeneities can drastically affect the accuracy of measurements made by time averages along a trajectory. In the last chapter, single-trajectory based methods are used for the analysis of two experiments. The first analysis carried out shows that the tracers exploring the cytoplasm show that the probability density of displacements has exponential tails over periods of time longer than the second. This behavior is independent of the presence of both microtubules and the actin network in the cell. The trajectories observed therefore show fluctuations in diffusivity, indicating for the first time the presence of dynamic heterogeneities within the cytoplasm. The second analysis deals with an experiment in which a set of 4mm diameter discs was vibrated vertically on a plate, inducing random motion of the disks. Through an in-depth statistical analysis, it is demonstrated that this experiment is close to a macroscopic realization of a Brownian movement. However, the probability densities of disks’ displacements show deviations from Gaussian which are interpreted as the result of inter-disk shocks. In the conclusion, the limits of the approaches adopted as well as the future research orientation opened by this thesis are discussed in detail