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Academic literature on the topic 'Tral'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tral"

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Chu, Chishih, Cheng-Hsun Chiu, Chi-Hong Chu, and Jonathan T. Ou. "Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences of oriT-traM-traJ-traY-traA-traL Regions and Mobilization of Virulence Plasmids of Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis, Gallinarum-Pullorum, and Typhimurium." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 2857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.11.2857-2862.2002.

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ABSTRACT The virulence plasmid of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum-Pullorum (pSPV) but not those of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis (pSEV) and Typhimurium (pSTV) can be readily mobilized by an F or F-like conjugative plasmid. To investigate the reason for the difference, the oriT-traM-traJ-traY-traA-traL regions of the three salmonella virulence plasmids (pSVs) were cloned and their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were examined. The cloned fragments were generally mobilized more readily than the corresponding full-length pSVs, but the recombinant plasmid containing the oriT of pSPV was, as expected, more readily mobilized, with up to 100-fold higher frequency than the recombinant plasmids containing the oriT of the other two pSVs. The nucleotide sequences of the oriT-traM-traJ-traY-traA-traL region of pSEV and pSTV were almost identical (only 4 bp differences), but differed from that of pSPV. Major nucleotide sequence variations were found in traJ, traY, and the Tra protein binding sites sby and sbm. sby of pSPV showed higher similarity than that of pSEV or pSTV to that of the F plasmid. The reverse was true for sbm: similarity was higher with pSEV and pSTV than with pSPV. In the deduced amino acid sequences of the five Tra proteins, major differences were found in TraY: pSEV's TraY was 75 amino acids, pSTV's was 106 amino acids, and pSPV's was 133 amino acids; and there were duplicate consensus βαα fragments in the TraY of pSPV and F plasmid, whereas there was only a single βαα fragment in that of pSEV and pSTV.

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Karl, Wolfgang, Martina Bamberger, and Ellen L. Zechner. "Transfer Protein TraY of Plasmid R1 Stimulates TraI-Catalyzed oriT Cleavage In Vivo." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.3.909-914.2001.

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ABSTRACT The effect of TraY protein on TraI-catalyzed strand scission at the R1 transfer origin (oriT) in vivo was investigated. As expected, the cleavage reaction was not detected in Escherichia coli cells expressing tral and the integration host factor (IHF) in the absence of other transfer proteins. The TraM dependence of strand scission was found to be inversely correlated with the presence of TraY. Thus, the TraY and TraM proteins could each enhance cleaving activity at oriT in the absence of the other. In contrast, no detectable intracellular cleaving activity was exhibited by TraI in an IHF mutant strain despite the additional presence of both TraM and TraY. An essential role for IHF in this reaction in vivo is, therefore, implied. Mobilization experiments employing recombinant R1 oriT constructions and a heterologous conjugative helper plasmid were used to investigate the independent contributions of TraY and TraM to the R1 relaxosome during bacterial conjugation. In accordance with earlier observations,traY was dispensable for mobilization in the presence oftraM, but mobilization did not occur in the absence of bothtraM and traY. Interestingly, although the cleavage assays demonstrate that TraM and TraY independently promote strand scission in vivo, TraM remained essential for mobilization of the R1 origin even in the presence of TraY. These findings suggest that, whereas TraY and TraM function may overlap to a certain extent in the R1 relaxosome, TraM additionally performs a second function that is essential for successful conjugative transmission of plasmid DNA.

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Arutyunov, Denis, Barbara Arenson, Jan Manchak, and Laura S. Frost. "F Plasmid TraF and TraH Are Components of an Outer Membrane Complex Involved in Conjugation." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 6 (January 15, 2010): 1730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00726-09.

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ABSTRACT F plasmid TraF and TraH are required for F pilus assembly and F plasmid transfer. Using flotation sucrose density gradients, we found that TraF and TraH (as well as TraU and TraW) localized to the outer membrane in the presence of the complete F transfer region, especially TraV, the putative anchor. Mutational analysis of TraH revealed two domains that are important for its function and possible interaction with TrbI, which in turn has a role in stabilizing TraH.

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Tritschler, Felix, Ana Eulalio, Sigrun Helms, Steffen Schmidt, Murray Coles, Oliver Weichenrieder, Elisa Izaurralde, and Vincent Truffault. "Similar Modes of Interaction Enable Trailer Hitch and EDC3 To Associate with DCP1 and Me31B in Distinct Protein Complexes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 21 (September 2, 2008): 6695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00759-08.

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ABSTRACT Trailer Hitch (Tral or LSm15) and enhancer of decapping-3 (EDC3 or LSm16) are conserved eukaryotic members of the (L)Sm (Sm and Like-Sm) protein family. They have a similar domain organization, characterized by an N-terminal LSm domain and a central FDF motif; however, in Tral, the FDF motif is flanked by regions rich in charged residues, whereas in EDC3 the FDF motif is followed by a YjeF_N domain. We show that in Drosophila cells, Tral and EDC3 specifically interact with the decapping activator DCP1 and the DEAD-box helicase Me31B. Nevertheless, only Tral associates with the translational repressor CUP, whereas EDC3 associates with the decapping enzyme DCP2. Like EDC3, Tral interacts with DCP1 and localizes to mRNA processing bodies (P bodies) via the LSm domain. This domain remains monomeric in solution and adopts a divergent Sm fold that lacks the characteristic N-terminal α-helix, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Mutational analysis revealed that the structural integrity of the LSm domain is required for Tral both to interact with DCP1 and CUP and to localize to P-bodies. Furthermore, both Tral and EDC3 interact with the C-terminal RecA-like domain of Me31B through their FDF motifs. Together with previous studies, our results show that Tral and EDC3 are structurally related and use a similar mode to associate with common partners in distinct protein complexes.

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Marimo, Patience, Rose Hayeshi, and Stanley Mukanganyama. "Inactivation ofAnopheles gambiaeGlutathione Transferaseε2 by Epiphyllocoumarin." Biochemistry Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2516092.

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Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are part of a major family of detoxifying enzymes that can catalyze the reductive dehydrochlorination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). The delta and epsilon classes of insect GSTs have been implicated in conferring resistance to this insecticide. In this study, the inactivation ofAnopheles gambiaeGSTε2 by epiphyllocoumarin (Tral 1) was investigated. Recombinant AgGSTε2 was expressed inEscherichia colicells containing a pET3a-AGSTε2 plasmid and purified by affinity chromatography. Tral 1 was shown to inactivate GSTε2 both in a time-dependent manner and in a concentration-dependent manner. The half-life of GSTε2 in the presence of 25 μM ethacrynic acid (ETA) was 22 minutes and with Tral 1 was 30 minutes, indicating that Tral 1 was not as efficient as ETA as an inactivator. The inactivation parameterskinactandKIwere found to be 0.020 ± 0.001 min−1and 7.5 ± 2.1 μM, respectively, after 90 minutes of incubation. Inactivation of GSTε2 by Tral 1 implies that Tral 1 covalently binds to this enzymein vitroand would be expected to exhibit time-dependent effects on the enzymein vivo. Tral 1, therefore, would produce irreversible effects when used together with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in malaria control programmes where resistance is mediated by GSTs.

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Ellis, R., and M. Boggild. "Therapy-related acute leukaemia with Mitoxantrone: what is the risk and can we minimise it?" Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15, no. 4 (February 27, 2009): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458508100967.

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Background Therapy-related acute leukaemia (TRAL) is a concern for neurologists and patients when considering treatment with Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis (MS). The timing of this complication, risk, mortality and relationship to exposure remain uncertain. Methods We searched literature for publications relating to Mitoxantrone in MS, reviewed publication references and handsearched abstract lists to identify case-series reporting follow-up and complications of treatment with Mitoxantrone. We combined this with our local database of 250 cases treated since 1997. We also identified all reported individual cases of TRAL and extracted data reporting exposure (dose or mg/m2), timing and outcome of TRAL. Results Case-series including 5472 patients were identified; mean dose of Mitoxantrone was 74.2 mg/m2 (range:12–120 mg/m2). TRAL was diagnosed in 0.30% (1 in 333). In 34 TRAL cases, sufficient data was available to inform analysis of exposure. Onset was a median of 18.5 months following Mitoxantrone treatment (range:4–60). Acute Myelocytic Leukaemia and Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia represented 46.4% each of the leukaemia subtypes. Six of 25 TRAL patients, where outcome was reported, died (24%). Over 80% of cases occurred in patients exposed to >60 mg/m2, with a relative risk of 1.44 (CI95%:1.18–1.70) when comparing total dose >60 mg/m2 against <60 mg/m2 strongly suggesting a relationship between risk of TRAL and total dose.

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Voltz, Raymond, Michaela Starck, Vera Zingler, Michael Strupp, and Hans-Jochem Kolb. "Mitoxantrone therapy in multiple sclerosis and acute leukaemia: a case report out of 644 treated patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 10, no. 4 (August 2004): 472–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458504ms1047cr.

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As a rare complication of mitoxantrone (MITOX) therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS), a therapy-related acute leukaemia (TRAL) may develop. The incidence is difficult to estimate, as frequently single cases are reported, up to now a total of eight MS patients. Here we report a new case out of 644 patients. This is a 45-year-old female patient with secondary progressive MS who developed TRAL after a total dose of 48 mg/m2 MITOX. The TRAL was classified as acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) M4eo and showed an inversion of chromosome 16 and a partial trisomy 11. Her TRAL was treated with chemotherapy followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. It responded well to the transplantation, whereas the MS symptoms initially worsened but have nearly returned to the pretransplantation level. This report brings the currently published frequency of MITOX-associated TRAL in MS therapy to five in a total of 2336 treated MS patients, representing an incidence of 0.21%.

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Ellis, Richard, Sean Brown, and Mike Boggild. "Therapy-related acute leukaemia with mitoxantrone: Four years on, what is the risk and can it be limited?" Multiple Sclerosis Journal 21, no. 5 (July 10, 2014): 642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514541508.

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Therapy-related acute leukaemia (TRAL) is a significant concern, when considering treatment with mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis (MS). We re-evaluated the literature, identifying all case reports and series of > 50 patients reporting TRAL cases in MS. TRAL was diagnosed in 0.73% of the 12,896 patients identified. Median onset was 22 months following treatment. We calculated a number needed to harm of 137.5 exposed patients, significantly higher than our 2008 analysis. We found that 82.8% of patients were exposed to > 60 mg/m2 with a relative risk of 1.85 ( p = 0.018) compared to < 60mg/m2, strongly suggesting a relationship to dose. MS treatment regimens which limit the mitoxantrone dose to < 60mg/m2 reduce the risk of TRAL.

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Miyazaki, Ryo, Yoshiyuki Ohtsubo, Yuji Nagata, and Masataka Tsuda. "Characterization of the traD Operon of Naphthalene-Catabolic Plasmid NAH7: a Host-Range Modifier in Conjugative Transfer." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 19 (August 1, 2008): 6281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00709-08.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida G7 carries a naphthalene-catabolic and self-transmissible plasmid, NAH7, which belongs to the IncP-9 incompatibility group. Adjacent to the putative origin of conjugative transfer (oriT) of NAH7 are three genes, traD, traE, and traF, whose functions and roles in conjugation were previously unclear. These three genes were transcribed monocistronically and thus were designated the traD operon. Mutation of the three genes in the traD operon resulted in 10- to 105-fold decreases in the transfer frequencies of the plasmids from Pseudomonas to Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli and from E. coli to E. coli. On the other hand, the traD operon was essential for the transfer of NAH7 from E. coli to Pseudomonas strains. These results indicated that the traD operon is a host-range modifier in the conjugative transfer of NAH7. The TraD, TraE, and TraF proteins were localized in the cytoplasm, periplasm, and membrane, respectively, in strain G7 cells. Our use of a bacterial two-hybrid assay system showed that TraE interacted in vivo with other essential components for conjugative transfer, including TraB (coupling protein), TraC (relaxase), and MpfH (a channel subunit in the mating pair formation system).

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Schaper, Elke, Alexander Korsunsky, Jūlija Pečerska, Antonio Messina, Riccardo Murri, Heinz Stockinger, Stefan Zoller, Ioannis Xenarios, and Maria Anisimova. "TRAL: tandem repeat annotation library." Bioinformatics 31, no. 18 (May 18, 2015): 3051–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv306.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tral"

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Farran, Daniel. "Le rearrangement transannulaire de Lactames actives." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20132.

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Nogueira, Renato Luiz Maia. "AvaliaÃÃo clÃnica da corticoterapia intralesional em lesÃo cen-tral de cÃlulas gigantes dos maxilares : relevÃncia da expressÃo dos receptores de corticÃide e calcitonina, Cox-2, p16 e amplificaÃÃo da ciclina D1." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4974.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A LesÃo Central de CÃlulas Gigantes dos maxilares (LCCG) Ã intra-Ãssea, nÃo tem predileÃÃo por sexo, classifica-se em agressivas e nÃo-agressivas, histologicamente consistem tecido fi-broso e celularizado fusiforme associado a cÃlulas gigantes multinucleadas (CGM), focos de hemorragia e neovascularizaÃÃo, tendo na cirurgia seu habitual tratamento. Novas abordagens terapÃuticas foram propostas, sendo a principal delas o uso de corticÃides intralesionais. Este trabalho analisa retrospectivamente 21 pacientes portadores de LCCG que foram tratados por hexacetonido de triancinolona intralesional, atravÃs do seguinte protocolo: injeÃÃo de hexace-tonido de triancinolona 20mg/ml diluÃdo na soluÃÃo anestÃsica de lidocaÃna 2%/epinefrina 1:200.000 numa proporÃÃo de 1:1; infiltrando 1ml de soluÃÃo para cada 1cm3 de lesÃo, totali-zando 06 aplicaÃÃes em intervalos quinzenais. Estabeleceu-se 04 critÃrios clÃnicos para classi-ficar a resposta ao tratamento: 1- estabilizaÃÃo ou regressÃo clÃnica da lesÃo 2- ausÃncia de sintomas 3- aumento da densidade nos controles radiogrÃficos 4- aumento da resistÃncia a infiltraÃÃo intralesional da droga, bem como, fez-se uma anÃlise imunohistoquÃmica quanto Ã expressÃo dos Receptores de corticÃides (GCR) e Calcitonina (CTR), Cox-2, proteÃna p16 e amplificaÃÃo gÃnica da Ciclina D1 por CISH, comparando quanto a agressividade e a resposta terapÃutica a corticoterapia intralesional. Dos 21 pacientes incluÃdos neste estudo, 11 eram homens e 10 mulheres, 09 tinham lesÃo em maxila, 12 em mandÃbula. Dez eram lesÃes agres-sivas e 11 nÃo-agressivas, 15 (71,4%) apresentaram uma boa resposta ao tratamento, 04(19%) moderada e 02(9,1%) negativa. Das 11 nÃo agressivas, 10(90,9%) apresentaram boa resposta e 01 (9,1%) resposta moderada, das 10 agressivas 05(50%), 03(30%) e 02(20%) apresentaram boa, moderada e negativa resposta respectivamente, nenhuma apresentou recidiva apÃs o tra-tamento, com preservaÃÃo que variou entre 04 a 08 anos. Os achados histopatolÃgicos mos-traram uma reduÃÃo da densidade e do tamanho das CG, e um estroma fibro-colagenoso das lesÃes. Dentre os marcadores pesquisados, apenas GCR em CG antes do tratamento mostrou significÃncia estatÃstica (p<0,004) com relaÃÃo a uma boa resposta terapÃutica. O CTR ex-pressou-se em cÃlulas gigantes e mononucleares de forma variada. A p16 apresentou-se ex-pressa em 30% da amostra, COX2 nÃo apresentou expressÃo na lesÃo e 33% da amostra apre-sentou amplificaÃÃo gÃnica da ciclina D1. NÃo mostraram significÃncia estatÃstica nem quanto Ã agressividade, nem quanto resposta ao tratamento, nenhum dos marcadores, exceto o GCR. O estudo mostrou que a corticoterapia intralesional Ã efetiva e segura para o tratamento das LCCG, com tendÃncia a melhor resposta nas lesÃes nÃo-agressivas do que nas agressivas. Mostrou ainda que a marcaÃÃo para GCR em CG demonstrou ser um parÃmetro confiÃvel para prever a resposta Ã terapÃutica com a corticoterapia intralesional e que 33% das LCCG tÃm comportamento neoplÃsico pela amplificaÃÃo gÃnica da ciclina D1.
Central Giant Cells Lesion (CGCL) of the jaws is an intra-bone lesion with no predilection for sex and clinically divided into aggressive and non-aggressive subtypes. Histological, it shows as fibrous tissue with fusiform cells, as well as multinucleated giant cells (GC) clusters, he-morrhagic foci and neovascularization. Surgery is the regular treatment option. As new the-rapeutic approaches have been proposed, intralesional glucocorticoid injection is the main option. This paper assesses retrospectively 21 patients presenting CGCL, treated with intrale-sional triamcinolone hexacetonide by using the following protocol: intralesional injection of triamcinolone hexacetonide 20mg/mL, diluted in a solution of lidocain 2% plus epinephrine 1:200000, at a 1:1 proportion; 1mL of this final solution for each 1cm3 of lesion volume was the injected, with a total of 06 injections, one in every 15 days. Four clinical criteria were sta-bilished to evaluate treatment outcome: 1- Clinical regression or stabilization of the lesion; 2- Absence of symptoms; 3- Raising in density on radiographic controls; 4-Increased resistence when injecting the drug intralesionally. It was also performed immunohistochemical assess-ment for glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) expression, calcitonin receptor (CTR) expression, COX-2 expression, p16 expression and Ciclin D1 gene amplification by CISH, making com-parisons related to aggressivity and to therapeutic outcome. Eleven out of 21 patients of this study were women, and 10 were men. Nine of the patients had lesion located in the maxilla, 12 in the mandible. Ten patients showed aggressive lesions and 11 non-aggressive lesions. Fifteen patients showed good treatment outcome, four patients showed moderate outcome, and two patients showed negative answer to the treatment. Among the 11 patients with non-aggressive lesions, ten showed good outcome and the other, moderate outcome. Among the ten aggressive lesions, five patients showed good outcome, three patients showed moderate outcome and the remaining two patients showed negative answer to the treatment. None of them showed reicidive in a four to eight years follow-up period. Morphologic analysis found positive correlation between volume density of GC/mm2 and lesion aggressiveness, as well as significant reduction in number of GC/mm2 after treatment. Among the markers, only GCR in GC showed statistical relevance associated to the treatment. CTR was espresse in GC and in mononuclear cells in a varying way; p16 was expressed in 30% of the sample; COX-2 was not expressed at all in lesion samples and 33% of the sample showed gene amplification in Ciclin D1. None of the markers showed any statistical significant difference related to aggres-siveness nor to treatment outcome, except for GCR. The study showed the feasibility of the adopted treatment, with tendency to better outcomes in non-aggressive lesion, if compared to the aggressive ones. It also showed evidence pointing to GCR expression in GC as a reliable parameter to predict therapeutic responsiveness to glucocorticoids; and it showed that 33% of CGCL have neoplastic behaviour by Ciclin D1 gene amplification.

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Seidlová, Vendula. "Studie prodloužení tramvajové tratě do městské části Brno-Medlánky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371975.

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The aim of the diploma thesis is to design the extension of tram line no. 12 from the current terminal station Technologicky park to the city district Brno-Medlanky. The tram track is situated on the separate road bed outside the built up urban area. Directional and elevational solution of the track is designed in several variants, after the evaluation the best variant is selected and elaborated. The diploma thesis contains the design of the tram stop and the terminal station with baloon loop, including access paths. Adjustment of the crossed road and the drainage system solution is part of the thesis as well.

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Pěknicová, Daniela. "Studie prodloužení tramvajové trati do městské části Brno-Lesná." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240168.

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This master’s degree thesis is aiming to provide design solution within extension of tram line no.5 in the town of Brno,which nowadays ends by balloon loop at Štefánikova čtvrť stop at Merhautova street in Černá Pole district. Proposed tram line is designed in the limits of local urban roads and ends by newly designed balloon loop at Okružní street in Lesná district. Within the framework of this thesis new tram super structure is designed together with surrounding urban rous and connection to Halasova náměstí.

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Kenell, Eva Rocco. "Trail." Thesis, Konstfack, Institutionen för Konst (K), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5180.

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Flowers, Shawn Marvin. "Pre-trial publicity: free speech versus fair trial." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5672.

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Magister Legum - LLM
News coverage of high profile criminal matters has increased in South Africa. Such matters are of public concern, as every citizen has a right to receive and impart information and to debate openly and frankly matters which are of public concern, including matters before the courts. The legitimacy of the courts is dependent on robust media reportage and public scrutiny of judicial matters which such reportage stimulates. However, criminal trials of high profile accused persons such as Oscar Pistorius, Shrien Dewani and J Arthur Brown, turn easily into a show with strong entertainment value, giving the media strong profitmaking reasons to cover it. In their pursuit of profit and in seeking to satisfy the curiosity of their readers, listeners or viewers, the media regularly resort to trial by media or adverse pre-trial publicity. Trial by media is nothing more than commercially motivated expression which does not warrant constitutional protection. At the receiving end of such coverage are accused persons. Public censure of crime and of accused persons which follows trial by media should not be imposed on the innocent. The right to a fair trial requires that an accused be treated fairly from the inception of the criminal process, from which point the person suspected of committing the crime in question is considered innocent. Any pre-trial process which implies that the accused is guilty, including any such process influenced by media reports surrounding criminal offences, violates the presumption of innocence. Despite the availability of remedies, the media in South Africa usually are not held to account for their actions and persist with adverse, biased and irresponsible pre-trial reporting. Courts have shown a tendency to protect the media in these cases, despite the effect of such reporting on the judicial process, the administration of justice and the fair trial rights of accused persons. The reason for this is usually the hesitation on the part of judges to recognise their susceptibility to extraneous matters. Judges should not be placed in a position where their independence and impartiality are questioned as a result of media sensationalism. Where the media create mistrust in the integrity of the judiciary, the rule of law is in peril.

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Meng, T. Jr, L. A. Bariola, and T. J. Henneberry. "Comparative Trap Catches in Four Boll Weevil Trap Types." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219782.

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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.
Four trap types were used to trap boll weevils at 1 m heights, with and without grandlure, and 2 trap types were compared at 0.5 m height, with and without grandlure. The results indicate trap height may be an important factor in boll weevil catches at certain times during the cotton season. Also trap color, design and other factors may influence trap catches since traps not baited with grandlure caught high numbers of boll weevils during certain times during the cotton growing season.

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Purvis, Emily Dorothea. "Justice on Trial: German Unification and the 1992 Leipzig Trial." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin158835712317814.

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Meadema, Peter Fletcher. "The Influence of Layout on Degradation of the Appalachian Trail." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85837.

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This research investigates the influence of layout and design on the severity of trail degradation. Previous trail studies have been restricted by relatively small study areas which provide a limited range of environmental conditions and therefore produce findings with limited applicability; this research improves on this limitation by analyzing a representative sample of the Appalachian Trail with significant ecological diversity. Most trail science studies have also focused on a singular form of trail degradation, whereas this study investigates trail soil loss, widening and muddiness, providing a more cohesive analysis and revealing interrelationships between trail degradation processes. ANOVA testing of the mean values of three trail impact indicators for trail transects within several trail layout frameworks confirms the broad relevance of core trail design principles, specifically the sustainability advantages of trails with low grades and side-hill alignments. Findings also reveal the importance of landform grade in determining the susceptibility of trails to degradation and the influence of routing decisions; these relationships have received relatively little attention in the literature. The results also reveal several methodological considerations for trail alignment metrics and trail impact indicators.
Master of Science
Natural surfaced trails are an essential infrastructure component in parks and protected natural areas. They provide transportation routes through otherwise undeveloped areas and outdoor recreation opportunities for hikers, mountain bikers, and equestrians. Over time, recreational use and natural processes such as rainfall can lead to negative ecological impacts that damage trail treads in ways that impair their utility for visitors and require costly repairs. Environmental factors like unstable soils or extreme precipitation can make trails more susceptible to degradation. However, sustainable trail layouts and effective maintenance can reduce the rate and severity of degradation. This research investigates the influence of trail layout on three chief forms of trail degradation: trail soil loss, muddiness, and widening. Many trail science studies have occurred in small protected natural areas where the limited range of represented environmental conditions reduces the applicability of their findings in dissimilar settings. This study investigates a dataset from a large and ecologically diverse representative sample of the entire Appalachian Trail from Georgia to Maine which significantly broadens the relevance of its findings. Furthermore, many previous trail studies have focused on single forms of trail degradation whereas this study which investigates three, which provides a more cohesive analysis and reveals interrelationships between impacts. Findings confirm the broad pertinence of core sustainable trail design principles, specifically the benefits of low trail grades and side-hill alignments, and suggests that landform grade is an important factor which has received little attention in the literature. The study also revealed several methodological improvements and considerations which may be useful to trail scientists and practitioners.

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Fike, William H. "Lobster Sampling Trap." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/FikeWH2007.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Tral"

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Port Trakl =: Puerto Trakl. Notre Dame, IN: Action Books, 2007.

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Roland, Green, ed. Tran. Riverdale, N.Y., USA: Baen Books, 1996.

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Moy, Bob. Tray. London: Capital Media, 1985.

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Trag. Zagreb: August Šenoa, 1991.

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Trag. Zagreb: Azur Journal, 1993.

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Trac! Waterloo: Renaissance du Livre, 2014.

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Ron, Foreman, and Southwest Parks and Monuments Association., eds. Santa Fe Trail: National historic trail. Tucson, Ariz: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 1993.

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Trail of Tears: National Historic Trail. Tucson, Ariz: Southwest Parks & Monuments Association, 2000.

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Pakistan: Drug trap to debt trap. Lahore: Lahore Law Publications, 2003.

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Knops, Bob. Fishing Hot Spots: Saint Germain Area (North Cen Tral Wisconsin Series). Recreation Research Co, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tral"

1

Göpferich, Susanne. "Transfer and Transfer Studies." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 374–77. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra1.

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Halverson, Sandra L. "Translation." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 378–84. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra2.

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Hansen, Gyde. "Translation ‘errors’." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 385–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra3.

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Kelly, Dorothy. "Translation didactics." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 389–96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra4.

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D’hulst, Lieven. "Translation history." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 397–405. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra5.

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Englund Dimitrova, Birgitta. "Translation process." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 406–11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra6.

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Gambier, Yves. "Translation strategies and tactics." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 412–18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra7.

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Munday, Jeremy. "Translation Studies." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 419–28. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra8.

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Folaron, Deborah A. "Translation tools." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 429–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.tra9.

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Schäffner, Christina. "Translation studies." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 1–21. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.15.tra1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tral"

1

Geng, Leilei, Xiushan Nie, Sijie Niu, Yilong Yin, and Jun Lin. "Structural Compact Core Tensor Dictionary Learning for Multispec-Tral Remote Sensing Image Deblurring." In 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2018.8451531.

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REDOLFI, STEFANIA, Isabelle Arnulf, Michel Pottier, Jacques Lajou, Iabelle Koskas, T. D. Bradley, and Thomas Similowski. "Attenuation Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea By Compression Stockings In Patients With Venous Insufficiency: A Randomized Controlled Tral." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a6161.

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Varbel, Jordan M., Elsy Y. Flores, William K. Toledo, Craig M. Newtson, and Brad D. Weldon. "Structural Testing of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Shear Keys in Concrete Bridge Superstructures." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.027.

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Tahami, Amid, Mohammadreza Gholikhani, Reza Khalili, and Samer Dessouky. "Application of Thermoelectric Technology in Sustainable Pavement Structures." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.002.

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Mousa, Momen R., and Mostafa A. Elseifi. "Prediction of Field Performance of Asphalt Concrete Overlays in Louisiana Using a Tree-Based Algorithm." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.006.

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Roy, Sumon, and Zahid Hossain. "Nanoscale Study of the Influence of Short-Term and Long-Term Aging on Asphalt Binders’ Properties." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.017.

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Islam, Kazi Tamzidul, and Zahid Hossain. "Application of Rice Husk Ash in Flowable Fill Concrete." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.030.

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Idris, Ipshit I., Husam Sadek, Marwa Hassan, Charles Berryman, and Mohammad I. Hossain. "The Effectiveness of Using the Overlay Tester Setup to Evaluate the Performance of Asphalt Mixtures against Reflective Cracking." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.018.

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Hassan, Mohammad Nazmul, and Zahid Hossain. "Paper Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) Analysis on Modified Asphalt Binders." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.016.

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Hasan, Md Ariful, and Zahid Hossain. "Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Corrugated Metal Pipes in Arkansas." In Tran-SET 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483305.033.

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Reports on the topic "Tral"

1

Fujiwara, Ippei, Tomoyuki Nakajima, Nao Sudo, and Yuki Teranishi. Global Liquidity Trap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16867.

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Gleason, Mark L., and Jean C. Batzer. National Elm Trial. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-871.

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Christians, Nick E., and Christopher Blume. Buffalograss Phytotoxicity Trial. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-91.

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Lang, Brian J., and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Oat Variety Trial. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-941.

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Lawson, Vincent, and Gail R. Nonnecke. Strawberry Cultivar Trial. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-972.

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Hlubek, Jessica, Matthew Chambers, and Erin Welsch. Hawkeye Area Trail. University of Iowa, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/qlrk-n70t.

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Boissay, Frédéric, and Russell Cooper. The Collateral Trap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20703.

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Kıbrıs, Arzu. The polarization trap. Sabancı University, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5900/su_fass_wp.2012.19320.

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Lawson, Vincent. Muskmelon Cultivar Trial. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-361.

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Lang, Brian J., and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Oat Variety Trial. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-389.

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