Journal articles: 'Tramadol hydrochloride'

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Olson, Nancy Z., Abraham Sunshine, Edward OʼNeill, Juana Rivera, and Fredrick L. Minn. "Tramadol Hydrochloride." Clinical Journal of Pain 7, no. 1 (1991): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199103000-00069.

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Reanmongkol, Wantana, Nattha Kaewnopparat, and Chaveewan Ratanajamit. "Physicochemical properties, in vitro release and in vivo evaluation of tramadol hydrochloride rectal suppository and rectal gel." Asian Biomedicine 5, no. 2 (2011): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0502.037.

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Abstract Background: Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic drug. Rectal administration of tramadol is useful in the treatment of post-operative pain or malignant pain in cases where it cannot be administered orally. In Thailand, tramadol is available only as a capsule for oral use and as a solution for injection. Objective: Develop tramadol hydrochloride rectal suppositories and rectal gel preparations. Methods: Tramadol rectal suppository and rectal gel were prepared. Physicochemical properties (viscosity, gel strength, mucoadhesive force) and the in vitro release of tramadol hydrochloride were investigated from different bases (Witepsol H15, polyethylene glycol, poloxamer, and hydroxyethylcellulose). The analgesic activity of rectal tramadol hydrochloride using the hot plate test was evaluated in rats. Results: Tramadol hydrochloride rectal gel using poloxamer was more mucoadhesive to the rectal mucous membrane than was the gel with the hydroxyethylcellulose base. Tramadol hydrochloride was released rapidly in vitro from both the Witepsol H15 and polyethylene glycol bases. It was completely released from the polyethylene glycol suppository base within 15 minutes. The amount of tramadol hydrochloride release from the Witepsol H15 suppository base was about 93% at 120 minutes. When using poloxamer or hydroxyethylcellulose as a rectal base, tramadol hydrochloride was released from both bases rapidly and completely released within 15 minutes. Administration of a tramadol hydrochloride suppository in rats exhibited a more pronounced analgesic effect with the polyethylene glycol base than with the Witepsol H15-based suppositories. The rectal gel had a less pronounced analgesic effect when made with the hydroxyethylcellulose base than with the poloxamer base. Conclusion: Tramadol hydrochloride suppositories and rectal gels with different bases showed rapid and almost complete drug release from the bases, prolonging the latency of a nociceptive response in in vivo experiments.

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Bahulekar, Ashutosh. "COMPARISON OF TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INTRA-OPERATIVE SHIVERING IN SUBJECTS UNDERGOING SPINAL ANAESTHESIA." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 3 (2021): 3061–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i3.1229.

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In the management of post-spinal shivering, pharmacological approaches involving a range of medications. in our research, we compared two readily available and effective medications, dexmedetomidine and tramadol hydrochloride, intravenously administered for treating shivering in subjects who received spinal anaethesia for different surgical interventions in the search for a more secure and efficacious medication. under spinal anaethesia, a comparison of tramadol hydrochloride and dexmedetomidine for the prevention of intra-operative shivering. a prospective, randomized study of 40 american society of anesthesiologists stage i and ii subjects of either sex, aged 21 to 65 years, who were scheduled for various surgical interventions under spinal anaethesia was performed. dexmedetomidine 1g/kg or tramadol hydrochloride 1mg/kg were given as a slow IV infusion over 5 minutes to the subjects, who were divided into two categories of 40 subjects each. shivering severity, onset, time to manage shivering, recurrence, and adverse results were all monitored at regular intervals. dexmedetomidine took 205.10 + 18.6 seconds to stop shivering, while tramadol hydrochloride took 413.24 + 16.45 seconds. only the tramadol hydrochloride category experienced nausea and vomiting. the sedation profiles of the two medications were similar. shivering caused by post-spinal anaethesia can be effectively managed with dexmedetomidine (1 g/kg) and tramadol hydrochloride (1 mg/kg). as compared to tramadol hydrochloride, dexmedetomidine takes less time to control shivering. it has an advantage over tramadol hydrochloride in that it has less side results such as nausea and vomiting.

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Liu, Ping, Liang Sun, Jian Zhang, and Rui Chen Guo. "An Evaluation of the Potential for Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Tramadol and Cytochrome P450 2D6 Inhibitor Promethazine." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1041.

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In this single-center, randomized, open-label, 3-way crossover study, subjects received each of the following: a single dose of Tramadol Hydrochloride Injection (THI) 35 mg, a single dose of Promethazine Hydrochloride Injection (PHI) 45 mg, and single dose of Compound Tramadol Hydrochloride Injection (CTHI) 80mg. Blood was collected and plasma was analyzed for the pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum plasma concentration [Cmax], time to Cmax [Tmax], area under the plasma concentration-time curve, plasma elimination half-life, clearance, and apparent volume of distribution) of Tramadol and Promethazine. In general, several pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between Tramadol and Promethazine in the present study.

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KUMAR, TATAPUDI HEMANT. "Simultaneous Quantitation Tramadol Hydrochloride and Diclofenac Sodium by RP-HPLC in Fixed-dose Combination(FDC)." ASM Science Journal 19 (December 24, 2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2023.1587.

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The concurrent detection of tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium in their mixed dosage form as tablet was developed and validated using a simple, accurate, inexpensive, and precise RP-HPLC approach with a UV-Visible detector. Enable C18 G analytical column (250 x 4.6 mm, i.d., 5 μm) was used for the separation. The mobile phase was made of a mixture of 80 volumes of acetonitrile and 20 volumes of 1 % v/v glacial acetic acid. Isocratic elution was utilised at a flow rate of 1 mL/min during the chromatographic process. Tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were identified at UV detector wavelength of 264 nm and established linear calibration curves with concentration ranges of 20–100 μg/ml and 15–75 μg/ml, respectively. Tramadol hydrochloride had recoveries of 99.62–99.86% and diclofenac sodium had a recoveries of 99.48-100.22%. The approach was validated in the context of the International Conference of Harmonisation's requirements for accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The precision studies for both drugs were found to be < 2% (%RSD). The limits of detection for tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were found to be 0.12 μg/ml and 0.07 μg/ml, respectively. The limits of quantification for tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium were found to be 0.45 μg/ml and 0.21 μg/ml, respectively. Both tramadol hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium, two commercial pharmaceutical drugs, were effectively analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography using the described approach.

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Jahan, B. Ishrat, Nikhileshwar Palakurthi, Mrunalini Alugolu, and Khaliq Ahmed Md. "Comparative Efficacy of Nalbuphine Hydrochloride vs. Tramadol Hydrochloride for Post-Operative Analgesia in Orthopaedic Surgeries: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Study." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 8S (2025): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2486.

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Background: Effective postoperative analgesia is crucial for early mobilization and recovery in orthopaedic surgeries. This study compares the efficacy and safety of Nalbuphine Hydrochloride and Tramadol Hydrochloride for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing orthopaedic procedures. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 100 patients who underwent various orthopaedic surgeries. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either Nalbuphine Hydrochloride or Tramadol Hydrochloride postoperatively. The primary outcomes measured were pain intensity using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at specific time intervals and adverse effects. Secondary outcomes included hemodynamic stability and the need for additional analgesic doses. Results: Patients receiving Nalbuphine reported significantly lower VAS scores at 30 minutes (1.80 ± 0.50) and 540 minutes (2.00 ± 0.29) post-operation compared to those receiving Tramadol (2.21 ± 0.41 and 2.38 ± 0.58, respectively; p<0.01). Nalbuphine also demonstrated fewer adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting. Hemodynamic parameters were stable and comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: Nalbuphine Hydrochloride provides superior analgesia with fewer adverse effects compared to Tramadol Hydrochloride in the postoperative management of orthopaedic patients, making it a potentially preferable option for pain control in this population.

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Kaduk, James A., Kai Zhong, Amy M. Gindhart, and Thomas N. Blanton. "Crystal structure of tramadol hydrochloride, C16H26NO2Cl." Powder Diffraction 30, no. 3 (2015): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088571561500041x.

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The crystal structure of tramadol hydrochloride has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Tramadol hydrochloride crystallizes in space group Cc (#9) with a = 9.680 72(2), b = 19.191 27(4), c = 9.285 94(1) Å, β = 100.5923(1)°, V = 1695.795(5) Å3, and Z = 4. The solid-state conformation of the cation differs from the minimum-energy conformation of the tramadol cation in water, and from the conformation observed in the benzoic acid adduct of tramadol hydrochloride. N–H···Cl and O–H···Cl hydrogen bonds form a zigzag chain with graph set C1,2(8) along the c-axis. C–H···O hydrogen bonds also contribute to the crystal energy. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.

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Sharma, Rajesh, Mukesh C. Sharma, and Gaurav Vijaywargiya. "SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PARACETAMOL, ACECLOFENAC AND TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC METHOD." INDIAN DRUGS 58, no. 01 (2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.58.01.11617.

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Chromatographic separation of paracetamol, aceclofenac and tramadol hydrochloride was performed on a Chromatopak C-18 column (25 cm x 4.6mm i.d. x 5µm) as stationary phase with a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer pH 7.0: acetonitrile (65:35 V/V), pH 7.0 (adjusted with triethylamine) at flow rate of 1mL/min. Detection was carried out at 265 nm. The retention times of paracetamol, aceclofenac and Tramadol hydrochloride were found to be 2.7, 4.5 and 6.0 min, respectively. The proposed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ. The method was found to be accurate, precise, specific, robust, and linear for the determination of paracetamol, aceclofenac and tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form.

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Mason, Barbara J., and Kate H. Blackburn. "Possible Serotonin Syndrome Associated with Tramadol and Sertraline Coadministration." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 2 (1997): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100208.

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Objective To report a possible case of serotonin syndrome associated with coadministration of tramadol hydrochloride and sertraline hydrochloride. Case Summary A 42-year-old woman developed atypical chest pain, sinus tachycardia, confusion, psychosis, sundowning, agitation, diaphoresis, and tremor. She was taking multiple medications, including tramadol and sertraline. The tramadol dosage had recently been increased, resulting in what was believed to be a serotonergic syndrome. Discussion Serotonin syndrome is a toxic hyperserotonergic state that develops soon after initiation or dosage increments of the offending agent. Patients may differ in their susceptibility to the development of serotonin syndrome. The (+) enantiomer of tramadol inhibits serotonin uptake. Tramadol is metabolized to an active metabolite, Ml, by the CYP2D6 enzyme. If this metabolite has less serotonergic activity than tramadol, inhibition of CYP2D6 by sertraline could have been a factor in the interaction. Conclusions Clinicians should be aware of the potential for serotonin syndrome with concomitant administration of sertraline and tramadol.

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Dangi, Nanci, Sunil K. Jain, Vivek Jain, Rupesh K. Jain, and Pushpendra Kumar Khangar. "Development and Characterization of Tramadol Hydrochloride Rectal Suppository." Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (2022): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i3.29.

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Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic drug. Rectal administration of tramadol is useful in the treatment of post-operative pain or malignant pain in cases where it cannot be administered orally. Rectal suppositories of tramadol hydrochloride were prepared using different bases and polymers and the effect of different additives on in vitro release of tramadol hydrochloride was studied. The agar-based suppositories were non-disintegrating/non-dissolving. All the prepared suppositories were evaluated for various physical parameters like weight variation, drug content and hardness. In vitro release study was performed by USP type I apparatus. Addition of 10% w/w propylene glycol accelerates the release of tramadol hydrochloride significantly (P<0.05) as in A1, which may be due to decrease in the gel matrix of agar. In formulation A2, A3 Addition of HPMC (1%, 3% w/w) and in formulation A3 and A4 addition of PVP (1%, 3% w/w) retards the release significantly (P<0.05), which may be due to increase in the viscosity and gel strength of the polymer matrix. Hence, PVP, HPMC and similar polymers in higher concentration can be used to formulate sustained released suppositories. The sustained release suppositories can be prepared by addition of PVP, HPMC in agar-based suppositories. Keywords: Tramadol, Rectal suppositories, PVP, HPMC, Agar.

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Kumar, T. Hemant, C. Kasi Krishna Prajna, K. Varaprasad Rao, and K. Varaprasad Rao. "RP-HPLC method for estimation of tramadol hydrochloride and paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulation." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 1 (2019): 089–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4285849.

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A simple, rapid and sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of tramadol hydrochloride and paracetamol in combined tablet dosage form. The chromatographic analysis was carried out on  enable C18G column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase containing 1 % glacial acetic acid: acetonitrile (50:50 v/v). The flow rate of mobile phase was 1.0 mL/min and effluents were monitored at 272 nm. The retention times of tramadol hydrochloride and paracetamol were 2.032 min and 2.711 min, respectively. The proposed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. The method was found to simple, rapid and sensitive and was successfully applied to the estimation of tramadol hydrochloride and paracetamol in combined dosage form.

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Capík, I., and O. Nagy. "Analgesic Effect of Tramadol and Buprenorphin in Continuous Propofol Anaesthesia." Folia Veterinaria 60, no. 1 (2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2016-0007.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to compare in clinical patients the analgesic effect of the centrally acting analgesics tramadol and buprenorphine in continuous intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol. Twenty dogs undergoing prophylactic dental treatment, aged 2−7 years, weighing 6−27 kg, were included in ASA I. and II. groups. Two groups of dogs received intravenous (IV) administration of tramadol hydrochloride (2 mg.kg−1) or buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.2 mg.kg−1) 30 minutes prior to sedation, provided by midazolam hydrochloride (0.3 mg.kg−1) and xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg.kg-1) IV. General anaesthesia was induced by propofol (2 mg.kg−1) and maintained by a 120 minutes propofol infusion (0.2 mg.kg−1min−1). Oscilometric arterial blood pressure (ABP) measured in mm Hg, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), SAT, body temperature (BT) and pain reaction elicited by haemostat forceps pressure at the digit were recorded in ten minute intervals. The tramadol group of dogs showed significantly better parameters of blood pressure (P < 0.001), lower tendency to bradycardia (P < 0.05), and better respiratory rate (P < 0.001) without negative influence to oxygen saturation. Statistically better analgesia was achieved in the tramadol group (P < 0.001). Tramadol, in comparison with buprenorphine provided significantly better results with respect to the degree of analgesia, as well as the tendency of complications arising during anaesthesia.

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Barsotti, Christopher E., Mark B. Mycyk, and Jose Reyes. "Withdrawal syndrome from tramadol hydrochloride." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 1 (2003): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ajem.2003.50039.

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Kharat, Rekha Sudam. "Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Bulk and Formulation by Second Order Derivative Area Under Curve UV-Spectrophotometric Methods." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 1, no. 7 (2015): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v1i7.1989.

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Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Distilled Water. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the second order Derivative Area under Curve method values measured at 272-280nm. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Tramadol Hydrochloride using 2-10?g/ml (r=0.9925) for second order Derivative Area under Curve spectrophotometric method. All the proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Tramadol Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

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Raghvi, Vijyeta, Kumar H. M. Prashantha, and Saraswathi Devi P. "Prophylactic Evaluation of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Pethidine Hydrochloride for Shivering in Patients undergoing Elective Surgery under Spinal Anaesthesia." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 12 (2024): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14588223.

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Introduction: Shivering is one of the most common complications during spinal anesthesia , leading to patient discomfort and increased metabolic demand. This is a result of blocked sympathetic activity with effective vasodilatation, leading to loss of thermoregulation. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of prophylactic pethidine and tramadol in preventing shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Aims and Objective: To analyze the outcome of prophylactic Tramadol hydrochloride and Pethidine hydrochloride for shivering patients who underwent elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Method: This prospective, randomized double blinded study, was conducted in 120 ASA 1 and ASA 2 adult patients of either gender scheduled for elective surgery and spinal anaesthesia. Patients were allocated into 2 groups of 30 each, to receive either pethidine or tramadol in a dose of 0.5mg/kg 10 min before administration of spinal anaesthesia. Intraoperative hemodynamic Parameters, incidence and severity of shivering were recorded and statistically analysed with t-tests, chi-square tests and ANOVAs. Result: The incidence and severity of shivering was significantly lower in pethidine group compared to tramadol group (p<0.001). However, pethidine is associated with mild sedation score and lower incidence of nausea and vomiting compared to tramadol. Conclusion: Prophylactic pethidine is more effective than tramadol in reducing the incidence and severity of shivering with minimal sedation in patients undergoing elective infra umbilical surgery under spinal anesthesia.

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Plhalova, Lucie, Pavla Sehonova, Jana Blahova, et al. "Evaluation of Tramadol Hydrochloride Toxicity to Juvenile Zebrafish—Morphological, Antioxidant and Histological Responses." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (2020): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072349.

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The presence of pharmaceuticals in water bodies is associated with the increasing consumption of these substances and limited elimination from wastewater. Pharmaceutical residues and their metabolites may have an unfavorable impact on fish and other aquatic biota. As the purification of wastewater from tramadol is very limited and the knowledge on its effects on non-target organisms is low, we decided to assess the subchronic impact of tramadol hydrochloride on fish—on the mortality, growth and histopathology, together with the impact on selected indices of oxidative stress. The juvenile growth toxicity test was carried out on zebrafish (Danio rerio), in accordance with the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation Guidelines 215 (Fish, Juvenile Growth Test). The fish were exposed to a range of tramadol hydrochloride concentrations (0.2, 2, 20, 200 and 600 µg/L) for 28 days. The outcome of this study suggests that chosen concentrations of tramadol hydrochloride did not affect either mortality or growth (regarding weight, length and specific growth rate). However, the results of this study indicate that 28-day exposure can negatively influence selected indices of oxidative stress, which is a harmful imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in an organism. A significant increase was observed in glutathione S-transferase activity in the experimental group exposed to 2 µg/L tramadol hydrochloride, compared to the control. Moreover, lipid peroxidation was observed in groups exposed to 20 and 200 µg/L, in comparison to the control.

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Farheen, H., T. Mamatha ., Z. Yasmeen, and Rao J. Venkateswara. "DISSOLUTION METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE CAPSULES." INDIAN DRUGS 50, no. 08 (2013): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.50.08.p0047.

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A dissolution method was developed and validated for evaluation of the dissolution behavior of capsule dosage form of tramadol hydrochloride as there was no official method available. The UV spectrophotometric method developed was based on the direct estimation method using 271 nm as λmax of tramadol hydrochloride. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines which include accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and analytical range. In addition, solubility and stability of the drug in dissolution medium i.e., 0.1 N HCl was studied. The established dissolution conditions were 900 mL dissolution medium at temperature 37 ± 0.5°C, using USP apparatus I at stirring rate of 100 rpm for 30 min. The corresponding dissolution profiles were constructed and all the selected brands showed more than 80% drug release with in 30 min. Thus, the proposed dissolution method can be applied successfully for the quality control of tramadol hydrochloride capsules.

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Jain, Vikas, and Rajesh Sharma. "Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Estimation and Validation of Domperidone, Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen in Tablet Dosage Form." Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 1 (2011): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v3i1.2655.

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Simultaneous estimation of active ingredients in multi-component pharmaceutical products normally requires the use of separation techniques, such as HPLC, HPTLC or GC, followed by their quantitation. Presented here are two spectrophotometric methods that do not require prior separation for simultaneous estimation of three drugs; acetaminophen, tramadol hydrochloride and domperidone in a tablet formulation. Shimadzu UV 1700 capable of multi-component analysis was used for quantitation. Method A is based on the simultaneous equation and method B on the multi-component analysis. The absorption maxima of the drugs found to be at 244nm, 271.5nm and 284.5nm respectively for acetaminophen, tramadol hydrochloride and domperidone in methanol/0.1 N HCl (1:2) solvent mixture. Acetaminophen, tramadol hydrochloride and domperidone obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 2-22 μg/ml, 10-55 μg/ml and 30-300 μg/ml respectively. The simultaneous equation method is based on the additivity of absorbances and multi-component analysis involves recording of absorbances of standard solutions at 244nm, 250nm, 271.5nm and 284.5nm. These were processed by means of statistical calculations and results of sample solution were obtained. Result of analysis for both methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. Key Words: simultaneous equation method; multicomponent analysis; acetaminophen; tramadol hydrochloride; domperidone. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v3i1.2655S. J. Pharm. Sci. 3(1): 28-33

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Dholariya, Ravi D., Jalja Marviya, Shubham Aggarwal, and Sudhir Beri. "The effects of nefopam hydrochloride and tramadol hydrochloride on postoperative pain in patients undergoing long bone fracture fixations: A randomised triple blinded study." Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Surgery 8, no. 3 (2022): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijos.2022.033.

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Orthopaedic surgery has one of the most painful post-operative periods. Pain management is an important consideration in Orthopaedic department. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Nefopam hydrochloride and Tramadol hydrochloride in postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing long bone fracture fixations.Triple blindedRandomization and allocation to study groups were carried out by odd and even number method. The study was conducted in tertiary care center from May 2019 till March 2020.184 patients who underwent Orthopaedic surgery were included in this randomized study. 92 patients were placed each in group-A and B. Patients in group-A received Tramadol hydrochloride and in group-B received Nefopam hydrochloride. The primary outcome measures were pain intensity assessed by using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score, Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) score whereas the secondary outcome measures included side effects related to the drugs and number of patients who required rescue analgesia. Unpaired t-test and Chi-square test was used to carry out all the data analysis. The pain intensity assessed on VAS score was significantly better for Tramadol group compared to Nefopam group at all time periods except at 15 minutes and a significant difference was present in verbal rating scale score between the groups only at 24 hours. Side effect profile and requirement of rescue analgesia were more in Nefopam hydrochloride group.Tramadol hydrochloride was more effective in providing post-operative pain relief in patients compared to Nefopam hydrochloride.

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Al-Safi, Ahmed Jalil, and Yehya Kamal Al-Bayati. "Synthesis and Characterization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Tramadol Hcl Using Acryl Amide and 2-Hydroxyethyl Meth Acrylate as Monomers." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 31, no. 2 (2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2018-0016.

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Abstract Four electrodes were synthesized based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Two MIPs were prepared by using tramadol hydrochloride (TRH) as the template, acryl amide (AA) and 2-hydroxy ethyl meth acrylate (2-HEMA) as monomers, divinyl benzene as a cross linker, and benzoyl peroxide as initiator, respectively. The same composition was used to prepare non-imprinted polymers (NIPs), but without the template (Tramadol hydrochloride). Different plasticizers were employed to prepare the membranes; tris (ethyl hexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri Butyl phosphate (TBP), di-octyl phthalate (DOP) and nitrobenzene (NB) in PVC matrix. The electrode characteristics and properties were studied, including: slope, detection limit, life time and linearity range. The results of selectivity coefficient measurements using amino acids as interfering species showed no effect on tramadol electrode response. The prepared electrodes were intended for use in determining tramadol in pharmaceutical samples

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Kaplan, İlker, Faruk Pehlivanlı, Oktay Aydın, Kuzey Aydınuraz, Çağatay Erden Daphan, and Yaşar Şahin. "Effect of tramadol hydrochloride on ischemic colon anastomosis healing." Journal of Comprehensive Surgery 3, no. 1 (2025): 5–8. https://doi.org/10.51271/jocs-0047.

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Aims: This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of tramadol hydrochloride administration on the healing of colonic anastomosis after colonic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino male rats were divided into the control group (rats underwent resection-anastomosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the colon and saline was given intraperitoneally, n=12); and the TRA group (rats underwent resection-anastomosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury in the colon and tramadol hydrochloride was given, n=12). After colon ischemia-reperfusion injury was produced, the distal part of the descending colon was cut to full thickness, and the lumen was completely closed one by one with 6/0 polypropylene sutures. Then, 0.5 mL saline was administered to the control group and 30 mg/kg tramadol hydrochloride was administered to the TRA group intraperitoneally every day for five days. After sacrificing all the rats, the burst pressures were recorded, and blood serum and colon tissue samples were analyzed biochemically. Results: Biochemical analysis of blood serum samples revealed that IL-6 (p=0.026), MPO (p=0.001), CAT (p=0.024), and AST (serum p=0.002) levels were different between the two groups. Biochemical analysis of the tissue samples revealed that glutathione reductase (p=0.006), AST (p<0.001) and ALT (p=0.004) levels were different between the two groups. Conclusion: At the end of this study, it was thought that tramadol usage as an analgesic drug may not have a negative or positive therapeutic effect on colon ischemia-reperfusion injury and colon anastomosis in rats. Therefore, it was thought that tramadol hydrochloride could be used as an analgesic drug option in pain management in such patients.

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Anis, Sara, Mervat Hosny, Hisham Abdellatef, and Mohamed El-Balkiny. "Spectrophotometric, atomic absorption and conductometric analysis of tramadol hydrochloride." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 17, no. 3 (2011): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq101206012a.

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Six simple and sensitive spectroscopic and conductometric procedures (A-F) were developed for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride. Method A,B and C are based on the reaction of cobalt (II) thiocyanate with tramadol to form stable ternary complex, which could be measured by spectrophotometric (method A), atomic absorption (method B) or conductometric (method C) procedures. Method (D and E) depended on the reaction of molybdenum thiocyanate with tramadol to form stable ternary complex, measured by spectrophotometric means (method D), or by atomic absorption procedures (method E), while method F depends on the formation of an ion pair complex between the studied drug and bromothymol blue which is extractable into methylene chloride, Tramadol hydrochloride could be assayed in the range of 80-560 ?g ml-1, 40-220 ?g ml-1, 1-15 mg, 2.5-22.5 ?g ml-1, 1.25-11.25 ?g ml-1 and 5-22 ?g ml-1 using methods A,B,C,D,E and F respectively. Various experimental conditions were studied. The results obtained showed good recoveries. The proposed procedures were applied successfully to the analysis of tramadol in its pharmaceutical preparations and the results were favorably comparable with the official method.

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Javed, Rashid, Sana Ijaz, Kainat Waqar, and Muhammad Imran Khan. "Development and Characterization of Bilayer Sustained Release Tablets of Tramadol HCl and Acetaminophen." Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review I, no. I (2016): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2016(i-i).02.

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The aim of the present study was to develop bilayer sustained release tablets of to improve patient compliance of two drugs, tramadol and paracetamol. Immediate release layer contained both drugs tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen while the sustained release layer was designed only for the tramadol hydrochloride. Hydrophobic polymers Eudragit L-100, Eudragit S-100 and hydrophilic polymer hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15), and wet granulation technique to produce bilayer matrix tablets. FTIR studies revealed no incompatibility among the ingredients. Out of 16 trials developed and characterized for weight variation, thickness, diameter, hardness, and friability, F16 showed promising result with immediate layer releasing drug 29% in 2 hours followed by sustained release 77% drug over 12 hours and followed zero order release. Therefore, bilayer sustained release tablets of tramadol with simultaneous loading of Paracetamol can be developed using Eudragit S-100 and hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC K15) at equimolar content levels.

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Pereira, Fernando J., Aida Rodríguez-Cordero, Roberto López, Luis C. Robles, and A. Javier Aller. "Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC-PDA Method for Determination of Paracetamol, Caffeine and Tramadol Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 5 (2021): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14050466.

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Paracetamol (acetaminophen) (PAR), caffeine (CAF) and tramadol hydrochloride (TRA) are important drugs widely used for many clinical purposes. Determination of their contents is of the paramount interest. In this respect, a quick, simple and sensitive isocratic RP-HPLC method with photodiode array detection was developed for the determination of paracetamol, caffeine and tramadol in pharmaceutical formulations. An improved sensitive procedure was also evolved for tramadol using a fluorescence detector system. A C18 column and a mobile phase constituted by methanol/phosphate were used. LODs were found to be 0.2 μg/mL, 0.1 μg/mL and 0.3 μg/mL for paracetamol, caffeine and tramadol hydrochloride, respectively, using photodiode-array detection. Alternatively, LOD for tramadol decreased to 0.1 μg/mL with the fluorescence detector. Other notable analytical figures of merit include the linear concentration ranges, 0.8–270 μg/mL, 0.4–250 μg/mL and 1.0–300 (0.2–40) μg/mL, for the same ordered analytes (including the fluorescence detector). The proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the three drugs in tablet dosage forms.

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Hassan, Syed Sirajul, Anees Ahmed, Manjunath Rai, and TM Kalappa. "Analgesic Efficacy of Tramadol and Butorphanol in Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Comparative Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 13, no. 3 (2012): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1152.

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ABSTRACT Background Butorphanol tartrate, a mixed synthetic agonistantagonist opioid analgesic has been used for management of postoperative pain in minor and major surgical procedures.14,20 Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting opioid which is effectively used in postoperative pain in various minor and major surgeries. Materials and methods Twenty subjects selected randomly received butorphanol tartrate 1 mg intramuscular and 20 subjects received tramadol hydrochloride 50 mg intramuscular after the removal of mandibular third molars. Time of injection, amount of anesthetic injected, duration of surgery, adverse effects were recorded.21 Results The mean amount of LA administered in butorphanol group was 2.6450 ml and in tramadol group was 2.640 ml respectively, the mean duration for surgery was 56.75 and 53.5 minutes for butorphanol and tramadol groups respectively which was statistically not significant. Pain assessment was done with VAS which showed mean of 19.2 and 15.5 mm (p = 0.001) which was significant for butorphanol and tramadol respectively after 12 hours. The mean time for rescue medication requirement was 5.9 hours (for tramadol) and 8.4 hours (for butorphanol). Effective analgesic activity was seen by butorphanol 1 mg intramuscular then tramadol 50 mg. Conclusion Butorphanol 1 mg was more effective than tramadol 50 mg in respect to postoperative analgesia. How to cite this article Hassan SS, Ahmed A, Rai M, Kalappa TM. Analgesic Efficacy of Tramadol and Butorphanol in Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(3):364-370.

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Uddin, Md Aftab, Md Kutub Uddin Khan, Md Mostafa Kamal, and Md Atiqur Rahman. "Effectiveness of Lignocaine Tramadol Hydrochloride Combination in Bier’s Block on Post-Operative Analgesia." Bangladesh Journal of Pain 1, no. 2 (2024): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.62848/bjpain.v1i2.1990.

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Background: Bier’s block has been most commonly used for hand and wrist surgery. Though it reduces the potential complication of general anaesthesia, significant post-operative pain is very common just after tourniquet release. Many adjuvants have been used so far with local anaesthetic to produce a dense block and to provide adequate post–operative analgesia. Of them, Tramadol Hydrochloride was used very successfully as it has got less potential side effects. This study was done to see the effect of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Bier’s block for post-operative analgesia after tourniquet release. Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, during the period of July ’2011 to march ’2012. A total sixty patients aged 20-60 years of ASA-1 and ASA-2 undergoing hand and wrist surgery of less than 40-minute duration were enrolled for the study. The effectiveness of combination of Lignocaine and Tramadol Hydrochloride as an anaesthetic solution in Bier’s block was assessed in terms of reduction of tourniquet pain, quality of anaesthesia, the time of first analgesic demand, and the amount of total analgesic needed in post-operative 24-hours period. Patients in control group (Gr-L) received 40 ml of 0.5% Lignocaine and patients in trial group (Gr-LT) received 38 ml of Lignocaine with 2ml (100mg) of Tramadol Hydrochloride as an anaesthetic solution. Patients were observed post-operatively for 24 hours. Pain was assessed in terms of VAS. Results: Tourniquet pain was significantly less in Gr-LT (p<0.000). Post-operative analgesia was also significantly prolonged in Gr-LT (109.61±12.32 min) than in Gr-L (75.8±9.30 min). The number of total analgesic demand in post-operative 24 hours period was also significantly reduced in Gr-LT (P<0.000).Conclusion: The Lignocaine and Tramadol Hydrochloride mixture in Bier’s block provides adequate post-operative analgesia and causes less analgesic demand in post-operative period.

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Bamigbade, T., and R. Langford. "The clinical use of tramadol hydrochloride." Pain reviews 5, no. 3 (1998): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096813098668122984.

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Siddaraju, B. P., Jerry P. Jasinski, James A. Golen, H. S. Yathirajan, and C. R. Raju. "Tramadol hydrochloride–benzoic acid (1/1)." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 67, no. 9 (2011): o2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536811032181.

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Nepali, Sachin, and Dhana Ratna Shakya. "Tramadol use and seizure: A case report." Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 12, no. 2 (2023): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v12i2.63423.

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Opioids are commonly used and abused substance worldwide. Tramadol hydrochloride is a synthetic, centrally acting, opiate-like analgesic. Seizure is a rare side effect of tramadol. Tramadol-related seizures are short, tonic-clonic seizures that, like other drug-related seizures, are self-limiting. This epileptogenic effect of tramadol occurs at both low and high doses. We, herein, report the development of seizures after the use of tramadol with increasing dose. We report a 19-year-old man who had opioid dependence syndrome with regular use resulting into multiple episodes of seizures diagnosed as epilepsy for which Sodium valproate had been started.

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Kumar, Vipin, Kapil Malviya, and Lavakesh Kumar Omray. "Formulation, characterization and evaluation of Tramadol Hydrochloride Hydrogel." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 5-s (2020): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i5-s.4368.

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The challenge in the formulation of novel systems for TDDS is to identify technologies and formulation excipients which simultaneously optimize drug permeation. Our main goal was to design and evaluate a recent alternative for the administration of tramadol HCl. Performed the preformulation study as different evaluation parameters Physiochemical Studies, Solubility Determination, Partition Coefficient, and Preparation of Calibration Curve simultaneously Preparation & Characterization of Hydrogel Formulation Homogeneity, pH Measurement, Drug Content, Viscosity, Spreadability, In-Vitro Permeation, FT-IR Studies. Results revealed that the present investigation, tramadol was successfully incorporated into different gel formulations. Among all gel formulations, tramadol gel (F13) proved to be the formula of choice, showing good characteristics and controlling the drug release for long period of time. Gel formulation F13 could be very promising and innovative topical alternative for pain management and arthritis and play a vital role in drug efficiency. These findings may open new avenues for the treatment through dermal by local application of tailored gel. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are recommended to support its efficiency claims in humans. Keywords: Tramadol HCl; In-Vitro Permeation; Hydrogel; FT-IR Studies; Characterization

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Ahmed, Nusrat, Jesmin Akter, and Sabrina Rahman Archie. "Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs) of Tramadol Hydrochloride." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 3-S (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i3-s.4875.

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Since orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of tramadol hydrochloride are not available in the market, so an attempt has been taken to formulate and evaluate ODT preparation of tramadol hydrochloride. In this present work, direct compression was the technique used for preparing ODT using superdisintegrants like croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and crospovidone at different concentrations. Prepared formulations were evaluated for various quality parameters- angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio, weight variation, friability, hardness, drug content, dispersion time, wetting time and in-vitro dissolution. The angle of repose data indicated that the flow property of all the formulations was good to excellent. Comparing with the specifications, the results of Carr's index (%) and Hausner’s ratio indicated that the flowability of all the formulations blend was significantly good. Prepared formulations showed average wetting time ranging from 40-45 seconds, average dispersion time with 3-6 minutes. In-vitro dissolution profile indicated the cumulative % drug release between 30-80% for most of the cases. Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablets, Tramadol hydrochloride, Superdisintegrants, Direct compression.

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Ravindra K., Kamble, Chauhan Chetan S., Kamble Priyadarshani R., and Naruka Pushpendra S. "Formulation Optimization of Sustained Release Resinate Microcapsules of Tramadol Hydrochloride by Using 3/2 Factorial Design." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research 6, no. 2 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24896/eijppr.2016621.

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The main aim of the present work was to develop the microcapsules of tramadol hydrochloride for the oral sustained release drug delivery. Tramadol hydrochloride a BCS class I drug a centrally acting synthetic analgesic was complexed with Indion 254 ion exchange resin. The microcapsules were prepared by encapsulating the prepared resinates by o/o solvent evaporation technique. In the investigation 32 full factorial design was used to investigate the joint influence of two formulation variable amount of eudragit RS 100 and plasticized PEG 400. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that for obtaining a sustained release drug delivery the optimum concentrations of both the plasticizer and coating solution to be used. The factorial models were used to prepare optimized microcapsules and optimized formulations showed sustained release profiles for the extended period of more than 12 hrs. From the present investigations concluded that resinate microcapsules of highly water soluble drug can provide controlled release of drug for extended period.Key Words: Tramadol hydrochloride, ion exchange resinate, microcapsules, sustained release

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Hamed, M., A. Samy, S. A. El-Khodery, and M. A. Rizk. "Comparative evaluation of the intravenous effect of medetomidine, tramadol and medetomidine/tramadol combination on tear production in clinically healthy donkeys (Equus asinus)." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 27, no. 1 (2024): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2021-0131.

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Various ophthalmic disorders (conjunctivitis, corneal wounds, keratitis) have been reported in donkeys. There are no studies on the effect of medetomidine or tramadol on Schirmer tear test (STT) readings in donkeys. This prospective study investigated changes in STT readings in 24 clinically healthy donkeys (Equus asinus) (14 geldings and 10 mares) treated with commonly used doses of medetomidine hydrochloride and tramadol hydrochloride as mono- or combined therapy. Analgesia, sedation, ataxia, and STT readings were measured before treatment (baseline) and at different periods after administration (5–120 min) of the specific drug in each group. Tramadol monotherapy induced a mild analgesic effect (score 1) at 10 min post-administration. All treated donkeys exhibited mild to moderate ataxia. Medetomidine alone or in combination with tramadol induced a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the STT readings in both right and left eyes at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min relative to baseline, and the lowest values were observed 60 min after drug administration in both groups. Intravenous administration of medetomidine alone or in combination with tramadol induced a significant reduction in STT readings in clinically healthy donkeys. Therefore, in donkeys, the ocular surface treated with these sedatives should be carefully examined and adequately covered by an artificial tear solution or ophthalmic gel.

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Ali, Muthana S. "Construction of Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for Determination of Tramadol in Very Trace Amounts." Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences 9, no. 01 (2025): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.32441/kjps.09.01.p6.

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This research includes estimating the drug (Tramadol Hydrochloride, TR) using the potentiometric method by constructing selective electrodes for TR drug with the active ingredient (Ammonium Reinackate, AR) using a plasticizer (Nitro benzene, NB) and adding nanomaterials (Multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), Nanosilica) for carbon paste electrodes to increase selectivity and sensitivity towards the material to be estimated. The results showed that the manufactured electrodes were able to estimate tramadol hydrochloride in the pharmaceutical preparation (tramadol tablets) at very low concentrations (trace amounts) up to 5.0×10-6 M using the direct and standard methods and proved to have a wide linear range up to 1.0´10-8 - 1.0´10-2 M. The Nernstatine slope of the prepared TR-AR-NB electrodes is (58.027, 58.251, and 58.694 mV/decade) for Carbon Paste Electrodes (CPE), MCPE (MWCNTs) and MCPE (MWCNTs+ nanosilica), respectively. The lower detection limit (LDL) is 2.39×10-7 M for the CPE and 4.98×10-8 M for the MCPE (MWCNTs) and 4.7384×10-9 M for the electrode MCPE (MWCNTs+ nanosilica) which makes it eligible for the estimation of tramadol hydrochloride in very low concentrations. The study included measuring the selectivity of these electrodes with the presence of interferers where the values of Ki,jpot for all studied species were less than 1. The drug was identified in both urine and blood plasma, with a recovery of at least 99.309 for urine and 97.6593 for blood plasma.

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Shoukat Ali Mughal, Syed Azhar Hussain, Zakir Hussain Rajpar, Kashif Uddin Qayoom Soomro, Aijaz Shaikh, and Afhan Qayoom Shaikh. "Comparing the Effectiveness of Tramadol versus Paroxetine in the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation." Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University 20, no. 3 (2024): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.48036/apims.v20i3.1092.

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Objective: To conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of tramadol versus paroxetine in managing premature ejaculation (PE). Methodology: This study employs a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design conducted at the Urology department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Participants are adult males aged 18–65 years who report persistent PE were included in the study. Premature ejaculation occurs in men when semen leave the body (ejaculate) sooner or just before penetration. Participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for PE are assigned randomly to either the tramadol group or the paroxetine group. Participants in the tramadol group receive oral tramadol hydrochloride at a dose of 50 mg, taken 1–2 hours before anticipated sexual activity. Participants in the paroxetine group receive oral paroxetine hydrochloride (20mg daily), taken continuously for 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the change or delay in intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT). Results: The mean baseline IELT and after treatment IELT in tramadol group was statistically significant (p<0.001), 47.83±5.68 seconds and 141.54±4.04 seconds, respectively. Similarly, the mean baseline IELT and after treatment IELT in the paroxetine group was statistically significant (p<0.001), 47.03±5.48 seconds and 98.67±4.68 seconds, respectively. Conclusion: Tramadol is an effective alternative to paroxetine in treating premature ejaculation, with studies showing it significantly delays ejaculation similar to paroxetine, providing patients more options for managing lifelong PE.

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Pookhraj, Choudhary, Singh Harpreet, Choubisa Raghvendra, and Qamar Rayed. "The Effects of Nefopam Hydrochloride and Tramadol Hydrochloride on Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Long Bone Fracture Fixations: A Randomised Triple Blinded Study." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 2 (2024): 1644–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11085784.

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Background: Postoperative pain arising out of orthopedic surgeries has detrimental effects on the patients. Nefopam hydrochloride a benzoxazocine derivative, nonopioid, nonsteroidal, and centrally-acting analgesic drug has been proven to be potent analgesic in the treatment of postoperative pain. Tramadol hydrochloride a synthetic, centrally-acting analgesic agent, has been shown to control moderate to severe postoperative pain. Aims: To evaluate the  analgesic efficacy and side effects of nefopam hydrochloride and tramadol hydrochloride on postoperative pain in patients undergoing long bone fracture fixations. Material & Methods: This prospective randomized controlled study triple blinded study was conducted in the Orthopaedic department of our tertiary care Hospital from September 2022 till August 2023. 140 patients( 18-60 years) admitted for close reduction and internal fixation with the nailing of a single long bone fracture in the lower limb & with American Society of Anaesthesiologists(ASA) class I and II were recruited in the study. The surgeries were done under spinal anesthesia & the study drugs were administered intravenously starting one hour post-operatively for 24 hrs. Group N –  received Tramadol hydrochloride; Group T – received Nefopam hydrochloride Patients were asked to rate their pain experienced on a Visual Analogue Scale  & Verbal Rating Scale. The frequency of administration of rescue analgesia, and side effects including gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, constipation, and itching were recorded. Results: The mean patient age in Group N was 38.56±13.24 yrs & in Group T, it was 37.41±16.25 yrs. Femur fracture was observed in 28 & 32 patients of Group N & T resp. Tibia fracture was observed in 42 & 38 patients of group T & N . Group T had statistically significantly lower VAS scores than Group N at all periods (p<0.05). At 24 hrs, the difference between VRS scores was statistically significantly lower in Group T ( 1.42 ± 0.23) than in Group N ( 2.02±1.1).      Nausea was observed in 2.2% and 2.4 % of patients of group N and group T, respectively. Vomiting was present in only 2.2% of patients in group N and absent in group T. Rescue analgesic Diclofenac sodium 75 mg was administered in 5.7% of group-T and in 17.7% of group-B which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Tramadol Hydrochloride was more effective in controlling postoperative pain with fewer side effects as compared to Nefopam Hydrochloride.

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Ege, Bilal, Metin Calisir, Yahya Al-Haideri, Miray Ege, and Metin Gungormus. "Comparison of Local Anesthetic Efficiency of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Lidocaine Hydrochloride." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 76, no. 4 (2018): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.11.011.

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GOLDSMITH, TOBY D., NATHAN A. SHAPIRA, and PAUL E. KECK. "Rapid Remission of OCD With Tramadol Hydrochloride." American Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 4 (1999): 660a—661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.4.660a.

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Ghazy, Fakher, Omaima Sammour, Mohamed Abu-Selem, and Tamer Shehata. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE MICROSPHERES." Zagazig Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (2003): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zjps.2003.178070.

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Neha, Neha, and Jitender K. Malik. "Design and Evaluation of Extended-Release Matrix Tablet of Tramadol Hydrochloride." Global Academic Journal of Pharmacy and Drug Research 4, no. 5 (2022): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajpdr.2022.v04i05.001.

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The impartial concerning this study was to cultivate extended-release matrix pellet of Tramadol hydrochloride using various combinations of hydrophilic polymers (HPMC, Carbopol, Xanthum Gum). The form tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The pre and post compression description of blend and tablet were judged. The in-vitro dissolution studies revealed that the blend of HPMC and Carbopol in different aggregation showed hinder release of 63% at the end of 12th hour and in addition to 94.24% at the end of 24th moment, thereby appearance good release pattern necessary for ER tablet and shown good kinetic release connected of diffusion and deterioration. Hence hydrophilic polymer HPMC and Carbopol was found to extended release of very water-soluble drug, Tramadol hydrochloride.

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Sverdloff, Carlos, Vinicius Marcondes Rezende, Lygia Nerath Bonanato, Camila Kaori Aihara, Ana Carolina Costa Sampaio Mendes Cacula, and Karini Bruno Bellorio. "BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY BETWEEN TWO FORMULATIONS OF TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE AND ACETAMINOPHEN COATED TABLETS IN HEALTHY MALE AND FEMALE SUBJECTS UNDER FASTING CONDITIONS." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 07 (2024): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19104.

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Objective:To evaluate bioequivalence between a new formulation of Tramadol Hydrochloride/Acetaminophen and UltracetÃ‚Â® coated tablets in healthy subjects under fasting conditions. Methods:The present study was conducted as an open-label, monocentric, randomized, 2 x 2 crossover study on 40 healthy subjects in a state of fasting. The objective of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of two formulations of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen-coated tablets. The concentrations of the analytes in human plasma were measured using a validated UPLC-MS/MS method. Results:The geometric mean of the test/reference ratio, confidence intervals, and power of the test for the pharmacokinetic parametersCmax and AUC0-t, were determined by statistical analysis, in accordance with the Anvisas guidelines. The geometric mean ratio (90% CI) of the test drug/reference drug for acetaminophen was found to be 82.69% to 100.00% for Cmax and 95.36% to 100.34% for AUC0-t. The results for tramadol hydrochloride were 89.01% to 99.25% for Cmax and 94.86% to 100.71% for AUC0-t. The power of the test was greater than 98%. Conclusion:Both formulations demonstrated bioequivalent profiles, indicating that they are interchangeable in accordance with the Brazilian criteria. This is evidenced by the fact that the confidence intervals for Cmax and AUC0-t ratios were within 80% and 125%, respectively, as stipulated in Anvisa resolution RE nÂº 1170/2006.

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Darbar, Soumendra, Srimoyee Saha, Kausikisankar Pramanik, and Atiskumar Chattopadhyay. "Ameliorative efficacy of novel multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) upon Haematological modulations induced by fixed dose combination of tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol (THP)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 6 (2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i6.4516.

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Background: Tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol (THP) a fixed dose combination (FDC) is widely spread analgesic used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Over dose or chronic use of this fixed dose combination produce serious adverse effects. An acute Tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol (THP) overdose can lead to a fatal liver damage. Objectives: There is a worldwide need to develop a safe and symptomatic medication which controls the different medical complications.  Materials and Methods: Healthy adult swiss albino mice were assigned to four groups of six mice each according to their weights. Group-I serve as control, Group-II received Multi herbal formulation (AKSS16 LIV01) 400 mg/kg/day, Group-III received Tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol (THP) 1.68 g / 300ml water and Group-IV received THP along with AKSS16-LIV01 (400 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected from the retro orbital plexus of each animal to determine various blood parameters and liver transaminase. Results: Administration of THP showed decline body weight, food consumption and water intake in mice whereas treatment with Multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) normalized the same as compared with untreated animals. Treatment with THP (Group-III) decline the packed cell volume (PCV), haempglobin (Hb), means cell volume (MCV), means cell hemoglobin (MCH) and greater the white blood cell (WBC) compared with control. Pre-treatment with AKSS16-LIV01 significantly (p<0.001) increased the PCV, Hb, MCH, MCH and decreased WBC count in experimental animals. On the other hand elevated liver transaminase enzymes i.e. AST and ALP by THP was restored with administration of Multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01). Conclusion: Chronic administration of THP indicated adverse effects on haematologic parameters upon experimental animals. Simultaneous administration with newly developed multi herbal formulation (AKSS16-LIV01) was ameliorate these adverse effects and may be potent drug In the future which controls the blood related medical complications against the toxicants. Keywords: Tramadol hydrochloride/paracetamol; Fixed dose combination; Multi herbal formulation; Hematologic parameters; Liver transaminase; Swiss albino mice

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Yousuf, Suhair Mohammed, Ahmad Maaen Alater, Majid Alabdulla, and Mugtaba Osman. "False Positive Tramadol Urine Testing in Patients Taking Fexofenadine: A Tale of Two Consecutive Cases." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2023 (January 5, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4370648.

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Urine drug screen immunoassays have been widely used as point-of-care testing for detection of various drug classes in substance use disorders. However, these immunoassays frequently result in false positive results. We report two patients that used 180 mg daily dose of fexofenadine hydrochloride for treatment of skin allergy and, falsely, tested positive for use of tramadol during urine drug screening. We recommend caution when interpreting positive tramadol urine screening among patients on fexofenadine treatment.

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Y, Bharathi Devi, Sumanth Srinivas Kamatham, Bhaskara Raju V, Mohan Gandhi B, and Srinivas K. "A NEW RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE AND TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 5 (2017): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.15976.

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Objective: This study was embarked upon to develop a new, simple, rapid, validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)method for the estimation of ketorolac tromethamine (KET) and tramadol hydrochloride (TDL) in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Methods: The HPLC method was developed on Shishiedo C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d, 5 μ) using methanol: 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) in the ratio of 52:48 at 282 nm.Results: Retention time for the drugs was found to be 5.1 and 6.9 minutes for tramadol and ketorolac, respectively. The limit of detection for tramadoland ketorolac were found to be 1.0 and 0.1 μg/ml, limit of quantitation for tramadol and ketorolac were found to be 5.0 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. Linearity was established in the range of 20.0-30.0 μg/ml and 8.0-12.0 μg/ml for TDL and KET, respectively. The method was precise with % relative standard deviation <2 for both intra- and interday precision. The accuracy of the method was performed over three levels of concentration, and the recovery was in the range of 98-102%.Conclusion: From the found experimental data, it can be concluded that the developed method is accurate, precise, and selective and can be employedsuccessfully for the estimation of KET and TDL in Pharmaceutical dosage forms.Keywords: Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, Ketorolac tromethamine, Tramadol hydrochloride.

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Alterary, Seham S., and Maha F. El-Tohamy. "Advanced Functionalized CeO2/Al2O3 Nanocomposite Sensor for Determination of Opioid Medication Tramadol Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (2022): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081373.

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Background: The exceptional characteristics of cerium oxide (CeO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoscales have inspired significant attention to those nanocomposites as possible electroactive resources for applications of sensing and biosensing. Methods: In this research, an innovative new factionalized CeO2/Al2O3 nanocomposite membrane sensor was presented to assess tramadol hydrochloride (TRD) in marketable products. Results: Tramadol-phosphomolybdate (TRD-PM) was formed by mixing tramadol hydrochloride and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) in the attendance of polymeric matrix and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether solvent mediator. With 1.0 × 10−10–1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 as a range of linearity and EmV = (57.567 ± 0.2) log [TRD] + 676.29 as a regression equation, the functionalized sensor using TRD-PM-CeO2/Al2O3 nanocomposite showed great selectivity and sensitivity for the discriminating and measurement of TRD. Using the regression equation EmV = (52.143 ± 0.4) log [TRD] + 431.45, the unmodified coated wire sensor of TRD-PM, on the other hand, showed a Nernstian response between 1.0 × 10−6 and 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1, Using the methodology’s specified guidelines, the proposed improved potentiometric system was validated against several criteria. Conclusion: The suggested method is suitable for the determination of TRD in its products.

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Saleem, MA, M. Taher, S. Sanaullah, et al. "Formulation and evaluation of tramadol hydrochloride rectal suppositories." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70, no. 5 (2008): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.45405.

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Kushtagi, Pralhad, and Nandini Surpaneni. "A thought for tramadol hydrochloride as labor analgesic." Anesthesia: Essays and Researches 6, no. 2 (2012): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0259-1162.108293.

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Huo, Qing, Chenyang Guo, Tianhao Gu, and Wanying Liu. "Study on Sustained-Release Tablets of Tramadol Hydrochloride." Asian Journal of Chemistry 26, no. 15 (2014): 4723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.16187.

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Keeley, P. W., G. Foster, and L. Whitelaw. "Hear my song: auditory hallucinations with tramadol hydrochloride." BMJ 321, no. 7276 (2000): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1608.

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Williams, H. James. "Tramadol hydrochloride: something new in oral analgesic therapy." Current Therapeutic Research 58, no. 4 (1997): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-393x(97)80018-5.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tramadol hydrochloride'

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